32. phylum chordata - fayetteville state universityfaculty.uncfsu.edu/ssalek/biol130/ch 18...
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Phylum ChordataBasic Chordate Characters
• notochord• dorsal hollow nerve cord• postanal tail • segmental muscles • pharyngeal slits and bars(ventral heart)
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A Simple Chordate (Amphioxus)
compare Hickman p. 273-274
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From Lampreys to Sharks
mako
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Lamprey Anatomy
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Shark Advances over Lampreys
• jaws– from pharyngeal arches
• bony skin plates– evolved to fish scales and teeth
• pectoral and pelvic arches and fins
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Evolution of JawsCampbell Fig. 18.17B
pharyngeal bars or arches
flex points
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Chondrichthyes Examplesblack-tip reef shark
manta ray
blue-spotted sting ray
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External AnatomyHickman Fig. 15-7
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Bony Fishes
Introduction to Basic Features
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Advanced Features• swim bladder
– enabling bony skeleton, variable body forms
• operculum– to force water over gills
• fin skeletal support– for increased maneuverability
• terminal, complex mouth
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External Anatomy
operculumlateral line
homocercal tailpectoral fin pelvic fin
terminal mouth
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Amphibians
Evolution of
Tetrapods
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Amphibians
• “living a double life”Have aquatic and terrestrial
adaptations• Eggs
– fertilized in water, no shell, covered with gelatin
• Aquatic larva– Tail, lateral line, gills, no legs
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Adult Terrestrial features
• After “metamorphosis”
• Lungs replace gills• Tail disappears• Four limbs• Eardrums• Loses lateral line• Eats insects
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Amphibian groups
• Have tails– Salamanders, newts, etc.
• Lack tailsFrogs and toads
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Salamanders
Tail! walking is awkward;legs out on sides of
body
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Frogs and Toads
Tail lost!ribs and neck
reduced, hind legs enlarged
• communicate with sound
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ReptilesTurtles, Snakes, Lizards, and
Crocodilesnostril
pit organ
poison gland
glottis
hollow fang
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Reptilian adaptations
• Keratin covered scales “waterproofed”
• Eggs with shells that retain water– Amniotic egg
• Ectothermic - do not use metabolism to alter body temperature
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Reptile groups
• Lizards• Turtles• Crocidiles and alligators• Snakes
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Lizards• skin shed in patches, external ears,
usually with legs• well adapted for desert, but also in
wet, warm habitats; one iguana is semi-marine
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Examples of Lizards
Komodo dragon
iguana
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Start here
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Snakes
• body elongated, legs lost, jaws detach, anterior glottis
• move by scales and writhing• all carnivorous, but many are not
poisonous• wet or dry terrestrial, freshwater,
and fully marine habitats
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Examples of Snakescompare Campbell Fig. 18.20
garter snake
coral snake
timber rattlesnake
olive sea snake
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Crocodiles
• alligator, crocodiles, caimans, gavials• freshwater or marine• occupy all temperate and tropical
climates except Europe
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Crocodile Characteristics
• carnivores, foraging partly on land– elevated eyes and nostrils – large, socketed teeth, powerful jaws
• tail compressed laterally for swimming
• scales not shed
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Crocodilia
American crocodile
not an alligator:
narrow snout, large lower tooth exposed with mouth closed
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Turtles
shell: dorsal carapace, ventral plastron• very long lifespans• freshwater, marine, & terrestrial• omnivores or carnivores
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Turtles
terrestrial
freshwaterplastron
carapace
marine
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Birds
• Amniotic eggs, scales on legs, keratin• Feathers• Reduced skeleton and large muscles
for flying• Special lungs and circulatory system• Endothermic – make their own heat
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Feathers• light weight,
but strong– tubular, air-
filled• molted and
replaced periodically
• insulation ,water-proofing, signaling, camouflage, touch sensitivity
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Flight Muscles
White meat
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Air Sacs and Breathing
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MammalsBasic Features of the Class
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Mammal Adaptations
• endothermy, hair, sweat and scent glands
• varying teeth (“heterodont”), epiglottis
• improved olfaction, larger nasal cavity• 4-chambered heart, diaphragm• more coordination, acute senses, and
learning ability
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Endothermy
maintaining constant body temperature by using extra energy
• insulation by fat, hair, large body size• cooling by sweat, heat radiation,
panting• allows activity at low temperatures
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Hair
• manufactured by epidermis• for insulation• for signaling and camouflage• for sensing touch and air motion
– especially whiskers
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Mammalian Skin Glands
• sebaceous glands– condition, waterproof skin and fur
• sweat glands– cooling; communication by odor
• mammary glands– milk for offspring
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Mammalian Teeth
Heterodont- a standard four tooth types:
– Incisors– Canines– Premolars– Molars
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Oviparous Mammals• 3 species in one order Monotremata
– all live in Australia or New Guinea• lay eggs, but have hair and nurse
young
duck-billed platypus mother, nursingCampbell Fig. 18.22 (a)
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Marsupial Mammals
• fetuses do not fully implant in the simpler uterus
• adult females have a belly pouch (marsupium) – newborns stay inside, attached to nipple,
for months
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Marsupial MammalsCampbell Fig. 18.22B
South American tree opossum
North American opossum
Australian kangaroo
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Placental Mammals• true placenta formed by fetus and
mother• Joins the embryo to the mother
within the mother’s uterus• Embryo is nurtured by blood from the
mother• 95% of all mammals
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Placental mammals
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