37284381 adv anced diving techniques

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INTERNATIONALSCRANTON. PENNSYLVANIA. U.S.A.

PDle INTERNATIONAL USA

ADV ANCED DIVING TECHNIQUESFOR

SCUBA RESCUE AND RECOVERY


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INTRODUCTIONThe primary difference between just a cer t i f ied SCUBA divera member of a SCUBA Rescue and Recovery team i s one of adt raining in the special techniques of rescue procedurepatterns of search and recovery. Uniformity of methods and paleads to a better understanding of SCUBA rescue and retechniques. I t also takes a loose group of qualif ied SCUBAand helps mold them into a closely knit working unit of deach aware of the other abi l i t i es and capabi l i t ies , in the sof their community.

The Underwater Rescue and Recovery Team is , therefovolunteer unit of selected and highly trained skin and SCUBAavailable for emergency rescue and recovery service, on requlaw enforcement, f i re and c ivi l defence units .The various methods and techniques outlined in this boobeen used successfully for several years and are a compila

the most effective and safe procedures available to SCUBAand recovery units .


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A request for routine (non-emergency) assistance shohandled at the convenience of the team and not as an emergeA request for emergency assistance should be handled a t

EMERGENCY ASSISTANCEThe primary emergency mission is to save l i f e . There ar

instances in the mass of floods, stranding, submerged vehiclother instances where prompt arr ival and eff ic ient action wil ives . The secondary emergency mission includes: (1) Recovdrowning or accident victim, and (2) Assistance to law andenforcement agencies. All other requests for assistance genfa l l into the category of routine operations.GETTING TO THE SCENE

When the recovery team diver i s contacted and reques


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I t is advisable that a team member keep his personal equavailable and ready. Certain members will have the missreport ing direct ly to the scene for immediate operations,may be assigned to some other area in support of the operatiomatter what the assignment is , the team members should proccarry out the i r mission immediately, without delay.

All team members responding to an emergency wil l exextreme caution and OBSERVE TRAFFIC LAWS AND SPEED LIMITS. Mdriving private automobiles should proceed with headlightsON THE SCENE

In addit ion to t ra ining and other factors that contribsafety, there are equally important but no-so-obvious reasosafe diving operations. One needs only witness the well-mbut to ta l ly disorganized effor ts of an unrelated group ofengaged in a search and recovery. To attempt to real ize whnot-so-obvious safety factor is - a safety factor thaCARDINAL RULE governing a l l SCUBA Rescue diving operations ro


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Operations may begin as soon as three team members areon-the-scene; one team diving while the thi rd member actsurface support. In extreme emergencies when l i fe i s a t sin an unusual situation requir ing such action, the f i r s t andarr ival may take such action as they deem necessary in thejudgement to fu l f i l l the responsibi l i ty of team membershipsi tuat ions and the zealousness with which they are metalways be tempered with the exercise of good judgement asto water and diving safety .On a l l search and recovery dives, divers must wfollowing safety equipment:Inflatable Safety Vest, Underwater Tank Pressure Gauge,Underwater Watch, Compass, and a Marker Buoy and Line

Surface support members must wear an Inflatable Safety VestVest.THE SEARCH


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GENERAL SEARCH PROCEDURESThere are a number of di f ferent search patterns . Soapplicable to di f ferent conditions. Others are best for scircumstances. The Team Captain or person in charge will dethe i n i t i a l action to be taken on the scene.In the case of boats to tow or t ransport diversadvisable to have a qualif ied team member as a boat operator

insures capable operation of the craf t . I f th is is not poa mature individual with a good boating experience who habriefed on the problem involved and made subject to the auof a team member should be selected.Beat boat speeds for towing divers i s 1-2 mph and shoulexceed 3 mph. Tow l ines should never be less than 50 flength. In water over 20 feet deep the l ine should be lenunt i l the angle from the bottom to the boat is about 30 deThe l ine tender should always be a qualif ied team mem


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I f a victim struggled strongly pr ior to drowning, it isthat a l l lung a ir was exhausted, the body will tend to se tthe bottom. I f the victim was not struggling and succumbedexhaustion, heart attack, or similar reason, a ir may remainlungs in suff icient amount to cause the body to f loat suspendthe bottom. The circumstances of the accident must always beinto serious consideration. The type of clothes worn bvictim, the physical character ist ics of the victim, and evcontents of the stomach may have bearing on how quickly these t t le s to the bottom.

I t i s important to determine as much as possible frooff ic ia ls on the scene about the manner in which the toccurred, being very cr i t i ca l , however, of the testimony offeself-appointed assis tants and experts .Considering a l l of the above, the general rule regi n i t i a l search act ivi ty for a drowning victim is to begin

operations in the area where the victim was las t seen asfactual information can determine. Guesswork, specu


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WEAPONS RECOVERYBecause of the legal technical i t ies and procedures uhandling weapons, for the ir possible use as admissible evidethe courtroom, i t i s absolutely necessary tha t the folprocedures be adhered to by the recovering diver1. When found, the weapon must only be handled by thestock or handle.2. Never place any handling device down the gun barrel ,may damage the lands or grooves for bal l is t ics purpI f a salvage bag is available, place the weapon intobag when found.3. Do not pass the weapon to anyone else. Return to thor to the shore and personally turn the weapon overlaw enforcement off icer in charge.

UNDERWATER SIGNALSLINE SIGNALS


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AUTHORIZED LINE SIGNALSThere are times when the abi l i ty to communicate with adiver or a l ine tender by use of l ine signals transmittedsafety or buddy l ine can contr ibute immeasurably to maintaipattern of safety. In cer ta in diving operations, it wofoolhardy to function without them. Certainly, the mcontr ibution of a well understood se t of signals woueliminating an unnecessary ascent , time spent in discussionthen another descent.The only presently authorized se t of l ine signals are:1. PULL - STOP! or FOUND OBJECT!2. PULLS - O.K. PROCEED WITH SEARCH3. PULLS OR MORE - EMERGENCY/ NEED ASSISTANCEWith a l l of these signals the number of audible tap

correspond to the number of pul ls on a l ine. These signalsused with Buddy Lines, Safety Lines or Anchor Lines pro


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I ts primary purpose i s to provide a means of retrieving the I t is always used in strong currents, under ice operationother hazardous or potential ly hazardous si tuations. I t mabe used as a Buddy Line or Search Line and as means of transml ine signals.ANCHOR LINE:A l ine secured to an anchor on the bottom and to aboat, buoy, or to shore. I t is used as a pivot forpatterns.

I t is di f f icul t to se t a hard and fast rule regarding thof l ines required since th is is based upon the needs oindividual operation. However, the purpose for which the lto be used should always be kept inmind. Search Lines andLines generally should be l ight and pliable . When selectingLines, tensi le strength becomes a l l important and in many insactual size of the l ine may have l i t t l e effect on increasirelat ive breaking point of a l ine. I t should also be rem


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Be alert! The Line Tender is the only link between theand the surface object and ultimate safety . Full at tent ion mdevoted to the job a t hand. He should be aler t to pohazardous conditions that might arise and keep track of theby following his bubbles.

The Line Tender should also be aler t to conditionssurface; Boat t r a f f i c , wind and weather conditions, and anyfactors that may affect the safety of the diver. He shoready to receive any signals and reply instant ly and be reinstantaneously take the r ight action a t the r ight time i f thshould ar i se .AUDIBLE SIGNALS.Tapping: Tapping a sol id object produces far-reachingunderwater. The cornmon pract ice is to tap the tanbut t of the diver ' s knife. To avoid confusion, th

signals and procedures used with the l ine signals


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SEARCH PATTERNS

The next portion of th is booklet deals with the commonused underwater search patterns . I t is to be remembertha t in many cases other means may have to be used.Combinations of the pat terns may have to be uti l ized. T


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Top man guides the team from the surface, using onlyfins and snorkel. Center bottom man holds the l ine. Aldivers l ine up on each side of the center man, grasping theof the man next to him. I t i s important to hold th is arm s ton a 45 degree angle in order to create the "vn pattern. Apredetermined signals should be prepared between the top mthe bottom manWhen the divers l ine up on the surface and are ready tothey raise the i r free hand to signify to the top man tha t thready. The top man then gives command "DIVERS DOWN". Theleads the team, he does not tow them. All divers surfacmaintaining the l ine in ltV" using the free hand to swebottom.When a bottom man has to leave the l ine he reaches overthe hand of the man who is holding his harness and places i t

harness of the diver he is holding. He can then surfacebreaking the pat tern . THIS IS IMPERATIVE.


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THE TOW BAR PATTERNThe Tow Bar, which i s commonly referred to as the "Boob Tis used in conjunction with a small boat. The divers l inethe Tow Bar and sweep the search area with a free hand.This technique has become very popular because oeffectiveness in covering vast areas, in a minimum amount of

conserving both the divers energy and the a i r supply.Although th is in an effective pattern to use under approcircumstances, conditions in the immediate area must determinuse. I ts use should be visibi l i ty of 5-6 feet or more for reasons. I t is quite effective in lakes, canals, slow riverstreams where a boat is usable.The diver, when locating the object, s ignals and drops obar, the other divers surface and stand by. The boat standunt i l the search diver has marked the object and has surface


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RIVER CROSS PATTERN NO. 1The lead man holds a weighted l ine whi le the o ther d ivethe harness of th e man next to him and sweeps th e bottom wf ree hand. Always move th e l i ne of the next sweep downstreai f cu r r en t i s s t rong , p lace a safe ty man downstream. Tleav ing th e l i ne uses th e same method as descr ibed i n Pa t t e

1.

I t i s recommended to secure th e l i ne to t r e e s o r s ta tob jec t s on the shore l ine .

safety Man


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SINGLE LINE STREAM PATTERNLine secured on each side. Useful in fast or slow swhen is poor. Especially effect ive in small, clustreams prelude the use of normally more effect ive cior s t ra ight l ine patterns.Requires Line Tenders on both banks.Subsequent sweeps are made downstream insuring tha tsuccessive sweep overlaps the previous one.

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I f the search is not successful , the diver surfaces, moanchor 90 feet in the direction he wishes to search, leavior igina l pivot marked by a buoy. If tne search diver fiobject , he secures the search l ine to i t and follows thel ine back to the anchor man. When searching for a large osuch as an auto, the search diver may immediately go out thlength and swim a circ le on the bottom. The search l inecatch on the abject i f i t is within the 100 feet diametercirc le . Remember: The search diver may be required to runpattern i f looking for a small object , searching only a threwide area on each sweep. I t is imperative that the searchsearch each square inch when looking for a weapon or small

CIRCULAR PATTERN NO.2USING A LARGER NUMBER OF DIVERS TO SEARCH...- ..................

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CIRCULAR PATTERN NO. 3

Secure anchor line tp shore.Same basic procedure fer Circular Pattern No. 1.

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AIlCHOIZEe uuel

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"- ....... SINGLE ARC PATTERNllT!!Rt..I


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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COLD WATER DIVING

One of the most important considerations in cold water is the problem of exposure, not only to those engaged indiving, but to those supporting the underwater operations toThe rule governing exposure have already been cthoroughly in the basic course. The special considerationare provided by way of a reminder:

1. Parts of the body exposed to the cold water get cold quHands, the face, l ips may become numb af ter prolonged exto waters of cold temperatures. Remember, cold can creainsensi t iv i ty to pain. You may cut hands or other partsbody without real izing i t . Be a ler t to the symptomterminate your dive when numbness occurs.2. Extending a dive beyond the normal l imi t of enduran

tolerat ion of cold succeeds only in furthering the lowebody temperature with the resul t tha t usefulness for fut


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Without going into medical treatment more than superfic ia lfollowing are the symptoms and the emergency t reatment.SYMPTOMS

1. The exposed skin turns pinkish jus t before frostbidevelops.2. The skin turns to a white or grayish yellow as froprogresses.3. There is some i n i t a l pain but i t quickly subsides.4. The frostbite victim feels quite cold and numb butusually not aware that i t is frostbi te .

TREATMENT1. Cover the frostbi t ten area with a warm hand or blaI f the hands or fingers are f ros tb i t ten , have thehold his hands in his armpits next to his body.


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SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR ICE DIVING1. Never dive near or under ice without a safety l ine.2. Inspect a l l safety lines prior to diving.3. Safety l ine should be attached to each diver4. Review special ice signals with l ine tender and a l l othinvolved in dive.5. Safety l ine must be securely anchored in ice, to a t reevehicle.

Line tenders and a l l other individuals in the immediateoperations area are required to wear inf latable safetyOther l ifesaving devices, as required, will be kept on thea l l times. A sturdy plank long enough to extend well pedges of the access hole will be placed across the accesThose without work or safety assignments requir ing the ir pwill remain well away from the immediate diving area.All tanks wil l be f i l led to maximum capacity and no divbe allowed to use a par t ia l ly f i l led tank. Underwater p


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uue:rellCEIi!'.' :!IoAf"ETY UUe. TCI.'5:T".oU:E '!!:- .._-.....,...,-c.LOST ICE DIVER PATTERN


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Any addit ional action i s to be taken af ter in i t i a l reattempts are underway.8. When it is necessary to cut or enlarge an access holeice, the most effect ive and rapid method is to use a gas pchain saw. Firs t , shovel out a pattern outl ining the areacut. After the square has been cut it should be cut again inbefore being pushed down and under the supporting ice .procedure prevents the block or square from dri f t ing back inhole and sealing the opening.9. I t i s essential that the hole be cut large enough to supplentry and exi t for each and every diver at the same time. Noshould have to wait for someone else to clear the hole, whilewaiting under the ice to exi t . This procedure is a masafety technique for ice diving.

HOLE IU lee.


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RECOMMENDED DIVING EQUIPMENT FOREACH SCUBA RESCUE AND RECOVERY TEAM

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MASKSNORKELPOWER FINSCYLINDERPRIMARY REGULATORADDITIONAL SECOND STAGEAIR MONITORING SYSTEM WITH DIGITAL DEPTHGAUGE & DECOMPRESSION COMPUTER, COMPASSSTABILIZER JACKET WITH AUTO. INFLATOR1/4 THERMAL CONTROL WET SUIT1/4 THERMAL CONTROL HOOD1/4 THERMAL CONTROL BOOTS & GLOVESWEIGHT BELT SYSTEM & WEIGHTS FOR EACH INDIVIDRY SUIT


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TEAM EQUIPMENT(MINIMUM ONE (1) PER EACH TEAM)

UNDERWATER LIGHTUNDERWATER SLATE BOARDTANK PRESSURE GAUGEDE-COMPRESSION CHARTS2 - 100 FOOT - 1/2 INCH NYLON ROPEROWBOAT (10 TO 12 FEET) WITH OARSBULLHORNDIVERS SAFETY FLAG WITH BUOYTOW BAR (12 FEET LONG)TWO (2) ANCHORS (NO. 10 MUSHROOM TYPE)


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REV I E WRECOMMENDED STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES1. No member of Rescue Team will part icipate in anyoperation of any nature whatsoever using Team equipmrepresenting the Team without the advance approval and knowlethe Team Captain.2. The Team Captain or in his absence, the Senior Teampresent wil l have sole responsibil i ty for the conduct ofoperations and his divers.3. All members of each Rescue Unit should keep the Team Cap-his ass is tants informed of the i r whereabouts at a l l times whable to be reached a t work or the ir homes. Team members wiinform the Team Captain Officer immediately in thecircumstances occur that might prevent the i r responding to a4. In the event of an EMERGENCY REQUEST for assistance, memthe Rescue Unit will report direc t ly to the scene of the emor as directed by the Team Captain. The Team Captain wil l


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10. I f are no off ic ia l diving operations received, thCaptain should be responsible for and should make every attemschedule one dive per month for his Recovery Team a t an approlocation, for the purpose of providing t raining, experienpract ice in a l l diving operations and procedures. A discussicr i t ique should follow each such diving operation. Effortsbe made to give each Rescue Unit member an opportunity toexperience in serving as member in charge of an operation undguidance of the Team Captain.SCUBA NAVIGATION OUTLINE

1. A DEAD RECKONINGFollowing a compass heading in a specif ic direction, kt rack of speed and time to establ ish posit ion and estitime of arr iva l . (E.T.A.)B. PILOTAGEEstablishing position in relat ionship to know areas pl


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R E C 0 V E R Y D I V E LOGWATERAIR WATER VISI- DIVE DIVE

DATE DEPTHIVE LOCATION DIVE BUDDY TEMP. TEMP. BILITY TIME

-,

, "

37284381 adv anced diving techniques

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