4. typologies of culture
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Typologies of culture
![Page 2: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
HIGH AND LOW CONTEXT CULTURE (E.T.HALL)
• Low-context cultures – information and rules are explicit (e.g. USA)
• High-context cultures – information and rules are implicit (e.g. African cultures,
Latin American)
![Page 3: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GEERT HOFSTEDE
CULTURAL TYPOLOGY
![Page 4: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Includes three broad dimensions:
• Expected Social Behavior (Individualistic or group; Low or high power distance; masculine or feminine).
• Man’s search for truth (high or low uncertainty avoidance).
• Importance of time (short term or long term orientation).
![Page 5: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Geert Hofstede’s cultural typology
• based upon a study of 100,000 IBM employees who work in IBM divisions throughout the world.
• dimensions of culture: – Power Distance– Uncertainty Avoidance– Individualism/Collectivism– Masculinity/Femininity– Long-Term Orientation
![Page 6: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Power Distance (PD)
• Measures the extent to which less powerful members of organizations accept the unequal distribution of power
• Artifacts of high PD:– Centralization– # Org. Levels- Height– # Supervisors– Wage Differentials– Values
![Page 7: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Power Distance (PD)Power distance: country examples and organizational implications
![Page 8: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Power Distance (PD)Rank distinctions among the Japanese
![Page 9: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
• Uncertainty Avoidance is the extent to which uncertainty and ambiguity are tolerated.
• Artifacts of high UA:– Standardization– Structured activities– Written rules– Specialists– No risk tolerance– Ritualistic behavior
![Page 10: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)Uncertainty avoidance: country examples and
organizational implications
![Page 11: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Individualism/Collectivism (I/C)
• I/C is the extent to which the self or the group constitutes the center point of identification for the individual.
• Individual self interest is pursued individually, or as a part of a group.
• Artifacts of I/C– Firm as “family”– Utilitarian decision making– Group performance
![Page 12: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Individualism/Collectivism
• Individualism exists when people define themselves as individuals. It implies loosely knit social frameworks in which people are supposed to take care only of themselves and their immediate families.
• Collectivism is characterized by tight social frameworks in which people distinguish between their own groups (i.e., relatives, organizations) and other groups.
![Page 13: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Individualism/Collectivism (I/C)Individualism/collectivism: country examples and
organizational implications
![Page 14: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Masculinity-Femininity (M/F)
• Refers to the extent to which traditional masculine values, like aggressiveness and assertiveness, are valued.
• Artifacts of M/F– Sex Roles Minimized– More Women In Jobs– Interpersonal Skills Rewarded– Intuitive Skills Rewarded– Social Rewards Valued
![Page 15: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• MASCULINITY measures the extent to which the dominant values in society emphasize assertiveness and acquisition of money things while not particularly emphasizing concern for people.
• FEMININITY is the extent to which
dominant values in society emphasize relationships among people, concern for others, and the overall quality of life.
![Page 16: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Masculinity-Femininity (M/F)Masculinity/femininity: country examples and
organizational implications
![Page 17: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Long-Term Orientation (LTO)
• Confucian Dynamism (synonym)
• Values: thrift, persistence, and traditional respect of social obligations
• Organizations are likely to adopt longer planning horizon, with individuals ready to delay gratification.
![Page 18: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Long-Term Orientation (LTO)Country scores on Confucian dynamism (long-term orientation)
![Page 19: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
VALUE ORIENTATION
![Page 20: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck
value orientations are deeply held beliefs about the way the world should be, and not necessarily the way it is
![Page 21: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
human nature orientation
• innate character of human nature
• should human beings be seen as good, evil, or a mixture of ?
• are human beings capable of change (mutable) or are not able to change (immutable)?
![Page 22: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
person-nature orientation
the potential types of relations between humans and nature
(mastery over nature, harmony with nature, or subjugation to nature)
![Page 23: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
relational orientation
• INDIVIDUALISM
• LINEALITY
• COLLATERALLY
![Page 24: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
relational orientation individualism
preference for individual goals and objectives over group objectives
![Page 25: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
relational orientation lineality
focuses on the group and group goals crucial issue is the continuity of the group through time
![Page 26: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
relational orientation laterality
focuses on the value of the group, group members goals but not the group extended through time
![Page 27: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
activity orientation
• Doing
• Being
• Being-in-becoming (growing)
![Page 28: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
activity orientationdoing
emphasizes productivity and tangible outcomes
![Page 29: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
activity orientationbeing
spontaneity, emotional gratification, and personal balanaсe
![Page 30: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
activity orientation final activity orientation, being-in-
becoming
concerned with who we are and places importance on spiritual development
![Page 31: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
time orientation
examines how cultures come to terms with the past, the present, and the future
![Page 32: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
past orientation
predominates in cultures placing a high value on tradition and emphasizing ancestors and strong family ties
![Page 33: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
present orientation
predominates where people see only the here and now as real — the past is seen as unimportant and the future is seen as vague and unpredictable
![Page 34: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
future orientation
highly values change and progress
![Page 35: 4. typologies of culture](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061609/5550bc90b4c90504628b5090/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
QUESTIONS?