4 material standards

Material Material StandardsStandards

Definition

StandardsStandardsA document that, by agreement, serves as a model in the measurement of a property or

the establishment of a proceduresASTM DefinitionASTM Definition11

CodeCodeWhen the use of a standard is mandatorymandatory. A

set of applicable regulations which a jurisdictional body has adopted1

Definition

SpecificationSpecificationA statement of the technical & commercial

requirements that a product must meet1

Recommended PracticeRecommended PracticeA set of instructions for performing one or more

operations or functions, other than “Test Method” 1

Test MethodTest MethodA set of instruction for the identification,

measurement or evaluation of the properties of a material1

Standards Organisations

ASTMASTMAmerican Society for Testing & Materials

ASMEASMEAmerican Society for Mechanical Engineers

AISIAISI American Iron & Steel Institute

SAESAE Society of Automotive Engineers

ANSIANSIAmerican National Standards Institute

AWSAWS American Welding Society

NACENACENational Association of Corrosion Engineers

APIAPI American Petroleum Institute

Logo & Symbol

ASTMASTM ASMEASME AISIAISI SAESAE

ANSIANSI AWSAWS NACENACE APIAPI

ASTM

• ASTM has published standards contained in 15 sections on various subjects

• The Metal related standards are:

SectionSection TitlesTitles VolumesVolumes

11 Iron & Steel Products 7

22 Non-Ferrous Metal Products 5

33 Metals test methods & analytical procedures

6

ASTM Designation

ASTM standard oriented toward achieving particular mechanical properties and allow the chemical composition

to be adjusted to achieve mechanical requirements1

A A 516/ 516/ AA 516 516MM – 90 Grade – 90 Grade 7070

Single Letter Single Letter PrefixPrefix

General Classifications

AA Ferrous MetalsBB Non-Ferrous MetalsCC Ceramics & ConcreteDD Miscellaneous MaterialsEE Miscellaneous SubjectsGG Corrosion MaterialsESES Emergency Standards

Suffix MSuffix MStandard

written in SI units

1 to 4 Digits 1 to 4 Digits Sequential Sequential NNumberumber

Without any relationship to the metal’s properties

9090Year of

Adoption or Revision

Grade, Type & Grade, Type & ClassClass

In this case Grade 70 indicates the

minimum tensile strength in ksi

ASTM Definition

• Within the ASTM standards, the terms are used to identify a specific metalidentify a specific metal within a standard

• Used without any strict definition & essentially mean the same thing

GradeGrade Chemical Composition

TypeType De-Oxidation Practice

ClassClassOther characteristics such as Strength Level or Surface Finish

Rules of ThumbClass, Type & Grade

ASTM A 106 - 91 Grade A, Grade B, Grade CASTM A 106 - 91 Grade A, Grade B, Grade CSeamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature serviceSeamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service

•Increase in alphabet results in higher strength (tensile or yield) or increase in carbon content

• Grade A• Grade B• Grade C

C > 0.25%C > 0.30%C > 0.35%

Tensile Strength > 48 ksiTensile Strength > 60 ksiTensile Strength > 70 ksi

ASTM A 276 Type 304, 316, 410ASTM A 276 Type 304, 316, 410Stainless steel and heat resisting steel bars and shapesStainless steel and heat resisting steel bars and shapes

•The type indicates chemical composition which is based on AISI

• Type 304• Type 316• Type 410

18.0 – 20.0 Cr16.0 – 18.0 Cr11.5 – 13.0 Cr

8.0 – 10.5 Ni10. – 14.0 Ni

0.08 C0.08 C0.15 C

2.0 – 3.0 Mo

Rules of ThumbClass, Type & Grade

Pipe, Tube & Forging ProductsPipe, Tube & Forging Products

•‘Grade’ designators for pipe, tube & forging products: • P• T• B• TP• F• FP• C• CP• WP

PipeTubeBoltingTubular Products: Tube or PipeForgingForged PipeCat AlloyCentrifugally Cast PipeFittings manufactured according to B16.9, 16.11, 16.28 or SP79

•Example

ASTM A 335 Grade P5ASTM A 213 Grade T22

ASTM A 312 Grade TP 304ASTM A 182 Grade F5

ASTM DesignationCast Stainless Steels

The ASTM designation was adopted from the Alloy Casting InstituteAlloy Casting Institute (ACI) system

HK HK XXXX M M1st Letter

Type of AlloyCC Corrosion ResistantHH Heat Resistant

2nd LetterCr & Ni content

Higher Alphabet indicates increasing Ni content

2 DigitsCarbon Content in 1/100

%

Optional SuffixIndicates

Additional Alloying Element

CC Maximum C Content

HH Nominal C Content

MMMolybdenum

ASME• Based on the ASTM standards and in most cases,

identical to ASTM standards• An ‘SS’ is placed in front of the ASTM standard

identification number to indicate an ASME Section II material.

• The materials standards adopted is in The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Section II, Part A and B Part A:Ferrous Material Standards Part B:Non-Ferrous Material Standards

• Some of the ASTM standards have been edited to accommodate the ASME BPVC

ASTMASTM ASMEASME

A691 SA691

AISI /SAECarbon & Alloy Steels2

XXXXXXXX1st & 2nd DigitType of Steels & Nominal Alloy

Content1xxx1xxx Carbon Steels2xxx2xxx Nickel Steel3xxx3xxx Ni-Cr Steels4xxx4xxx Molybdenum

Steels5xxx5xxx Chromium Steels

3rd & 4th DigitCarbon Content in 1/100

%Optional Letter after 2nd Digit

xxBxxxxBxx Boron is AddedxxLxxxxLxx Lead is AddedxxMxxxxMxx Merchant (Least

Restrictive )QualityxxExxxxExx Electric Furnace SteelsxxHxxxxHxx Hardenability Requirements

AISI/SAE Classification for Carbon & Alloy Steels4

Carbon SteelsCarbon Steels

10xx Plain Carbon Mn < 1.0

11xx Resulfurised

12xx Resulfurised & Rephosphorised

15xx Plain Carbon Mn > 1.0

Manganese SteelsManganese Steels

13xx Mn 1.75

Nickel SteelsNickel Steels

23xx Ni 3.50

25xx Ni 5.00


Nickel – Chromium SteelsNickel – Chromium Steels

31xx Ni 1.25 Cr 0.65 or 0.80

32xx Ni 1.70 Cr 1.07

33xx Ni 3.50 Cr 1.50 or 1.57

34xx Ni 3.00 Cr 0.77

Molybdenum SteelsMolybdenum Steels

40xx Mo 0.20 or 0.25

44xx Mo 0.40 or 0.52

Chromium – Molybdenum SteelsChromium – Molybdenum Steels

41xx Cr 0.50 or 0.80 or 0.95 Mo 0.12 or 0.20 or 0.25 or 0.30


Nickel – Chromium – Molybdenum SteelsNickel – Chromium – Molybdenum Steels

43xx Ni 1.82 Cr 0.50 or 0.80

Mo 0.25

43BVxx Ni 1.82 Cr 0.50 Mo 0.12 or 0.24

V > 0.03

47xx Ni 1.05 Cr 0.45 Mo 0.20 or 0.35

81xx Ni 0.30 Cr 0.40 Mo 0.12

86xx Ni 0.55 Cr 0.50 Mo 0.20

87xx Ni 0.55 Cr 0.50 Mo 0.35

88xx Ni 0.55 Cr 0.50 Mo 0.35

93xx Ni 3.25 Cr 1.20 Mo 0.12

94xx Ni 0.45 Cr 0.40 Mo 0.12

97xx Ni 0.55 Cr 0.20 Mo 0.20

98xx Ni 1.00 Cr 0.80 Mo 0.25


Nickel – Molybdenum SteelsNickel – Molybdenum Steels

46xx Ni 0.85 or 1.82

Mo 0.20 or 0.25

48xx Ni 3.50 Mo 0.25

Chromium SteelsChromium Steels

50xx Cr 0.27 or 0.40 or 0.50 or 0.65

51xx Cr 0.80 or 0.87 or 0.82 or 0.92 or 0.95 or 1.00 or 1.05

50xxx Cr 0.50 C > 1.00

51xxx Cr 1.02 C > 1.00

52xxx Cr 1.45 C > 1.00

Chromium – Vanadium SteelsChromium – Vanadium Steels

61xx Cr 0.60 or 0.80 or 0.95 V > 0.10 or > 0.15


Tungsten – Chromium SteelsTungsten – Chromium Steels

72xx W 1.75 Cr 0.75

Silicon – Manganese SteelsSilicon – Manganese Steels

92xx Si 1.40 or 2.00

Mn 0.65 or 0.82 or 0.85

Cr 0.00 or 0.65

•The boron-containing steels are low-alloy steels with boron added in the amount•of 0.0005–0.003%. Boron is a strong hardenability element. The leaded steels•contain 0.15–0.35% lead for improved machinability (however, lead is no longer•favored as an alloying addition because of health concerns).

AISIStainless Steels2

• Many stainless steel such as Precipitation HardeningPrecipitation Hardening & DuplexDuplex are not covered by AISI

• Hence proprietary/trade names are in widespread use

XXXXXXLL1st Digit

Alloy ClassSuffix (Optional)Detail description of

Alloy content2xx2xx Cr-Ni-Mn Austenitic

SS3xx3xx Cr-Ni Austenitic SS4xx4xx Ferritic &

Martensitic SS

No systematic way to distinguish Between Ferritic & Martensitic in 4xx series

2nd & 3rd DigitRunning Numbers

Not related to chemical

composition

AISI Alloy Class for Stainless Steels2

SeriesSeries DescriptionDescription

2xx Cr-Mn-Ni AusteniticNon-hardenable & non-magnetic

3xx Cr-Ni AusteniticNon-hardenable & Non-magnetic

4xx Cr Ferritic or martensiticMagnetic & martensitic can be hardened

5xx Straight Cr Steel FerriticMagnetic & hardenable

6xx Precipitation Hardenable

AISI Suffix for Stainless Steels2

AISI AISI Suffix Suffix

DesignatDesignatoror

DescriptionDescription BenefitsBenefits

xxxL Very Low C < 0.03% Improved Intergranular Corrosion

xxxS Low C < 0.08%

xxxN Added N Increased Strength

xxxLN Low C <0.03% & Added N

xxxF Higher S & P Improved Machinability

xxxSe Added Se Better Machined Surfaces

xxxB Added Si Increase Scaling Resistance

xxxH Wider C Range

xxxCu Added Cu

Issue

• Metallic materials have been given many designations including popular trade-names

• There has been little agreement among the organizations on how to name materials

• Cause confusion between equipment specifiers and manufacturers on which designations to use

• To alleviate this problem, a number of technical & trade associations have recently collaborated to standardize alloy designations

UNSUNS: Unified Numbering System

• Developed jointly by the SAE & ASTM• The most widely accepted designation system• The objective of UNS Designation is2:

Simplify the many differing standards

Gives trade names a generic number

Consistent designation – computer friendly

• Provides the uniformity necessary for efficient indexing, record keeping, data storage and retrieval, and cross-referencing3

UNS Designation

UNS system is detailed in ASTM E527ASTM E527 and SAE J1068SAE J1068

A A XXXXXXXXXX

Single Letter Prefix

Metal Groups18 Series

5 DigitsRepresent

Particular Alloy in the GroupIn many cases is suggestive

of the family of metals it identifies

AA Aluminum alloysCC Copper alloysNN Nickel alloysSS Stainless steels

Significance & Meaning of the digits of each series is

independent with other series

UNS SeriesFerrousFerrous Non-FerrousNon-Ferrous

SS Heat and Corrosion Resistance (Stainless)

Steels

AA Aluminium & Alloys

CC Copper & Alloys

TT Tool Steels LL Low Melting Metals

DD Steel with Specified

Mechanical Properties EE Rare Earth Metals

MM Miscellaneous Non-Ferrous

FF Cast Irons NN Nickel & Alloys

GG AISI & SAE Carbon Steels PP Precious Metals

HH AISI H-Steels RR Reactive & Refractory

JJ Cast Steels ZZ Zinc & Alloys

KK Miscellaneous Steels & Ferrous Alloys

Welding FillerWelding Filler

WW Welding Filler Material

UNS SeriesWelding Filler MetalWelding Filler Metal

Composition of Filler Metal Metal UNS

Composition of Weld Deposit W

SubdivisionSubdivision

Suffix

Example of MetalsNo of

Subgroups

EE Actinium, Cerium, Terbium, Scandium 18

LL Mercury, Lead, Sodium, Tin 14

MM Arsenic, calcium, uranium, magnesium, silicon

12

PP Gold, platinum, silver 8

RR Boron, Molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, titanium

14

UNS Designator for Stainless Steels

AISI AISI Suffix Suffix

DesignatDesignatoror

UNS UNS No.No. DescriptionDescription

xxxL xxx01 Low Carbon < 0.03%

xxxS xxx08 Low Carbon < 0.08%

xxxN xxx51 Added Nitrogen

xxxLN xxx53 Low Carbon <0.03% & Added N

xxxF xxx20 Higher Sulphur & Phosphorus

xxxSe xxx23 Added Selenium

xxxB xxx15 Added Silicon

xxxH xxx09 Wider Carbon Range

xxxCu xxx30 Added Cupper

ANSI• An impartial organisation that does notdoes not

develop standards2

• Acts as national coordinator• Validates the general acceptability of

standards developed by other organisations• Guarantees that anyone who affected by

the standard used an opportunity: To participate in development works Comment on the documents provision

• Ensure developed standards does not conflict with or duplicate other standards

Reference

1. Process Industries Corrosion – The Theory and Practice, Chapter Materials Standards and Codes, NACE

2. CASTI (1998), The Metals Black Book, Volume 1: Ferrous Metals, 3rd Edition

3. Don Bush, Standardizing Metallic Material Designation, Fisher Controls International, Inc

4. ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition

4 material standards

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