3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?Nick Land

Context

20 Years

Cadastral Trends

• Security of tenure (ownership)• Support for land markets (value)• Sustainable development (use)

- Rights and restrictions

• Efficient & effective land administration• Extending the use & value of the cadastre

Why do we need a 3D cadastre?

• Address the trends in cadastre

• Urbanisation• Complexity of structures & related rights- On & above ground- Sub-surface

Not a new concept

No ‘true’ 3D cadastres exist

• Register volumes in land (public) registers, but not included in cadastral map

• Register only a subset of objects- Apartment blocks- Utilities

• Register new constructions only• No widely accepted definition of 3D cadastre

Definition (FIG)

• A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity

• Homogeneous = the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D spatial unit

• Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is true

GIS Technology

How to Implement?

GIS Functionality Continues to Improve

• Mapping & Editing• Imagery• LiDAR• Mobile• Cloud• Apps• 3-D• 4-D & Real Time

Collect ManageVisualise

& Analyze

Share

ArcGIS is a 3D GIS

3D Data types in the Geodatabase• Vector feature classes with X,Y,Z geometry

- 3D Points- 3D Lines- 3D Polygons

• Elevation grid rasters (DTM/DEM)• Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface)• Mosaics of LAS LiDAR datasets• Multipatch (volumetric bodies)

Introducing Multipatch

• A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. • Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings• Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector

information within the geometry

Collections can be complex• A single composite multipatch can contain

multiple patches of varying types

Textures can be applied• Two rings and one triangle strip• Different textures for roof, floor and walls

3D Cadastre

Concepts of 3D Cadastre

• Full 3D cadastre

• 3D tagging

• Hybrid 3D Cadastre

• 4D Cadastre – Time as the fourth dimension

The hybrid solution – All in one database

• Supports the identification of a land unit

• Supports boundary definitions

• Supports and maintains topological relationships

• Allows maintenance in both 2D and 3D

• Allows display of complex spatial relationships

• Allows spatial analysis

• Allows maintenance of other types of objects

2D 3D

Survey network

Identification

Boundary Definition

Data Maintenance

Data Maintenance

Spatial relationships

Spatial analysisSpatial analysis

Identification

3D Cadastre – Hybrid Solution2D Parcels; 3D Objects

Legal & Physical Objects – Above & below ground

3D Cadastre

Visualisation

3D Cadastre

Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market valuation

Esri’s 3D Urban Information Model• Simplifies the creation, maintenance and usage of 3D cities

Built EnvironmentBuildings & Building InteriorsTransport & Utility NetworksInstallationsTrees

Legal Environment3D Zoning3D Land Ownership

Natural EnvironmentLand CoverAtmosphereGeology

Template for download

2D to 3D: Data CollectionPhotogrammetric data collection direct into ArcGIS

2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints

• Point clouds from aerial LiDAR …• … and from new sources like oblique imagery stereomatching

LiDAR point cloud Geoprocessing to extrude footprints

Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data, available at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/, and at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/.

2D to 3D: Procedural modeling3D model creation using rules / algorithms

iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail

• Base geometry

• Procedural rules

Base geometry Final 3D modelIterative refinement

3D models: CityEngine – WebScene

http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3dWebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7

Analyze

3D routingMaximum visible building height

Volumetric Shadows

Skyline analysis

Volumetric GlareSecurity camera coverage

Share

Create screenshots

Post to ArcGIS.com

WebGIS•Publish Virtual Cities as 3D services•KML

Export video animationsMobile 3D

CityEngine Web Scenes

Extending use of Cadastre Urban planners / Emergency Response / Public safety

City of Portland

Sydney

Rotterdam

Singapore

Philadelphia Brisbane

Masdar city

Pasadena

Other (non-technical) considerations

• Legal• Institutional• Needs• Costs and benefits

Conclusions

• Today’s GIS technology allows us to:- Model the world in 3D- Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share 3D models- Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution

• The bigger questions are:- What are the ‘real’ needs?- Are the costs justified by the benefits?- What changes are required to the legislation?

For more information:

• FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D Cadastre- http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/

• www.esri.com

• Nick Land: nland@esri.com