3.4 the soil system. 3.4.1 outline how soil systems integrate aspects of living systems. 3.4.2...
TRANSCRIPT
3.4.1 Outline how soil systems integrate aspects of living systems.
3.4.2 Compare and contrast the structure and properties of sand, clay and loam soils, including their effect on primary productivity.
3.4.3 Outline the processes and consequences of soil degradation.
3.4.4 Outline soil conservation measures3.4.5 Evaluate soil management strategies
in a named commercial farming system and in a named subsistence farming system.
Soils are a major component of the world’s ecosystems. They link the atmosphere, lithosphere (rocks), biosphere (living matter), and hydrosphere (water). Soil itself is comprised of weathered bedrock, organic matter, air, and water.
Soil forming process consists of:
Gains and losses of material to and from the profile
Movement of water between the horizons
Chemical transformation within each horizon
Therefore soils are open systems in a steady-state equilibrium.
Soils are vital to humans, but take a long time to develop, so should be considered a non-renewable resource
• Sand– Mineral Content:
Low– Drainage: High– Water-holding
capacity: Low– Air spaces: High– Biota: Low– Potential to hold
organic matter: Low– Primary
Productivity: Low
• Clay– Mineral Content: High– Drainage: Low– Water-holding
capacity: High– Air spaces: Low– Biota: High to
Medium– Potential to hold
organic matter: High to Medium
– Primary Productivity: Quite Low
• Loam– Mineral Content:
Medium– Drainage: Medium– Water-holding
capacity: Medium– Air spaces: Medium– Biota: Medium to High– Potential to hold
organic matter: Medium to High
– Primary Productivity: High
• Soil Degradation – Decline in quantity and quality of soil
• Issues around it:– Water and Wind
erosion– Acidification (Toxic
metals)– Eutrophication
(Nutrient Enrichment)– Salinization (Too much
salt)– Soil pollution– Desertification
• Factors of erosion:– Erosivity (Rainfall
totals, intensity, and seasonal distribution)
– Erodibility (Suseptibility to erosion)
– Slope length and gradient
– Cover and management (Crop and cultivation practices)
– Erosion control practice (Soil conservation measures)
• Consequences of soil degradation:– Erosion: reduced crop
growth and yields, loss of soil fertility
– Salinization (Too much salt): Stunts crop growth, Lowers crop yields, Destroys fertility and plants, Damage to infrastructure, Reduction of water quality
– Desertification: Economic loses, Lower living standards, Major threat to biodiversity, Prolonged droughts
• Mechanical methods to reduce water flow
• Contour Ploughing – Takes advantage of ridges formed at right angles to the slope to slow water
• Terracing – Slope is broken up into a series of flat steps with raised levees at the edge.
• Land around gullies and ravines can be fenced off and planted with small trees.
• Check dams can be used to slow water in gullies.
• Cropping and soil husbandry methods against wind and water damage
• Maintaining a crop cover as long as possible which is often done through Multi-cropping.
• Keeping in place stubble and root structure of the crop after harvesting
• Planting a grass crop: Maintains action of the roots in binding the soil, and minimizing wind action.
• Management of salt-affected soils
• Flushing the soil with water and leaching the salt away
• Application of chemicals (like gypsum – calcium sulfate – to replace the sodium ions on the clay and colloids with calcium ions.)
• Reduction in evaporation losses to reduce the upward movement of water in the soil