4 grade psi from molecules to organisms -...

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4th Grade PSI

From Molecules to Organisms

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Table of Contents: From Molecules to Organisms

Click on the topic to go to that section

· Structure & Function

· Structure Fits Function

· Internal Structures

· Information Processing

· Receiving & Sending Signals

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Structure & Function

Return to Tableof Contents

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IntroductionAll organisms grow, reproduce and die. How they accomplish this can vary greatly. Organisms have characteristic structures, functions and behaviors. Their unique combination and interaction of these three factors define the organism.

A shark spends all of its time underwater (behavior). It has gills (structure) that allows it to breathe underwater (function).

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What is Structure?Structure refers to the physical appearance of an organism. It is often described in terms of size, features, materials and location.

What do you know about the structure of a plant and animal?

Plants Animals

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Describing StructuresDescribe these structures in terms of size, features, materials and location.

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Identifying StructureIn scientific terms structure refers to an organism's anatomy. The structure of an organism fits the job it has to do.

What similar structures do these animals have? Remember to describe them.

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What is Function?Function is what something does. In simplest forms it is how the structure is used. Match the structure to the function.

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Identifying FunctionPhysiology is the process and function of an organism. Structure may appear to be similar but can serve different functions. Although the make up of these two structures looks similar they actually serve different functions.

Click to reveal

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LeavesFlower Stems

Plant Structures Sort the pictures of plants structures of into the correct categories based upon their anatomy.

Picture Bank

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Animal Structures Sort the pictures of animal structures into the correct categories based upon their anatomy.

SkinWings Claws

Picture Bank

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1 All living organisms have structures that have specific functions.

True

False

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1 All living organisms have structures that have specific functions.

True

False

[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

TRUE

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2 The structure of an organism refers to

A its function

B the way its different from humans

C its physical appearance

D the way it evolved


2 The structure of an organism refers to

A its function

B the way its different from humans

C its physical appearance

D the way it evolved


Ans

wer

C

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3 Which of the following is the function of this animal structure?

A Provide protection for the animal

B Help the animal gather food to grow

C Attract mates for reproduction

D Produce food for the animal


3 Which of the following is the function of this animal structure?

A Provide protection for the animal

B Help the animal gather food to grow

C Attract mates for reproduction

D Produce food for the animal


Ans

wer

A

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4 Many animals have a variation of ___________ that protects their internal organs from damage and disease.

A whiskers

B skin

C limbs

D eyes


4 Many animals have a variation of ___________ that protects their internal organs from damage and disease.

A whiskers

B skin

C limbs

D eyes


Ans

wer

B

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5 Which of the following is the function of this plant structure?

A Support the plants vertical growth

B Anchor the plant into the ground

C Attract pollinators for reproduction

D Produce food for the plant


5 Which of the following is the function of this plant structure?

A Support the plants vertical growth

B Anchor the plant into the ground

C Attract pollinators for reproduction

D Produce food for the plant


Ans

wer

D

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Structure Fits Function


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Structures Fit Functions Both plants and animals have structures that help to reproduce, grow, develop, use energy, and respond to their environment.

Every structure has a function!Function is another word for job!

Plant Animal

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Structures Based on FunctionOrganisms have structures based on their function. Communicating is part of a humpback whale's survival, thus they have structures to speak, interpret, listen, and respond.

Slide 21 / 83Core Functions

All organisms, whether they are one-celled or many celled, perform a core set of similar functions:

> Growth > Survival > Behavior > Reproduction

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Specialized StructuresOrganisms must perform each of the core functions in order to live. They have developed specific structure to fit their functions.

What is the purpose of the 4 core functions

Growth – how do they gather food and grow?

Survival – do they survive or die?

Behavior – how they respond to our environment

Reproduction – can they pass our genes to the next generation?

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Plant Structure Animal Structure

Click to reveal

Growth

· Roots absorb nutrients· Leaves produce food· Stem supports plant for

continued growth

· Claws to gather food· Mouth & teeth to chew

food· Legs provide movement to

gather food

How do these structures support organisms growth?

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Click to reveal

Survival

· Spines protects plant against foragers

· Thick, strong skin protects from bacteria and infection

· Stem holds in water

· Skin provide camouflage and protection

· Claws and teeth provide defense

· Eye spot danger

How do these structures support organisms survival?

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Click to reveal

Reproduction

· Flowers attract pollinators· Seeds pass along genes to

next generation

· Physical features attract a mate

· Sex organs pass along genes to next generation

How do these structures support organisms reproduction?

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Click to reveal

Behavior

· Leaves grow towards light· Stems react to the

environment

· Legs provide movement for migration

· Antlers for courtship· Claws for hunting and

gathering

How do these structures support organisms behavior?

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6 Which of the following is not a core function of all organisms?

A Reproduction

B Movement

C Survival

D Growth


6 Which of the following is not a core function of all organisms?

A Reproduction

B Movement

C Survival

D Growth[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer B

Movement is a combination of both survival and behavior

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7 Monkeys communicate with each other about food and danger, this is an example of what core function?

A Reproduction

B Behavior

C Survival

D Growth


7 Monkeys communicate with each other about food and danger, this is an example of what core function?

A Reproduction

B Behavior

C Survival

D Growth[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

B

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8 What function does this structure serve?

A Survival

B Behavior

C Reproduction

D Growth

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8 What function does this structure serve?

A Survival

B Behavior

C Reproduction

D Growth


Ans

wer

A

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9 Organisms have ______________ based on their ______________.

A defenses, growth

B structures, functions

C functions, structures

D features, needs


9 Organisms have ______________ based on their ______________.

A defenses, growth

B structures, functions

C functions, structures

D features, needs[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

B

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10 Plants have the need to grow. Which of the following structures does not serve that function?

A

B

C

D


10 Plants have the need to grow. Which of the following structures does not serve that function?

A

B

C

D[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

B

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Internal Structures


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Internal StructuresPlants and animals have both internal and external structures that serve various functions in growth, survival, behavior, and reproduction.

Brainstorm a list of internal structures that support the 4 core functions for plants and animals.

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Powered From the InsideA wings function is to provide flight but what are the internal structures that make that possible?

Muscles power the wing

Nerves send and receive signals

Bones support and stabilize the wing

Heart and Lungs provide energy and nutrients

All these internal structures work together to

support a wings function

For each external structure their are internal structures that support its function.

Click to reveal

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Internal Growth Structures: Plants Plants depend upon internal structures to grow.

Roots branch out in the ground seeking out water and nutrients to help the plant grow.

The transport system of plants is made of thin tubes that move water and nutrients.

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Internal Growth Structures: AnimalsAnimals also rely upon internal structures to grow, primarily the digestive and circulatory system.

The digestive system takes in food and water and breaks it down to help the body grow.

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Internal Growth Structures: Animals

Animals move energy from food, water and oxygen through their body in their circulatory system. The heart pumps blood to deliver the energy.

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Internal Survival Structures: PlantsPlants protect themselves from in several ways.

Many plants make poisons to stop animals from eating them.

To prevent drying out during droughts and winter plants store extra water.

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Internal Survival Structures: AnimalsTo survive animals depend upon many interconnected internal structures.

Muscles work together with the skeletal system to defend against predators

The brain process threats and helps avoid danger. It also stores memories of places and food sources

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Internal Behavior Structures: PlantsAlthough plants lack a brain and nervous system they are able to respond to their environment and stimulus.

In response to their environment, may plants loose their leaves to prevent drying out.

Plant react to the environment by growing towards the light.

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Internal Behavior Structures: AnimalsAnimals rely primarily on the nervous system to control and regulate their behavior.

Whales communicate with each other through clicks, whistles and calls. They do so to navigate, find a mate and to socialize.

As winter approaches, animals hibernate in underground nests. Within a few hours, its body temperature drops to 59 F, and its heartbeat rate and breathing rate falls.

-

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Internal Reproduction Structures: PlantsTo pass on their genes to future generations plants are capable of reproduction.

Plants are equipped with reproductive parts that produce a seed to pass along their genes. They accomplish this with the help of pollinators or asexually.

Seeds are produced by plants to ensure the survival of the plant through reproduction. They are often transported by animals or the wind.

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Internal Reproduction Structures: AnimalsAnimals reproduce to pass along their genes and ensure the survival of their species.

Animals have reproductive organs as part of their reproductive system. Most animals reproduce through live birth which helps ensure the survival of their young.

Other animals reproduce through laying eggs. The babies grow inside the eggs until the are able come out.

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11 Organisms have internal structures that work with external structures

A True

B False

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11 Organisms have internal structures that work with external structures

A True

B False


Ans

wer

A

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12 Organs such as stomachs, hearts, and gills have _________________________.

A similar functions and are the same structure.

B different functions and are the same structure.

C different functions and different structures.


12 Organs such as stomachs, hearts, and gills have _________________________.

A similar functions and are the same structure.

B different functions and are the same structure.

C different functions and different structures.


Ans

wer

C

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13 Which internal structures do not support the use of a birds wing?

A Heart

B Reproductive organs

C Muscles

D Nerves and brain


13 Which internal structures do not support the use of a birds wing?

A Heart

B Reproductive organs

C Muscles

D Nerves and brain


Ans

wer

B

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14 Which of the following is an example of an internal structure that assists with growth?

A

B

C

D

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14 Which of the following is an example of an internal structure that assists with growth?

A

B

C

D


Ans

wer

D

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15 Which of the following statements is true?

A Plants and animals have the same internal structures.

B All animals reproduce through live birth.

C Plants and animals both have internal survival structures.

D The nervous system of plants and animals controls their internal behavior structures.


15 Which of the following statements is true?

A Plants and animals have the same internal structures.

B All animals reproduce through live birth.

C Plants and animals both have internal survival structures.

D The nervous system of plants and animals controls their internal behavior structures.


Ans

wer

C

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Information Processing


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IntroductionAn animal's environment is filled with stimuli - sounds, scents, and sights are just a few. They must have a way to receive this information and understand the meaning of it.

Is that noise a predator I need to run from? Is it my baby calling?

Is that smell food or fire? Is this food safe to eat or poisonous?

Survival depends on understanding the information received.

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Animals experience the same 5 sense as humans, however often at a heightened level as compared to humans.

The Senses

Taste

HearingSight

Smell

Touch

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Specialized ReceptorsThe sense organs include the eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue. Within each of these are specialized receptors which send the information to the brain.

Animals typically have specialized sense organs and nervous system that are able respond very quickly to stimuli

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The ears send signals about sounds

The eyes send signals about the environment and

surrounds.

The skin sends signals about

temperature, pain and more

The tongue sends signals about foods

The nose sends signals about

smells.

The tongue sends signals about foods

The nose sends signals about

smells.

The eyes send signals about the environment and

surrounds.

The ears send signals about sounds

The skin sends signals about

temperature, pain and more

Specific SignalsAnimals' different senses are constantly sending feedback to the body. Each part of the body sends a different type of signal and information.

What type of signals do these different receptors send?

Click to reveal

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Bees can see ultraviolet light, the right flower is how a bee sees this

flower.

Other ReceptorsSome animals have different senses that help them interact with their environment.

Sharks can sense electric signals given off by prey.

Bats use echo-location to "see" at night and in caves.

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Plant SensesPlants lack the same type of sense receptors found in animals. However, plants do receive signals from their environment. Click below to watch tomato plants respond to sunlight.

Without any muscles or nerves plants react to the sunlight by growing towards it. This is known as phototropism and done through the expansion or contraction of their cells.

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Plant ReactionsPlants also react to stimulation they receive from their environment.

This plant reacts to being touched to protect them from predators. The leaves fold inward when touched and stay closed for a few minutes.

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Where Do The Signals Go?Different receptors are specialized for particular kinds of information. They receive information that is transmitted to the brain through different neural pathways.

Light enters the cornea, and focuses on the back of the eye. There are special cells there that see color and shape. They send this information through the optic never into the brain. The information is then processed by the visual cortex.

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Where do vision signals go?

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Different Signals, Different PathsEach piece of information sent to the brain takes different paths. The paths depend upon the type of signal being sent. The auditory system gathers the sound, transmits it and processes the information in the auditory cortex.

Auditory Cortex

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Decoding the SignalsThe brain is responsible for decoding and making sense of all the signals it receives. Information enters the brain and is directed to the right part of the brain. Much like a circuit board, the brain is 'wired' to direct signals to their intended destination.

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Parts of the BrainThe brain is the main switching unit of body, it interprets what you see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. It also sends messages to parts of the body. Different parts of the brain are responsible for processing different types of information.

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Sensory IntegrationWith information constantly entering the brain, it is a tough task to make sense of the information. The brain integrates, or combines, all the signals. In order to integrate all the information the brain must make sense of all the different signals.

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Eating Popcorn

IntegrationUse the parts of sensory information to form meaning. See if you can figure out what is going on.

Small, Lumpy, White

Buttery, Strong

Salty, Delicious

Loud, Crunchy

Greasy, Rough

Click to reveal

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It's All ConnectedAll of receptors are connected through a network of nerves and neurons to our brain. Information gathered throughout the body is all moving towards our brain. Once processed and interpreted, signals are then sent back out to control the body.

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16 All animals have exactly the same 5 senses.

True

False


16 All animals have exactly the same 5 senses.

True

False


Ans

wer

False

Some have other senses such as the ability to use echo-location or see ultraviolet light.

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17 Which of the following is not a specialized sense?

A Sensing electrical signals

B Echo location

C Remembering past events

D Seeing ultraviolet light


17 Which of the following is not a specialized sense?

A Sensing electrical signals

B Echo location

C Remembering past events

D Seeing ultraviolet light


Ans

wer

C

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18 Which of the following is an example of sensory information based upon the picture? Select all that apply.

A Sweet smelling

B Loud noises

C Bumpy texture

D Red and green cone shaped


18 Which of the following is an example of sensory information based upon the picture? Select all that apply.

A Sweet smelling

B Loud noises

C Bumpy texture

D Red and green cone shaped[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

A, C, D

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19 Signals that are sent to the brain are processed by ___________ regions of the brain. A one

B different

C all

D multiple


19 Signals that are sent to the brain are processed by ___________ regions of the brain. A one

B different

C all

D multiple


Ans

wer

B

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20 Plants cannot sense and react to their environment because they don't have a nervous system.A True

B False


20 Plants cannot sense and react to their environment because they don't have a nervous system.A True

B False


Ans

wer

B

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Receiving & Sending Signals


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Nerves and NeuronsSignals from the body are sent to the brain through a network of nerves and neurons. The nerves act a roadways for the signals.

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Central LocationAll the information gathered from different senses and organs of the body travel through a network of nerves towards the brain.

Signals from the body are gathered through a vast network of nerves. The nerves gather together at the spinal column when they are passed along to the brain.

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Entering the BrainSignals from the body travel through the brain stem into the brain. Lower parts of the brain process that information and direct it where to go. The brain stem functions as switch board operator, routing each signal to the part of the brain that interprets it.

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Dual Purpose BrainThe brain is not a one way street. Once it receives a signal which is processed it sends signals back to the rest of the body. Click each number to reveal the path signals take.

2

3

1

Touching a hot pot, nerves send a signal to the brain

Brain interprets the signal as dangerous

Brain sends a signal to move hand quickly away to avoid further damage

12

3

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ActionsOnce information is processed by the brain actions are sent back through the network of nerves and neurons to the rest of the body. These signals control the actions and movements we do. Some are automatic such as reflexes and others are thoughtful.

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Instincts & BehaviorAnimals are born with instincts like breathing, eating, and migration patterns. Some animal behaviors are not instincts, they are learned behaviors from other members of their species such as how to hunt, sounds for communication, or how to fly.

These behaviors help the organism survive in their environment.

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MemorySome information that reaches the brain is stored as memory. Memory allows for the recall of previous experiences. It is important for growth, survival, reproduction and behavior.

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ActionsAnimals use their perceptions and memories to guide their action and behaviors. What animals can you think of that have patterns in their behavior?

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Learned BehaviorsAnimals are quick to learn behaviors when they are rewarded with items such as food. Bears learn that an easy source of food can be found in trash cans. Feeding a stray cat will teach them to come back again and again after being fed once.

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Putting It All TogetherThe brain serves a crucial role as a receiving and responding organ. It receives information from specialized sense receptors that is processed and integrated by the brain. Brains are organized to quickly respond to sensory stimuli and some information gets stored as memories. To guide their actions, animals rely upon their brains to interpret their perceptions and memories.

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21 Which organ is used by all the senses?

A ears

B nose

C skin

D brain

E tongue


21 Which organ is used by all the senses?

A ears

B nose

C skin

D brain

E tongue [This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

D

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22 Signals from all over the body travel to the brain through network _________.A Neurons

B Nerves

C Veins

D Cords

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22 Signals from all over the body travel to the brain through network _________.A Neurons

B Nerves

C Veins

D Cords


Ans

wer

B

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23 Animals are born with _________ that are automatic and do not require thought. A integration's

B behaviors

C memories

D instincts


23 Animals are born with _________ that are automatic and do not require thought. A integration's

B behaviors

C memories

D instincts


Ans

wer

D

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24 Which of the following statements are correct? Select all that apply.

A The brain is a two way organ that recieves and sends signals.

B All species of animals have the same 5 senses.

C Different parts of the brain are responsible for decoding different sensory signals.

D The brain is responsible for integrating all the different types of information to make sense of it.


24 Which of the following statements are correct? Select all that apply.

A The brain is a two way organ that recieves and sends signals.

B All species of animals have the same 5 senses.

C Different parts of the brain are responsible for decoding different sensory signals.

D The brain is responsible for integrating all the different types of information to make sense of it.


Ans

wer

A, B, D

4 grade psi from molecules to organisms -...

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