+33* ˘ˇˆ˙ - toyo

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腵膄膈腸臏臍膖腣膸臟腃腃+33* 膀腷膁腽腹腺膅腹腂膉腴腬腔腱膲臀 Black People in the Dominant American Society : The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s Yoko MITSUISHI 臒臡膠臖WEB腾膆膃腶腻 腅DuBois, +202+30-腆 腨腀 腵膂膈腸膦腵膄膈腸臟腑腵膄 膈腸膵臑膷腧臻腢腵膄膈腸臟腣腘腡臦腒腱腖腣腧膻腴臬腎腝腁 腉膸臟腧膼腊 腅The Souls of Black Folk, +3*-腆 腧臶膏臗腢腀 膵臑膷腧膸臟腨 腇臩腎腛臱臎腧腘腡臊膮腴膫腱腈 腣腌腍 腇腌腋腧膜 膚腈 腢腋腱 腇臓膍臋腈 腴膣腌腯腲腱腣腌腍臙膤腑腀 膋膒腧腮腍腦臔腫腯腲腡腌腱腁 腇臟腨臩腎腛腵 膄膈腸臟腢腋腰膸臟腢腋腱腣腌腍腏腣臤腴膜腙腱腧腞腁 腠腧膼腀 腠腧臆膲腀 腠腧臰腲腥腌 腃腱腀 膏腠腧膸腌臞臲腦腠腧臮腑臯腌腀 膝膣腥腞腕腑腜腧腛腴腌腢腌腱腈 腅-腆腁 腵膄膈腸 腧膸臟腧臂腨 腇臓腧臊膮腴腮腰腒腀 腮腰臝臌腧臊膮腦膵腘腝腌腈 腣腌腍膞臂腢腋腰腀 膸臟腨 腇臹腦膸臟腢腋腰腀 腵膄膈腸臟腢腋腱腖腣腴膔腦腘腝腌腈 腅腆 腣膞腟腡腌腱腣腾膆膃腶腻 腨膭腍腁 膸臟腑腵膄膈腸臟腣腘腡腬腯腲腥腌膬臌腑腀 臍膖臊膮腧腛腴腣腘腡臼臨腦臬腎腯腲腀 腗腲腝腧腢腋腱腁 腅腲臢腑臇腗腲腡膗膸臟膥 腅+20/1,腆 腑臭腯腲腀 腵腞腑膸臟腧臺膌 膱臘腧腝腬腦臠腘腝膏臈膟腦腨腀 膸臟腨臥臛腦臓腗腲腱腥腤腵膄膈腸臟腣腘腡臥臉腴膘腘腝腁 腘腐腘腀 腜腧膯 +212 腵腞腍腙腐腯致腘腀 腍腙腢腨膡臣膛腘腡腀 臟臐腛腭臥膿腑膙腘腡腌腟腝腁 膸臟腦至腚腱膈膊腼腑膑膳腚腱腮腍腦腥腱腧腭腀 腜腧膹腐腯腢腋 腱腁 腖腍腘腝腀 腌腳腩腏腄腤腧膸臟臅臸腧臈膟腦腀 腾膆膃腶腻腨腅腲臢膋膯腧腵膄膈腸腧臜 腝腥臟臐臷腴臋腘腀 腇臒臡膠腧臷腨腸膇腂膇腶膊腧臷腢腋腱腈 腅xxxi腆腣膫腘腝腁 腾膆膃腶腻腯腑自膷膸臟膱臘膢膖 腅NAACP腆 腥腤腴臫臚腘腡腌臃腬腡腐腯腀 臒臡膠腭腩腴 膕腓腝 +3/. 腧膽膴膾膨腦腮腟腡臖腬腡腀 腍腙腧臟臐腛腭臥膿腨膎膩腣腗腲腝腁 腜腧膯臒腦腏 腮腪膰膪膐腴膧腡腀 腵膄膈腸臅腣腘腡腧膸臟腧臺膌腨臥臉腦膙腘腝腣腌腎腱腁 腜腍腘腝 臈臵腦腋腟腡腀 腾膆膃腶腻腑臒臡膠臖臷腣腘腝腮腍腥腀 腵膄膈腸臟腣腘腡臦腒腱膸臟腑腎腱膻腀 腇腵膄膈腸臟腈 腢腋腱腖腣腣 腇膸臟腈 腢腋腱腖腣腧膓腯腐腧臕腨腀 膺腭膜腙腯腲腡腌腱 腵膄膈腸臏臍膖腣膸臟腃腃+33* 臵膀腷膁腽腹腺膅腹腂膉腴腬腔腱膲臀腄臁臧109

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Page 1: +33* ˘ˇˆ˙ - Toyo

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Black People in the Dominant American Society :

The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s

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���

� + � ������ �� ��������� ��� +321� -0.��� , � Jon Pareles, “Critic’s Notebook ; The Disappearance of Ice-T’s ‘Cop Killer,’” The New York Times,

Thursday Jul. -*, +33,, +-.

� - � ��� !"#$%�&'()*++,#-. /0%&,�%12� 34� +333� .3�/*��� . � Jon Pareles, “Pop View ; Rap after the Riot : Smoldering Rage and No Apologies,” The New York

Times, Sunday Dec. +-, +33,, ,1.

� / � Los Angeles Watts Riot of +30/. http : //www.africana.com/Articles/tt_*,-.htm �,**,� +*5 26�� 0 � A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Anderson Bellegarde Francois and Linda Y Yuen, “The O.J. Simpson

Trial : Who Was Improperly ‘Playing the Race Card,’?” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and

Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case, .0. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The Consequences of

Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms : A Summary of Recent Findings, ,- (+33.).

� 1 � Ibid., ./. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The General E#ect of Mandatory Minimum Prison

Terms, ,* (+33,).

� 2 � 78. 9#:; +333�< ,1�)�=>?)@ABC7D(�� 3 � George Lipsitz, ,*. Quoted from Time, October 3, +33/, -3.

�+*� Anonymous, “Thug life : Where do the children play?” Billboard (Sep. ,2, +330) Vol. +*2, No. -3.

�++� “Dare to Struggle” by Mutulu Shakur and ,Pac, released, June +0th, ,**,. http : //www.mumia.org/

sundiata/messages/.0.html �,**-� 15 .6��+,� “Code’s of the Thug Life,” Tupac : Resurrection +31+�+330, eds. Jacob Hoye and Karolyn Ali (New

York : Atria Books, ,**-), ++0�+1.

������

Alexander, Frank with Cuda, Heidi Siegmund. Got Your Back : Protecting Tupac in the World of Gangsta

Rap. New York : St. Martin’s, +332.

Als, Hilton. “Foreward,” If He Hollers Let Him Go, by Chester Himes. New York : Thunder’s Mouth Press,

,**,.

Anderson, Lisa. “Presumed Guilty : Or, I Thought This Was the Movie of the Week,” The Black Scholar

(Fall +33/) Vol. ,/, No. . : .*�.,.

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York : Peter Long, ,**+.

Dundes, Alan, ed. Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel. Jackson : UP of Mississippi, +33*.

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Edwards, Walter. “From Poetry to Rap : The Lyrics of Tupac Shakur,” Western Journal of Black Studies

(Summer ,**,) Proquest �,**-� -5 ,26�George, Nelson. Hip Hop America. Harmondsworth : Penguin books, +332. �0EF��GH%GIJKLMN#9O#9� ���� P#Q�-�R� ,**,��

Giovanni, Nikki. “Foreward : Tupac, C U in Heaven,” The Rose That Grew from Concrete, by Tupac Amaru

Shakur. NewYork : Pocket Books, +333. �:S$#T� /E�UVT%EI�WXYZM [�T�%:<\](^� _`abc� ,**+��

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+33*.

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Hayes, Floyd W.,�. “Fuhrman Tapes Confirm LAPD’s Racializd Tyranny”, The Black Scholar (Fall +33/)

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Morrison. New York : Pantheon Books, +331 : -+�/0.

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Atria Books, ,**- : ++0�+1.

Ice T and Heidi Siegmund. The Ice Opinion. New York : St. Martin’s Press, +33.. ���� T��������� �� ������ ������������� T��� LA��� �!" #$%+33.&'

Ja#rey, Zia. “The Salon Interview.” http : //archive.salon.com/books/int/+322/*,/cov-si-*,int.html

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The Black Scholar : Journal of Black Studies and Research (Spring +333) Vol. ,3, No. ,/- : /3�0-.

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-�,3.

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@A��BA*��-CDEF� �GH�34+IJ :K��@A��BA*�LM" N�� OPQ +31-& �Newton, Huey P. Revolutionary Suicide'

=CRF STUVWXY�Z[\]^�_`���a�H�6b2c`��34+�XY��de �fghi" �,**,& +*(' jk% ++0�+--lm

Ojumu, Akin. “Review : Hip Hop Hero,” Guardian (June ,1, ,**.).

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a turbulent life,” Newsweek September ,-, +330.

nopq S\]^��A�]rst�uv[e �56wx�yz" 56wx�Q{ j|}~ ,**.& ,//�,0.lm

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125

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�Abstract�

Black People in the Dominant American Society :

The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s

Yoko MITSUISHI

This essay considers the relationship of black people in the United States to the

dominant society near the end of the twentieth century. One approach is to

understand the race problem in the United States, which has remained a unique

problem for the black community in their history and culture. At the beginning of

the twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois expressed anxiety he felt living as a black

American in the United States. He said he was forced to have a double conscious-

ness, and could only see himself through the eyes of others. Racism would not

permit him to simply be himself, both black and American. This was the period

when civil rights, that African Americans had gained following their Emancipation,

were being deprived of them again, and the color line was becoming an increasingly

serious problem in American society.

In +3/. segregation was finally declared to be illegal and the civil rights

movement won the equal citizenship of black people. Today, many black people are

active and quite outstanding in their ability to succeed in the dominant American

society. On the other hand, we also see poverty and discrimination that still

characterizes the Black community in the wealthy United States. In order to

understand the race problem in present day America, this essay focuses on the hip

hop artist, Tupac Shakur, who was a successful performer, in the early +33*’s as a

gangsta rapper on the West coast, and considers how he related to the dominant

American society. Hip hop culture has had a di#erent paradigm from the value

system of the dominant society since its origin, and it has often clashed with the law

as well as the norm of morality and acceptable behavior within the dominant

society. Gangsta rap, which evolved in the mid-eighties from the inner city of Los

Angeles, was particularly aggressive and boasted of a life of violence, guns, drugs,

and pimping. However, the criticism of it by the dominant society is in stark

contrast to the appreciation of it by the black community. The reason for the

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126

Page 19: +33* ˘ˇˆ˙ - Toyo

di#erence in perception becomes clear when considering the discourse on the two

race riots, at Watts in +30/ and at South Central, Los Angeles in +33,, and also on the

confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas (+33+) and the

verdict of the O.J. Simpson Trial (+33/) from the same period.

�����������+33* �������������������� !"

127