31.3 vertebrates. vertebrate intro have all 4 chordate characteristics at some point of development...
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31.3 Vertebrates
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Vertebrate IntroHave all 4 chordate
characteristics at some point of development
Embryonic notochord generally replaced by vertebral column
Generally a high level of cephalization (brain and nervous system) with complex sense organs
Closed circulatory system
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Vertebrate Intro (cont’d)Jaw evolution allowed for easier
predationStrong endoskeleton allows for
large terrestrial organismsComplete digestive tractGenerally, sexes are separate
(not hermaphrodites)Sexual reproduction typical
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Vertebrate Intro (cont’d)Evolution of amnion
(extraembryonic membrane that encloses a fluid filled sac)
Some lay shelled eggsOthers are placental (e.g.
mammals) and development of offspring occurs in female uterus
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FishesEvolutionary development:
(from least to most evolved)
1. Jawless fishes (superclass Agnatha)a) About 63 speciesb) Cylindricalc) Up to 1 meter longd) Include hagfish and lampreyse) Some are parasitic
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Fishes (cont’d)2. Cartilaginous fishes (class
Chondrichthyes)a) About 850 speciesb) Include rays, sharks and skatesc) Have jaws (adapted gill arches – structure
that supports gills)d) Skeletons made of cartilage (not bone)e) Well-developed senses make good
predators:a) Ability to sense electric currents in waterb) Have lateral line system that allows them to
sense pressure changes in water from movement nearby
c) Keen sense of smell
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Fishes (cont’d)3. Bony fishes (class Osteichthyes)
a) About 20 000 speciesb) Most diverse class of all vertebratesc) Types of bony fishes:
I. Ray-finned fishesi. Include fish we commonly eat: trout, cod,
salmonii. Have a pair of fins with thin bodiesiii. Often have a swim-bladder, which regulates
buoyancyiv. Water passes into mouth and out through gill
slits: oxygen is absorbs and carbon dioxide given off
v. Heart is simple pump with two chambers (one atrium and one ventricle)
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Fishes (cont’d)II. Lobe-finned fishes
i. Evolved into amphibiansii. Had fleshy appendages that were adapted
to limbs for terrestrial lifeiii. Had a lung used for respirationiv. E.g. coelacanth, though extinct 20 000
years ago was discovered off the coasts of Eastern Africa
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