3.20/7-30-2012

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 4343–4396

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate / i jhmt

Review

Heat transfer—A review of 2004 literature

R.J. Goldstein *, W.E. Ibele, S.V. Patankar, T.W. Simon, T.H. Kuehn, P.J. Strykowski, K.K. Tamma,J.V.R. Heberlein, J.H. Davidson, J. Bischof, F.A. Kulacki, U. Kortshagen, S. Garrick, V. Srinivasan,K. Ghosh, R. MittalHeat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 20 March 2010Received in revised form 26 March 2010Accepted 26 March 2010Available online 7 July 2010

Keywords:ConductionBoundary layersInternal flowsPorous mediaHeat transferExperimental methodsNatural convectionRotating flowsMass transferBio-heat transferMeltingFreezingBoilingCondensationRadiative heat transferNumerical methodsTransport propertiesHeat exchangersSolar energyThermal plasmas

0017-9310/$ - see front matter � 2010 Published bydoi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.004

* Corresponding author.E-mail address: [email protected] (R.J. Goldstein).

a b s t r a c t

The present review covers the heat transfer literature published in 2004 in English language, includingsome translations of foreign language papers. Though extensive, some selection is necessary. Only articlespublished by a process of peer review in archival journals are reviewed. Papers are grouped into subject-oriented sections and further divided into sub-fields. Many papers deal with the fundamental science ofheat transfer, including experimental, numerical and analytical work; others relate to applications or nat-ural systems. In addition to reviewing journal articles, this Review also takes note of important confer-ences and meetings on heat transfer and related areas, major awards presented in 2004, and relevantbooks published in 2004.

� 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43441. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4344A. Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4345B. Boundary layers and external flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4345C. Channel flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4346D. Separated flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4347DP. Heat transfer in porous media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4347E. Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4348F. Natural convection—internal flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4348FF. Natural convection—external flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4349G. Rotating flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4349H. Combined heat and mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4349

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I. Bioheat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4350J. Change of phase—boiling and evaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4350JJ. Change of phase—condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4351JM. Change of phase—freezing and melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4351K. Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4352N. Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4352P. Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4353Q. Heat transfer applications—heat exchangers and thermosyphons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4353S. Heat transfer applications—general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4354T. Solar energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4354U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4355

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4355

Foreword

The 2004 Heat Transfer Review is considerably different fromthose of previous years. This year, the key focus is to provide directaccess to the heat transfer related articles which have appeared inpeer-reviewed journals. This transition is being done to make thisReview more helpful to readers. We apologize for the delay in thispublication and the inconvenience this might have caused. It re-quired a considerable effort from everybody associated with thisreview to plan and execute the transition seamlessly and to makeup for this delay, we are publishing the 2005 heat transfer reviewalong with the 2004 review.

Instead of being a detailed treatise of individual articles, our fo-cus from this year is to provide our readers with a readily availablebibliography pertaining to individual areas of heat transfer. Thesecategories have been kept unchanged from the previous years.However, we are seriously considering to include other upcomingand exciting areas which can have their own category in the com-ing reviews. The electronic version of the bibliography will be par-ticularly useful to those who have access to Scopus, which weexpect will include most academic, engineering and research insti-tutions (Citation no. 1 in Section A is denoted by [A1] in thebibliography).

As in the previous years, considerable effort has been devoted toresearch in traditional applications such as chemical processing,general manufacturing, energy devices, including general powersystems, heat exchangers, and high performance gas turbines. Inaddition, a significant number of papers address topics that areat the frontiers of both fundamental research and importantemerging applications, such as nanoscale structures, microchannelflows, bio-heat transfer, and a number of natural phenomena rang-ing from upwelling currents in the oceans to heat transport in stel-lar atmospheres.

1. Introduction

The present review is intended to encompass the heat transferliterature published in 2004. While every attempt has been madeto be exhaustive, some selection is inevitable. We restrict our-selves to papers published in English through a peer-review pro-cess, with selected translations from journals published in otherlanguages. A significant fraction of the papers reviewed herein re-late to the science of heat transfer, comprising experimental,numerical and analytical studies. Others relate to applicationswhere heat transfer plays a major role, not only in man-made de-vices but in natural systems as well. The papers are grouped intosubject-related categories and then into subfields within thesecategories. In addition to reviewing the literature, we list majorconferences held in 2004, major awards related to heat transfer

presented in 2004, and books on heat transfer published duringthe year.

An International Symposium on Advances in ComputationalHeat Transfer was held on a ship off the coast of Norway, 19-24April. The sessions covered turbulence and combustion, LES, natu-ral and mixed convection, and micro- and nanoscale heat transfer.The International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer organized theFourth Internal Symposium on Radiative Heat Transfer on 20-25June in Istanbul, Turkey. Topics included novel numerical, analyti-cal and hybrid techniques for handling complex geometries, radia-tive properties of gases and particulate flows, and interaction ofradiation with conduction, convection and turbulence. The 2ndInternational Symposium on Micro/Nanoscale Energy Conversionand Transport was held on 8-13 August, 2004, in Seoul, South Kor-ea. The 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Mini-channels held in Rochester, NY from 17 to 19 June includedsessions on boiling, electronics cooling, condensation, biologicalsystems and heat pipes. The ASME and AIChE jointly organizedthe Heat Transfer and Fluids Engineering Conference on 11-15 July.Sessions focused on thermal dynamics, instrumentation, and gasturbines. The International Mechanical Engineering Congress andExposition (IMECE) was held in Anaheim, CA from 13 to 19November.

The International Gas Turbine Institute organized the ASMETurbo Expo from 14 to 17 June in Vienna, Austria. Sessions on heattransfer included papers on film cooling, vane external heat trans-fer, rotating heat pipes and combustor liner cooling. The 3rd Inter-national Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics andThermodynamics (HEFAT’04) The Eighth International Conferenceon Advanced Computational Methods in Heat Transfer on 24-26March in Lisbon, Portugal, covered natural and forced convection,microheat transfer, and atmospheric studies. The Sixth ISHMT/ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference from 5 to 7 January inKalpakkam, India, included papers on thermo-hydraulics andnano-scale heat transfer. An International Conference on Multi-phase Flow organized from May 30th to June 4 in Yokohama, Japanincluded sessions on droplet and bubble dynamics, heat transfer inparticle-laden flows, and instrumentation.

The 2003 Max Jakob Award, given jointly by the ASME andAIChE, was conferred on Dr. Kenneth Bell for his contributions todevelopment, selection, application, design, and trouble-shootingof heat exchangers for the process, energy, and environmental con-trol industries. The 2004 Heat Transfer Memorial Awards were pre-sented to Mohammed Faghri (Science) and Dr. Yildiz Bayazitoglu(Art). The Donald Q. Kern award was awarded to Dr. Ralph Webbfor his career contributions to industrial heat transfer technology,particularly in the area of enhanced heat transfer surfaces. The2004 Luikov medal for outstanding research in heat and masstransfer and for furthering international scientific cooperationwas awarded to Dr. Masaru Hirata of the University of Tokyo.

R.J. Goldstein et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 4343–4396 4345

Books published on heat transfer in 2004 include:

Heat TransferP.S. GhoshdastidarOxford University Press

Introduction to Thermal Fluids EngineeringD. Kaminski, M.K. JensenWiley Interscience

Thermal EngineeringS. Kumar, G.N. SahAlpha Science International

Analytical Methods for Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow ProblemsB. WeigandSpringer-Verlag, New York

Thermodynamic Optimization of Complex Energy SystemsA. Bejan, E. MamutSpringer-Verlag, New York

Thermodynamics and Heat power, 6th edn.RollePrentice-Hall, New York

Computer Modeling of Heat and Fluid Flow in MaterialsProcessingC.P. HongTaylor & Francis, New York

Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and FluidFlowR.W. Lewis, P. Nithiarasu, K. SeetharamuJohn Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd edn.W. Kays, M.E. Crawford, B. WeigandMcGraw-Hill Inc.

Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 2nd edn.Y.A. Cengel, R.H. TurnerMcGraw-Hill, Inc.

Building Heat TransferM. DaviesJohn Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Applied ThermosciencesAgrawalAnshan Publishing

Design and Analysis of Heat SinksA.D. Kraus, A. Bar-CohenJohn Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Combustion of Two-Phase Reactive MediaL.P. Yarin, G. HetsroniSpringer-Verlag, New York

A. Conduction

In the category of heat conduction in solids structures, andmaterials, various papers dealing with a wide variety of subcatego-ries appear. In this context, the papers are categorized into: (1)contact conduction/contact resistance, (2) microscale/nanoscaleheat transport, and wave propagation, (3) heat transfer in fins,composites, and complex geometries, (4) analytical and numericalmethods and analysis, (5) experimental and/or comparative stud-ies, (6) thermal stress and thermomechanical problems, and (7)miscellaneous applications. These are briefly highlighted asfollows:

1. Contact conduction/contact resistancePapers in this subcategory deal with thermoelastic contact [A1],

nonconforming rough surfaces [A2,A3], contact with liquid [A4], li-quid–mold interface [A5], solid interfaces [A6] and methods [A7].

2. Microscale/nanoscale heat transport and wave propagationVarious papers appear dealing with fast transient heat conduc-

tion, hyperbolic heat conduction, lasers, non-equilibrium phenom-ena, microscale/nanoscale mechanisims of heat transport,nanocomposites/nanowires, modeling and simulation and experi-mental techniques and the like [A8–A30].

3. Heat transfer in fins, composites, and complex geometriesThe studies in this subcategory deal with layered materials and

slabs and/or composites [A31–A46], fins and different geometries[A47–A53], methods and models [A54] and other applications[A55].

4. Analytical and numerical methods and analysisIn this subcategory, papers appear dealing with various types of

solution methods [A31,A56–A63], numerical simulations[A58,A64–A77], and various specialized applications [A63,A78–A83].

5. Experimental and/or comparative studiesExperimental and/or comparative studies appear in selected

applications such as thermal contact resistance between polymerand mold [A84], spray cooling [A85], thermophysical properties[A86], solid spot conductance [A87], and friction-wear characteris-tics [A88].

6. Thermal stress and thermomechanical problemsThermal and/or thermomechanical studies in bonded compos-

ites [A89], arc crack [A90], hot rolling [A91], multi-layer spheres[A92], and others [A93–A95] appear in this subcategory.

7. Miscellaneous applicationsVarious miscellaneous and specialized applications and studies

dealing with a wide variety of issues in heat conduction appear in[A79,A96–A119].

B. Boundary layers and external flows

Papers on boundary layers and external flows for 2004 havebeen categorized as follows: flows influenced externally, flowswith special geometric effects, compressible and high-speed flows,analysis and modeling techniques, unsteady flow effects, flowswith film and interfacial effects, flows with special fluid types orproperty effects, and flows with combustion and other reactions.

1. External effectsExternal effects on boundary layers addressed in the 2004 liter-

ature include swirl, oscillation, and unsteadiness imposed by forc-ing the flow; elevated external turbulence levels, includingatmospheric turbulence in atmospheric boundary layers; magneticand electrical influences; in atmospheric boundary layers, passing


of clouds and its effects on radiation and moisture exchange; andvarious forms of gravitational effects. Boundary condition effectsinclude asymmetric heating; jumps in surface temperature; wallheating effects on turbulent boundary layer heat transfer; and, ef-fects of patches of moisture, such as lakes, on the atmosphericboundary layer [B1–B17].

2. Geometric effectsAs in previous years, many papers deal with variations in geom-

etry. Such geometric features include surface roughness elements,embedded microchannels or grooves, porous heat transfer walls(with suction or injection); baffles, solid and porous; vortex gener-ators; turbulators; twisted tape; corrugations; fins of variousshapes; cylinders of various shapes; spheres; blocks representingelectronic modules; rod bundles and rod bundle support struc-tures; shapes of foods; surface curvature; and geometric featuresthat affect approach flow direction. Moving surface geometries in-clude stretching sheets and tips over turbine blades [B18–B53].

3. Compressibility and high-speed flow effectsCompressibility effects were documented in wind tunnel tests

of the X-38 vehicle; in hypersonic flow over spheres, cones, andscramjet forebodies; and in choked nozzles. One study discussedrecovery factors in high-speed laminar boundary layers [B54–B61].

4. Analysis and modelingNumerous papers addressed developments in modeling. These

include homogenization of a degenerate parabolic problem in aheterogeneous medium; integral methods for transient convectionwith a variable heat flux; a stochastic model for analysis of evapo-rating droplets; an extension of the thermal quadrupole methodfor stratified media; wavelet analysis for water vapor transfer inthe atmosphere; asymptotic approximation methods for coolingof viscoplastic domes; perturbation methods for plates with suc-tion; similarity solutions for asymmetric jets; similarity transfor-mations for compressible boundary layer flows; and a self-similar model for heat transfer in power law fluids. Optimizationmethods were applied for locating heated elements in a coolingflow and for optimizing fin shape. Optimization by reverse compu-tation was discussed. Inverse techniques were applied to pin finperformance. Models for drying of food were reviewed. Modelingof two-fluid interfacial flows was discussed. Several papers dealtwith turbulence modeling. Multi-block computational techniqueswere applied to heat exchanger tube banks. A Fourier transfer-based data reduction method was applied to heat transfer coeffi-cient measurements [B62–B83].

5. Unsteady effectsPapers on unsteady effects include visualization of weld droplet

transfer; measurements of temperature on in-flight water droplets;measurements in boundary layers under unsteady wakes; bound-ary layer development on an accelerating plate normal to a station-ary wall; effects of upstream disturbances; unsteady heat transferwith cylinders in cross-flow; cylinders in oscillatory cross-flow; un-steady stretching surfaces; accelerating surfaces with blowing orsuction; thermal transients during injection into oil reservoirs;and transients due to injection of hot liquid sprays. For microflows,the influence of thermal accommodation was discussed [B84–B97].

6. Films and interfacial effectsPapers in this category on droplets discuss droplets impinging

on heated surfaces, spray evaporation; spray jets in gas–solidflows; heat transfer of deforming droplets; hanging evaporatingdroplets; Marangoni instability in evaporating droplets; smalldroplets on horizontal surfaces; interaction with turbulence, opti-mum spray characteristics; inlet fogging of gas turbine engines;centrifugal spray deposition; water spray for fire suppression;and fuel droplets. One paper discusses the growth and collapse of

bubbles induced by pulsed heating, another discusses transientheat transfer in an inclined wavy film, and a third simulatesadsorption of ammonia vapor into a liquid film [B98–B118].

7. Effects of fluid type or fluid propertiesPapers on the effects of fluid types discuss boundary layers driven

by power-law shear, surfactant solution flows, liquid metal heattransfer, heat transfer in micropolar fluids, water vapor mass trans-fer over frost layers, drop flows induced by internal secretion of sur-factants, high Prandtl number fluids, and transport in foodstuff.Several papers were on variable viscosity or other fluid properties ef-fects. One paper addressed convection with thermo-diffusion anddiffusion-thermo cross-diffusion effects [B119–B128].

8. Flows with reactionsFlows with reactions include direct injection diesel combustion,

n-octane droplet burning, ignition of fuel issuing from a porouscylinder, combustion of droplets of a propanol-glycerol mixture,and effects of cooled walls on droplet stream combustion [B129–B133].

C. Channel flows

Heat transfer in channels continues to see considerable atten-tion in the literature both through experimental and computa-tional studies. The largest growth in papers from previous yearswas in the area of microchannel heat transfer. The review of arti-cles was subcategorized into the following areas: straight-wallchannels and ducts; ducts having fins or profiling for heat transferenhancement; flow and heat transfer in channels in complexgeometries; unsteady and transient flow and heat transfer in chan-nels; microchannel heat transfer; and channel flows with multi-phase and non-Newtonian flow.

1. Straight-walled ductsThe straight-walled duct provides a convenient environment to

validate numerical schemes and explore the role of boundary andinitial conditions on fluid flow and heat transfer. The literature ex-plored a variety of computational approaches including LES andhybrid LES/RANS, the use of a probability density function, DNSof both compressible and incompressible flow and heat transfer,a thermal quadrupole method, the discrete-ordinates methods, aswell as a variety of turbulence models; Lagrangian scalar trackingwas also employed as a flow marker. Research was also conductedin the broad areas involving low-temperature gases, extended Gra-etz problems, asymmetric boundary conditions, in the presence ofa magnetic field, multiple-pass arrangements in straight ducts, andat supercritical conditions [C1–C48].

2. Finned and profiled ductsThe geometrical possibilities for enhancing heat transfer using

profiling, fins, protuberances, and the like, are usually offset bythe challenges of reducing system pressure loss by their addition.The literature considered a rather comprehensive array of heattransfer augmentation strategies including inner corrugations,rib-roughened tubes, slits and solid ribs, coiled and spiraled inserts,pin fins, dimpling, v-shaped broken ribs, traverse-rib roughness,and various strategies of simulating disturbances using jet ejection.Many studies included the concomitant issues of pressure loss;both computational and experimental work was presented cover-ing fully laminar to turbulent flow conditions [C49–C77].

3. Irregular geometriesMany practical heat transfer internal single-phase flow prob-

lems are generally conducted in complex geometries. Geometriesconsidered in the 2004 literature included helical square ducts,concentric annuli, polygonal pipes, inclined elliptic pipes, twisted


ducts of various geometries, and geometries where one or morewalls are undulating. Other complex configurations that werestudied involved flow in a packed bed, in an air gap and seals ofelectric motors, and in fuel cell geometries [C10,C78–C100].

4. Periodic and unsteady channel flowsTime-dependent boundary and initial conditions provide a sub-

stantive analytical challenge for obtaining accurate heat transfersolutions; much of the literature tackled this problem from a com-putational perspective. The literature examined transient heattransfer in turbulent pipe flow; imposed oscillations in ducts withand without temperature gradients; the turbulent flow and heattransfer in a channel with reciprocating motion; and secondarymotion imposed by external forcing or due to nature instabilitysuch as helically oriented flows. A variety of fluids were consideredincluding liquid metals, supercritical fluids, and high-pressuregases [C101–C122].

5. Microchannel flow and heat transferVery small-scale systems are becoming increasingly viable and

documenting their heat transfer characteristics is vital for thermalperformance and to avoid thermal failure. Micro- or minichannelsflow configurations included axial conduction in microfinnedgeometries; thermal–hydraulic conditions in capillary tubes;microchannel networks and lattices; using Monte Carlo methodsfor micro- and nanoscale channels; and the role of wettability inheat transfer performance in microchannels. Cross sections in-cluded square, rectangular, and circular, as well as other complexthree-dimensional configurations. A review also appeared consid-ering heat transfer enhancement in single-phase flow in micro-channels, minichannels, and microdevices [C123–C163].

6. Non-Newtonian and multiphase heat transfer in channelsComplex fluids add another dimension to the complexion of the

thermal behavior of duct flows. Viscoelastic fluid was studied be-tween parallel plates and in ducts. Power-law fluids were investi-gated in triangular ducts and general non-Newtonian fluids wereconsidered in elliptic ducts. Two-phase flow included gas–liquidflows, solid-particulate flow, the introduction of nano-particles,and the role of aqueous solutions in drag reduction and heat trans-fer [C164–C176].

D. Separated flows

This section deals with papers addressing heat transfer charac-teristics in flows experiencing separation, either by rapid changesin geometry or strong adverse pressure gradient. This section alsoincludes the thermal behavior of flow past bluff objects, jets, andreattachment.

1. A numerical study examined the flow over staggered ovaltubes. Heat transfer control was employed in a backward-facingstep flow using miniature electromagnetic actuators. Laminar flowpast a cylinder was studied where jet efflux was introduced intothe near wake. A number of studies considered the flow and heattransfer in tube and rod bundles; a bank of yawed cylinders wasalso studied. Driven cavity configurations were investigated withand without flow control to augment heat transfer. A suddenexpansion in a pipe was studied when driven by a piston. LESwas used to investigate the turbulence and chemistry in a bluff-body flame holder. A numerical study was conducted on a super-sonic combustor with cavity-based fuel injection [D1–D47].

DP. Heat transfer in porous media

Fundamental and applied research on heat and mass transfer inporous media span a very wide range of technologies and physical

phenomena. This field of research has grown dramatically over thepast 25 years, and there appears to be no decrease in the level ofinterest. Measurement and analysis of single phase free and forcedconvection for a variety of flows and geometries that mimic sys-tems found in nature and technology are the focus of a large por-tion of the literature reviewed. Multi-phase transport and porouscombustion systems attracted a good deal of interest. The effectivetransport properties of natural and ideal fluid-porous systems con-tinue to receive attention as well.

Review articles have appeared in 2004 on heat and mass trans-fer in the vacuum membrane distillation process [DP1]. A compre-hensive comparison of heat transfer correlations is presented forvacuum membrane distillation, and the modeling framework forhandling extractive metallurgy is described as the focal point ofmodeling reactive multi-phase flows.

The major categories of the porous media literature for 2004are:

1. Combined heat and mass transferHygroscopic materials, insulation systems, solid fuels, desiccant

materials, and frost layers provided the framework for a wide vari-ety of analytical and experimental papers on combined heat andmass transfer in porous media. Drying technologies, including flu-idized beds, provided the technical impetus for much of the pub-lished research. Fundamental studies also appeared fordeformable porous materials, anisotropic porous materials, porousmaterials and aggregates supporting fire, and freezing and thawingproblems such as those encountered in soils [DP2–DP33].

2. Combustion systemsPorous media as found in combustion systems ranging from

porous burners to diffusion controlled fires on a porous surfacehave been the subject of analysis and well-defined experiments.Models of porous burners including radiation and complete com-bustion chemistry have appeared, and convective transport in arange of matrix materials continues to be of interest [DP34–DP42].3. Fluidized beds

Heat and mass transfer problems that arise in the design andoperation of fluidized beds continue to receive substantial atten-tion. Theoretical studies have been published on radiative heattransfer within gas fluidized beds and bed-to-wall radiative trans-port. Non-Newtonian effects and circulation in the fluid phasewere the subjects of analysis. Experiments were reported on bed-to-wall heat transfer, particle motion and effects of particle proper-ties. Some work on spray granulation and heat transfer to a singlerising bubble also appeared [DP43–DP59].

4. FoamsMetal and ceramic foams were the primary focus of research,

but heat transfer by convection and radiation in lattice structureshas begun to receive attention. Most studies on open cell typefoams concerned the determination of their effective propertiesand measurement of convective heat transfer coefficient undervarious flow conditions. Theoretical and experimental studies ad-dress heat transfer augmentation and optimization of radiativetransport [DP60–DP66].

5. Forced and mixed convectionForced and mixed convection in porous media were extensively

studied, largely via analysis and computation. Among the problemtypes considered for forced convection were: convection with radi-ation in channel flow, multi-fluid systems with parallel flow, exter-nal flow and heat transfer from embedded objects, forced flow instructure porous media, wall effects, variable properties, Non-Newtonian effects, non-Darcy effects, and forced flow over porousstructures. Application topics included porous heat exchangers,


mold filling with a fiber structure, modeling of microchannel heatsinks as a porous system, modeling a finned heat sink as a porousmedium, and a porous medium as the model for a nuclear reactorcore [DP67–DP106].

Mixed convection problems included studies of flow stability,power law fluid effects, effects of matrix variability, coupled con-vective and radiative transport, and non-equilibrium descriptionsof heat transport [DP107–DP114].

6. Free convectionVariations of the classical external surface flows and cavity

flows were the subject of numerical and analytical research. Appli-cations span geophysics, environmental science, and manufactur-ing. One study demonstrated that the CPU time for numericalsolutions can be reduced with loss of accuracy by first solvingthe transport equation in the solution algorithm. Flow and heattransfer from external surfaces, including wedge shapes and bodiesof revolution, were considered in the context of variable viscosityeffects, stratified flows, double diffusion, dispersion effects, oscilla-tory and transient flows, and magnetic field effects. Cavity prob-lems were extensively considered as well. Numerical solutionsfor differentially heated cavities have been published for layeredcavities, double diffusive free convection where in there are crossgradients of concentration and temperature, heat generating por-ous media, partially open enclosures, and inclined layers. A fewstudies considered convection irregular cavities such as those withwavy walls [DP115–DP147].

7. Packed bedsConvective heat transfer and combined mode transport in sta-

tionary packed beds continued to receive some attention this year.Packed beds with regular and irregular packing were the subject ofanalytical and numerical studies of steady and transient operation.Wall effects on heat transfer and bed performance were also con-sidered. Experimental data generally included temperature profilesin the bed and on the wall for a variety of packing morphology,flow rates, and flow regimes [DP148–DP154].

8. Phase changeThe literature on phase change in porous media spans problems

from condensation to freezing in particulate and capillary fibrousporous media. Normal freezing processes as well as freeze dryingare experimentally and analytically studied. A good effort has goneinto developing the appropriate three-phase equations that de-scribe the heat and mass transfer across the system [DP155–DP161].

9. Property determinationThe determination of transport properties of fluid–porous ma-

trix combinations has seen an increase in activity In the past year.Several studies were aimed at determining the effective conductiv-ity of inert particle beds, stacked food particles, and other naturalmaterials. In flowing systems, permeability and dispersion coeffi-cients were of interest, as well as wall effects on transport. Similarquantities were sought for sintered and laminated porous-likematrices made with a variety of materials [DP162–DP188].

E. Experimental methods

Fundamental and applied experimental heat transfer studies, aswell as testing of heat transfer equipment and measurements in anumber of natural phenomena, require good experimental meth-ods and equipment including sensors and data acquisition systems.New and improved instrumentation for various parameters ofimportance to heat transfer studies is continually being developedand modified to provide more accurate, sturdier, more convenient,faster, and more flexible systems. The present section covers

important developments in these areas in the current year. We di-vide the section into several subcategories covering different typesof measurements. (1) Direct heat transfer or heat flux measure-ment—this includes local heat flux gages, surface area transfer,and overall heat flow measurements; (2) Temperature measure-ment—this includes individual sensors, optical techniques, im-proved data acquisition systems for instantaneous or steadystate, local or average measurement; (3) Velocity and flow mea-surement—only such measurements that are important to heattransfer studies are covered. These include measurement of localand average velocity, steady and time varying, as well as volumeand mass flow rates; (4) Thermal property measurement—proper-ties important in heat transfer systems are covered. These wouldinclude thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, some thermody-namic properties and other heat transfer related properties includ-ing mass diffusion coefficients; (5) Miscellaneous measurements—these could include items from integrated measurements to bubbleand, droplet size or moisture content measurements important toheat transfer phenomena.

Contributions in the current year, 2004.

1. Direct measurement of heat transferStudies this year include improvements in thermopile heat flux

gages, a transient liquid crystal technique, and several special sys-tems. Characterization of techniques for applications to cooling oflava flow and optimizing thermal barrier coatings are reported[E1–E12].

2. Temperature measurementStudies cover analysis of radiation errors occurring when study-

ing pre-flashover and post-flashover compartment fires and appli-cations in the freezing of foods. Other studies includeinterferometric techniques for measuring temperature in micro-fluid flows and study of the temperature distribution in siliconMEMS devices during and after laser radiation [E13–E21].

3. Flow velocity measurementStudies include an electrostatic probe to determine gas velocity

distribution, a sensor for studying multiphase flow in microchan-nels, development of thermal sensors for measuring wall stress, ameasuring system for determining liquid frost penetration, and avisualization technique for a two-phase flow [E22–E31].

4. Thermal propertiesRelevant studies include determination of thermal diffusivity by

a laser-flash technique, use of a thermal resistance to measure theflow conductivity of microporous materials, measurement of ther-mal conductivity of transparent solids, optimization of measure-ments with a calorimeter, a transient method for studyingproperties of porous materials and a capillary-Coriolis instrumentfor determining thermal properties [E32–E38].

5. Miscellaneous measurement techniquesThese include a thermal probe to determine moisture content,

analysis of the sensitivity of thermocouples in differential scanningcalorimeters, analysis of conduction and radiation heat transfer inporous media, determination of local properties from integratedmeasurements in gas dynamic flows and new methods for measur-ing thermal contact conductance, and properties in microchannels[E39–E47].

F. Natural convection—internal flows

1. As in previous years, many publications focused on classical Ray-leigh Benard flows, the horizontal plate geometry and turbulencemodels [F1–F12].


2. Thermocapillary flows were investigated primarily using numer-ical methods under evaporation conditions. Transient and oscilla-tory conditions were also considered [F13–F22].

3. Many papers covered numerous enclosure geometries includingvented side walls and internal blockages. Numerical solutions pre-dominate a few experimental studies using air, water and an elec-trochemical mass transfer method [F8,F23–F58].

4. Several vertical channel flow conditions were considered withoscillating walls, water evaporation, converging–diverging geome-try and multiple heat sources [F59–F65].

5. Heat transfer in horizontal cylindrical annuli continues to receiveattention with spherical annuli and flows in vertical and inclinedcylinders are also considered [F66–F75].

6. Mixed convection was studied using a moving lid, moving sidewalls or the use of a propeller for stirring the fluid [F76–F80].

7. The paper that considers the most complex geometry reports on astudy to simulate the diurnal heating/cooling cycle in lakes and res-ervoirs [F81].

8. The majority of studies on fires focus on buildings including sin-gle rooms and large atriums [F82–F92].

9. Other situations include jet fires near liquefied petroleum tanks,garment combustion and coal bank fires. Correlations have beenprovided to predict the growth rates of cells near a cooled side wallin the presence of a double-diffusive stratified environment [F93].

10. Thermal convection in an underground LNG tank heated frombelow and on the sidewalls was studied experimentally andlarge-eddy simulations were performed to study the daytime Marsatmospheric boundary layer [F94–F97].

FF. Natural convection—external flows

1. Vertical, horizontal and inclined platesThe majority of papers in this section consider a vertical flat

plate with various fluid and thermal boundary conditions. Wavyvertical plates and plates with ribs are also considered as areheated horizontal plates facing up and down [FF1–FF13].

2. Channels, fin arrays and electronic cooling (marked #3 on sheets)A fundamental study of secondary flows in inclined channels

was presented as was the study of heat transfer enhancementincluding the use of pin fins and delta-winglet vortex generators[FF14–FF18].

3. Bodies of revolution (marked #4 on sheets)Experimental and numerical studies were performed on a vari-

ety of geometries including horizontal finned cylinders and ellip-soidal cylinders, vertical cylinders, vertical and horizontal conesand spheres [FF19–FF26].

4. Buoyant plumes (marked #5 on sheets)Applications of thermal plumes include upwelling of deep sea-

water, flows in the earth’s mantle and clustering of turbulentplumes [FF27–FF31].

5. Mixed convection (marked #6 on sheets)An ultrasound method was developed to measure the tempera-

ture spectra in turbulent thermal plumes. Studies of mixed convec-tion include flows in vertical tubes and ducts, flows adjacent tovertical flat plates with various boundary conditions, forward andbackward facing steps, and flows in horizontal layers and ductsheated from above and below [FF32–FF49].

6. Miscellaneous (marked #7 on sheets)Two papers that use experimental methods to study the heat

transfer from vertical helical tubes in water and in a glycerol-watermixture were presented [FF50,FF51].

G. Rotating flows

1. Rotating disksTemperature distribution is studied for the cases of a rotating

disk subjected to an eccentric heat source and surface cooling[G1], wakes behind a disk in a planar stream [G2], sudden subjec-tion to natural convection [G3], in a thin liquid film on a rotatingdisk [G4], co-rotating disks found in computer disk-drive systems[G5], and in a thermally and mechanically inhomogeneous diskwith intermittent heating [G6]. Heat transfer for a disk rotatingin a fluid rotating as a rigid body is studied [G7].

2. Rotating channelsMotivated by the internal cooling systems of gas turbine

blades, a large number of papers study heat transfer in rotatingchannels. Papers study various aspects of centrifugal buoyancy,Coriolis forces, periodic ribs, twisted tapes, and jet impingementin ribbed channels [G8–G22]. Laminar convection in radiallyrotating circular channels in regenerators is studied using an elec-trolytic technique [G23] as well as in rotating elliptic ducts [G24].The effect of axial rotation is studied for inner wall rotation inannular flow [G25,G26], heat pipes [G27], and heat transfer inchannels with imposed arbitrarily oriented rotation is studiednumerically [G28].

3. EnclosuresHeat transfer in rotating enclosures, including the formation of

kidney vortices, is studied. Rotating granular beds [G29], interac-tion of Coriolis and electromagnetic effects [G30–G32], dynamicalbehavior under artificial gravity [G33], enclosures with a rotatinglid [G34,G35], thermocapillary convection in the presence of arotating magnetic field [G36] and inclination [G37] in crystalgrowth processes, and chemical vapor deposition in a rotating-diskreactor [G38] are studied. Variational methods are used to estimateupper bounds on convective heat transfer in a rotating porous layer[G39].

4. Cylinders and bodies of revolutionThe work presented includes self-similar solutions and

numerical solutions for unsteady mixed convection on rotatingspheres [G40–G42], rotating cylinders [G43–G45], rotating cone[G46] and solidification in the Czochralski crystal growth method[G47].

H. Combined heat and mass transfer

Heat transfer and mass transfer are tightly coupled in many sci-entific and engineering problems. The coupling of the two—oftenwith the fluid dynamics—makes themselves present in a wide vari-ety of physical phenomena. Additionally, isolating the dynamics ofheat transfer from mass transfer, or vice versa, is often difficult butconsiderable attention is given to the area. This subject matter ofthis section covers the spectrum of combined heat and mass trans-fer for the current year. The section is divided into eight subsec-tions, with each one focusing on a specific physical phenomenon.

1. AblationThis includes the modeling and simulation of heat and mass

transport during laser ablation of porous and metallic materials,the effect of ablation on friction drag, and the ablation of bio-mate-rials [H1–H5].


2. TranspirationThis includes the modeling of water transfer from soil, transpi-

ration cooling in turbulent flows, the effects of transpiration withregard to turbulence/flow modification [H6–H11].

3. Film coolingThis includes reactive films, the thermo-aerodynamics of sepa-

rated flows, the effect of injection-hole shape and configuration,pressure gradients, and blowing ratios on heat and mass transfer[H12–H22].

4. Jet impingement—submerged jetsThis includes the effects of flow dynamics, including spatial and

temporal structures, turbulence, jet and jet-array configurationand fluid structure interactions on heat and mass transfer [H23–H71].

5. Jet impingement—liquid jetsThis includes the effect of nozzle/flow configuration, numerical

simulation and the accuracy of k-epsilon models, and the use ofnew sensors in characterizing heat transfer via liquid jets [H72–H77].

6. SpraysThis includes the use of atomizers, droplet velocity distribu-

tions, droplet–surface interactions, their effect on film spreadingand the resultant effect on heat transfer [H78,H79].

7. DryingThis includes drying of biomass, the development of heat trans-

fer correlations, the use of microwaves, and the dehumidificationof multiphase and multicomponent mixtures [H80–H89].

8. ModelingThis includes the use of direct numerical simulation, the devel-

opment and application of k-epsilon turbulence models, as well asthe development of improved analytical models that exhibit great-er fidelity to physical measurements [H22,H74,H81,H90–H114].

9. MixingMixing between hot and cold gases in cooling processes was

investigated [H115].

I. Bioheat transfer

The present review is only a small portion of the overall litera-ture in this area. This represents work predominantly in engineer-ing journals with occasional basic science and biomedical journalsincluded. This is a very dynamic and cross disciplinary area of re-search, and thus, this review should be taken as more of an over-view, particularly from an engineering point of view, rather thanan exhaustive list of all work in this area for this year. Subsectionsinclude work in (1) biopreservation, (2) thermal therapies, (3) ther-moregulation (thermal comfort and physiology), (4) thermal mea-surement, modeling and properties, (5) food technology and (6)general/miscellaneous.

1. BiopreservationArticles in this section include optimal control of cryopreserva-

tion processes [I1,I2].

2. Thermal therapiesIn this subsection, various thermal therapies have been dis-

cussed. These include freezing problems in cryosurgery, laser treat-ment, hyperthermia probes, and high intensity focused ultrasound[I3–I13].

3. ThermoregulationWork in thermoregulation comprised of several subareas

including climate control design, clothing and thermal comfort,and physiological processes [I14–I21].

4. Thermal measurement, modeling and propertiesArticles related to thermal measurements include determina-

tion of absorption coefficients of tissues based on temperaturemeasurements, in vivo measurement of swine endocardial convec-tive heat transfer coefficients and a noninvasive technique todetermine heat generation in human limb. A finite differencescheme for modeling the Pennes’ bioheat transfer equation wasstudied. Other articles in this subsection include modeling of heattransport in skin, intubated airways and limbs [I5,I22–I30].

5. Food technologyArticles in this subsection study the effect of storage conditions

on the quality of frozen products, thawing and freezing of meatproducts and microwave heating of chilled products [I26,I31–I33]

6. General/MiscellaneousThis subsection lists articles in the field of bioheat transfer

which could not be classified in any of the above sections. These in-clude a review of fractional calculus used to model biological sys-tems and a review of transcutaneous energy transformer systems[I34–I39].

J. Change of phase—boiling and evaporation

Papers on boiling change of phase for 2004 have been catego-rized as follows: Those that focus on droplet and film evaporation,bubble characteristics and boiling incipience, pool boiling, filmboiling, flow or forced convection boiling, and two-phase thermo-hydrodynamic effects.

1. Droplet and film evaporationThese papers focus on evaporation of droplets, films, and inter-

faces. Many of them address evaporators for refrigeration or evap-oration of falling films or attached drops. Some look at effects ofemulsified oils or fuels, or additives. Evaporation of various fluidssuch as refrigerants, mixtures with salts, foods, or fluids with sus-pensions is addressed. Some discuss surface geometry effects, suchas microporous coatings, microfins, or tube inserts. Some deal withinterface characteristics, such as contact angle, static and dynamic.Many relate to evaporation in microchannels or membranes. Somelook at external influences such as electric fields [J1–J38].

2. Bubble characteristics and boiling incipienceMany of the papers specifically address the effects of bubble

dynamics, including initial growth, interactions with neighboringbubbles, or subsequent coalescence. Some include surface ten-sion-driven motion. Many discuss surface geometry effects suchas microgrooves, cable (superconducting) strands, porous coatings,or ‘‘designed” reentrant cavities. Some include global geometric ef-fects, such as microchannels. The effects of additives, such as nano-particles (coined nanofluids) are addressed by some. The effects offluid types, pure or mixtures, are foci of some. Others discuss exter-nal influences, such are acoustic excitation, or boundary conditionssuch as pulsed heating [J7,J39–J75].

3. Pool boilingNucleate pool boiling and critical heat flux in pool boiling are

addressed in this section. Incipience, transition boiling, or film boil-ing papers have been put in other sections. Many papers discussperformance with various fluids, such as refrigerants, fluid mix-tures, foods, or fluids with additives, including nanoparticles ordissolved salts. Various macro-scale geometries, such as down-ward facing surfaces or horizontal cylinders, are discussed. Somediscuss small-scale geometric features, like boiling within porousmedia or on coated surfaces, fins, computer chip materials, or com-posites. Some focus on transient processes like quenching. Someaddress external influences, such as electric fields, magnetic fields,


non-standard gravitational fields, vibration, or agitation. Many ofthe papers present modeling concepts [J76–J139].

4. Film boilingFilm boiling papers in this section address either pool or forced

convection boiling. They apply to internal or external films onsmooth or wavy surfaces or films under impinging droplets. Somediscuss various fluid types such as mixtures; surface characteristicssuch as oxidation layers; or external influences such as electricfields. Some focus on transient effects such as quenching, dropletor film evaporation, or nuclear reactor transients. Several of thefilm boiling papers present modeling ideas and some presentexperimental methods. Several papers in this section discuss tran-sition boiling, the portion of the boiling curve between nucleateboiling and film boiling [J97,J140–J157].

5. Flow boilingThere were numerous papers in this year’s review on flow boil-

ing. Forced convection was through straight and spiral channels(including narrow channels, microchannels, and gaps) or over tubebundles or other external surfaces, or with impinging jets. Manydiscussed boiling performance in various fluids such as carbon-dioxide; various refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures; varioussolutions, including surfactant solutions; or fluids with non-con-densables or with particles. Some discussed surface feature effectssuch as fins, ribs, microfins, dimples, and highly-wettable surfaces.Some addressed external influences such as orientation with re-spect to gravity or a degree of vibration. Many discussed modelingand some others discussed experimental techniques [J158–J196].

6. Two-phase thermohydrodynamic effectsEmphasis in this section was on hydrodynamic effects during

boiling. Some papers dealt with flow boiling, tying behavior tothe operative two-phase flow regimes and others dealt with poolboiling and vapor removal patterns. Many addressed modelingand tied the model formulation to the flow regime. Some of thehydrodynamic effects studied were tied to channel geometry—par-ticularly popular topics were small- and microchannels. Many ofthe papers addressed unsteady or unstable effects tied to thermo-hydrodynamics. Much of the work documented was supportedwith high-speed photographs [J197–J219].

JJ. Change of phase—condensation

Papers on condensation are categorized into those dealing withthe analysis and modeling of all aspects of condensation heattransfer, surface modifications to enhance heat transfer, experi-mental and analytical papers dealing with global geometrical mod-ifications, and the heat transfer behavior of condensing mixtures.

1. Modeling and analysisPapers in this section examine a variety of situations analyti-

cally as well as numerically. Three correlations for condensationon microfin tubes [JJ1] and inside vertical tubes [JJ2] are reviewed.Models for condensation on a vertical wedge [JJ3], contact conden-sation in adjacent stagnation-flow boundary layers [JJ4], on noncir-cular tubes [JJ5], elliptical tubes with variable wall temperature[JJ6], a variable-conductivity fin [JJ7] and steam condensation ina vertical tube in the presence of non-condensables [JJ8] are pre-sented. The mass and heat transfer through a phase interface aredescribed by a Van der Waals square gradient model and comparedwith molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic theory [JJ9]. Heattransfer enhancement is explained through critical values of thesurface free energy difference between film, mixing and dropwisemodes [JJ10]. The mass accommodation coefficient at the inter-phase is calculated [JJ11]. Rose [JJ12] reviews calculation methodsand accuracy of condensation heat transfer measurement tech-

niques, and presents a heat transfer model including the interfaceresistance in low-finned tubes [JJ13] and for square microchannels[JJ14].

Numerical work investigates the performance of double pipeevaporators and condensers [JJ15], non-equilibrium condensationin transonic steam flow [JJ16], condensation in a forced externalboundary layer [JJ17], condensation in a desiccant wheel [JJ18]and the effects of gravity, shear and surface tension [JJ19] and noisesensitivity [JJ20] in internal condensing flows.

2. Global geometryPapers present condensation heat transfer data for vertical

tubes [JJ21], microfin tubes [JJ22–JJ24], droplet entrainment indrowse condensation, inclined tubes and surfaces [JJ25,JJ26],microchannels [JJ27,JJ28], helical pipes [JJ29], CO2 condensationin mini channels [JJ30], corrugated plates [JJ31], various refriger-ants inside plain and microfin tubes [JJ22,JJ32], aerosols in respira-tory pathways [JJ33], tube-bundles [JJ34], inclined tubes [JJ25,JJ35],integral-fin tubes [JJ36], U-type bends [JJ37], direct-contact jet con-densers [JJ38] and the effects of non-condensable gases over a widerange of Reynolds number [JJ39]. The thickness of a falling film onhorizontal tubes is measured using a laser technique [JJ40].

3. Surface effectsPapers in this section present the effect of substrate wettability

variation and the resulting non-uniform drainage on frost forma-tion [JJ41], dropwise condensation enhanced by round and cross-grooves [JJ42,JJ43], a review of surface tension effects [JJ44], andsurface corrugation inclined to the flow [JJ45].

4. MixturesMarangoni effects in condensation heat transfer were studied

for water/ethanol [JJ46–JJ48], ammonia/steam [JJ49,JJ50], zeo-tropes [JJ51], mixtures of vapors of immiscible liquids [JJ52] andother multi-component mixtures [JJ53] and in shell-and-tube con-densers [JJ54,JJ55].

JM. Change of phase—freezing and melting

In this section, freezing and melting problems in the heat trans-fer literature are reviewed. The problems are broken into variousfurther subdivisions as given in the subheadings below.

1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabsWork in this area included thawing and freezing of meat prod-

ucts, and vacuum freeze drying of various solid geometries[JM1,JM2].

2. Stefan problems, analytical solutions/special solutionsWork in this subsection studied moving boundary problems

from freezing during cryosurgery [JM3]; and non-stationary heatconduction with non-linear boundary conditions [JM4]. Solutionsto Stefan problems using a fixed grid method and with variable la-tent heat were discussed [JM5,JM6].

3. Ice formation/meltingInvestigations included freezing of grounds [JM7]; rate of frost

heave versus heat extraction [JM8]; ice formation and removalfrom vertical plates [JM9]; and cool-thermal discharge systemsfrom ice melting [JM10,JM11]. Ice melting patterns were studied[JM12,JM13]. Aircraft icing was discussed [JM14]. Other studies in-cluded: de-icing in concrete [JM15], melting of ocean ice [JM16]and ice slurry production [JM17].

4. Melting and melt flowsArticles in this area discuss: heat transfer in a liquid–metal pool

[JM18]; melting in metallurgical processes [JM19–JM22]; heattransport associated with simultaneous growth of solid–liquid


melt layers [JM23]; melt flow in directionally solidified alloys[JM24,JM25]; polymer melt flow [JM26], melt furnace [JM27] andmaterial interaction [JM28]; optical fiber manufacturing [JM29];and food (cheese) processing [JM30]. A few studies were relatedto numerical modeling of the melting process [JM31–JM36]. Otherstudies involved: heat transfer during laser melting processes[JM37–JM41]; oscillatory flow in silicon melt [JM42,JM43], meltingof alkali halides [JM44], two phase flow [JM45], buoyancy-driveneffects in melt during melting and freezing [JM46].

5. Powders, films, emulsions, polymers and particles in a meltTopics included laser forming from metal and ceramic powders,

and heat transfer in micro- and nano-sized powders [JM47–JM49].

6. Glass technologySeveral studies presented heat transfer in glass-melting fur-

naces and solidification of glass in molding [JM50–JM53].

7. Welding—laser ablationThis subsection contains articles which study weld pools

[JM54], ultrasonic welding [JM55], laser welding [JM56], arc weld-ing [JM57] and laser ablation [JM34,JM58].

8. Energy storage—PCMArticles in this area are related to the study of heat transfer

characteristics of phase change energy storage processes. Individ-ual topics discussed were: melting and solidification [JM59–JM62]; numerical and analytical models [JM63–JM67]; thermalmanagement system for an electric scooter [JM68]. Phase changeprocesses in enclosures were also investigated [JM69–JM71].

9. Casting, moulding and extrusionWork in these areas are presented below:Casting: This area covers articles related to heat transfer in cast-

ing processes [JM22,JM72–JM94]. Two papers investigated wirecasting [JM95] and sand casting [JM96].

Moulding: Heating and cooling during moulding processes wereanalyzed [JM81,JM97–JM101]. Polymer melting in single screwextruders was discussed [JM102].

10. Mushy zone—dendritic growth and segregationFractal characteristics and thermal strain during solidification

were addressed [JM103–JM105].

11. SolidificationQuite a few studies discussed heat transfer and morphological

changes during solidification processes [JM106–JM124].

12. Crystal growthThis subsection includes articles on stability analysis, crystalli-

zation and thermally induced effects [JM125–JM134]. Other stud-ies involve microgravity [JM135], crystal interface [JM136],Bridgman growth [JM137], Czochralski growth [JM67,JM138–JM142], FZ growth [JM143], floating crystal growth [JM144], trav-eling solvent method (TSM) [JM145], modified Markov method[JM146] and LEC growth [JM147]. Heat transfer in scraped eutecticcrystallizers was also studied [JM148].

13. Droplets, spray and splat coolingA computational study of structures formed by the solidification

of impinging molten metal drops was conducted [JM149]. Studiesinvestigated microstructure development in alloy splats [JM150]and effect of droplet sizes on nucleation processes [JM151]. Otherstudies involve droplets [JM152–JM154], spraying [JM155] andsplat cooling [JM156,JM157].

14. Oceanic, geological, and astronomical phase changeAn article in this area investigated the influence of the transi-

tion zone water filter on convective circulation in the mantle[JM158].

K. Radiation

Papers on radiation focus on the radiative heat transfer calcula-tions and the influence of geometry, the role of radiation in com-bustion processes, the effect of participating media, radiationcombined with other modes of heat transfer, radiative transfer inmicroscale systems, and experimental methods to assess radiativetransfer and materials properties. The papers here are divided intothese subcategories that focus on the different impacts of radia-tion. Most of the papers report the results of modeling studies. Pa-pers describing the development of new numerical methodsthemselves are reviewed in the numerical methods section underthe subcategory radiation.

1. Radiative transfer calculations and influence of the geometryPapers in this category focus on view factors [K1–K3] and the

modeling of radiative heat transfers in two-dimensional [K4–K6]and three-dimensional systems [K7,K8]. Cylindrical geometriesare studied in [K9–K13]. Papers [K14–K22] focus on improvednumerical methods for radiative transfer.

2. Participating mediaIn the category of participating media, studies concentrate on

the absorptive, emissive, refractive and scattering properties ofmedia. Absorbing/emitting media are investigated in [K23–K27].Both solids and liquids [K28–K30] as well as gases [K31–K35] arediscussed. Spatially nonuniform refraction is considered in[K36,K37]. A significant number of papers concentrate on scatter-ing media [K38–K42]. While isotropic scattering is investigated[K43], most papers focus on anisotropic scattering [K44–K50].Scattering is important in systems containing droplets and parti-cles [K51–K55] and in porous media [K56–K59]. General methodsfor participating media are discussed in [K60–K63].

3. Radiation and combustionRadiative heat transfer is an important factor in combustion

processes. Studies in this category revolve around radiation inthe combustion of carbon-based [K64–K67] and non-carbon-basedfuels [K68,K69]. Radiation is important for the spread of fires [K70–K77]. It also determines the properties of flames in a wide range ofcombustion studies [K22,K78–K84].

4. Combined heat transferPapers in this subcategory consider the combined effect of radi-

ation with conduction and/or convection. A large number of papersconsider radiative heat transfer combined with heat conduction[K85–K98]. Radiation combined with convection is treated in[K99–K118]. The combination of all three modes of heat transferis studied in [K118–K122].

5. Microscale radiative transferStudies on microscale radiative heat transfer include radiation

in thin films [K123–K126], in nanofiber synthesis [K127], and dur-ing nanoscale machining [K128].

6. Intensely irradiated systemsStudies in this section investigate the interaction of systems

with intense radiation. Laser irradiation is considered in [K129–K139], microwave and infrared radiation in [K140], and direct irra-diation for thermochemistry in [K141].

7. Experimental methods and systemsSeveral studies focus on experimental studies of radiative heat

transfer, often in combination with models [K142–K144].

N. Numerical methods

A relatively new capability available to the researchers andpractitioners of heat transfer is the ability to simulate physical


phenomena on a computer. The simulation of heat transfer, fluidflow, and related processes is achieved via numerical solution ofthe governing equations. Such computational simulation is nowwidely used in fundamental research and in industrial applica-tions. New and improved numerical methods are being developedto improve their accuracy, efficiency, and range of applicability.Contributions in the current year are subdivided here into thefollowing categories: (1) Heat conduction—this includes directand inverse problems in heat conduction, boundary element meth-ods, as well as finite-difference and finite-element methods; (2)Phase change—heat conduction is sometimes accompanied bysolid–liquid phase change with the associated complexity; (3) Con-vection and diffusion—an important aspect of calculating scalarvariables (such as temperature and velocity components) in thepresence of fluid flow is the proper treatment of convection anddiffusion over the whole range of flow rates; (4) Fluid flow—a verylarge number of heat transfer applications involve fluid flow.Numerical methods need to address the complex task of calculat-ing fluid flow under the conditions of multi-dimensionality, irreg-ular geometry, compressibility, body forces, and turbulence; (5)Other Studies—This subcategory includes complex industrial appli-cations, non-standard techniques, simulation of radiation, andother studies.

1. Heat conductionStudies cover improved techniques for steady and unsteady

heat conduction, boundary element methods and inverse prob-lems, and treatment of special boundary conditions [N1–N22].

2. Phase changeMelting/freezing problems in heat conduction are considered

[N23–N28].

3. Convection and diffusionThe use of various upwinding techniques is studied in the con-

text of finite-volume and finite-element methods [N29–N34].

4. Fluid flowThe studies in this subcategory include improvements in flow-

calculation techniques, turbulence models, and multi-phase flows[N35–N58].

5. Other studiesThese include a variety of applications involving IC engines,

MEMS devices, porous media, combustion and machine tools[N59–N77].

P. Properties

This section deals with the studies undertaken to determinevarious thermophysical and thermodynamic properties. This year’ssummary has been categorized as follows:

1. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and effusivityVarious well-established experimental and numerical tech-

niques were used to estimate the thermal conductivity and diffu-sivity for a wide variety of materials [P1–P38].

These methods include transient plane source (TPS) [P1,P2], la-ser flash [P3–P6], dynamic light scattering (DLS) [P7], photoacou-stic spectroscopy [P8,P9], 3-x [P9,P10], transient wire [P11],Boltzmann transformation [P12] and molecular dynamics simula-tions [P13–P15].

Some new methods, setups and models were also developed toestimate thermal conductivity and diffusivity or to extend theapplicability of the already existing techniques [P31–P33,P39–P46].

In addition, the effects of various parameters (such as molecularweight, phonon dispersion, moisture, composition, particle con-

centration) on thermal conductivity and diffusivity were alsodetermined [P9,P10,P34–P38,P47,P48].

2. DiffusionArticles in this section introduced new analytical models to esti-

mate diffusion/partition coefficients [P49], heat/momentum fluxes[P50] and study the coupling between thermal diffusion andmolecular interaction energy [P51]. Experimental studies includemeasurements in liquid metals [P52] and determination of Soretcoefficient [P53].

3. Heat capacityIn this sub-section, articles related to the measurement of heat

capacity of various substances have been discussed [P38,P54–P60].Experimental techniques included relaxation calorimetry [P59],TPS [P2] and differential fluxmetric calorimetry [P60].

4. ViscosityViscosity measurements were made using techniques like

vibrating wire viscometry [P61], surface light scattering (SLS)[P62] and oscillating disk viscometry [P63–P65]. New correlationsfor viscosity of liquid cyclopentane [P66], nitrogen, oxygen, argonand air [P36] were proposed. Steady state periodic perturbationwith molecular dynamics simulation was used for fast calculationof viscosity [P67]. Viscosity of weld pool was estimated usingsmart model [P23].

5. Thermophysical propertiesMeasurements were made to estimate the thermophysical

properties, transport properties and radiative properties of variousmaterials [P68–P73]. Novel methods & models to calculate variousthermophysical and thermodynamic properties and equations ofstate were developed [P74–P80].

Q. Heat transfer applications—heat exchangers andthermosyphons

The papers in this category relate to heat exchanger theory,operation, fouling, and heat-pipes. Like the previous years, a majoreffort is directed toward the design, modeling, analysis, and corre-lation of existing data on heat exchangers.

1. Heat exchangersNon-uniformity in flow distribution was studied [Q1–Q3]. Effect

of design parameters on effectiveness of heat exchangers was stud-ied [Q4–Q6]. LMTD and NTU studies were conducted [Q7,Q8].Some studies were devoted to the development of numerical andanalytical algorithms [Q9–Q19]. Various types of heat-exchangerswere investigated. These include shell-and-tube [Q20–Q27], con-centric-tube [Q28–Q30], parallel-plate [Q31–Q37], polymeric hol-low fiber [Q38], plate-fin/fin-tube [Q39–Q54], scraped surface[Q55], louvers [Q56], microchannels [Q57,Q58] and helical baffles[Q59] heat exchangers.

Some novel heat-exchanger concepts include gas–solid directcontact using cyclones [Q60], porous media [Q61], gas-to-gas en-ergy transport [Q62], multifluid heat-exchangers [Q5,Q6,Q63], lat-tice-frame materials [Q64] and pin fin microheat exchangers[Q65]. Other studies involved cooling towers [Q66–Q71], thermoa-coustic devices [Q72–Q75] and distillation processes [Q76].

2. Heat transfer enhancementA variety of approaches have been explored to enhance heat

transfer. These include internally and externally finned tubes[Q77–Q81], tubes with wire coil and tape inserts [Q82–Q84], heattransfer additives (including nanofluids) [Q85–Q88], metal foams[Q89], vortex generators [Q90,Q91], winding tubes [Q92], shapedpolymer tubes [Q93], corrugated surfaces [Q94–Q97], slotted fins


[Q98,Q99], liquid metal fins [Q100], acoustic streaming [Q101] andturbulators [Q102,Q103].

3. FoulingFouling of heat exchangers can significantly hinder the perfor-

mance of a plant and its elements. Efforts continue to understand,prevent or mitigate the phenomenon. Articles in this section in-clude fouling in plate heat-exchangers [Q104], shell-and-tube heatexchangers [Q105], corrugated tubes [Q106]. Some general studiesinvolved deposition models [Q107–Q111] and erosion models[Q112,Q113].

4. Thermosyphons (heat-pipes)In this sub-section, design, modeling and analysis of a number

of heat-pipe applications are included. Thermal transport models[Q114–Q119] as well as optimization algorithms were investigated[Q120,Q121]. The articles also studied various wick designs [Q122],wick materials [Q123] and working media [Q124]. Other studieswere related to miniature heat-pipes [Q122,Q125–Q127], closed-loop oscillating heat-pipes [Q128–Q131], heat-pipe arrays [Q132]and loop heat pipes for space applications [Q133–Q135]. Thermalcharacteristics of two-phase thermosyphons were studied[Q136–Q142]. Some general thermosyphon studies were alsoundertaken [Q143–Q145].

S. Heat transfer applications—general

This section includes the articles related to heat transfer studiesin general applications, which include nuclear reactors, buildings,thermodynamic cycles, electronics cooling, manufacturing, fuelcells and gas turbines. This year’s summary is divided into the fol-lowing sub-categories.

1. Nuclear reactorsHeat and mass transfer during accidental conditions was stud-

ied [S1]. Other studies include a pulsed fission material assembly[S2], fuel pins [S3], glass-lined reactors [S4], stirred-tank and fed-batch reactors [S5–S7], water reactors [S8], fast-breeder reactors[S9]. Thermal transport in clay barriers for nuclear waste has beenstudied [S10,S11].

2. BuildingsTopics covered in this segment include cooling of buildings

[S12,S13], energy consumption and thermal loads [S13–S16], heattransfer in building components [S14–S18], building envelopes[S19–S21], moisture transfer [S22], thermal comfort [S23].

3. RefrigerationThis sub-category includes articles related to thermodynamic

refrigeration cycles [S24,S25]. Some optimization studies wereconducted [S26,S27]. Other studies were related to sorption sys-tems [S28–S31], evaporative coolers [S32–S36], air conditioningplants [S37,S38], cooling coils [S39], Peltier cooling [S40], ice tanks[S41].

4. Heat enginesThermodynamic cycles were studied [S42–S47]. Heat flow in

diesel and small air-cooled engines was investigated [S48–S50].A scroll-compressor was studied [S51]. Cycle work from quantumheat engines was analyzed [S52–S54].

5. Heat pumpsVarious thermodynamic cycles have been discussed [S55–S58].

Ground-source heat pump systems have been discussed [S59].Sorption heat pumps were studied [S60,S61].

6. Electronic packagingIn this sub-category, papers related to electronics cooling have

been included. These studies can be broadly subdivided into air-

cooled [S65–S67] and liquid-cooled systems [S68–S72]. Other stud-ies cover: heat spreaders [S62–S64], heat sinks (fins) [S65–S72], ballgrid array (BGA) packages [S73,S74], piezoelectric fans [S75] andthermoacoustic engines [S76]. Numerical studies were conductedto model the behavior of electronic components [S77–S80].

7. GeophysicsPapers in this area include geothermal systems [S81], ground/

soil heat transfer [S82,S83], atmospheric boundary layers [S84].

8. Manufacturing and processingThis section contains papers which studied heat transfer in a

wide variety of manufacturing processes, which include metalforming [S85], annealing [S86], cooling (quenching) [S87–S91],drying [S92–S98], machining [S99,S100], casting [S101–S104],welding [S105–S107], hot-rolling [S108]. Heat transfer in furnaceswas studied [S109–S112]. A few optimization studies were per-formed [S113,S114].

9. Food processingThis section contains articles on thawing [S115], food drying

[S116], sorption [S117] and packaged products [S118]. Heat trans-fer in eggs [S119] and sucrose solution [S120] was studied.

10. Fuel cellsHeat transfer in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) [S121,S122],

polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) [S123] and proton exchangemembrane fuel cells [S124] were studied. A performance study offuel cells was studied [S125].

11. Gas-turbinesHeat transfer articles in this topic cover flow and heat transfer

in passages [S126–S131], blade-cooling schemes [S132–S136],flow-structures [S137,S138], transient temperature distribution[S139] and tip flows [S140–S144].

12. MiscellaneousArticles in this segment include those which do not fit into any

of the above categories/sub-categories. Heat transfer aspects invarious combustion applications [S145–S153], steam generation[S154–S157] and energy storage systems [S158–S164] were stud-ied. Snow/ice/frost formation was investigated [S165–S167]. Otherheat transfer studies involve: distillation columns [S168], particu-late flows [S169,S170], piston expansion machines [S171], displaycabinets [S172], insulated tanks [S173], chemical reactors[S4,S174,S175], thermal comfort [S176–S179], nano-scale systems[S180,S181], calorimetry studies [S182,S183], 2nd law effects[S184–S186], space vehicles [S187], brush seals [S188], wax-depo-sition [S189], thermal waves [S190] and power plants [S191,S192].

T. Solar energy

Heat transfer studies in the field of solar energy address a broadrange of topics covering a variety of applications for buildings topower plants. Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation fun-damentals and measurement, low-temperature applications,high-temperature applications, building components, and storagetechnologies. Papers on solar energy that do not focus on heattransfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics (except for thosethat deal with combined thermal systems), wind energy, architec-tural aspects of buildings, and control of space heating or coolingsystems are not included. Subcategories are summarized below.

1. Measurements and models of solar radiationMost papers in this category present modeling approaches to

simulate, evaluate or use measured solar data [T1–T11]. Otherspresent model or data analysis for specific sites [T12–T15]. Instru-mentation is presented in [T16].


2. Low temperature applicationsLow temperature solar applications include solar water heating

[T17–T25], space cooling [T26–T35], desalination [T36–T41], solarponds [T42–T46], water and waste treatment [T47–T52], cooking[T53,T54], and agricultural applications [T55–T63]. Papers on flatplate and low concentration solar collectors include heat transfermodeling and experiments of innovative concepts to improve effi-ciency [T64–T73].

3. High temperature applicationsThese applications use concentrated solar thermal energy

developed in parabolic trough, parabolic dish and heliostat fieldscombined with a central receiver to drive endothermic reactionsor power systems. Heat transfer investigations encompass thermaldesign and analysis of heat transfer and chemical conversion in so-lar thermo-chemical reactors [T74–T89], electric power systemswith steam generation in a variety of configurations including vol-umetric receivers and linear absorbers [T90–T99], a dish Stirlingengine [T100], a solar chimney [T101], and concentrating opticsand properties of reflector materials [T102–T108]. Temperaturemeasurement techniques in concentrating systems are addressedin [T109]. Overview papers compare technical and economic per-formance of solar thermal electricity technologies [T110,T111].

4. Building componentsThis section is restricted to modeling and measurement of heat

transfer and moisture transport in building components (walls[T112], windows and daylighting [T113–T121], floors and founda-tion [T122–T124], and building integrated solar thermal and PVcollectors [T125–T130]) as well as building energy models[T131–T137]. Other miscellaneous papers in the sub-category areincluded in [T138–T144].

5. StoragePapers in this section address both capacity and power of a vari-

ety of storage media and storage devices for low and high temper-ature solar thermal applications. Thermal processes duringcharging and discharge of phase change materials are evaluatedfor encapsulated organic and inorganic materials, slurries and beds[T145–T150]. Other efforts for low temperature storage considerlonger term storage in adsorption materials (zeolites) [T151],epoxy composites [T152], in-ground storage [T153–T157] as wellas more conventional sensible heat water storage [T158,T159].High temperature storage studies consider molten salt, solid mediaand regenerative heating [T160–T162].

U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD

This chapter includes the characterization of discharge plasmasthrough modeling and diagnostics of the fluid flow and heat trans-fer in a variety of plasma generating devices. These characteriza-tions address the fundamental interactions of plasmas withsolids (heat and momentum transfer), as well as the descriptionof specific plasma processes. Because of the multitude of physicaleffects and the strong non-linearity of any such process, a conti-nuous improvement in the descriptions is seen on the removal ofsimplifying assumptions and by becoming more and more realistic.This holds for the modeling description and for the experimentalprocess characterization.

The MHD section is usually devoted to description of differentmodeling approaches for heat and mass transfer in the presenceof electric and magnetic fields. Different geometries, different fluidproperties and different accelerating forces are considered.

This year’s summary is divided into the following sub-sections.

1. Modeling of plasma properties, plasma generating devices andspecific plasma processes

This includes determination of plasma transport properties[U1], radiation transport [U2–U4], simulation of plasma jets in dif-ferent flow regimes [U5–U7] and inductively coupled plasma gen-erators (ICP) [U8–U11]. Models of specific plasma processesinclude welding [U12], metal production in arc furnaces [U13–U15], or arc stabilization by ablation cooling [U16].

2. Fundamentals of plasma—solid interactionThis topic includes electrode effects or surface bias effects

[U17,U18] and plasma particle interaction [U11,U19,U20], andstagnation flow in CO2 as encountered during a space craft’s entryinto the Mars’ atmosphere [U21].

3. Plasma process characterizationThis section includes characterization of the plasma spray pro-

cess including the characterization of the coatings [U22], the effectof plasma jet fluid dynamics disturbances [U23–U26], and diagnos-tics applied to the welding [U27] and EDM processes [U28], and toplasma diamond deposition [U29].

4. Magneto hydro dynamics (MHD)This section contains a number of modeling approach descrip-

tions for heat and mass transfer with non-Newtonian fluids[U30–U36]. Different geometries and different accelerating forces,e.g. flow inside porous media, with free convection or with suctionor mass addition through porous boundaries are considered bynumerous authors [U37–U52]. Some discussion of MHD effects inspecific applications is also presented [U53–U57].

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[DP22] J. Nganhou, Heat and mass transfer through a thick bed of cocoa beansduring drying, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40(9) (2004) 727–735.

[DP23] N. Nefzi, M. Jouini, S.B. Nasrallah, Water vapor transfer through textileunder a temperature and humidity gradient, Journal of Porous Media 7 (2)(2004) 133–141.

[DP24] C. Meszaros et al., Modeling of the coupled heat and mass transfer throughporous media on the base of the wave approach, Drying Technology 22 (1–2) (2004) 71–80.

[DP25] Y. Li, Q. Zhu, A model of heat and moisture transfer in porous textiles withphase change materials, Textile Research Journal 74 (5) (2004) 447–457.

[DP26] Y. Li, Z. Wang, Mathematical simulation of dynamic coupled heat and liquidmoisture transfer in multilayer anisotropic porous polymers, Journal ofApplied Polymer Science 94 (4) (2004) 1590–1605.

[DP27] R. Kumaresan, T. Viruthagiri, S.H. Ibrahim, Simultaneous heat and masstransfer: Studies in a fluidised bed drier, Chemical Engineering World 39 (3)(2004) 48–57.

[DP28] J. Li et al., Heat and mass transfer characteristics of an active carbon/ammonia adsorption heat pump with a packed bed type adsorber, Journalof Chemical Engineering of Japan 37 (3) (2004) 383–390.

[DP29] S.J. Kowalski, A. Rybicki, Qualitative aspects of convective and microwavedrying of saturated porous materials, Drying Technology 22 (5) (2004)1173–1189.

[DP30] L. Fengzhi et al., Numerical simulation of coupled heat and mass transfer inhygroscopic porous materials considering the influence of atmosphericpressure, Numerical Heat Transfer Part B: Fundamentals 45 (3) (2004) 249–262.

[DP31] D.D. Dincov, K.A. Parrott, K.A. Pericleous, Heat and mass transfer in two-phase porous materials under intensive microwave heating, Journal of FoodEngineering 65 (3) (2004) 403–412.

[DP32] F. De Souza Costa, D. Sandberg, Mathematical model of a smoldering log,Combustion and Flame 139 (3) (2004) 227–238.

[DP33] X. Cheng, J. Fan, Simulation of heat and moisture transfer with phase changeand mobile condensates in fibrous insulation, International Journal ofThermal Sciences 43 (7) (2004) 665–676.

[DP34] T. Ma et al., Burning rate of liquid fuel on carpet (porous media), FireTechnology 40 (3) (2004) 227–246.

[DP35] F. Askri, A. Jemni, S. Ben Nasrallah, Prediction of transient heat and masstransfer in a closed metal-hydrogen reactor, International Journal ofHydrogen Energy 29 (2) (2004) 195–208.

[DP36] C. Lu, Y.C. Yortsos, Percolation phenomena in filtration combustion,Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (12) (2004) 3008–3018.

[DP37] B.A. Haberman, J.B. Young, Three-dimensional simulation of chemicallyreacting gas flows in the porous support structure of an integrated-planarsolid oxide fuel cell, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (17–18) (2004) 3617–3629.

[DP38] K. Kamiuto, S. Miyamoto, Diffusion flames in plane-parallel packed beds,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (21) (2004) 4593–4599.

[DP39] A. Rostami, J. Murthy, M. Hajaligol, Modeling of smoldering process in aporous biomass fuel rod, Fuel 83 (11–12) (2004) 1527–1536.

[DP40] Y. Azoumah, N. Mazet, P. Neveu, Constructal network for heat and masstransfer in a solid–gas reactive porous medium, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (14–16) (2004) 2961–2970.

[DP41] A.J. Barra, J.L. Ellzey, Heat recirculation and heat transfer in porous burners,Combustion and Flame 137 (1–2) (2004) 230–241.

[DP42] P. Talukdar et al., Heat transfer characteristics of a porous radiant burnerunder the influence of a 2-D radiation field, Journal of QuantitativeSpectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 84 (4) (2004) 527–537.

[DP43] M. Aghajani, H. MuÌller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadi, Experimental resultsand models for solid/liquid fluidized beds involving newtonian and non-newtonian liquids, Developments in Chemical Engineering and MineralProcessing 12 (3–4) (2004) 403–426.

[DP44] N. Hilal et al., The relationship between particle properties and fluidizingvelocity during fluidized bed heat transfer, Advanced Powder Technology15 (5) (2004) 583–594.

[DP45] D. Huang, E.K. Levy, Heat transfer to fine powders in a bubbling fluidizedbed with sound assistance, AIChE Journal 50 (2) (2004) 302–310.

[DP46] H.S. Li, Y.J. Wang, J.G. Yang, Local instantaneous temperature and time-averaged heat transfer coefficient in the bottom zone of a circulatingfluidized bed, International Journal of Energy Research 28 (5) (2004) 433–448.

[DP47] H.Z. Sheng et al., Heat-transfer study of external superheater of CFBincinerator, Environmental Engineering Science 21 (1) (2004) 39–44.

[DP48] I. Sidorenko, A.Y. Looi, M. Rhodes, Particle motion near the wall of afluidized bed at elevated pressure, Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch 43 (18) (2004) 5562–5570.

[DP49] J. Sjosten et al., Effect of particle coating on fluidized-bed heat transfer,Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (18) (2004) 5763–5769.

[DP50] L. Wang et al., Effects of solid particle properties on heat transfer betweenhigh-temperature gas fluidized bed and immersed surface, Applied ThermalEngineering 24 (14–15) (2004) 2145–2156.

[DP51] X. Wang, Y. Guo, P. Shu, Investigation into gas–solid heat transfer in acryogenic vibrated fluidised bed, Powder Technology 139 (1) (2004) 33–39.

[DP52] W. Wu, P.K. Agarwal, Heat transfer to an isolated bubble rising in a high-temperature incipiently fluidized bed, Canadian Journal of ChemicalEngineering 82 (2) (2004) 399–405.

[DP53] L. Zhao et al., Drying of a dilute suspension in a revolving flow fluidized bedof inert particles, Drying Technology 22 (1–2) (2004) 363–376.

[DP54] J. Yang et al., Modeling of radiative heat transfer between high-temperaturefluidized beds and immersed walls, Chemical Engineering Science 59 (15)(2004) 3195–3199.

[DP55] R. Shukla, R.P. Chhabra, Effect of non-newtonian characteristics onconvective liquid–solid heat transfer in packed and fluidised beds ofspherical particles, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 82 (5) (2004)1071–1075.


[DP56] R. Shukla et al., Convective heat transfer for power law fluids in packed andfluidised beds of spheres, Chemical Engineering Science 59 (3) (2004) 645–659.

[DP57] Y. Tian, X.F. Peng, Analysis of particle motion and heat transfer in circulatingfluidized beds, International Journal of Energy Research 28 (4) (2004) 287–297.

[DP58] C. Yu, T. Qi, X. Wang, Heat and mass transfer in process of fluidized-bedspray granulation, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 12 (6) (2004)836–839.

[DP59] G. Miao et al., Active thermal convection in vibrofluidized granular systems,European Physical Journal B 40 (3) (2004) 301–304.

[DP60] C.Y. Zhao, T.J. Lu, H.P. Hodson, Measurements of thermal radiation inultralight metal foams with open cells, Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science218 (11) (2004) 1297–1308.

[DP61] C.Y. Zhao et al., Thermal transport in high porosity cellular metal foams,Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 18 (3) (2004) 309–317.

[DP62] S. Venkataraman et al., Optimal functionally graded metallic foam thermalinsulation, AIAA Journal 42 (11) (2004) 2355–2363.

[DP63] J. Tian et al., The effects of topology upon fluid-flow and heat-transferwithin cellular copper structures, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (14–16) (2004) 3171–3186.

[DP64] O. Kolditz, J. De Jonge, Non-isothermal two-phase flow in low-permeableporous media, Computational Mechanics 33 (5) (2004) 345–364.

[DP65] T. Kim et al., Convective heat dissipation with lattice-frame materials,Mechanics of Materials 36 (8) (2004) 767–780.

[DP66] T. Kim, H.P. Hodson, T.J. Lu, Fluid-flow and endwall heat-transfercharacteristics of an ultralight lattice-frame material, InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004) 1129–1140.

[DP67] W.S. Wong, D.A.S. Rees, I. Pop, Forced convection past a heated cylinder in aporous medium using a thermal nonequilibrium model: Finite Pécletnumber effects, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43 (3) (2004)213–220.

[DP68] T. Tomimura et al., Experimental study on multi-layered type of gas-to-gasheat exchanger using porous media, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (21) (2004) 4615–4623.

[DP69] H. Xie, Z. Gao, Z. Zhou, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of nuclearheating reactor under asymmetric operation condition, Heat TransferEngineering 25 (6) (2004) 62–71.

[DP70] P. Talukdar et al., Combined radiation and convection heat transfer in aporous channel bounded by isothermal parallel plates, International Journalof Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (5) (2004) 1001–1013.

[DP71] A.K. Singh, N.P. Singh, Generalised couette flow of two immiscible viscousfluids with heat transfer using Brinkman model, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (6–7) (2004) 517–523.

[DP72] M.R. Shahnazari, A. Abbassi, Numerical modeling of mold filling and curingin non-isothermal RTM process, International Journal of EngineeringTransactions A: Basics 17 (4) (2004) 387–396.

[DP73] S.A. Scott et al., Heat transfer to a single sphere immersed in beds ofparticles supplied by gas at rates above and below minimum fluidization,Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (18) (2004) 5632–5644.

[DP74] J.J. Saastamoinen, Heat exchange between two coupled moving beds byfluid flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004)1535–1547.

[DP75] D. Rochette, S. Clain, Mathematical model and simulation of gas flowthrough a porous medium in high breaking capacity fuses, InternationalJournal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25 (1) (2004) 115–126.

[DP76] K.M.C. Pillai et al., Heat transfer in a viscoelastic boundary layerflow through a porous medium, Computational Mechanics 34 (1) (2004)27–37.

[DP77] B.I. Pavel, A.A. Mohamad, Experimental investigation of the potential ofmetallic porous inserts in enhancing forced convective heat transfer,Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (4) (2004) 540–545.

[DP78] B.I. Pavel, A.A. Mohamad, An experimental and numerical study onheat transfer enhancement for gas heat exchangers fitted with porousmedia, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (23) (2004)4939–4952.

[DP79] A.P. Mozhaev, Chaotic homogeneous porous media. 4. Heat exchange in acell, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 77 (1) (2004) 84–92.

[DP80] M. Layeghi, A. Nouri-Borujerdi, Fluid flow and heat transfer around circularcylinders in the presence and no-presence of porous media, Journal ofPorous Media 7 (3) (2004) 239–247.

[DP81] A.V. Kuznetsov, Effect of turbulence on forced convection in a compositetube partly filled with a porous medium, Journal of Porous Media 7 (1)(2004) 59–64.

[DP82] Y.J. Kim, Heat and mass transfer in MHD micropolar flow over a verticalmoving porous plate in a porous medium, Transport in Porous Media 56 (1)(2004) 17–37.

[DP83] S.J. Kim, Methods for thermal optimization of microchannel heat sinks, HeatTransfer Engineering 25 (1) (2004) 37–49.

[DP84] D. Kim, S.J. Kim, A. Ortega, Compact modeling of fluid flow and heat transferin pin fin heat sinks, Journal of Electronic Packaging Transactions of theASME 126 (3) (2004) 342–350.

[DP85] D. Kim, S.J. Kim, Compact modeling of fluid flow and heat transfer instraight fin heat sinks, Journal of Electronic Packaging, Transactions of theASME 126 (2) (2004) 247–255.

[DP86] P.X. Jiang et al., Experimental investigation of convection heat transfer ofCO2 at super-critical pressures in vertical mini-tubes and in porous media,Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (8–9) (2004) 1255–1270.

[DP87] P.X. Jiang, R.N. Xu, M. Li, Experimental investigation of convection heattransfer in mini-fin structures and sintered porous media, Journal ofEnhanced Heat Transfer 11 (4) (2004) 391–405.

[DP88] P.X. Jiang et al., Experimental and numerical investigation of forcedconvection heat transfer of air in non-sintered porous media,Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28 (6) (2004) 545–555.

[DP89] P.X. Jiang et al., Boundary conditions and wall effect for forced convectionheat transfer in sintered porous plate channels, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2073–2083.

[DP90] P.X. Jiang et al., Experimental research on convection heat transfer insintered porous plate channels, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2085–2096.

[DP91] T.M. Jeng et al., A new semi-empirical model for predicting heat transfercharacteristics in porous channels, Experimental Thermal and FluidScience 29 (1) (2004) 9–21.

[DP92] P.C. Huang, C.F. Yang, S.Y. Chang, Mixed convection cooling of heat sourcesmounted with porous blocks, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer18 (4) (2004) 464–475.

[DP93] I.A. Hassanien, A.A. Salama, A.M. Elaiw, The onset of longitudinal vorticesin mixed convection flow over an inclined surface in a porous mediumwith variable permeability, Applied Mathematics and Computation 154(2) (2004) 313–333.

[DP94] A. Haji-Sheikh, K. Vafai, Analysis of flow and heat transfer in porous mediaimbedded inside various-shaped ducts, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer 47 (8–9) (2004) 1889–1905.

[DP95] A. Haji-Sheikh, W.J. Minkowycz, E.M. Sparrow, A numerical study of theheat transfer to fluid flow through circular porous passages, NumericalHeat Transfer; Part A: Applications 46 (10) (2004) 929–955.

[DP96] A. Haji-Sheikh, W.J. Minkowycz, E.M. Sparrow, Green’s function solution oftemperature field for flow in porous passages, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (22) (2004) 4685–4695.

[DP97] K.M. Pillai, M.S. Munagavalasa, Governing equations for unsaturated flowthrough woven fiber mats, Part 2. Non-isothermal reactive flows,Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 35 (4) (2004)403–415.

[DP98] M. Nijemeisland, A.G. Dixon, CFD study of fluid flow and wall heattransfer in a fixed bed of spheres, AIChE Journal 50 (5) (2004) 906–921.

[DP99] D.A. Nield, A.V. Kuznetsov, M. Xiong, Thermally developing forcedconvection in a porous medium: Parallel-plate channel or circular tubewith isothermal walls, Journal of Porous Media 7 (1) (2004) 19–27.

[DP100] D.A. Nield, A.V. Kuznetsov, Forced convection in a bi-disperse porousmedium channel: A conjugate problem, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer 47 (24) (2004) 5375–5380.

[DP101] A. Haji-Sheikh, Estimation of average and local heat transfer in parallelplates and circular ducts filled with porous materials, Journal of HeatTransfer 126 (3) (2004) 400–409.

[DP102] E.M.A. Elbashbeshy, M.A.A. Bazid, Heat transfer in a porous medium over astretching surface with internal heat generation and suction or injection,Applied Mathematics and Computation 158 (3) (2004) 799–807.

[DP103] E.M.E. Elbarbary, N.S. Elgazery, Chebyshev finite difference method for theeffects of variable viscosity and variable thermal conductivity on heattransfer from moving surfaces with radiation, International Journal ofThermal Sciences 43 (9) (2004) 889–899.

[DP104] K.S. Chiem, Y. Zhao, Numerical study of steady/unsteady flow and heattransfer in porous media using a characteristics-based matrix-free implicitFV method on unstructured grids, International Journal of Heat and FluidFlow 25 (6) (2004) 1015–1033.

[DP105] B. Cherif, M.S. Sifaoui, Theoretical study of heat transfer by radiationconduction and convection in a semi-transparent porous medium in acylindrical enclosure, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and RadiativeTransfer 83 (3–4) (2004) 519–527.

[DP106] O.A. Beg et al., Mathematical and numerical modeling of non-newtonianthermo-hydrodynamic flow in non-darcy porous media, InternationalJournal of Fluid Mechanics Research 31 (1) (2004) 1–12.

[DP107] M. Kumari, G. Nath, Non-Darcy mixed convection in power-law fluidsalong a non-isothermal horizontal surface in a porous medium,International Journal of Engineering Science 42 (3–4) (2004) 353–369.

[DP108] A.A. Mohammadein, N.A. El-Shaer, Influence of variable permeability oncombined free and forced convection flow past a semi-infinite verticalplate in a saturated porous medium, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme-und Stoffuebertragung 40 (5) (2004) 341–346.

[DP109] R. Nazar, N. Amin, I. Pop, Unsteady mixed convection boundary layer flownear the stagnation point on a vertical surface in a porous medium,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (12–13) (2004) 2681–2688.

[DP110] P.V.S.N. Murthy et al., Combined radiation and mixed convection from avertical wall with suction/injection in a non-Darcy porous medium, ActaMechanica 168 (3–4) (2004) 145–156.

[DP111] N.H. Saeid, Analysis of mixed convection in a vertical porous layer usingnon-equilibrium model, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer47 (26) (2004) 5619–5627.


[DP112] J.H. Bae, J.M. Hyun, H.S. Kwak, Mixed convection from a multiblock heaterin a channel with imposed thermal modulation, Numerical Heat Transfer;Part A: Applications 45 (4) (2004) 329–345.

[DP113] Y.C. Chen, Non-Darcy flow stability of mixed convection in a verticalchannel filled with a porous medium, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004) 1257–1266.

[DP114] M. Kumari, G. Nath, Radiation effect on mixed convection from ahorizontal surface in a porous medium, Mechanics ResearchCommunications 31 (4) (2004) 483–491.

[DP115] P. Ackerer, A. Younès, M. Mancip, A new coupling algorithm for density-driven flow in porous media, Geophysical Research Letters 31 (12) (2004)L125061–L125064.

[DP116] S. Bagai, Effect of variable viscosity on free convection over a non-isothermal axisymmetric body in a porous medium with internal heatgeneration, Acta Mechanica 169 (1–4) (2004) 187–194.

[DP117] M. Bourich, A. Amahmid, M. Hasnaoui, Double diffusive convection in aporous enclosure submitted to cross gradients of temperature andconcentration, Energy Conversion and Management 45 (11–12) (2004)1655–1670.

[DP118] M. Bourich, M. Hasnaoui, A. Amahmid, Double-diffusive naturalconvection in a porous enclosure partially heated from below anddifferentially salted, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25 (6)(2004) 1034–1046.

[DP119] M. Bourich, M. Hasnaoui, A. Amahmid, A scale analysis of thermosolutalconvection in a saturated porous enclosure submitted to verticaltemperature and horizontal concentration gradients, Energy Conversionand Management 45 (18–19) (2004) 2795–2811.

[DP120] M. Bourich et al., Soret effect inducing subcritical and Hopf bifurcations ina shallow enclosure filled with a clear binary fluid or a saturatedporous medium: A comparative study, Physics of Fluids 16 (3) (2004)551–568.

[DP121] A.J. Chamkha, H.S. Takhar, O.A. Bég, Radiative free convective non-newtonian fluid flow past a wedge embedded in a porous medium,International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 31 (2) (2004) 101–115.

[DP122] I. Contreras, C. Treviño, J.C. Prince, Oscillatory heat transfer process in avertical strip immersed in a porous medium, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (12) (2004) 937–942.

[DP123] V.A.F. Costa, Double-diffusive natural convection in parallelogrammicenclosures filled with fluid-saturated porous media, International Journalof Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (12–13) (2004) 2699–2714.

[DP124] P.G. Daniels, M. Punpocha, Cavity flow in a porous medium driven bydifferential heating, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47(14–16) (2004) 3017–3030.

[DP125] M.J.S. de Lemos, L.A. Tofaneli, Modeling of double-diffusive turbulentnatural convection in porous media, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004) 4233–4241.

[DP126] M.F. El-Amin, Double dispersion effects on natural convection heat andmass transfer in non-Darcy porous medium, Applied Mathematics andComputation 156 (1) (2004) 1–17.

[DP127] M.F. El-Amin, M.A. El-Hakiem, M.A. Mansour, Combined effect of magneticfield and lateral mass transfer on non-darcy axisymmetric free convectionin a power-law fluid saturated porous medium, Journal of Porous Media 7(1) (2004) 65–71.

[DP128] R.S.R. Gorla, M. Kumari, Nonsimilar solutions for free convection in non-newtonian fluids along a horizontal plate in a porous medium,International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 31 (2) (2004) 116–130.

[DP129] I.A. Hassanien, A.H. Essawy, N.M. Moursy, Natural convection flow ofmicropolar fluid from a permeable uniform heat flux surface in porousmedium, Applied Mathematics and Computation 152 (2) (2004) 323–335.

[DP130] E. Holzbecher, Free convection in open-top enclosures filled with a porousmedium heated from below, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications46 (3) (2004) 241–254.

[DP131] G.B. Kim, J.M. Hyun, Buoyant convection of a power-law fluid in anenclosure filled with heat-generating porous media, Numerical HeatTransfer; Part A: Applications 45 (6) (2004) 569–582.

[DP132] K.H. Kim, S.J. Kim, J.M. Hyun, Development of boundary layers in transientbuoyant convection about a vertical plate in a porous medium, Journal ofPorous Media 7 (4) (2004) 249–259.

[DP133] B.V.R. Kumar, Shalini, Double-diffusive natural convection induced by awavy surface in a stratified porous medium, Journal of Porous Media 7 (4)(2004) 279–288.

[DP134] B.V.R. Kumar, Shalini, Free convection in a thermally stratified non-darcian wavy porous enclosure, Journal of Porous Media 7 (4) (2004) 261–277.

[DP135] V. Kumaran, I. Pop, Analytic solutions of free convection boundary layerflow over a vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium, InternationalJournal of Fluid Mechanics Research 31 (6) (2004) 563–573.

[DP136] J.C. Leong, F.C. Lai, Natural convection in rectangular layered porouscavities, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 18 (4) (2004) 457–463.

[DP137] D.M. Leppinen et al., Free convection in a shallow annular cavity filled witha porous medium, Journal of Porous Media 7 (4) (2004) 289–302.

[DP138] D. Lesnic et al., Free convection boundary-layer flow above a nearlyhorizontal surface in a porous medium with newtonian heating, Heatand Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (9) (2004) 665–672.

[DP139] M.S. Malashetty, J.C. Umavathi, J.P. Kumar, Two fluid flow and heattransfer in an inclined channel containing porous and fluid layer, Heat andMass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (11) (2004) 871–876.

[DP140] A.A. Mohamad, R. Bennacer, J. Azaiez, Double diffusion natural convectionin a rectangular enclosure filled with binary fluid saturated porous media:The effect of lateral aspect ratio, Physics of Fluids 16 (1) (2004) 184–199.

[DP141] P.V.S.N. Murthy, D. Srinivasacharya, P.V.S.S.S.R. Krishna, Effect of doublestratification on free convection in a Darcian porous medium, Journal ofHeat Transfer 126 (2) (2004) 297–300.

[DP142] S. Qiu et al., Numerical analysis of thermal-driven buoyancy flow in thesteady macro-solidification process of a continuous slab caster, ISIJInternational 44 (8) (2004) 1376–1383.

[DP143] B.V. Rathish Kumar, Shalini, Non-Darcy free convection induced by avertical wavy surface in a thermally stratified porous medium,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (10–11) (2004)2353–2363.

[DP144] N.H. Saeid, I. Pop, Maximum density effects on natural convection from adiscrete heater in a cavity filled with a porous medium, Acta Mechanica171 (3–4) (2004) 203–212.

[DP145] K. Slimi et al., A transient study of coupled natural convection andradiation in a porous vertical channel using the finite-volume method,Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications 45 (5) (2004) 451–478.

[DP146] A.Z. Vaszi et al., Conjugate free convection from a vertical plate fin with arounded tip embedded in a porous medium, International Journal of Heatand Mass Transfer 47 (12–13) (2004) 2785–2794.

[DP147] S.S. Das, J.P. Panda, G.C. Dash, Free convection flow and mass transfer of anelastico-viscous fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate in a rotatingporous medium, Modelling, Measurement and Control B 73 (1–2) (2004)37–51.

[DP148] W. Kwapinski et al., Modeling of the wall effect in packed bed adsorption,Chemical Engineering and Technology 27 (11) (2004) 1179–1186.

[DP149] A. Guardo et al., CFD flow and heat transfer in nonregular packings forfixed bed equipment design, Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch 43 (22) (2004) 7049–7056.

[DP150] J.C. Thomeo, C.O. Rouiller, J.T. Freire, Experimental analysis of heat transferin packed beds with air flow, Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch 43 (15) (2004) 4140–4148.

[DP151] J.C. Thomeo, J.R. Grace, Heat transfer in packed beds: Experimentalevaluation of one-phase water flow, Brazilian Journal of ChemicalEngineering 21 (1) (2004) 13–22.

[DP152] Y.S. Teplitskii, Heat exchange in a tube filled with granular bed, Journal ofEngineering Physics and Thermophysics 77 (1) (2004) 103–110.

[DP153] Y. Peng, J.T. Richardson, Properties of ceramic foam catalyst supports: One-dimensional and two-dimensional heat transfer correlations, AppliedCatalysis A: General 266 (2) (2004) 235–244.

[DP154] X. Huang, A. Varma, M.J. McCready, Heat transfer characterization of gas-liquid flows in a trickle-bed, Chemical Engineering Science 59 (18) (2004)3767–3776.

[DP155] H. Wu et al., Conjugate heat and mass transfer process within porousmedia with dielectric cores in microwave freeze drying, ChemicalEngineering Science 59 (14) (2004) 2921–2928.

[DP156] W. Yu et al., Laboratory investigation on cooling effect of coarse rock layerand fine rock layer in permafrost regions, Cold Regions Science andTechnology 38 (1) (2004) 31–42.

[DP157] N. Hamdami, J.Y. Monteau, A. Le Bail, Simulation of coupled heat and masstransfer during freezing of a porous humid matrix, International Journal ofRefrigeration 27 (6) (2004) 595–603.

[DP158] F. Duval, F. Fichot, M. Quintard, A local thermal non-equilibrium model fortwo-phase flows with phase-change in porous media, InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (3) (2004) 613–639.

[DP159] M.K. Choudhary, K.C. Karki, S.V. Patankar, Mathematical modeling of heattransfer, condensation, and capillary flow in porous insulation on a coldpipe, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (26) (2004) 5629–5638.

[DP160] R. Basu, Effect of boundary conditions on freezing in porous media,Defence Science Journal 54 (3) (2004) 317–328.

[DP161] A.G.A. Nnanna, A. Haji-Sheikh, K.T. Harris, Experimental study of localthermal non-equilibrium phenomena during phase change in porousmedia, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004)4365–4375.

[DP162] I.K. Zharova, Thermal state of the elements of active and combinedthermal protection in gasdynamic tests, Journal of Engineering Physics andThermophysics 77 (3) (2004) 620–627.

[DP163] A.S. Telles, J.T. Freire, G. Massarani, Heat and mass dispersion in flowsthrough porous media, Journal of Porous Media 7 (2) (2004) 143–153.

[DP164] M. Spinnler, E.R.F. Winter, R. Viskanta, Studies on high-temperaturemultilayer thermal insulations, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (6–7) (2004) 1305–1312.

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[H112] R. Luo, J.L. Niu, Determination of water vapor diffusion and partitioncoefficients in cement using one FLEC, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2061–2072.

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[J1] M. Abu-Zaid, An experimental study of the evaporation characteristics ofemulsified liquid droplets, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- undStoffuebertragung 40 (9) (2004) 737–741.

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[J165] S.M. Sami, J.D. Comeau, Influence of liquid injection on two-phase flowconvective boiling of refrigerant mixtures, International Journal of EnergyResearch 28 (11) (2004) 941–954.

[J166] S.M. Sami, J.D. Comeau, Influence of gas/liquid injection on two-phase flowconvective boiling of refrigerant mixtures, International Journal of EnergyResearch 28 (10) (2004) 847–860.

[J167] S. Shuchi, K. Sakatani, H. Yamaguchi, Boiling heat transfer characteristics ofbinary magnetic fluid flow in a vertical circular pipe with a partly heatedregion, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 218 (2) (2004) 223–232.

[J168] R. Situ et al., Photographic study of bubble behaviors in forced convectionsubcooled boiling, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (17–18) (2004) 3659–3667.

[J169] M.E. Steinke, S.G. Kandlikar, An experimental investigation of flow boilingcharacteristics of water in parallel microchannels, Journal of Heat Transfer126 (4) (2004) 518–526.

[J170] M.E. Steinke, S.G. Kandlikar, Control and effect of dissolved air in waterduring flow boiling in microchannels, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (8–9) (2004) 1925–1935.

[J171] J. Su, G.F. Hewitt, Inverse heat conduction problem of estimating time-varying heat transfer coefficient, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A:Applications 45 (8) (2004) 777–789.

[J172] F. Tanaka et al., Experimental study on transient boiling heat transfer in anannulus with a narrow gap, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 41 (3)(2004) 279–284.

[J173] J.R. Thome, Boiling in microchannels: a review of experiment and theory,International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25 (2) (2004) 128–139.

[J174] J.R. Thome, J. El Hajal, Flow boiling heat transfer to carbon dioxide: generalprediction method, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (3) (2004) 294–301.

[J175] C. Vlasie et al., Flow boiling in small diameter channels, International Journalof Refrigeration 27 (2) (2004) 191–201.

[J176] E.N. Wang et al., Micromachined jets for liquid impingement cooling of VLSIchips, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 13 (5) (2004) 833–842.

[J177] J. Wang et al., Boiling heat transfer enhancement in a vertical annulus byintroduction of air in liquid flow, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 12(5) (2004) 633–638.

[J178] S. Wellsandt, Flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop experiments andmodel development for complex geometries, Doktorsavhandlingar vidChalmers Tekniska Hogskola, 2004 (2109).

[J179] D.S. Wen, Y. Yan, D.B.R. Kenning, Saturated flow boiling of water in a narrowchannel: time-averaged heat transfer coefficients and correlations, AppliedThermal Engineering 24 (8–9) (2004) 1207–1223.

[J180] G.H. Yeoh, J.Y. Tu, Population balance modelling for bubbly flows with heatand mass transfer, Chemical Engineering Science 59 (15) (2004) 3125–3139.

[J181] H. Yu, R. Sheikholeslami, W.O.S. Doherty, Flow boiling heat transfer of waterand sugar solutions in an annulus, AIChE Journal 50 (6) (2004) 1119–1128.

[J182] D.W. Zhou, C.F. Ma, Local jet impingement boiling heat transfer with R113,Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (6–7) (2004)539–549.

[J183] J.L. Munoz-Cobo, S. Chiva, A. Sekhri, A reduced order model of BWRdynamics with subcooled boiling and modal kinetics: application to out ofphase oscillations, Annals of Nuclear Energy 31 (10) (2004) 1135–1162.

[J184] Y.A. Kuzma-Kichta et al., Heat transfer enhancement at boiling crisis instraight and spiral tubes, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 11 (4) (2004)283–289.

[J185] Y.H. Lee, D.H. Kim, S.H. Chang, An experimental investigation on the criticalheat flux enhancement by mechanical vibration in vertical round tube,Nuclear Engineering and Design 229 (1) (2004) 47–58.

[J186] B. Li et al., Experimental study on convective boiling heat transfer in narrow-gap annulus tubes, Nuclear Science and Techniques/Hewuli 15 (2) (2004)123.

[J187] Z.H. Liu, Y.H. Qiu, Boiling heat transfer enhancement of water/salt mixtureson roll-worked enhanced tubes in compact staggered tube bundles,Chemical Engineering and Technology 27 (11) (2004) 1187–1194.

[J188] Z.H. Liu, Y.H. Qiu, Boiling characteristics of R-11 in compact tube bundleswith smooth and enhanced tubes, Experimental Heat Transfer 17 (2) (2004)91–102.

[J189] Z.H. Liu, T.F. Tong, Y.H. Qiu, Critical heat flux of steady boiling for subcooledwater jet impingement on the flat stagnation zone, Journal of Heat Transfer126 (2) (2004) 179–183.

[J190] T. Mitsutake et al., Boiling heat transfer characteristics with highly wettableheated surface under forced convection conditions, JSME InternationalJournal, series B: Fluids and Thermal Engineering 47 (2) (2004) 168–172.

[J191] M. Molki, P. Mahendra, V. Vengala, Visualization and modeling of flowboiling of R-134A in minichannels with transverse ribs, Heat TransferEngineering 25 (3) (2004) 94–103.

[J192] B. Koncar, I. Kljenak, B. Mavko, Modelling of local two-phase flowparameters in upward subcooled flow boiling at low pressure,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004) 1499–1513.

[J193] A.S. Komendantov, Y.A. Kuzma-Kichta, An Investigation of the boiling crisisin channels of different geometry and in coiled tubes, Thermal Engineering(English translation of Teploenergetika) 51 (3) (2004) 196–201.

[J194] H.Z. Abou-Ziyan, Forced convection and subcooled flow boiling heat transferin asymmetrically heated ducts of T-section, Energy Conversion andManagement 45 (7–8) (2004) 1043–1065.

[J195] R.K. Al-Dadah, T.G. Karayiannis, Electrode design for EHD enhancement ofboiling and condensation in shell and tube heat exchangers, InternationalJournal of Heat Exchangers 5 (1) (2004) 29–50.

[J196] H. Honda, Y.S. Wang, Theoretical study of evaporation heat transfer inhorizontal microfin tubes: stratified flow model, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (17–18) (2004) 3971–3983.

[J197] R.V. Agapov, A.S. Sedlov, Y.A. Kuzma-Kichta, A study of heat transfer whenboiling aqueous solutions and the refinement of a method of performingcalculations for boiling-type evaporators, Thermal Engineering (Englishtranslation of Teploenergetika) 51 (3) (2004) 241–245.

[J198] O. Comakli et al., Two-phase flow thermal instabilities in a horizontal in-tube boiling system with enhanced surfaces, Experimental Heat Transfer 17(3) (2004) 199–226.

[J199] Y. Hu, H. Cheng, Stability boundary analysis of boiling flow in a narrowvertical annulus heated by counterflow fluids from inner and outer surfaces,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2173–2182.

[J200] U. Imke, Porous media simplified simulation of single- and two-phase flowheat transfer in micro-channel heat exchangers, Chemical EngineeringJournal 101 (1–3) (2004) 295–302.

[J201] S.G. Kandlikar, Heat transfer mechanisms during flow boiling inmicrochannels, Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (1) (2004) 8–16.

[J202] T. Kohriyama et al., Validation of heat transfer models in narrow gapfor RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.2., Nuclear Technology 147 (2) (2004) 191–201.

[J203] R. Kumar, C.C. Maneri, T.D. Strayer, Modeling and numerical prediction offlow boiling in a thin geometry, Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (1) (2004) 22–33.

[J204] Y. Li, G.H. Yeoh, J.Y. Tu, Numerical investigation of static flow instability in alow-pressure subcooled boiling channel, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme-und Stoffuebertragung 40 (5) (2004) 355–364.

[J205] M.Y. Liu, X.P. Tang, F. Jiang, Studies on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer ina vapor-liquid-solid flow boiling system with a CCD measuring technique,Chemical Engineering Science 59 (4) (2004) 889–899.

[J206] A. Lucic et al., Interferometric and numerical study of the temperature fieldin the boundary layer and heat transfer in subcooled flow boiling,International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25 (2) (2004) 180–195.

[J207] R. Maurus, V. Ilchenko, T. Sattelmayer, Automated high-speed video analysisof the bubble dynamics in subcooled flow boiling, International Journal ofHeat and Fluid Flow 25 (2) (2004) 149–158.

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[J209] W. Qu, I. Mudawar, Transport phenomena in two-phase micro-channel heatsinks, Journal of Electronic Packaging, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2)(2004) 213–224.

[J210] W. Qu, I. Mudawar, Measurement and correlation of critical heat flux in two-phase micro-channel heat sinks, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2045–2059.

[J211] W. Qu, S.M. Yoon, I. Mudawar, Two-phase flow and heat transfer inrectangular micro-channels, Journal of Electronic Packaging, Transactionsof the ASME 126 (3) (2004) 288–300.

[J212] H.Y. Wu, P. Cheng, Boiling instability in parallel silicon microchannels atdifferent heat flux, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (17–18) (2004) 3631–3641.

[J213] J.L. Xu, Y.H. Gan, Oscillating flow behavior of a natural circulation loop usingminichannels at atmospheric pressure, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (17–18) (2004) 2665–2677.

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[J215] W. Yao, C. Morel, Volumetric interfacial area prediction in upward bubblytwo-phase flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2)(2004) 307–328.

[J216] R. Yun, Y. Kim, Flow regimes for horizontal two-phase flow of CO2 in aheated narrow rectangular channel, International Journal of MultiphaseFlow 30 (10) (2004) 1259–1270.

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[J218] W. Zhang, T. Hibiki, K. Mishima, Correlation for flow boiling heat transfer inmini-channels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (26)(2004) 5749–5763.

[J219] D. Ziabletsev, M. Avramova, K. Ivanov, Development of pressurized waterreactor integrated safety analysis methodology using multilevel couplingalgorithm, Nuclear Science and Engineering 148 (3) (2004) 414–425.

[JJ1] L.M. Chamra, M.O. Tan, C.C. Kung, Evaluation of existing condensation heattransfer models in horizontal micro-fin tubes, Experimental Thermal andFluid Science 28 (6) (2004) 617–628.

[JJ2] I.I. Gogonin, Heat transfer in condensation of vapor moving inside verticaltubes, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 77 (2) (2004) 454–470.

[JJ3] C.K. Chen, H.P. Hu, Turbulent film condensation on a vertical wedge, AppliedThermal Engineering 24 (14–15) (2004) 2267–2279.

[JJ4] J. Davis, G. Yadigaroglu, Direct contact condensation in Hiemenz flowboundary layers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (8–9)(2004) 1863–1875.


[JJ5] A. Dutta, S.K. Kom, P.K. Das, Film condensation of saturated vapor overhorizontal noncircular tubes with progressively increasing radius ofcurvature drawn in the direction of gravity, Journal of Heat Transfer 126(6) (2004) 906–914.

[JJ6] Y.T. Lin, S.A. Yang, Turbulent film condensation on a horizontal elliptical tubewith variable wall temperature, Journal of Marine Science and Technology 12(4) (2004) 300–308.

[JJ7] J.J. Lizardi, C. Treviño, F. Méndez, The influence of the variable thermalconductivity of a vertical fin on a laminar-film condensation process, Heatand Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (5) (2004) 383–391.

[JJ8] M. Sorour et al., Modeling of condensation of steam in a vertical tube in thepresence of a noncondensable gas, International Journal of Heat Exchangers 5(1) (2004) 51–78.

[JJ9] E. Johannessen, D. Bedeaux, The nonequilibrium van der Waals squaregradient model. (III). Heat and mass transfer coefficients, Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 336 (3–4) (2004) 252–270.

[JJ10] X.H. Ma et al., A new mechanism for condensation heat transferenhancement: effect of the surface free energy difference of condensateand solid surface, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 11 (4) (2004) 257–265.

[JJ11] A. Morita et al., Mass accommodation coefficient of water: moleculardynamics simulation and revised analysis of droplet train/flow reactorexperiment, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108 (26) (2004) 9111–9120.

[JJ12] J.W. Rose, Heat-transfer coefficients, Wilson plots and accuracy of thermalmeasurements, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28 (2–3) (2004) 77–86.

[JJ13] H.S. Wang, J.W. Rose, Effect of interphase matter transfer on condensation onlow-finned tubes – a theoretical investigation, International Journal of Heatand Mass Transfer 47 (1) (2004) 179–184.

[JJ14] H.S. Wang, J.W. Rose, H. Honda, A theoretical model of film condensation insquare section horizontal microchannels, Chemical Engineering Research andDesign 82 (4) (2004) 430–434.

[JJ15] O. Garcia-Valladares, C.D. Perez-Segarra, J. Rigola, Numerical simulation ofdouble-pipe condensers and evaporators, International Journal ofRefrigeration 27 (6) (2004) 656–670.

[JJ16] A.G. Gerber, M.J. Kermani, A pressure based Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phasemodel for non-equilibrium condensation in transonic steam flow,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2217–2231.

[JJ17] E.P. Volchkov, V.V. Terekhov, V.I. Terekhov, A numerical study of boundary-layer heat and mass transfer in a forced flow of humid air with surface steamcondensation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7)(2004) 1473–1481.

[JJ18] M.N. Golubovic, W.M. Worek, Influence of elevated pressure on sorption indesiccant wheels, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: applications 45 (9) (2004)869–886.

[JJ19] Q. Liang, X. Wang, A. Narain, Effects of gravity, shear and surface tension ininternal condensing flows: results from direct computational simulations,Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (5) (2004) 676–686.

[JJ20] A. Narain et al., Direct computational simulations for internal condensingflows and results on attainability/stability of steady solutions, their intrinsicwaviness, and their noise sensitivity, Journal of Applied Mechanics,Transactions ASME 71 (1) (2004) 69–88.

[JJ21] S.B. Al-Shammari, D.R. Webb, P. Heggs, Condensation of steam with andwithout the presence of non-condensable gases in a vertical tube,Desalination 169 (2) (2004) 151–160.

[JJ22] S. Koyama, J. Lee, R. Yonemoto, An investigation on void fraction of vapor-liquid two-phase flow for smooth and microfin tubes with R134a at adiabaticcondition, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 30 (3) (2004) 291–310.

[JJ23] J.P.M. Bukasa, L. Liebenberg, J.P. Meyer, Heat transfer performance duringcondensation inside spiralled micro-fin tubes, Journal of Heat Transfer 126(3) (2004) 321–328.

[JJ24] X. Wu, X. Wang, W. Wang, Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop ofR22 in 5-mm diameter microfin tubes, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 11(4) (2004) 275–282.

[JJ25] S. Fiedler, H. Auracher, Experimental and theoretical investigation of refluxcondensation in an inclined small diameter tube, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004) 4031–4043.

[JJ26] F.L.A. Ganzevles, C.W.M. van der Geld, The effect of the angle of inclination ofa condenser on the gas-to-plate heat resistance in dropwise condensation,Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28 (2–3) (2004) 237–241.

[JJ27] J.S. Shin, M.H. Kim, Experimental study of condensation heat transfer in sub-millimeter rectangular tubes, Journal of Thermal Science 13 (4) (2004) 350–357.

[JJ28] J.S. Shin, M.H. Kim, An experimental study of condensation heat transferinside a mini-channel with a new measurement technique, InternationalJournal of Multiphase Flow 30 (3) (2004) 311–325.

[JJ29] J.T. Han, C.X. Lin, M.A. Ebadian, Condensation heat transfer of R-134a in ahelical pipe, Journal of Hydrodynamics 16 (2) (2004) 144–150.

[JJ30] X. Huai, S. Koyama, Experimental study of carbon dioxide condensation inmini channels, Journal of Thermal Science 13 (4) (2004) 358–365.

[JJ31] A. Jokar et al., Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of brazed plateheat exchangers using refrigerant R-134a, Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer11 (2) (2004) 161–182.

[JJ32] D. Jung, Y. Cho, K. Park, Flow condensation heat transfer coefficients of R22,R134a, R407C, and R410A inside plain and microfin tubes, InternationalJournal of Refrigeration 27 (1) (2004) 25–32.

[JJ33] P.W. Longest, C. Kleinstreuer, Interacting effects of uniform flow, plane shear,and near-wall proximity on the heat and mass transfer of respiratoryaerosols, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (22) (2004)4745–4759.

[JJ34] T.H. Ooi, D.R. Webb, P.J. Heggs, A dataset of steam condensation over a doubleenhanced tube bundle under vacuum, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (8–9)(2004) 1381–1393.

[JJ35] P.T. Petrik et al., Heat exchange in condensation of R227 coolant on inclinedtubes placed in a granular BED, Journal of Engineering Physics andThermophysics 77 (4) (2004) 758–761.

[JJ36] S. Namasivayam, A. Briggs, Effect of vapour velocity on condensation ofatmospheric pressure steam on integral-fin tubes, Applied ThermalEngineering 24 (8–9) (2004) 1353–1364.

[JJ37] I.Y. Chen, C.C. Wang, S.Y. Lin, Measurements and correlations of frictionalsingle-phase and two-phase pressure drops of R-410A flow in small U-typereturn bends, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (10–11)(2004) 2241–2249.

[JJ38] L.I. Trofimov, An Investigation of Heat Transfer in Direct-Contact JetCondensers, Thermal Engineering (English translation of Teploenergetika)51 (3) (2004) 216–222.

[JJ39] N.K. Maheshwari et al., Investigation on condensation in presence of anoncondensable gas for a wide range of Reynolds number, NuclearEngineering and Design 227 (2) (2004) 219–238.

[JJ40] D. Gstoehl et al., Measurement of falling film thickness around a horizontaltube using a laser measurement technique, Heat Transfer Engineering 25 (8)(2004) 28–34.

[JJ41] J.L. Hoke, J.G. Georgiadis, A.M. Jacobi, Effect of substrate wettability on frostproperties, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 18 (2) (2004) 228–235.

[JJ42] M. Izumi et al., Heat transfer enhancement of dropwise condensation on avertical surface with round shaped grooves, Experimental Thermal and FluidScience 28 (2–3) (2004) 243–248.

[JJ43] G.A. Longo, A. Gasparella, R. Sartori, Experimental heat transfer coefficientsduring refrigerant vaporisation and condensation inside herringbone-typeplate heat exchangers with enhanced surfaces, International Journal of Heatand Mass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004) 4125–4136.

[JJ44] J.W. Rose, Surface tension effects and enhancement of condensationheat transfer, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 82 (4) (2004)419–429.

[JJ45] R. Wurfel, N. Ostrowski, Experimental investigations of heat transfer andpressure drop during the condensation process within plate heat exchangersof the herringbone-type, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43 (1)(2004) 59–68.

[JJ46] S. Wang, Y. Utaka, Effect of non-condensable gas mass fraction oncondensation heat transfer for water-ethanol vapor mixture, JSMEInternational Journal, Series B: Fluids and Thermal Engineering 47 (2)(2004) 162–167.

[JJ47] Y. Utaka, S. Wang, Characteristic curves and the promotion effect of ethanoladdition on steam condensation heat transfer, International Journal of Heatand Mass Transfer 47 (21) (2004) 4507–4516.

[JJ48] Y.P. He et al., Research on Marangoni condensation heat transfer for waterand ethanol mixture vapor, Heat Transfer – Asian Research 33 (8) (2004)505–514.

[JJ49] C. Philpott, J. Deans, The condensation of ammonia–water mixtures in ahorizontal shell and tube condenser, Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (4) (2004)527–534.

[JJ50] C. Philpott, J. Deans, The enhancement of steam condensation heat transfer ina horizontal shell and tube condenser by addition of ammonia, InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (17–18) (2004) 3683–3693.

[JJ51] D. Sajjan, T. Karlsson, L. Vamling, Reasons for drop in shell-and-tubecondenser performance when replacing R22 with zeotropic mixtures, Part1. Analysis of experimental findings, International Journal of Refrigeration 27(5) (2004) 552–560.

[JJ52] Y.B. Smirnov, Heat Transfer in Condensation of Vapor and a Mixture ofVapors of Immiscible Liquids on Horizontal Finned Tubes, ThermalEngineering (English translation of Teploenergetika) 51 (3) (2004) 182–187.

[JJ53] L.L. Tovazhnyansky et al., The simulation of multicomponent mixturescondensation in plate condensers, Heat Transfer Engineering 25 (5 SPEC. ISS.)(2004) 16–22.

[JJ54] T. Karlsson, Mixture effects in shell-and-tube condensers: theory andcalculations, Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola, 2004(2169).

[JJ55] T. Karlsson, L. Vamling, Reasons for drop in shell-and-tube condenserperformance when replacing R22 with zeotropic mixtures, Part 2.Investigation of mass transfer resistance effects, International Journal ofRefrigeration 27 (5) (2004) 561–566.

[JM1] B.A. Anderson et al., Thawing and freezing of selected meat products inhousehold refrigerators, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (1) (2004)63–72.

[JM2] J. Nastaj, K. Witkiewicz, Numerical model of freeze drying of random solids attwo-region conductive-radiative heating, Inzynieria Chemiczna i Procesowa25 (1) (2004) 109–121.

[JM3] Z.S. Deng, J. Liu, Modeling of multidimensional freezing problem duringcryosurgery by the dual reciprocity boundary element method, EngineeringAnalysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2) (2004) 97–108.


[JM4] A.V. Kotovich, G.A. Nesenenko, Investigation of thermal resonance in solutiof a two-dimensional singularly perturbed boundary-value problem ofnonstationary heat conduction with nonlinear boundary conditions of theStefan-Boltzmann type, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics77 (4) (2004) 700–706.

[JM5] A.K. Verma, S. Chandra, B.K. Dhindaw, An alternative fixed grid method forsolution of the classical one-phase Stefan problem, Applied Mathematicsand Computation 158 (2) (2004) 573–584.

[JM6] V.R. Voller, J.B. Swenson, C. Paola, An analytical solution for a Stefanproblem with variable latent heat, International Journal of Heat and MassTransfer 47 (24) (2004) 5387–5390.

[JM7] N.I. Gamayunor, S.N. Gamayunov, Transfer of heat and moisture in freezingof grounds, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 77 (5) (2004)953–964.

[JM8] Ã. Hermansson, Laboratory and field testing on rate of frost heave versusheat extraction, Cold Regions Science and Technology 38 (2–3) (2004) 137–151.

[JM9] T. Hirata, Y. Matsuzaki, M. Ishikawa, Ice formation of aqueous solution andits removal phenomena on vertical cooled plate, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (11) (2004) 829–834.

[JM10] C.D. Ho, A theoretical study of the recycle effect on heat transfer efficiencyin cool-thermal discharge systems from ice melting with producing chilledair, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications 46 (3) (2004) 277–299.

[JM11] C.D. Ho, H.M. Yeh, Y.S. Su, Improvement in performance of cool-thermaldischarge systems from ice melting with producing chilled air underconstant heat flux and external refluxes, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A:Applications 45 (5) (2004) 505–516.

[JM12] Y. Koyama et al., Melting points and thermal expansivities of proton-dlsordered hexagonal ice with several model potentials, Journal of ChemicalPhysics 121 (16) (2004) 7926–7931.

[JM13] R. Mehrotra, D. Kumar, Patterns in melting snow and vapor depositedlayers, Physical Review Letters 92 (25 I) (2004) 254502-1.

[JM14] K. Szilder, E.P. Lozowski, Novel two-dimensional modeling approach foraircraft icing, Journal of Aircraft 41 (4) (2004) 854–861.

[JM15] C.Y. Tuan, S. Yehia, Evaluation of electrically conductive concrete containingcarbon products for deicing, ACI Materials Journal 101 (4) (2004) 287–293.

[JM16] J.S. Turner, G. Veronis, The influence of double-diffusive processes on themelting of ice in the Arctic Ocean: laboratory analogue experiments andtheir interpretation, Journal of Marine Systems 45 (1–2) (2004) 21–37.

[JM17] N.E. Wijeysundera et al., Ice-slurry production using direct contact heattransfer, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (5) (2004) 511–519.

[JM18] K.I. Ahn et al., Numerical investigation on the heat transfer characteristics ofa liquid-metal pool subjected to a partial solidification process, Progress inNuclear Energy 44 (4) (2004) 277–304.

[JM19] F. Ajersch, F. Ilinca, J.F. Hetu, Simulation of flow in a continuous galvanizingbath: part II. Transient aluminum distribution resulting from ingot addition,Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy andMaterials Processing Science 35 (1) (2004) 171–178.

[JM20] D.M. Dos Santos, M.B. Mourao, High-temperature reduction of iron oxidesby solid carbon or carbon dissolved in liquid iron-carbon alloy,Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 33 (4) (2004) 229–235.

[JM21] S. Ghorai, G.G. Roy, S.K. Roy, Submerged liquid slag injection in steel melt:Scaleup study using cold model and dimensional analysis, Ironmaking andSteelmaking 31 (5) (2004) 401–408.

[JM22] C. Li, B.G. Thomas, Thermomechanical finite-element model of shellbehavior in continuous casting of steel, Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 35(6) (2004) 1151–1172.

[JM23] T. Bala, D.V. Pence, J.A. Liburdy, Heat transfer dynamics associated with thesimultaneous growth of solid–liquid melt layers, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (12–13) (2004) 2619–2628.

[JM24] J.E. Spinelli, I.L. Ferreira, A. Garcia, Influence of melt convection on thecolumnar to equiaxed transition and microstructure of downwardunsteady-state directionally solidified Sn-Pb alloys, Journal of Alloys andCompounds 384 (1–2) (2004) 217–226.

[JM25] J.E. Spinelli et al., Influence of melt convection on dendritic spacings ofdownward unsteady-state directionally solidified Al-Cu alloys, MaterialsScience and Engineering A 383 (2) (2004) 271–282.

[JM26] S. Sato, K. Oka, A. Murakami, Heat transfer behavior of melting polymersin laminar flow field, Polymer Engineering and Science 44 (3) (2004) 423–432.

[JM27] A.O. Nieckele, M.F. Naccache, M.S.P. Gomes, Numerical modeling of anindustrial aluminum melting furnace, Journal of Energy ResourcesTechnology, Transactions of the ASME 126 (1) (2004) 72–81.

[JM28] Y. Yashkir, M. Nantel, B. Hockley, Numerical simulation of the laserdynamics and laser/matter interactions, and its applications for lasermicro-machining, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics andMechanics 19 (1–4) (2004) 373–377.

[JM29] Z. Wei et al., Modeling of advanced melting zone for manufacturing ofoptical fibers, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 377–387.

[JM30] W.C. Yu et al., Reversing radial segregation and suppressing morphologicalinstability during Bridgman crystal growth by angular vibration, Journal ofCrystal Growth 271 (3–4) (2004) 474–480.

[JM31] S.C. Chu, S.S. Lian, F.K. Chen, 2-D finite element model simulation of themelting process of Al-Ti alloy in vacuum induction furnace with cold

crucible (VIFCC), Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 17 (3) (2004)229–237.

[JM32] H. Chung, S. Das, Numerical modeling of scanning laser-induced melting,vaporization and resolidification in metals subjected to step heat flux input,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004) 4153–4164.

[JM33] H. Chung, S. Das, Numerical modeling of scanning laser-induced melting,vaporization and resolidification in metals subjected to time-dependentheat flux inputs, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (19–20)(2004) 4165–4175.

[JM34] G. Dumitru, V. Romano, H.P. Weber, Model and computer simulation ofnanosecond laser material ablation, Applied Physics A: Materials Scienceand Processing 79 (4-6) (2004) 1225–1228.

[JM35] A.A. Gubaidullin, B.R. Sehgal, Numerical analysis of natural convection andmixing in two-fluid stratified pools with internal heat sources, Journal ofHeat Transfer 126 (4) (2004) 600–610.

[JM36] L. Han, F.W. Liou, Numerical investigation of the influence of laser beammode on melt pool, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004) 4385–4402.

[JM37] M.J. Kim, Transient evaporative laser cutting with moving laser by boundaryelement method, Applied Mathematical Modelling 28 (10) (2004) 891–910.

[JM38] G.F. Yao, G.N. Chen, Numerical simulation of transient thermal field in lasermelting process, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition) 25(8) (2004) 945–950.

[JM39] S. Nayak, H. Wang, N.B. Dahotre, Thermography during laser surfacemelting of cast aluminium alloy, Materials Science and Technology 20 (12)(2004) 1609–1614.

[JM40] A. Koc, 3-D analysis of temperature distribution in the material duringpulsed laser and material interaction, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- undStoffuebertragung 40 (9) (2004) 697–706.

[JM41] J.F. Li, L. Li, F.H. Stott, Comparison of volumetric and surface heating sourcesin the modeling of laser melting of ceramic materials, International Journalof Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004) 1159–1174.

[JM42] Y.R. Li et al., Three-dimensional oscillatory flow in a thin annular pool ofsilicon melt, Journal of Crystal Growth 260 (1–2) (2004) 28–42.

[JM43] Y.R. Li et al., Thermocapillary-buoyancy flow of silicon melt in a shallowannular pool, Crystal Research and Technology 39 (12) (2004) 1055–1062.

[JM44] Q. Liu, L.R. Chen, Analysis of melting for alkali halides based on diffusionalforce theory, International Journal of Thermophysics 25 (6) (2004) 1921–1928.

[JM45] V.S. Shagapov et al., Mathematical modelling of two-phase flow in a verticalwell considering paraffin deposits and external heat exchange, InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (4) (2004) 843–851.

[JM46] T.J. Scanlon, M.T. Stickland, A numerical analysis of buoyancy-drivenmelting and freezing, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47(3) (2004) 429–436.

[JM47] K. Dai, L. Shaw, Thermal and mechanical finite element modeling of laserforming from metal and ceramic powders, Acta Materialia 52 (1) (2004) 69–80.

[JM48] C.J. Ho, J.F. Lin, S.Y. Chiu, Heat transfer of solid-liquid phase-change(material suspensions in circular pipes: effects of wall conduction,Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications 45 (2) (2004) 171–190.

[JM49] N. Rao, D.A.M. Zhu, Heat transfer of premelted ice in micro- and nanometer-sized powders, Molecular Simulation 30 (2–3) (2004) 183–188.

[JM50] O. Dubois, R. Conradt, Experimental study on the effect of cullet and batchwater content on the melting behavior of flint and amber container glassbatches, Glass Science and Technology 77 (3) (2004) 137–148.

[JM51] V.Y. Dzyuzer, V.S. Shvydkii, V.B. Kut’in, Mathematical support for the CADtechnological subsystem of a glass-melting furnace, Glass and Ceramics(English translation of Steklo i Keramika) 61 (7–8) (2004) 211–216.

[JM52] Y.A. Guloyan, Solidification of glass in molding (a review), Glass andCeramics (English translation of Steklo i Keramika) 61 (11–12) (2004) 357–361.

[JM53] R.I. Sevast’yanov, The role of convection in glass-melting furnaces, Glass andCeramics (English translation of Steklo i Keramika) 61 (5–6) (2004) 139–141.

[JM54] Z. Cao, Z. Yang, X.L. Chen, Three-dimensional simulation of transient GMAweld pool with free surface, Welding Journal (Miami, Fla) 83 (6) (2004) 169-S.

[JM55] X. Li, S.F. Ling, Z. Sun, Heating mechanism in ultrasonic welding ofthermoplastics, International Journal for the Joining of Materials 16 (2)(2004) 37–42.

[JM56] G. Phanikumar, P. Dutta, K. Chattopadhyay, Computational modeling oflaser welding of Cu–Ni dissimilar couple, Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 35 (2)(2004) 339–350.

[JM57] W. Zhang, C.H. Kim, T. DebRoy, Heat and fluid flow in complex joints duringgas metal arc welding – Part II: application to fillet welding of mild steel,Journal of Applied Physics 95 (9) (2004) 5220–5229.

[JM58] X. Xu, C. Cheng, I.H. Chowdhury, Molecular dynamics study of phase changemechanisms during femtosecond laser ablation, Journal of Heat Transfer126 (5) (2004) 727–734.

[JM59] H. Inaba, M.J. Kim, A. Horibe, Melting heat transfer characteristics ofmicroencapsulated phase change material slurries with pluralmicrocapsules having different diameters, Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (4)(2004) 558–565.


[JM60] H. Ettouney, H. El-Dessouky, E. Al-Kandari, Heat transfer characteristicsduring melting and solidification of phase change energy storage process,Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (17) (2004) 5350–5357.

[JM61] H.M. Ettouney et al., Heat transfer enhancement by metal screens and metalspheres in phase change energy storage systems, Renewable Energy 29 (6)(2004) 841–860.

[JM62] M.A. Hamdan, I. Al-Hinti, Analysis of heat transfer during the melting of aphase-change material, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (13) (2004) 1935–1944.

[JM63] P. Lamberg, Approximate analytical model for two-phase solidificationproblem in a finned phase-change material storage, Applied Energy 77 (2)(2004) 131–152.

[JM64] P. Lamberg, R. Lehtiniemi, A.M. Henell, Numerical and experimentalinvestigation of melting and freezing processes in phase change materialstorage, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43 (3) (2004) 277–287.

[JM65] M. Fteiti, S.B. Nasrallah, Numerical analysis of a latent heat thermal energystorage system, International Journal of Heat and Technology 22 (1) (2004)161–164.

[JM66] E. Goncalves et al., Numerical solution of melting processes for unfixedphase-change material in the presence of electromagnetically simulatedlow gravity, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications 46 (4) (2004)343–365.

[JM67] Y.L. Hao, Y.X. Tao, A numerical model for phase-change suspension flow inmicrochannels, Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A: Applications 46 (1) (2004)55–77.

[JM68] S.A. Khateeb et al., Design and simulation of a lithium-ion battery with aphase change material thermal management system for an electric scooter,Journal of Power Sources 128 (2) (2004) 292–307.

[JM69] E.M. Alawadhi, Phase change process with free convection in a circularenclosure: numerical simulations, Computers and Fluids 33 (10) (2004)1335–1348.

[JM70] H. Inaba, C. Dai, A. Horibe, Natural convection heat transfer in enclosureswith microemulsion phase change material slurry, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme- und Stoffuebertragung 40 (3–4) (2004) 179–189.

[JM71] H. Koizumi, Time and spatial heat transfer performance around anisothermally heated sphere placed in a uniform, downwardly directedflow (in relation to the enhancement of latent heat storage rate in aspherical capsule), Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (17–18) (2004) 2583–2600.

[JM72] M.R. Amin, A. Mahajan, Numerical investigation of the effects of turbulencefrom submerged entry nozzle during continuous casting process, NumericalHeat Transfer; Part A: Applications 46 (3) (2004) 221–240.

[JM73] J.C. Baez et al., Fourier thermal analysis of the solidification kinetics inA356/SiC p cast composites, Journal of Materials Processing Technology153–154 (1–3) (2004) 531–536.

[JM74] A. Bermudez, M.V. Otero, Numerical solution of a three-dimensionalsolidification problem in aluminium casting, Finite Elements in Analysisand Design 40 (13–14) (2004) 1885–1906.

[JM75] T.A. Blase et al., A 3D conjugate heat transfer model for continuouswire casting, Materials Science and Engineering A 365 (1–2) (2004) 318–324.

[JM76] J. Brevick, H. Gujarathi, C. Mobley, Characterization of die casting spraylubricants: investigation of chill block melt spinning, Die Casting Engineer48 (6) (2004) 36–48.

[JM77] S.J.E. Camporredondo et al., Analysis of thin-slab casting by the compact-strip process: part I. Heat extraction and solidification, Metallurgical andMaterials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials ProcessingScience 35 (3) (2004) 541–560.

[JM78] M.A. Cruchaga, D.J. Celentano, R.W. Lewis, Modeling fluid-solidthermomechanical interactions in casting processes, International Journalof Numerical Methods for Heat and Fluid Flow 14 (2) (2004) 167–186.

[JM79] H.J. Lin, Modelling of flow and heat transfer in metal feeding system used intwin roll casting, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science andEngineering 12 (2) (2004) 255–272.

[JM80] X.B. Liu, D.H. Mao, J. Zhong, Turbulence flow and heat transfer of aluminummelt in tip cavity in process of thin-gauge high-speed casting, Transactionsof Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition) 14 (5) (2004) 940–944.

[JM81] Y. Man, Y. Hebi, F. Dacheng, Real-time analysis on non-uniform heattransfer and solidification in mould of continuous casting round billets, ISIJInternational 44 (10) (2004) 1696–1704.

[JM82] P. Nolli, A.W. Cramb, D.K. Choo, The effect of surface oxide films on heattransfer behavior in the strip casting process, Iron and Steel Technology 1(12) (2004) 117–123.

[JM83] A.G. Gerber, C. Ng, M. Gallerneault, Surface-oriented melt/substrate heat-transfer model in aluminum strip casting, Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 35 (2)(2004) 351–361.

[JM84] R. Ghasemzadeh, Mathematical heat transfer model in static andcontinuous casting, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 17 (6)(2004) 776–784.

[JM85] J.A. Hines, Determination of interfacial heat-transfer boundary conditions inan aluminum low-pressure permanent mold test casting, Metallurgical andMaterials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials ProcessingScience 35 (2) (2004) 299–311.

[JM86] A. Illah, N. Korti, Y. Khadraoui, A numerical simulation of the DCcontinuous casting using average heat capacity, Scandinavian Journal ofMetallurgy 33 (6) (2004) 347–354.

[JM87] K. Kawai, W.D. Griffiths, Heat transfer through die coatings in the Al diecasting process, Foundry Trade Journal 178 (3614) (2004) 169–172.

[JM88] J.M. Khodadadi, X.K. Lan, CFD analysis of the trajectory of inclusions inmold of continuous steel casters, Progress in Computational FluidDynamics 4 (1) (2004) 1–11.

[JM89] G. Laschet, J. Jakumeit, S. Benke, Thermo-mechanical analysis of cast/mould interaction in casting processes, Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde/Materials Research and Advanced Techniques 95 (12) (2004) 1087–1096.

[JM90] S.M.H. Mirbagheri et al., Simulation of surface roughness on the flowpattern in the casting process, Materials and Design 25 (8) (2004) 655–661.

[JM91] J.E. Spinelli et al., Microstructure and solidification thermal parameters inthin strip continuous casting of a stainless steel, Journal of MaterialsProcessing Technology 150 (3) (2004) 255–262.

[JM92] H. Wang, G. Li, J. Wang, Heat-transfer model on the improvement ofcontinuous casting slab temperature, Journal of University of Science andTechnology Beijing: Mineral Metallurgy Materials (Eng Ed) 11 (1) (2004)18–22.

[JM93] D. Xu et al., Numerical simulation of heat, mass and momentum transportbehaviours in directionally solidifying alloy castings under electromagneticfields using an extended Direct-SIMPLE scheme, International Journal forNumerical Methods in Fluids 46 (7) (2004) 767–791.

[JM94] L. Zhang et al., Finite point method for the simulation of solidification andheat transfer in continuous casting mold, Tsinghua Science andTechnology 9 (5) (2004) 570–573.

[JM95] Z. Shi, Z.X. Guo, Numerical heat transfer modelling for wire casting,Materials Science and Engineering A 365 (1–2) (2004) 311–317.

[JM96] S. Sulaiman, A.M.S. Hamouda, Modelling and experimental investigation ofsolidification process in sand casting, Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology 155-156 (1–3) (2004) 1723–1726.

[JM97] S.J. Liu, W.K. Chen, Experimental investigation and numerical simulationof cooling process in water assisted injection moulded parts, Plastics,Rubber and Composites 33 (6) (2004) 260–266.

[JM98] W. Michaeli, M. Koch, Injection transfer moulding – an innovative basis forthe processing of thermoplastic materials, Journal of Polymer Engineering24 (1–3 SPEC. ISS.) (2004) 65–79.

[JM99] S.M.H. Mirbagheri et al., Modeling the effect of mould wall roughness onthe melt flow simulation in casting process, Applied MathematicalModelling 28 (11) (2004) 933–956.

[JM100] K.N. Prabhu, K.M. Suresha, Effect of superheat, mold, and casting materialson the metal/mold interfacial heat transfer during solidification ingraphite-lined permanent molds, Journal of Materials Engineering andPerformance 13 (5) (2004) 619–626.

[JM101] T.S. Prasanna Kumar, H.C. Kamath, Estimation of multiple heat-fluxcomponents at the metal/mold interface in bar and plate aluminumalloy castings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: ProcessMetallurgy and Materials Processing Science 35 (3) (2004) 575–585.

[JM102] M.D.P. Noriega, T.A. Osswald, N. Ferrier, In line measurement of thepolymer melting behavior in single screw extruders, Journal of PolymerEngineering 24 (6) (2004) 557–578.

[JM103] M. Agop et al., Fractal characteristics of the solidification process,Materials Transactions 45 (3) (2004) 972–975.

[JM104] H. Hu et al., Effect of cooling water flow rates on local temperatures andheat transfer of casting dies, Journal of Materials Processing Technology148 (1) (2004) 57–67.

[JM105] A. Stangeland et al., Development of thermal strain in the coherent mushyzone during solidification of aluminum alloys, Metallurgical and MaterialsTransactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 35 A (9) (2004)2903–2915.

[JM106] D.V. Alexandrov, Self-similar solidification: morphological stability of theregime, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004)1383–1389.

[JM107] S. Barsi, M. Kassemi, J.I.D. Alexander, Effects of void-induced convection oninterface morphology and segregation during low-g solidification,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (23) (2004) 5129–5137.

[JM108] B.K. Dhindaw et al., Characterization of the peritectic reaction in medium-alloy steel through microsegregation and heat-of-transformation studies,Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy andMaterials Science 35 A (9) (2004) 2869–2879.

[JM109] G.A. Fernandez, J. Vrabec, H. Hasse, Self diffusion and binary Maxwell–Stefan diffusion in simple fluids with the green-kubo method,International Journal of Thermophysics 25 (1) (2004) 175–186.

[JM110] P.K. Galenko, D.A. Danilov, Linear morphological stability analysis ofthe solid–liquid interface in rapid solidification of a binary system,Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 69(52) (2004).

[JM111] V. Ginkin, A. Kartavykh, M. Zabudko, A melt clusterization within theinterfacial boundary layer and its hydrodynamics modelling at themicrogravity semiconductor single crystal growth, Journal of CrystalGrowth 270 (3–4) (2004) 329–339.

[JM112] V.D. Golyshev, M.A. Gonik, Heat transfer in growing Bi4Ge3O12 crystalsunder weak convection: II – radiative-conductive heat transfer, Journal ofCrystal Growth 262 (1–4) (2004) 212–224.


[JM113] V.D. Golyshev et al., Heat transfer in growing Bi4Ge3O12 crystalsunder weak convection: I – thermophysical properties of bismuthgermanate in solid and liquid state, Journal of Crystal Growth 262 (1–4)(2004) 202–211.

[JM114] G. Guillemot et al., A new cellular automaton – Finite element couplingscheme for alloy solidification, Modelling and Simulation in MaterialsScience and Engineering 12 (3) (2004) 545–556.

[JM115] D. Guo et al., Numerical simulation of morphology and microsegregationevolution during solidification of Al-Si alloy, Journal of Materials Scienceand Technology 20 (1) (2004) 19–23.

[JM116] K.G. Kang, H.S. Ryou, Computation of solidification and melting using thepiso algorithm, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals 46 (2)(2004) 179–194.

[JM117] G. Lambertl, Importance of heat transfer phenomena during DSC polymersolidification, Heat and Mass Transfer/Waerme– und Stoffuebertragung 41(1) (2004) 23–31.

[JM118] P.D. Lee et al., Multiscale modelling of solidification microstructures,including microsegregation and microporosity, in an Al-Si-Cu alloy,Materials Science and Engineering A 365 (1–2) (2004) 57–65.

[JM119] B.Q. Li et al., Fluid flow and solidification under combined action ofmagnetic fields and microgravity, Materials and Manufacturing Processes19 (4) (2004) 679–694.

[JM120] P. Mazumder, R. Trivedi, Integrated simulation of thermo–solutalconvection and pattern formation in directional solidification, AppliedMathematical Modelling 28 (1) (2004) 109–125.

[JM121] S. Mergui et al., Solidification of a binary mixture in a shear flow,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (6–7) (2004) 1423–1432.

[JM122] M.D. Peres, C.A. Siqueira, A. Garcia, Macrostructural and microstructuraldevelopment in Al-Si alloys directionally solidified under unsteady-stateconditions, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 381 (1–2) (2004) 168–181.

[JM123] A.M. Saleh, R.A. Clemente, A simple model for solidification of undercooledmetallic samples, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1: RegularPapers and Short Notes and Review Papers 43 (6A) (2004) 3624–3628.

[JM124] W.Y. Long et al., Phase-field simulations of solidification of Al-Cu binaryalloys, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (EnglishEdition) 14 (2) (2004) 291–296.

[JM125] L. Bizet, T. Duffar, Contribution to the stability analysis of the dewettedBridgman growth under microgravity conditions, Crystal Research andTechnology 39 (6) (2004) 491–500.

[JM126] V.A. Borodin, A.V. Zhdanov, M.V. Yudin, Growing of tubes with a smallinner diameter from the melt by the Stepanov method, Journal ofEngineering Physics and Thermophysics 77 (1) (2004) 226–234.

[JM127] M. Do-Quang, G. Amberg, T. Carlberg, Three-dimensional modelling ofradial segregation due to weak convection, Journal of Crystal Growth 269(2–4) (2004) 454–463.

[JM128] K. El Omari, J.P. Dumas, Crystallization of supercooled spherical nodules ina flow, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43 (12) (2004) 1171–1180.

[JM129] Y. Feng, X. Zhang, Effect of micro mass transfer through phase interface onnumerical simulation of solidification process, Heat Transfer – AsianResearch 33 (6) (2004) 393–401.

[JM130] M. Ito et al., Crystal growth, Yb3+ spectroscopy, concentration quenchinganalysis and potentiality of laser emission in Ca1–XYb XF2+X, Journal ofPhysics Condensed Matter 16 (8) (2004) 1501–1521.

[JM131] S. Li et al., Nonlinear theory of self-similar crystal growth and melting,Journal of Crystal Growth 267 (3–4) (2004) 703–713.

[JM132] O.A. Louchev et al., Thermally induced effects during initial stage ofcrystal growth from melts, Journal of Crystal Growth 273 (1–2) (2004)320–328.

[JM133] G.S. Roussopoulos, P.A. Rubini, A thermal analysis of the horizontal zonerefining of indium antimonide, Journal of Crystal Growth 271 (3–4) (2004)333–340.

[JM134] E. Tasarkuyu, B.G. Akinoglu, Numerical simulation of heat conduction forthe growth of anisotropic layered GaSe crystals, Crystal Research andTechnology 39 (9) (2004) 771–783.

[JM135] A. Yeckel, J.J. Derby, Dynamics of three-dimensional convection inmicrogravity crystal growth: g-jitter with steady magnetic fields, Journalof Crystal Growth 263 (1–4) (2004) 40–52.

[JM136] O. Weinstein, S. Brandon, Dynamics of partially faceted melt/crystalinterfaces I: computational approach and single step-source calculations,Journal of Crystal Growth 268 (1–2) (2004) 299–319.

[JM137] J. Kaenton et al., Effects of anisotropy and solid/liquid thermal conductivityratio on flow instabilities during inverted Bridgman growth, InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (14–16) (2004) 3403–3413.

[JM138] L.Y. Huang et al., On the hot-zone design of Czochralski silicon growth forphotovoltaic applications, Journal of Crystal Growth 261 (4) (2004) 433–443.

[JM139] A. Krauze et al., Numerical 3D modelling of turbulent melt flow in large CZsystem with horizontal DC magnetic field – I: flow structure analysis,Journal of Crystal Growth 262 (1–4) (2004) 157–167.

[JM140] A. Krauze et al., Numerical 3D modelling of turbulent melt flow in a largeCZ system with horizontal DC magnetic field, II. Comparison withmeasurements, Journal of Crystal Growth 265 (1–2) (2004) 14–27.

[JM141] Y.R. Li et al., Oxygen-transport phenomena in a small silicon Czochralskifurnace, Journal of Crystal Growth 267 (3–4) (2004) 466–474.

[JM142] C. Wagner, R. Friedrich, Direct numerical simulation of momentum andheat transport in idealized Czochralski crystal growth configurations,International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25 (3) (2004) 431–443.

[JM143] M. Li, W.W. Hu, S. Chen, Numerical investigation of FZ-growth of GaAswith encapsulant, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (14–16) (2004) 2941–2947.

[JM144] D. Rivas, Simulation of microgravity floating-zone crystal-growthexperiments in monoellipsoidal mirror furnaces, Journal of CrystalGrowth 262 (1–4) (2004) 48–58.

[JM145] M.Z. Saghir, T.J. Makriyannis, D. Labrie, Buoyancy convection during thegrowth of SixGe1-x by the traveling solvent method (TSM), Journal ofFluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 223–228.

[JM146] E. Saucedo et al., Addition of an insulating element to the modified markovmethod for CdTe single crystals growth, Crystal Research and Technology39 (10) (2004) 892–898.

[JM147] O.V. Smirnova, V.V. Kalaev, 3D unsteady numerical analysis of conjugateheat transport and turbulent/laminar flows in LEC growth of GaAs crystals,International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2) (2004) 363–371.

[JM148] R.J.C. Vaessen, M.M. Seckler, G.J. Witkamp, Heat transfer in scrapedeutectic crystallizers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47(4) (2004) 717–728.

[JM149] J. Che, S.L. Ceccio, G. Tryggvason, Computations of structures formed bythe solidification of impinging molten metal drops, Applied MathematicalModelling 28 (1) (2004) 127–144.

[JM150] J. Fukai, T. Ando, Microstructure development in alloy splats during rapidsolidification, Materials Science and Engineering A 383 (1 SPEC. ISS.)(2004) 175–183.

[JM151] W. Guan et al., Effect of droplet size on nucleation undercooling of moltenmetals, Journal of Materials Science 39 (14) (2004) 4633–4635.

[JM152] N.Z. Mehdizadeh et al., Effect of substrate temperature on splashingmolten tin droplets, Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (3) (2004) 445–452.

[JM153] D. Sivakumar, H. Nishiyama, Analysis of Madejski splat-quenchsolidification model with modified initial conditions, Journal of HeatTransfer 126 (3) (2004) 485–489.

[JM154] Z.X. Zhu et al., Heat transfer analysis of atomized droplets during highvelocity arc spraying, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China(English Edition) 14 (SUPPL. 2) (2004) 103–105.

[JM155] H. Zhang et al., Numerical simulation of nucleation, solidification, andmicrostructure formation in thermal spraying, International Journal ofHeat and Mass Transfer 47 (10–11) (2004) 2191–2203.

[JM156] L. Li et al., Substrate melting during thermal spray splat quenching, ThinSolid Films 468 (1–2) (2004) 113–119.

[JM157] D. Sivakumar, H. Nishiyama, Spreading and solidification of a molten metaldroplet impinging on a heated surface, International Journal of Heat andMass Transfer 47 (19–20) (2004) 4469–4478.

[JM158] G.M. Leahy, D. Bercovici, The influence of the transition zone water filteron convective circulation in the mantle, Geophysical Research Letters 31(23) (2004) 1–5.

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[P1] O. Almanza, M.A. Rodriguez-Perez, J.A. De Saja, Applicability of the transientplane source method to measure the thermal conductivity of low-densitypolyethylene foams, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 42(7) (2004) 1226–1234.

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[P18] T.D. Bennett, Determining anisotropic film thermal properties throughharmonic surface heating with a Gaussian laser beam: A theoreticalconsideration, Journal of Heat Transfer 126 (3) (2004) 305–311.


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[P35] K. Gorgulu, Determination of relationships between thermal conductivity andmaterial properties of rocks, Journal of University of Science and TechnologyBeijing: Mineral Metallurgy Materials (Eng Ed) 11 (4) (2004) 297–301.

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[P48] I.E. Maloka, E.T. Hashim, S.Y. Ibrahim, Effect of molecular weight on thermalconductivity of gases, Petroleum Science and Technology 22 (11–12) (2004)1507–1511.

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[P54] C.N. Ang, Y.C. Wang, The effect of water movement on specific heat ofgypsum plasterboard in heat transfer analysis under natural fire exposure,Construction and Building Materials 18 (7) (2004) 505–515.

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[S123] R. Shimoi et al., Visualization of the membrane temperature field of apolymer electrolyte fuel cell, Journal of Energy Resources Technology,Transactions of the ASME 126 (4) (2004) 258–261.

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[T1] V.V. Satyamurty, P. Ravikumar, Generation of hourly ambient temperaturefrom generalized cumulative frequency distributions, Journal of SolarEnergy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 683–695.

[T2] C. Rigollier, M. Lefèvre, L. Wald, The method Heliosat-2 for derivingshortwave solar radiation from satellite images, Solar Energy 77 (2)(2004) 159–169.

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[T12] D. Faiman et al., The negev radiation survey, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (3) (2004) 906–914.

[T13] G. Lopez, T. Muneer, R. Claywell, Comparative study of four shadow banddiffuse irradiance correction algorithms for almerÃa, Spain, Journal of SolarEnergy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 696–701.

[T14] A. Sozen et al., Use of artificial neural networks for mapping of solarpotential in Turkey, Applied Energy 77 (3) (2004) 273–286.

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[T16] A. Dayan, A. Olbinsky, G. Mittelman, On the design and analysis of apyrheliometer comprising a convex lens, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (3) (2004) 915–920.

[T17] G.L. Morrison, T. Anderson, M. Behnia, Seasonal performance rating of heatpump water heaters, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 147–152.


[T18] G.L. Morrison, I. Budihardjo, M. Behnia, Water-in-glass evacuated tube solarwater heaters, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 135–140.

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[T21] S. Knudsen, S. Furbo, Thermal stratification in vertical mantle heat-exchangers with application to solar domestic hot-water systems, AppliedEnergy 78 (3) (2004) 257–272.

[T22] J.M. Chang, Characteristic heat removal efficiency for thermosyphon solarwater heaters during the system application phase, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (3) (2004) 950–956.

[T23] C. Bales, Combitest: A new test method for thermal stores used in solarcombisystems, Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola, 2004(2147).

[T24] S.L. Abreu, S. Colle, An experimental study of two-phase closedthermosyphons for compact solar domestic hot-water systems, SolarEnergy 76 (1–3) (2004) 141–145.

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[T26] W. Wang et al., Application of suction line heat exchanger on adsorptionrefrigeration system, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of theASME 126 (1) (2004) 671–673.

[T27] G. Tamm et al., Theoretical and experimental investigation of an ammonia-water power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle, Solar Energy 76 (1–3)(2004) 217–228.

[T28] A. Sozen, M. Ozalp, E. Arcaklioglu, Prospects for utilisation of solar drivenejector-absorption cooling system in Turkey, Applied Thermal Engineering 24(7) (2004) 1019–1035.

[T29] A. Selvaraju, A. Mani, Analysis of a vapour ejector refrigeration system withenvironment friendly refrigerants, International Journal of Thermal Sciences43 (9) (2004) 915–921.

[T30] S.B. Riffat, H.A. Shehata, N.C. Srivastava, The desiccant air-conditioningsystem, International Journal of Ambient Energy 25 (3) (2004) 163–168.

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[T34] K. Gommed, G. Grossman, A liquid desiccant system for solar cooling anddehumidification, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of theASME 126 (3) (2004) 879–885.

[T35] K. Gommed, G. Grossman, F. Ziegler, Experimental investigation of a LiCI-water open absorption system for cooling and dehumidification, Journalof Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 710–715.

[T36] Y.H. Zurigat, M.K. Abu-Arabi, Modelling and performance analysis of aregenerative solar desalination unit, Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (7)(2004) 1061–1072.

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[T47] T. Sano et al., Degradation of toluene and acetaldehyde with Pt-loaded TiO2catalyst and parabolic trough concentrator, Solar Energy 77 (5) (2004) 543–552.

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[T51] M.G. Garcia et al., Solar light induced removal of arsenic from contaminatedgroundwater: The interplay of solar energy and chemical variables, SolarEnergy 77 (5) (2004) 601–613.

[T52] E.F. Duffy et al., A novel TiO2-assisted solar photocatalytic batch-processdisinfection reactor for the treatment of biological and chemicalcontaminants in domestic drinking water in developing countries, SolarEnergy 77 (5) (2004) 649–655.

[T53] M. Esen, Thermal performance of a solar cooker integrated vacuum-tubecollector with heat pipes containing different refrigerants, Solar Energy 76 (6)(2004) 751–757.

[T54] J. Franco, C. Cadena, L. Saravia, Multiple use communal solar cookers, SolarEnergy 77 (2) (2004) 217–223.

[T55] A. Abene et al., Study of a solar air flat plate collector: Use of obstacles andapplication for the drying of grape, Journal of Food Engineering 65 (1) (2004)15–22.

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[T58] H.A. Khater et al., Optimization of solar kiln for drying wood, DryingTechnology 22 (4) (2004) 677–701.

[T59] D. Jain, R.K. Jain, Performance evaluation of an inclined multi-pass solar airheater with in-built thermal storage on deep-bed drying application, Journalof Food Engineering 65 (4) (2004) 497–509.

[T60] D. Jain, G.N. Tiwari, Effect of greenhouse on crop drying under natural andforced convection II. Thermal modeling and experimental validation, EnergyConversion and Management 45 (17) (2004) 2777–2793.

[T61] J.E.Y. Hum, K.G.T. Hollands, J.L. Wright, Analytical model for the thermalconductance of double-compound honeycomb transparent insulation, withvalidation, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 85–91.

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[T63] J.E. Berinyuy, A solar tunnel dryer for natural convection drying of vegetablesand other commodities in Cameroon, AMA, Agricultural Mechanization inAsia, Africa and Latin America 35 (2) (2004) 31–35.

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[T65] H.H. Ozturk, Y. Demirel, Exergy-based performance analysis of packed-bedsolar air heaters, International Journal of Energy Research 28 (5) (2004) 423–432.

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[T69] M. Adsten, B. Hellström, B. Karlsson, Measurement of radiation distributionon the absorber in an asymmetric CPC collector, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004)199–206.

[T70] W. Chen, W. Liu, Numerical analysis of heat transfer in a composite wallsolar-collector system with a porous absorber, Applied Energy 78 (2) (2004)137–149.

[T71] M.J. Clifford, D. Eastwood, Design of a novel passive solar tracker, SolarEnergy 77 (3) (2004) 269–280.

[T72] D.G. Gomes, N.G.C.R. Fico Jr., Experimental study of energy loss in solarenergy collectors with wind fences, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,Transactions of the ASME 126 (4) (2004) 1101–1104.

[T73] N. Etherden et al., A theoretical feasibility study of pigments for thickness-sensitive spectrally selective paints, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37(7) (2004) 1115–1122.

[T74] A. Z’Graggen, A. Steinfeld, Radiative exchange within a two-cavityconfiguration with a spectrally selective window, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 819–822.

[T75] C. Wieckert, R. Palumbo, U. Frommherz, A two-cavity reactor for solarchemical processes: Heat transfer model and application to carbothermicreduction of ZnO, Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 771–787.

[T76] D. Trommer, D. Hirsch, A. Steinfeld, Kinetic investigation of the thermaldecomposition of CH4 by direct irradiation of a vortex-flow laden with carbonparticles, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29 (6) (2004) 627–633.

[T77] R.J. Price et al., Modeling the Direct Solar Conversion of CO2 to CO and [TO2],Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (10) (2004) 2446–2453.

[T78] R. Palumbo et al., Reflections on the design of solar thermal chemicalreactors: Thoughts in transformation, Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 727–744.

[T79] H. Kaneko et al., Decomposition of Zn-ferrite for O2 generation byconcentrated solar radiation, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 317–322.

[T80] M. Inoue et al., Solar hydrogen generation with H2O/ZnO/MnFe2O4 system,Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 309–315.

[T81] D. Hirsch, A. Steinfeld, Radiative transfer in a solar chemical reactor for theco-production of hydrogen and carbon by thermal decomposition ofmethane, Chemical Engineering Science 59 (24) (2004) 5771–5778.


[T82] G. Flamant et al., Solar reactor scaling up: The fullerene synthesis case study,Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 801–809.

[T83] M. Epstein, K. Ehrensberger, A. Yogev, Ferro-reduction of ZnO usingconcentrated solar energy, Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 745–756.

[T84] M. Epstein, R. Bertocchi, J. Karni, Solar fixation of atmospheric nitrogen,Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (1)(2004) 626–632.

[T85] R. Bertocchi, J. Karni, A. Kribus, Experimental evaluation of a non-isothermalhigh temperature solar particle receiver, Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 687–700.

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[T87] R. Adinberg, M. Epstein, J. Karni, Solar gasification of biomass: A molten saltpyrolysis study, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of theASME 126 (3) (2004) 850–857.

[T88] G. Chen et al., Biomass gasification integrated with pyrolysis in a circulatingfluidised bed, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 345–349.

[T89] K. Lovegrove et al., Developing ammonia based thermochemical energystorage for dish power plants, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 331–337.

[T90] C.J. Dey, Heat transfer aspects of an elevated linear absorber, Solar Energy 76(1–3) (2004) 243–249.

[T91] T. Fend et al., Porous materials as open volumetric solar receivers:Experimental determination of thermophysical and heat transferproperties, Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 823–833.

[T92] V. Flores, R. Almanza, Behavior of the compound wall copper-steel receiverwith stratified two-phase flow regimen in transient states when solarirradiance is arriving on one side of receiver, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004)195–198.

[T93] V. Flores, R. Almanza, Direct steam generation in parabolic troughconcentrators with bimetallic receivers, Energy 29 (5–6) (2004) 645–651.

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[T95] U. Minzer, D. Barnea, Y. Taitel, Evaporation in parallel pipes – Splittingcharacteristics, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 30 (7–8 SPEC. ISS.)(2004) 763–777.

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[T97] T. Taumoefolau et al., Experimental investigation of natural convection heatloss from a model solar concentrator cavity receiver, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (2) (2004) 801–807.

[T98] S.B. Riffat, X. Zhao, A novel hybrid heat-pipe solar collector/CHP system-PartII: Theoretical and experimental investigations, Renewable Energy 29 (12)(2004) 1965–1990.

[T99] L. Valenzuela et al., Direct Steam Generation in Solar Boilers, IEEE ControlSystems Magazine 24 (2) (2004) 15–29.

[T100] A. Koyun, Performance analysis of a solar-driven heat engine with externalirreversibilities under maximum power and power density condition,Energy Conversion and Management 45 (11–12) (2004) 1941–1947.

[T101] T.W. von Backstrom, A.J. Gannon, Solar chimney turbine characteristics,Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 235–241.

[T102] V.V. Pasichnyi, G.F. Gornostaev, Investigation of light guides for transfer ofsolar radiation from the focal volume of a sunlight collector to atechnological zone, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 77(3) (2004) 538–542.

[T103] A. Ferriere, G.P. Rodriguez, J.A. Sobrino, Flux distribution delivered by aFresnel lens used for concentrating solar energy, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (1) (2004) 654–660.

[T104] Y.T. Chen et al., Comparison of two sun tracking methods in the applicationof a heliostat field, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of theASME 126 (1) (2004) 638–644.

[T105] M. Brogren et al., Optical properties, durability, and system aspects of a newaluminium-polymer-laminated steel reflector for solar concentrators, SolarEnergy Materials and Solar Cells 82 (3) (2004) 387–412.

[T106] D. Weinstock, J. Appelbaum, Optimal solar field design of stationarycollectors, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME126 (3) (2004) 898–905.

[T107] M. Brogren et al., Analysis of the effects of outdoor and accelerated ageingon the optical properties of reflector materials for solar energy applications,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 82 (4) (2004) 491–515.

[T108] C. Grass et al., Comparison of the optics of non-tracking and novel types oftracking solar thermal collectors for process heat applications up to 300 Â�C,Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 207–215.

[T109] D. Hernandez et al., Analysis and experimental results of solar-blindtemperature measurements in solar furnaces, Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering, Transactions of the ASME 126 (1) (2004) 645–653.

[T110] D. Mills, Advances in solar thermal electricity technology, Solar Energy 76(1–3) (2004) 19–31.

[T111] V. Quaschning, Technical and economical system comparison ofphotovoltaic and concentrating solar thermal power systems dependingon annual global irradiation, Solar Energy 77 (2) (2004) 171–178.

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[T113] J. Karlsson, A. Roos, Evaluation of window energy rating models for differenthouses and European climates, Solar Energy 76 (1–3) (2004) 71–77.

[T114] N.K. Kapur, A comparative analysis of the radiant effect of externalsunshades on glass surface temperatures, Solar Energy 77 (4 SPEC. ISS.)(2004) 407–419.

[T115] U. Fischer et al., Heat transport and thermal expansion of electrochromicglazing systems due to solar irradiation, International Journal ofThermophysics 25 (4) (2004) 1299–1307.

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