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Black People in the Dominant American Society :
The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s
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125
�Abstract�
Black People in the Dominant American Society :
The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s
Yoko MITSUISHI
This essay considers the relationship of black people in the United States to the
dominant society near the end of the twentieth century. One approach is to
understand the race problem in the United States, which has remained a unique
problem for the black community in their history and culture. At the beginning of
the twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois expressed anxiety he felt living as a black
American in the United States. He said he was forced to have a double conscious-
ness, and could only see himself through the eyes of others. Racism would not
permit him to simply be himself, both black and American. This was the period
when civil rights, that African Americans had gained following their Emancipation,
were being deprived of them again, and the color line was becoming an increasingly
serious problem in American society.
In +3/. segregation was finally declared to be illegal and the civil rights
movement won the equal citizenship of black people. Today, many black people are
active and quite outstanding in their ability to succeed in the dominant American
society. On the other hand, we also see poverty and discrimination that still
characterizes the Black community in the wealthy United States. In order to
understand the race problem in present day America, this essay focuses on the hip
hop artist, Tupac Shakur, who was a successful performer, in the early +33*’s as a
gangsta rapper on the West coast, and considers how he related to the dominant
American society. Hip hop culture has had a di#erent paradigm from the value
system of the dominant society since its origin, and it has often clashed with the law
as well as the norm of morality and acceptable behavior within the dominant
society. Gangsta rap, which evolved in the mid-eighties from the inner city of Los
Angeles, was particularly aggressive and boasted of a life of violence, guns, drugs,
and pimping. However, the criticism of it by the dominant society is in stark
contrast to the appreciation of it by the black community. The reason for the
�������� � .--+ ( ,**/�� )
126
di#erence in perception becomes clear when considering the discourse on the two
race riots, at Watts in +30/ and at South Central, Los Angeles in +33,, and also on the
confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas (+33+) and the
verdict of the O.J. Simpson Trial (+33/) from the same period.
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127