3 timber as a sustainable material
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timber in environmentally sustainable development
Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber as a Sustainable Building Material
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timber in environmentally sustainable development
Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timbers innate attractions
Timber is a light, strongmaterial, used in
building structures for
millennia because it is:
Renewable;
Simple to manufacture;
Easy to use; and
Stable and safe.
Importantly now, it is
also a store for carbon.
Woolmers pump house, Tasmania, 1841
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timber in environmentally sustainable development
Timber as a Sustainable Material
Ease of manufacture
Producing timber,poles, veneer and
engineered timber
products is a relatively
simple, low capitalprocess.
It uses few chemicals,
relatively little energy,
and produces few
pollutants.
Staff of a small veneer plant
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Transport
Logs weigh about 1tonne/m3.They are
transported from the
forest in trucks.
Most sawmills arepositioned near their
log supply, so
transport distances
are usually not long.
Logs on landing and being unloaded
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Producing sawn timber
Logs are deliveredto site, stored andthen sawn.
Because of the
character of logs,only about 35% ofhardwood and 45%of softwood logs are
converted to timber. The remainder issawdust or chipped.
Hardwood saw mills
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timber in environmentally sustainable development
Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber drying (or seasoning)
The timber is then dried. This is either in the
open air or in a kiln.
Air drying is slow and
very low energy. Air dried material can be
finished in the kiln.
Kiln drying is faster.
Often, shaving andsawdust fires the boilers
that heat the kilns.
Timber in racks for drying
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Dry milling & sale
Dry timber is gradedand sorted.
It can then be
moulded to different
shapes or sold forfurther processing.
Often, no other
processes arenecessary before it
can be used.Quality control in a dry mill
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Veneer manufacture
Logs for structural ordecorative veneer
are delivered to site.
It may be sawn into
flitches and heatedin water before
peeling or slicing.
Unused section oflog are often sawn
into timber.Stacking veneer from a slicer
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Veneer drying and grading
Once sliced orpeeled, the veneer is
dried in a dryer,
before being graded.
After grading, theveneer is trimmed
and can be laid up
into sheets.
Grading veneer
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timber in environmentally sustainable development
Timber as a Sustainable Material
Engineered products
Plywood and LVLare layers of peeled
veneer glued and
pressed together in
industrial equipment. Nail plating of
trusses requires a
simple hydraulic
press and a work
space.
Pressing nail plates
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Glue lamination
Glue laminatedmaterial is sawn
timber, planned to
give a smooth edges
and adhered with awaterproof glue.
Transport is the only
effective limitation
on the size of glulam
members
Prefabricating glulam beams
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Carbon storage in forests
During photosynthesis trees absorb CO2from the air, stores the carbon in woody
tissue and give off oxygen.
To produce 1 Kg of wood, a tree: absorb in 1.47 Kg of CO2; and
returns 1.07 Kg of oxygen to the
atmosphere
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Carbon stored in forests
In 2001, Australia'splantations and managed
forests stored a net 22.7
million tonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent. So, they stored more than
half of the greenhouse
gases emitted by all the
passenger cars in Australiathat year.
50% of CO2
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Carbon stored in building
When logs areconverted to timber
and other wood
products, the carbon
from the tree is storedin the products.
Timber buildings are
carbon stores.
Bus stop, Kings Meadow, Tasmania
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Current greenhouse accounting method
The current greenhouse accounting methodcalculates decomposition of forest productsusing product service life pools: Pool 1 - service life 3 years - paper products
Pool 2 - service life 10 years - pallets, palings Pool 3 - service life 30 years - kitchen furniture
Pool 4 - service life 50 years - poles, constructionmaterials
At the end of each pool life, the carbon isassumed to return to the atmosphere.
This may overestimate emission considerably.
timber in en ironmentall s stainable de elopment
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Alternative method
Establish five service life pools of 3, 10, 30,50 and 90 years
Establish three age groups within eachservice life pool - Young , Mid, and Old
Wood products then progress through each
age group with one of five alternatives: Progress to next age pool
Leave pool and enter landfill pool
Leave pool and enter recycling pool
Leave pool and their carbon is emitted toatmosphere
Long-term storage beyond pool service life
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Carbon
from
forest
Recycle Landfill
Bioenergy
Atmosphere
AtmosphereDecomposition
Product topermanent
storage
Longer-term storage
Leaves
pool
Young age
group of
pool
Mid age
group of
pool
Old age
group of
pool
Leaves
pool
Leaves
pool
Alternative Method
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Alternative Method
The alternative method better reflectswhat happens to wood products.
The effect on calculated emissions is
shown on the following two slides.
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Fate of Carbon in Wo od Products - decomposition over
service life, no age groups wi thin pools
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250000
300000
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Ye ar
Carb
on,
Carbon from forest
Carbon in p roduct pools
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
F ate o f Carbon in W ood P rod ucts - Age G roups W ith in Pools , w i th
Land f i l, Recycling an d Bioene rgy include d
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50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
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00
Ye ar
Ca
rbon,
Carbon f rom fores t
Total s torage in wood p ro ducts andlandfi l l poo ls
Carbo n in land fi ll p oo l
Carbon in woo d product po ols
Carbon in bioenergy po ol
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Alternative Methods - Conclusion
A life cycle approach, includingconsideration of the use of residues,
storage in service, recycling and
disposal to landfill has the potential tosignificantly decrease the contribution
from wood products to Australias
estimates of greenhouse gas emissions.
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber impacts compared to other materials
Timber is only one ofa range of materialsavailable forconstruction.
All material have animpact and it ispossible to comparetheir use inmanufacture anduse using LCAtechniques.
Shear connector positions in a glulam beam
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber uses less fossil fuel to make
1.5 235
435
0
100
200
300
400
500
Fossil fuel energy (MJ/kg)
Rough sawn timber Concrete Steel Aluminium
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Timber store carbon. Others release it
15 120
5320
250 0 0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Carbon released (kg/m3) Carbon stored (kg/m3)
Rough sawn timber Concrete Steel
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Comparative Energy Use in an idealised structure where 4
materials have an equal contribution to the structurederived from Factor 4- Doubling Wealth - Halving the Resource Use:
Embodied Energy of Materials
0
2
4
68
10
12
14
16
18
Effect
Steel
Glass
Concrete
Wood
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber has lower embodied energy
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber has lower ecological profile
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
Timber elements have lower impact
Embodied energy of differing window frames
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Timber as a Sustainable Material
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