kristin joudrey june 28, 2010. radiographic and u/s techniques ovaries ◦ cystic ovaries ◦...
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Kristin JoudreyJune 28, 2010
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Radiographic and U/S techniques Ovaries
◦ Cystic Ovaries◦ Ovarian Tumors
Uterus◦ Pregnancies
Fetal development Dystocia
◦ Pyometra
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Not seen on rads! Location: Caudal to respective kidneys U/S:
◦ 1.5cm x 0.7cm x 0.5cm◦ Homogeneous parenchyma◦ Cortex-contained follicles◦ Indications
Monitoring the estrus cycle Reproductive disorders (cysts, tumors)
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Cause: prolonged secretion of estrogen and attractiveness to males◦ Prolonged Estrus +/- Proestrus◦ Ovulation may not occur- abnormal estrous cycle
#1 DDx: Ovarian granulosa cell tumor
Tx: ◦ OHE◦ Further diagnostics: Vaginal cytology (cornified
cells?)
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Anechoic Well demarcated Round to irregular structure
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Varying echogenicity Well demarcated from surrounding tissue +/- compromised internal architecture Uni or Bilateral Generally, are rare
Transverse image of Ovarian adenocarcinoma (R ovary), ventral and caudal to kidney.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119132682/PDFSTART
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Not visualized on rads!
Location: between descending colon and urinary bladder
Various size ranges:◦ Cervix: 1.5-2.2cm x 0.8cm◦ Uterine horns: 10-14cm x 0.5-1.0cm◦ Uterine body: 1.4-3cm x 3cm
U/S: Homogenous, soft tissue opacity, relatively hypoechoic
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Why perform survey radiology?
◦ Confirming an enlarged uterus
◦ Fetal skeletons
◦ Monitor progression of uterine size (pregnancy, disease)
◦ Fetal viability
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1.Withold the food for 24 hours
2.Evacuate the colon (enema) atleast 2 hours in advance
3.Proper technique!!
4.Abdominal compression (“spoon”) test
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Indications:
◦ Pelvic/vaginal mass
◦ Dysuria
◦ Hematuria
◦ Incontinence
◦ Urethral stricture
◦ Urethral tumor
Courtesy of Dr. R. Lofstedt
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1.Do under G/A, lateral view 2.Water soluble organic iodide contrast media 3.Balloon-tipped catheter
◦ Insert into vestibule◦ Inflate to occlude outflow of contrast (may need to
clamp lips of vulva – do not leave clamps on longer than 15 minutes)
4.Use 10-15 mL (dogs) or 5-10mL (cats) or as needed to distend
5.Take rads when injecting last 2-3 mL 6.Filling: Vagina first, urethra, bladder
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When positioning, pull the limbs forward: You don’t want the femurs superimposing over the urethra!
Courtesy of Dr. Pack
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Radiographic findings:◦ Coiled tubular structure extending caudally into the pelvic canal
◦ Cranial and dorsal displacement of SI and colon
◦ Body betw. colon and bladder
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Q: What are the 3 main differentials?
A:◦ Pregnancy◦ The ‘metras’◦ Gravid/Post-partum uterus
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Radiographs◦ Day 42-45:
Fetal skeleton becomes opaque (mineralization)
◦ 50+ days: Fetus count, estimate size and position of fetuses
◦ Bones become visible at different times The mandible is the last bone to mineralize
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Ultrasound:◦ Most accurate
◦ 17-20 days: Gestational sacs (blastocysts) Anechoic with hyperechoic contained areas Confirms pregnancy
◦ 23-25+ days: Fetal heartbeat
◦ 34-36 days: Fetal movement
(Yeager et. al. AJVR 53, 1992)
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Canine pregnancy at 25 days:
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Canine pregnancy at 30 days:
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Click on the video!
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1. Collapse of fetal skull bones
2. Intra- or peri- fetal gas accumulation
3. Abnormal fetal posture such as increased extension of the fetal limbs
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1) History of previous dystocia 2) Total parturition time >24 hr after a drop
in rectal temp. to 37.7°C 3) Abdominal contractions>1-2h 4) Active labor lasting for >1-2h 5) Resting period during active labor >4-6
hr 6) Bitch or queen in obvious pain 7) Abnormal vulvar discharge
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Radiographs: Good for assessing…
Size relationship between fetus and maternal pelvic canal.
Fetal positioning relative to maternal pelvic canal
Need for C-section Retained fetus
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After the onset of 2nd stage (uterine and abdominal contractions)…◦ >3-4 hours: 1st pup◦ >30min-1h (2-3h can be acceptable): subsequent pups◦ Avg completion of 2nd stage: 6hs
*Remember when doing preg checks:
◦ Stenosis of pelvic canal?◦ Check for old pelvic fractures!◦ Assess fetal viability
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The ‘-metras’ are usually well visualized on U/S◦ lumen contains lots of fluid
Echogenicity of uterine contents ranges: anechoic, “textured” or hyperechoic◦ “sprinkles”
# of cells in the lumen will not always correlate with a certain echogenicity
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