4 main jobs of the female reproductive system: 1.to make, store and release eggs from ovaries. 2.to...
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4 main jobs of the female reproductive system:
1. To make, store and release eggs from ovaries.2. To make hormones used to regulate her cycle.3. To be equipped to receive and stimulate the
penis.4. To nourish the developing fetus and newborn.
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Figure 42.12 The Reproductive Tract of the Human Female (Part 1)
Vagina
Diagram F
Uterus
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• Ovum/egg production takes place in the two ovaries through the process of oogenesis. Takes place during 3rd month of fetal
development. 300,000 eggs/ovary
Begin dying day girl is born so by the age of 40 only 1000 eggs are left
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Figure 42.13 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 1)
New follilces containingChosen egg
Developing/maturing follicle
Starting with puberty and lasting until menopause one egg is chosen and released each month during ovulation.
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Female Menstrual Cycle:
• Begins with puberty and last until menopause.
• Average length is 28 days but varies women to women.
• Day one of cycle is the day the women “bleeds” or the day she starts her period or she menstruates.
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A girl’s period is the shedding of the uterine lining known as the endometrium. Last approximately five days.
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• Day 5-14: Girl rebuilds her endometrium in hopes of getting pregnant that month.
• Days 14: Ovulation: the chosen egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube. Egg is size of a tip of a pin
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Ovulation ~ approximately day 14 of cycle
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Fimbrae
Once the egg is released from the ovary, it is swept into the fallopian tube by the finger like projections call fimbrae.
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The egg travels along the 3 inches of this tube in approximately 3 days.
If no sperm is present the egg will break down and be released as a waste product.
And at the end of the cycle, approximately day 28, the cycle starts over by shedding the uterine lining ( back to day one)
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During this time if a sperm is present it will fertilized the egg.Life span of egg is 3 days.Life span of the sperm in the female is 5 to 7 days.
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The fertilized egg starts the process of mitosis and continues to travel along the tube towards the uterus.
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Flagellated bloodhound
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Fertilization Ring
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Zona pellucida
Cumulus cells
Diagram I
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Zygote 2 cells -20 hrs after 4 cells – 48 hrs
8 cells – 72 hrs 16-32 cell morula – 96 hrs
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• ¾ of all zygotes die
• 1 out of 4 develop into a viable fetus
• Out of 400 zygotes:300 die100 liveOut of the 100 that live 95 will be
healthy and the other 5 will have some form a birth defect.
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• 250,000 birth defected babies are born in the USA each year.
• 50% of all birth defects are preventable by being more informed and by having a “planned pregnancy”.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Day 7 after fertilization:
• Known as the blastocystBegins to
arrange self into a pattern.
40+ embryonic stem cells.
Hollow area will become the amniotic
sac.Outer cells become the placenta.
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Embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into 230 different types of body cells.
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The stem cells of the blastocyst forms 3 layers:
• Ectoderm (Outer layer)Skin, nervous system and brain
• Mesoderm (Middle layer)Bones, muscles, blood, hearth
• Endoderm (Inner layer)Respiratory system and digestive
system
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)After approximately 280 days the fetus is fully developed and the walls of the uterus contract and the baby is pushed down the birth canal or vagina.
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Stages of delivery:
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Placenta:
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Cesarean Section:
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Tubal ligation:
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Vasectomy
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42.4 How Can Fertility Be Controlled and Sexual Health Maintained?
Abortion: a termination of a pregnancy once a fertilized egg is implanted.
A spontaneous abortion is also called a miscarriage and is common in early pregnancy.
An abortion may be performed for therapeutic reasons or for fertility control.