3 organisms and environment
TRANSCRIPT
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Organisms and Environment
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Terms
• Habitat
The place in which an organism lives
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Terms
• Environment– All factors in the
surroundings that affect an organisms chances of survival and reproduction
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Terms
• NicheAn organisms
way of life or role in the community
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Terms
• Adaptation– Inherited
characteristics that increase the chance of survival and reproduction
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The Environment
• Biotic– Other organisms
• Food• Predators• Parasites• competitors
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The Environment
• Abiotic– Physical influences
• Temperature
• Light intensity
• pH
• Water supply
• Wind factors
• Salinity
• Humidity
• Minerals
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Temperature• Affects activity of enzymes
– Homeothermic animals maintain body temperature
– Cold temperatures affect life styles– Adaptations
• Dormancy• Hibernation and aestivation• Diapause• Migration
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Light
• For Photosynthesis (plants)– Causes competition
• Source of information (animals)
• Indicates photoperiod
• Indicates low relative humidity
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Mineral ions
• Low concentrations– Resource for plants
• High concentrations– Influence water concentrations
• Key role in distribution of animals and plants
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Salinity
• Marine organisms need constant salt concentration
• Fresh water organisms must remove excess water due to low salt
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Oxygen
• Terrestrial organisms above ground - not a limiting factor
• Marine and freshwater organisms - little oxygen present
• Aerobic = oxygen present
• Anaerobic = oxygen absent
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pH
• Between 3 and 9
• High pH inhibits metabolism
• Affects solubility of certain ions
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Relative Humidity
• Low humidity causes desiccation
• Three factors– Lower relative humidity means more rapid
evaporation– Outer body layer (exoskeleton, hair) – Surface area to volume ratio
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Water Flow
• Delivers oxygen
• Washes organisms away
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Range of Tolerance
• Range of physical conditions in which an organism can survive
• Physiological tolerance– Organisms tolerance in lab.
• Ecological tolerance– Tolerance of biotic and abiotic factors
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Intensity of Condition
Perf
orm
ance
of
Sp
ecie
s
Growth
Reproduction
Survival
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Biotic Environment
• Competition
• Exploitation
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Commensalism
• Allelopathy
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Competition
• When demand exceeds supply
• Density dependant– Decreases reproductive rate– Reduces population numbers
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Intraspecific Relationships
• Within species• For
– Food– Mates– Breeding territories– Space– Light– Minerals
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Competition for Mates
• By males– Fighting– Display
• Strong selective pressure for competitive ability– Sexual dimorphism
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Competition for Territory
• Territory occupied and defended– C.f. home range - area from which animal
does not stray but is not defended
• May be:– Defended all year (NZ Robin)– Site to build nest (Pukeko)– For mating (gannet)
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Avoiding Competition
• By dispersal– Passive (fungi & plants) - high mortality
rate
• Different stages of the life cycle occupy different niches
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Interspecific Relationships
• Competition between species– Exploitation– Predation– Parasitism– Mutualism– Commensalism– Antibiosis
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Competitive Exclusion Principle• Gauses Principle
• Two species cannot share the same niche indefinitely in the same habitat
• Niche - sum total of an organisms requirements
• Habitat - where an organisms lives
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Niches
• Fundamental niche– Range of conditions in which an organism
can survive under protected conditions
• Realised niche– Conditions required in the wild– Usually a narrower range
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Exploitaiton
• One species benefits at the expense of another– Predation - one organism kills another– Grazing - one organism kills part of another– Parasitism - one organism feeds off
another (the host)
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Predation
• Short term– Influence each others population numbers
• Long term– Influence evolution because under
selective pressure
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Parasitism
• Depends on host for food
• Host not killed
• Ectoparasites live outside host
• Endoparasites live inside host
• Parasitoids - one insect feeds off another
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Mutualism
• Partnership with another species
• Both benefit– Lichens - fungus and alga – Root nodules– Micorrhiza– Gut mutualists
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Commensalism
• One organism benefits, the other is not affected
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Allelopathy or Antibiosis
• One organism produces a chemical that inhibits the growth of potential competitors
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Summary of Interspecific Relationships
Species A Species B
Competition - -
Exploitation + -
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Antibiosis + -
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Explaining Niche
• Where it lives
• What it eats
• How it responds to stress
• What limits its population growth
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Pikau (Golden sand Sedge)
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Harakeke (flax)
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Kiwi
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Tui
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Weta
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Adaptations
• Structural (morphological)– Body shape, colour, apendages
• Behavioural – Nocturnal, diurnal, spitting, hiding, stinging
• Physiological (metabolism)– Tolerate high temperature, salinity
• Life history– Reproductive strategies
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Kauri Snail
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Kaki (Black Stilt)
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Bat
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Hector’s Dolphin
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Shrubby Tororaro