(3) 7, tomi ii 2008 - iverieli:...

samecniero Jurnali ,,xelisufleba da sazogadoeba

(istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine

“AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY (History, Theory, Practice)”

Научный журнал “ВЛАСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВО (История, Теория, Практика)”

№ (3) 7, tomi II

2008

EISSN 1512-4029

Ria diplomatiis asociaciis

samecniero Jurnali

Scientific magazine of

The Open Diplomacy Association

Научный журнал АССОЦИАЦИИ ОТКРЫТОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ

xelisufleba da sazogadoeba 2

UDC 378(479.22)(051.2) x. 402

saredaqcio kolegia:

SoTa doRonaZe - mTavari redaqtori

oTar qoCoraZe

- mTavari redaqtoris moadgile

oTar baRaTuria - pasuxismgebeli mdivani

rudiger andreseni, nana avaliani,

mitropoliti abraami (garmelia), giorgi

baRaTuria, evgeni baraTaSvili, vaxtang guruli,

harald vertci, Teimuraz Todua, genadi

iaSvili, roin metreveli, qeTi qoqraSvili,

rusudan quTaTelaZe, maia CxeiZe

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principebiT.

gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze pasuxismgeblia avtori. gamoqveynebuli masalebi gamoxatavs mxolod

avtorTa pozicias da SesaZloa ar emTxveodes redaqciis Sexedulebebs.

misamarTi: saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 0175 kostavas q. 77, VI korpusi VIII

sarTuli tel. 36-45-14 77 Kostava st., 0175 Tbilisi, Georgia. Tel. [995 32] 36.45.14

Mail: [email protected]

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Jurnalis eleqtronuli versia gamoqveynebulia misamarTze: http://www.gtu. edu.ge/katedrebi/kat124/

Jurnali daarsebulia 2005 wels saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis saxelmwifo marTvis kaTedris mier

mailto:[email protected]


SromaTa krebuli eZRvneba ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 90 wlisTavs.

krebulSi gamoqveynebulia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetisa da

Jurnal `xelisufleba da sazogadoebis~ erToblivi samecniero konferenciis `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba – 2008~

masalebi


sarCevi

politikis Teoria, praqtika da samarTali

giorgi astamaZe politikuri realizmis arsi----------------------------------------------- tereza jafariZe, irma xuciSvili paradigmebi makiavelisa da gviCardinis SemoqmedebaSi---- Salva kikaliSvili informaciuli omis saTaveebTan------------------------------------------ qsenia gelovani inteleqtualuri samarTali aSS-sa da inglisSi--------------- Teona lavrelaSvili momavlis saxelmwifo modelebi dasavlur filosofiur azrovnebaSi da Tanamedrove alternativebi demokratiul respublikaSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- nino rodonaia Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi----------------------------------------------------- TinaTin diakoniZeN nacionalizmi da pan-nacionaluri moZraobebi---------------------- natalia aprilaSvili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove saxelmwifosaTvis-------------------------------------------------------------------- Tamar dalaqiSvili genderi saarCevno kampaniebSi---------------------------------------------- oliko gozaliSvili politikuri kampaniis warmoebis teqnologiis zogierTi sakiTxi----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- nuca javaxiSvili imijis garegnuli komponentebi (araverbaluri komunikaciebi)---

saxelmwifo marTva da sajaro politika

zurab girgvliani saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriebi -------------------------------------------------- nino murRulia saukeTeso ganaTlebis sistema msoflioSi _ ras vswavlobT finuri gamocdilebidan -----------------------------------

maia geliaSvili, mariam geliaSvili codnisa da rwmenis urTierTSeTavsebadobis sakiTxi--------- naTia kakulia


SromiTi eTika sajaro samsaxurSi---------------------------------------- irakli xelaZe evropuli institutebi da saqarTvelos integracia evropaSi---- Sorena WiRlaZe saxelmwifo dawesebulebis konstituciuri marTva saqarTveloSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ramin siraZe euTo da saqarTvelos 2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi ---------------------------------------------------------- nino faRava PR da marketingi ------------------------------------------------------------------- sofiko sturua molaparakebis arsi, roli da mniSvneloba------------------------- gvanca gogiSvili qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba-------------------------------------------------------- daCi TaqTaqiSvili sami eqspromti qarTuli sityvis sam mecixovnes-------------- mariam lomiZe saqarTvelos satyeo seqtori ---------------------------------------

istoria da istoriis politikur-ekonomikuri da filosofiuri gakveTilebi

giorgi aladaSvili afxazeTis konfliqtis mSvidobiani daregulirebis axali xedva --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- nino melelaSvili warsulis gaazrebisa da mexsierebis politikis roli konfliqturi identobis CamoyalibebaSi (mTiani yarabaxis magaliTi)--- nino Ciqobava axali msoflio wesrigisa da geopolitikuri tranzaqciis sakiTxebi henri kisinjeris “diplomatiaSi”--------------------------- naTia firaniSvili, inga yuloSvili papi benediqte XVI -------------------------------------------------------------------- irakli TedoraZe qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi georgievskis traqtatamde -------- daviT bragvaZe, giorgi goCaSvili mesxeTeli Turqebis repatriaciis sakiTxebi---------------------------------


politikis Teoria,

praqtika

da

samarTali


XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflioSi ganviTarebulma politikurma movlenebma – gadatanilma orma msoflio omma, didi zegavlena moaxdina kacobriobis azrovnebis ganviTarebaze, rac SesaniSnavad gamoixata politikisadmi idealistur da realistur midgomebs Soris am ukanasknelis gamarjvebaSi. dReisTvis, realizmis saxeliT cnobili SexedulebaTa sistema, faqtobrivad ukve or koncefcias – politikur realizmsa da neorealizms moicavs, romelTagan, am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens pirveli maTgani da mivyveT mas TanmimdevrobiT.

politikuri realizmi dakavSirebulia h. morgenTaus, e. qaris, j. qenanis, j. hercis, r. aronisa da sxvaTa saxelebTan da misi amosavali imis mtkicebaa, rom adamianis bunebaSi konfliqturoba, agresiaa Cadebuli da rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi aris garemo, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis mTavar mizans samxedro usafrTxoeba, ZalauflebisTvis brZola warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso sistema ki TavianTi erovnuli interesebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis mebrZoli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis asparezia. miuxedavad imisa, rom am Sexedulebebs dRemde bevri iziarebs (makiavelis moZRvrebis msgavsad), politikuri realizmis ZiriTadi postulatebi Tavidanve kritikis qarcecxlSi aRmoCnda (imave makiavelis ar iyos).

politikuri realizmis SemoWra saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TeoriaSi dakavSirebulia edvard qaris saxelTan, romelmac saTave daudo axal azrovnebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

edvard qari axdens utopiisa da realobis Sepirispirebas idealizmisa da realizmis poziciebidan gamomdinare da miiCnevs, rom utopisti aris voluntaristi, romelsac swams, rom nebis gamovleniT realobis met-naklebad radikalurad uaryofa da misi utopiiT Canacvlebaa SesaZlebeli, realisti ki movlenaTa winaswargansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas aanalizebs, romlis Secvlasac SeuZleblad miiCnevs. utopisti, romelic mudmivad momavals Sescqris, SemoqmedebiTi spontanurobiT azrovnebs, realists ki fesvebi

giorgi astamaZe politikuri realizmis arsi


warsulSi aqvs gadgmuli da mizezobriobis kuTxiT fiqri urCevnia (4, 9-10).

utopiisa da realobis Sepirispirebas TavisTavad mosdevs Teoriisa da praqtikis, inteleqtualizmisa da biurokratiis, memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis Sepirispirebebi. utopisti Tavisi bunebiT Teoretikosia, romelic Teorias normad aqcevs, romelsac unda daemorCilos politikis praqtika. realisti ki politikur Teorias politikis taqtikis erTgvar kodifikaciad miiCnevs. politikaSi Teoriisa da praqtikis antiTezis konkretuli gamoxatuleba `inteleqtualisa~ da `biurokratis~ dapirispirebaa. pirveli xelmZRvanelobs a’priori debulebebiT, meore ki empiriuli gamocdilebiT da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom inteleqtuali im banakSi aRmoCndeba, romelic praqtikis Teoriisadmi daqvemdebarebas cdilobs, biurokrati ki piriqiT. utopiisa da realobis, anu Teoriisa da praqtikis antiTeza kidev erTxel meordeba radikalisa da konservatoris, anu memarcxenisa da memarjvenis antiTezaSi. radikali xSir SemTxvevaSi utopistia, xolo konservatori – realisti. inteleqtuals, anu Teoriul adamians, bunebrivad ufro memarcxeneoba izidavs, iseve rogorc biurokrats, anu praqtikoss – memarjveneoba. memarcxenes aqvs goneba, xolo memarjvenes – sibrZne. aq edvard qars lord bolduinis sityvebi moaqvs magaliTad, romelic ambobda: `mxolod silogizmebiT xelmZRvaneloba umoklesi gzaa uZiro ormosken.~ aqve iSleba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi or mxares Soris – eTikis problema. utopisti qmnis eTikur standarts da cdilobs politika mas dauqvemdebaros, realistisTvis ki nebismieri standartis Rirebuleba, garda faqtisa, logikurad miuRebelia. pragmati politikosisaTvis eTika politikis TvalsazrisiT unda aixsnas da politikis miRma eTikuri normebis Zieba warumateblobisTvis aris ganwiruli (4, 10-17).

edvard qaris Sromis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, politikuri realizmis Teoritikosebs Soris udavod ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs warmoSobiT ebrael germanelsa da mogvianebiT amerikaSi gadasaxlebul hans ioaxim morgenTaus, romlis naSromi `qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa da mSvidobisaTvis~ erTgvar manifestadac ki iTvleba politikur realizmSi. morgenTaum Tavis wignSi politikuri realizmis eqvsi principi Camoayaliba: 1. politika imarTeba obieqturi kanonebiT, romelTa fesvebi adamianTa bunebaSia. es kanonebi ZiriTadad


iseTive rCeba, rogoric pirvelad aRweres Zveli CineTis, indoeTisa da saberZneTis filosofosebma. saerTaSoriso politikis xasiaTi SesaZloa dadgindes mxolod politikuri qmedebebisa da maTi uSualo Sedegebis Sefasebis gziT. saxelmwifo moRvawem unda miiRos gadawyvetileba sagareo problemasTan dakavSirebiT garkveul pirobebSi da es gadawyvetileba unda iyos spontanuri, gamomdinare realuri viTarebidan. 2. saerTaSoriso politikaSi gzis gagnebis mTavari saSualeba erovnuli interesebis koncefciaa. erovnuli interesebi ki ZlierebaSi, Zalauflebis miRwevaSi mdgomareobs, amitom politika avtonomiuria sxva sferoebisagan. saxelmwifo moRvawe fiqrobs da moqmedebs erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare. politikuri realizmi miiCnevs, rom kargi sagareo politika aris racionaluri sagareo politika, radgan igi amcirebs risks da zrdis Sedegs. 3. interesebi gamoixateba ZlierebaSi, ZalauflebaSi da politikuri realizmi miiCnevs, rom suverenuli saxelmwifo da misi interesebi istoriuli procesis Sedegia. Tu suverenuli saxelmwifoebis samyaro aRar iqneba, maSin erovnuli interesebic azrs kargavs. 4. politikur qmedebebs zneobrivi ganzomileba da zneobrivi mniSvneloba aqvT. zneobriv moTxovnilebebsa da Sedegian politikur qmedebas Soris xSirad winaaRmdegoba arsebobs. realizmidan gamomdinare, universaluri zneobrivi principebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saxelmwifoTa qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi maTi abstraqtuli universaluri mniSvnelobiT da isini unda `gaifiltros~ drosa da sivrcis konkretul pirobebSi. SesaZlebeli Sedegebidan yvelaze momgebianis `arCeva~ politikosos umaRlesi miRwevaa. 5. arc erTi erisa da saxelmwifos zneobrivi miznebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebad. 6. politikis sfero avtonomiuria. politikis sferoSi Sefasebebi unda moxdes ara sayovelTao zneobrivi normebisa Tu wesebis Tanaxmad, aramed politikuri Sedegianobis mixedviT. es ar niSnavs imas, rom politikosi uzneo unda iyos, magram misTvis umaRlesi zneoba misi qveynis interesebia. (1, 18-21).

morgenTaus naazrevma imdenad didi zegavlena moaxdina saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriaze, rom misi Tanamedrove Tu Semdgomi xanis Teoretikosebis umravlesobam gamoTqva mosazreba politikuri realizmis fuZemdeblisa da misi naSromis Sesaxeb.

neorealizmis ideologi keneT uolci miiCnevs, rom morgenTaus Sexedulebebis mixdviT Tanamedrove (imdroindeli)


politikuri azrovneba or skolad iyofa – utopistebad, maTi optimisturi filosofiiT adamianisa da politikis Sesaxeb da realistebad, romlebic xedaven, rom samyaro `adamianis bunebaSi Tandayolilad arsebuli Zalebis Sedegia~ (3, 48).

uolcis azriT, morgenTau aRiarebs, rom Sejibri, SezRuduli raodenobiT arsebuli dovlaTis xelSi Casagdebad, romelsac msaji ar hyavs da konkurentebs Soris ZalauflebisTvis brZola adamianis Tandayolili borotebis ganxilvis gareSec SeiZleba aixsnas. ZalauflebisTvis brZola imitom iwyeba, rom adamianebs garkveuli ramis floba surT da ara imitom, rom maT boroti zraxvebi aqvT. aqve, morgenTau iyenebs frazas: `politikuri warmateba izomeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia erT adamians sxvebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Zalauflebis SenarCuneba, gazrda an demonstrireba.~ Zalaufleba TiTqos TavisTavad mizania, magram politikuri dapirisprebis pirvel mizezze Tu gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, Zalaufleba mxolod konkurenciis aucilebel instrumentad mogvevlineba. Tumca, morgenTau Zalauflebisken adamianis Tandayolil swrafvas ufro ZiriTad faqtorad miiCnevs, vidre im SemTxveviT pirobebs, romlebSic ZalauflebisTvis brZola mimdinareobs, razec mianiSnebs misi gancxadeba, rom `samyaroSi, sadac Zalauflebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, racionaluri politikis gamtarebel arcerT ers ar aqvs arCevani Zalauflebis uaryofisa da misi mopovebis survils Soris da romc hqondes, individis sakeTildReod mimarTuli Zalauflebis Jinis wyalobiT, Cven mainc aRmovCndebodiT naklebad STambeWdavi, magram aranaklebad sagulisxmo zneobrivi naklovanebebis pirispir~ (3, 46-47).

mTlianobaSi, xsenebuli principebi ar gveCveneba axal ideebad, es imitom, rom realizmi, rogorc idea, antikurobidan iRebs saTaves. aseT mesaZirkvled SegviZlia miviCnioT berZeni istorikosi Tukidide, romelic Tavis naSromSi `istoria~ saubrobs peloponesis omis winamZRvrebze da xazs usvams aTenis aRzevebas spartis sawinaaRmdegod, rac iqca am omis mizezad. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT patara polisebis lavirebas Zlierebs Soris sakuTari Tavis gadasarCenad, saerTodac, Tanamedrove politikuri viTareba dagvigdeba Tvalwin da gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom miiCneva Tukidide realizmis winamorbedad.

politikuri realizmis udidesi warmomadgenelia florencieli nikolo makiaveli, romelmac Tavisi politikuri mrwamsi Camoayaliba naSromSi `mTavari~. makiaveli istoriul movlenebs praqtikosis TvaliT uyurebs da sakuTar


politikur filosofias rCeva-darigebis saburvelSi axvevs. makiavelis azriT, politikaSi zneobrivi normebi emorCileba saxelmwifos interesebs. `mizani amarTlebs saSualebebs~ _ es aris makiavelis naSromis fundamenturi azri (5, 181-183). makiavelisTvis politika da zneoba sxvadasxva sferoebia, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqti ki gardauvali movlena, rac zedmiwevniT emTxveva hans morgenTaus naazrevs.

mesame didi winamorbedi politikuri realizmisa aris ingliseli Tomas hobsi, romlisTvisac samyaroSi, romelSic ar aris uzenaesi xelisufleba, bunebrivi mdgomareobaa `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.~ iq, sadac ar arsebobs uzenaesi xelisufleba, ar arsebobs kanonic, xolo iq, sadac ar aris kanoni, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes samarTlianoba. hobsis SexedulebaTa Tanaxmad, adamianebisa da xalxebis bunebrivi mdgomareoba omisTvis mzadeba da omia. mSvidobac ki omisTvs molodoni da misTvis mzadebaa.

realizmis samive winamorbedis Sexedulebebidan cxadad ikveTeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa iseTi suraTi, romelSic batonobs Zala da sadac susti ganwirulia. am Sexedulebebidan gamomdinareobs agreTve isic, rom saerTaSoriso viTareba yovelTvis anarqiiT xasiaTdeba, rom yovelTvis arsebobs omis saSiSroeba, rom amgvar pirobebSi zneobrivi normebis gamoyeneba metad saTuoa.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove realizms, mis koncefciaze didi gavlena iqonia germaneli maqs veberis Sexedulebebma. m. smiTis azriT, swored veberis saxels ukavSirdeba realizmis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis Tanmimdevrulad Camoyalibeba. veberis wvlili realizmis koncfciaSi sul cota Semdegia: 1. saxelmwifosa da politikis sul cota miseuli gansazRvra; 2. saerTaSoriso politika, rogorc qveynebs Soris dausrulebeli brZola; 3. politikaSi pasuxismgeblobis eTika. veberis azriT, saxelmwifoebi CarTulni arian gadarCenisaTvis dausrulebel brZolaSi da amdenad mSvidoba mxolod konfliqtis sxva formaa;

politikuri realizmis Teoriis ganviTarebaze waruSleli kvali datova protestantma Teologma rainhold niburma, romelic Tavisi ZiriTadi saqmianibis garda aqtiuri pirovneba iyo da misma Teoriebma didi gavlena iyonia aSS-is sagareo politikis Camoyalibebaze civi omis pirobebSi. niburis azriT, znebrivi qceva adamianisTvis Znelia, magram SesaZlebeli, Tumca, rodesac pirovneba moqmedebs jgufis saxeliT, is kargavs pirovnulobas da xdeba masis nawili. niburma mkacrad gaakritika misi drois amerikuli


warmodgenebi sagareo politikaze da xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom xangrZlivi izolaciis Sedegad aSS sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebSi ver grZnobda imas, rom saerTaSoriso politikis safuZvels mainc Zala warmoadgens. aSS CaerTo msoflio batonobisaTvis brZolaSi da idealisturi warmodgenebi msoflio wesrigze daviwyebas unda mieces. niburis azriT, politikuri Teoria politikuri praqtikidan, sinamdvilidan gamomdinareobs.

politiuri realizmis kidev erTi arqiteqtoria diplomati jorj qenani, romlis mTavari wvlili politikuri realizmis mZlavr koncefciaSi aqtiuri diplomatiis gamoyenebis ideiT gamoixateba. qenani mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs diplomatiur manevrirebas, magram ar aviwydeba, rom istoriuli sinamdvile da erovnuli interesebi diplomatiur SesaZleblobebs garkveul CarCoebs uqmnian, Tumca rogorc diplomati, darwmunebulia Tavisi profesiis SesaZleblobebSi da miaCnia, rom gulubryvilo moralizmTan da wminda samxedro midgomasTan SeadrebiT, politikur moqnilobas upiratesobebi moepoveba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi diplomatiis mniSvnelovan rols aRniSnavs agreTve cnobili mecnieri da saxelmwifo moRvawe henri kisinjeri, romelic Tanamedrove realizmis erTerT TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad aris miCneuli.

politikuri realizmis kidev erTi Teoretikosi, frangi raimon aroni fiqrobs, rom hegemonuri saerTaSoriso urTierTibebi ufro stabiluri da mSvidia. misi azriT, arsebobs mSvidobis sami tipi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen msoflio politikaze, esenia: 1. wonasworoba. 2. erTerTi monawilis dominireba. 3. erTerTi monawilis sruli upiratesoba.

amerikeli arnold volfersi saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa arss suverenul saxelmwifoTa urTierTqmedebaSi xedavs da zogadad, unda iTqvas, rom volfersi yvelaze ufro `moqnili~ realistia. is saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikur miznebs wyvil-wyvilad ajgufebs: 1. `flobis~ miznebi, e.i. erovnuli damoukidebloba, fizikuri gadarCena, teritoriuli mTlianoba. 2. `garemos~ miznebi, anu isini, romelTac erovnul sazRvrebs gareT saerTaSoriso garemoze zemoqmedeba unda moaxdinon. volferss miaCnia, rom saxelmwifos sagareo politika unda warimarTos erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare, xolo erovnuli interesebi moicavs teritoriul mTlianobas, damoukideblobas da gadarCenas. amave dros, erovnuli


interesebis gansazRvra xdeba faseulobaTa ierarqiidan gamomdinare, magram yvelaze xSirad yvelaferi nacionaluri usafrTxoebiT iwyeba (3, 67-73).

mTlianobaSi, realizmis koncefcia mimarTulia politikuri idealizmis anu utopizmis winaaRmdeg da igi uaryofs saerTaSoriso sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Secvlisa da gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebs. realizmis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso sitemis ganmsazRvreli bevri faqtori verasodes Seicvleba. suverenul saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebSi da maT interesebSi harmoniis miRweva SeuZlebelia, xolo suverenuli saxelmwifoebis erovnuli miznebi da interesebi xSirad konfliqturi xasiaTisaa da omebis gamomwvevic. amitom, amgvar pirobebSi wina planze gamodis saxelmwifoTa Zalis, Zlierebis sakiTxi. Zalis primati politikuri realizmis Teoriis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia.

saxelmwfos Zliereba ramdenime komponentisagan Sedgeba, romelTa Sorisac, pirvel yovlisa qveynis geografiul maxasiaTeblebs asaxeleben. `mTavar realists~ - hans morgenTaus, miaCnia, rom `yvelaze stabiluri faqtori, romelsac qveynis Zliereba emyareba, misi geografiuli Taviseburebebia.~ saxelmwifos Zlierebis sxva komponentebia bunebrivi resursebi, samrewvelo potenciali, mosaxleoba, qveynis mTavroba, romelmac gadamwyveti roli unda Seasrulos qveynis yvela resursis mobilizaciisa da saTanado SemTxvevebSi pozitiurad gamoyenebis kuTxiT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT ekonomikuri faqtoris roli, romelic sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba dResdReobiT. yovelive zemoxsenebuli ki saxelmwifo Zlierebis yvelaze nacad indikators – samxedro Zlierebas eqvemdebareba. politikuri realizmi miiCnevs, rom vinaidan saerTaSoriso sistema anarqiulia, Zala da politika urTierTdakavSirebulia. samxedro Zala TavisTavad gadarCenis da keTildReobis garantia ver iqneba, magram igi orives arsebiTi komponentia. Zala saxelmwifo diplomatiis zurgic xdeba, mis gareSe diplomatias azri ekargeba, radgan Zala nebismieri saxelmwifos bolo komponentia politikur bataliebSi. diplomatebi midian garigebaze, kompromisze, radgan ician ra moxdeba Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegad, anu rogorc Tomas Selingi ambobda, roca sakmarisi Zala gaqvs, `vaWrobac~ aRar ginda (2, 82-83). didi samxedro Zlierebis mqone saxelmwifos ZaliT SeuZlia moipovos is, rac sWirdeba da daicvas is, rac abadia. qveyanas yvelaferi ZaluZs, Tu mas aqvs sakmarisi


Zliereba, anu saqme dgas omis dawyeba-ardawyebasTan. samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba oms, Zaladobas niSnavs, omi ki sulieri faseulobebisa da materialuri resursebis zarals niSnavs, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi es gardauvali aucileblobaa, ase Tvlis realzmi.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare realizmis Teoria Semdegnairad gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs: 1. saerTaSoriso sistemis wamyvani monawileebi eri-saxelmwifoebi anu suverenuli saxelmwifobi arian. 2. saSinao politika da sagareo politika gansxvavdeba. 3. saerTaSoriso politika anarqiul garemoSi ZalauflebisTvis brZolas warmoadgens. 4. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela suevrenuli saxelmwifo Tanasworuflebiania, Zlieri da susti saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebi da roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mainc gansxvavebulia.

politikuri realizmis Teoriis ganxilva naTels hfens imas, rom meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi momxdarma orma msoflio omma kacobriobis azrovnebaze didi zegavlena moaxdina da wina planze wamowia Zalis primati. am Teorias momdevno xanebSi bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda Tundac misi moraluri principebidan gamomdinare, magram erTi ram cxadia: ama Tu im epoqis gabatonebuli Tezisebi asaxavs Sesabamisi epoqis xalxis umravlesobis suliskveTebas da radgan kacobriobas yovelTvis eqneba midrekileba politikuri pirvelobisken, Sesabamisad politikuri realizmis Teoriac arasdros dakargavs Tavis aqtualobas. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. makiaveli nikolo, mTavari, Tb., 1984 2. morgenTau hans, `politikuri realizmis eqvsi principi~,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qresomaTia, Tb., 2004

3. rondeli aleqsandre, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, Tb., 2006

4. uolci keneT, adamiani, saxelmwifo da omi, Tb., 2003 5. qari edvard, `utopia da realoba~, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobaTa Teoria, qrestomaTia, Tb., 2004


Summary

Georgi Astamadze

The concept of political realism has

The concept of political realism has developed since ancient times. The

first representative of this concept was a Greek historian Thucydides, who started

the process of analyzing and evaluating the deeds of the Greek city-states. Later,

the most noted representatives of the concept were English Thomas Hobbes and

Italian Niccolo Machiavelli, who played a significant role in the formation of political realism as a concept of the world-wide scale.

Foundation of political realism as a political science is connected with

the name of American Jewish scientist – Hans Joachim Morgenthau, who summed

up the main features of the human psychology and concluded that the main

attributes to the world politics are aggressive human nature, national interests and

the passion to political power, where the morale plays less or absolutely no role in

the whole process. Among the followers of Morgenthau’s theory where such

distinguished political scientists and public men as George Kennan, Henri

Kissinger, Reinhold Niebuhr and others, who never doubted that the bedrock of

the world politics has always been and will always be based on pragmatic and

realistic interests of the world’s most superior nations.

Резюме

Георгий Астамадзе

Суть политического реализма

Концепция политического реализма развивалась с

древнейших времен. Первым представителем этой концепции был

греческий историк Фукидид, а затем самыми выдающимися

представителями концепции были итальянец Николо Макиавелли и

англичанин Томас Гобс.

Основание политического реализма как политической науки

связано с именем американского ученого-политолога Ганса Иоахима

Моргентау, который сделал вывод, что агрессивный человеческий характер, национальние интересы и страсть к политической власти

являются сущностью мировой политики. Среди самых известных

сторонников Моргентау были такие политологи мирового ранга, как

Джордж Кеннан, Генри Киссинджер, Райнхольд Нибур и другие,

которые считали, что мировая политика всегда была и будет основана

на прагматических и реалистических интересах нации.


Cvens mier warmodgenili Tema miznad isaxavs didi italieli saxelmwifo moRvaweebisa da moazrovneebis nikolo makiavelisa da franCesko gviCardinis politikuri Sexedulebebis analizs, maTi politikuri traqtatebis „mTavarisa“ da „Txzulebebis“ safuZvelze. maT winaSe gadaSlili iyo qaoturad Wreli samyaro, romelic analitikuri gonebisa da mkacri logikisaTvis erT-erTi saintereso obieqti gaxldaT. makiaveli da gviCardini Seunelebeli yuradRebiT akvirdebodnen, swavlobdnen, ikvlevdnen socialur-politikuri organizaciis sxvadasxva formebs, maT arsebiT niSan-Tvisebebs, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikur safuZvlebs, kanonmdeblobas, xelisuflebis organoebs, kulisebsmiRmur intrigebs, diplomatiur xrikebs, rasac esoden uxvad sTavazobda maSindeli evropis socialur-politikuri viTareba. gviCardinisa da makiavelis politikuri moZRvreba miznad isaxavs pasuxi gasces iseT kiTxvebs, Tu rogori unda iyos jansaRi da sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifo wes-wyobileba, rogor SeiZleba politikuri krizisis daZleva, italiis amaRleba erTiani suverenuli saxlmwifos donemde da ucxoel dampyrobTa gandevna. praqtikuli politikis kvlevisas makiavelisa da gviCardinis yuradRebis centrSi yovelTvis idgnen Zlierni ama qveynisani. swored maTi moqmedebebis gaanalizebas da Sefasebas mieZRvna maTi brwyinvale naSromebi. sanam, uSualod politikuri paradigmebis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, Tvali gadavavloT imdroindeli italiis kulturul-politikur mdgomareobas. renesansis epoqaSi italia evropuli kulturis medroSe xdeba. evropis sxva qveynebi iseTive gancvifrebiTa da Suris TvaliT uyureben italiuri xelovnebisa da mecnierebis triumfs, mis simdidresa da fufunebas, rogorc odesRac germaneli barbarosebi uTvalTvalebdnen romis didebas. magram, mTeli es brwyinvalebac ki ver malavs italiis uricxv satkivars, mis sisxlian Wrilobebs, mis erovnul ubedurebas. pirvel rigSi, es gaxlavT qveynis Sinagani

tereza jafariZe, irma xuciSvili politikuri paradigmebi nikolo makiavelisa da

franCesko gviCardinis SemoqmedebaSi


gaTiSuloba da daqsaqsuloba. im dros, rodesac evropis zogierT qveyanaSi-safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da inglisSi ukve dasrulda centralizebul saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebis procesi, Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT gamofituli, samoqalaqo omebiT sisxldaclili, saerTo nacionaluri interesebis moRalate mTavrebisa da papebis saparpaSod qceuli italia urTierTmoSuRle wvril feodalur samTavroebad Tu TviTmmarTvel respublikebadaa dayofili: veneciisa da genuis respublikebi da milanis sahercogo Crdilo italiaSi, florenciis respublika, mediCebis samflobelo-Sua italiaSi, papebis saxelmwifo Sua da Crdilo italiaSi, spoletodan-ravenamde gadaWimuli neapolis samefo samxreT italiaSi; sienisa da lukas saqalqo respublikebi toskanaSi, uamravi sinioriebi, markizatebi da sahercogoebi... ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis gamaognebeli siWrele da sxvadasxvaoba; SinaaSlilobebis, diplomatiuri intrigebis, politikuri avantiurebis warmoudgenlad rTuli xlarTi-aseTia makiavelisa da gviCardinis droindeli italiuri sinamdvilis zogadi suraTi. Seqmnilma mdgomareobam garkveuli gavlena moaxdina italiuri politikuri azris ganviTarebaze. am periodis politikur moazrovneTa Soris Tavisi siRrmiTa da sidiadiT gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs nikolo makiavelisa da franCesko gviCardinis. maTi zogierTi Sexeduleba politikur Tu moralur sakiTxebze sxvadasxva reaqcias iwvevs. amitom maTi sworad gagebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania im epoqis gaazreba, romelSic isini cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen. stendalma gviCardinis „moRalate aramzada uwoda“. edgar kinem ki xuTgverdian, „italiur revoluciebSi“ Seagrova gviCardinis sawinaaRmdego braldebebi. maTgan naxevari mainc rom yofiliyo simarTle, arcerTi italieli arasodes warmoTqvamda mis saxels zizRis gareSe. stendali gamsWvaluli iyo Tavisuflebisa da erTianobis ideebiT, ar uyvarda gviCardini imdenad, ramdenadac uyvarda makiaveli. gviCardini xom winaaRmdegi iyo erTianobis, emsaxureboda papebs, mediCebs, gaiqca florenciidan sakuTari keTildReobis dasacavad. yvela es faqti fasdeboda, rogorc umZimesi danaSauli samSoblos winaaRmdeg. magram rodesac juzepe kanestrinis mier dabeWdili aTtomeuli gamovida, gviCardinis adrindeli usamarTlo Sefasaebebis Sesaxeb, pirvelad frangi eJen benua alaparakda. misi mosazrebebi ki ganamtkica didma italielma istorikosma paskuale vilarim. gviCardinis naSromis gaazreba rTuli iyo. is werda da moqmedebda ise,


rom misi azrebis amocnoba yovelTvis advili ar iyo. amitomac, misi araswori Sefaseba sirTules ar warmoadgenda. gviCardinis mniSvnelovan naSroms warmoadgens „florenciis istoria“, romelic 1508-1509 wlebSi daiwera. man aRwera movlenebi 1378 wlidan 1509 wlamde da gaakeTa politikuri sistemebis SedarebiTi analizi. demokratia Seadara mediCebis tiranias da mivida im daskvnamde, rom optimaluri mmarTvelobis forma florenciaSi oligarqia iyo. is ar amarTlebda erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis sistemas, rCeboda respublikuri principebis erTguli. gviCardini cdilobda garkveuliyo problemaSi florenciis evoluciis istoriuli analizis, politikuri mosazrebebis mixedviT. igi SeCerda saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formaze da mivida Semdeg daskvnamde: iq, sadac ar aris ndoba gamocdili adamianebisadmi da sadac saqme wydeba susti da gamoucdeli xalxis mier, saxelmwifo daemsgavseba samares. gviCardini Zalian afasebda makiavelis. 1521 wlis 12 maisiT daTariRebul werilSi mas werda: „Tqven yovelTvis iyaviT eqstravaganturi, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqone adamiani da yovelTvis iyaviT gamomgonebeli axali da uCveulo ambebisa“ (3.133) makiavelis idealia erTiani italiis respublika. mas politikuri daqucmacebulobis mTavar mizezad papoba da daqiravebul laSqarze agebuli sistema miaCnda. italiis erTianobis misaRwevad ki makiaveli erTaderT gzad tiranias Tvlida, romelic nebismieri saSualebiT gaaZevebda ucxoel dampyroblebs qveynidan da gaaerTianebda italias. igi mxsnelad yofnis movaleobas akisrebs mTavars, romelsac specialuri naSromic ki miuZRvna. nikolo makiavelis xedva italiis gadarCenaze, mis aRdgenaze ukavSirdeba mediCebis sagvareulos. swored maT warmomadgenels lorenco mediCis miuZRvna es nawarmoebi. “amJamad aravinaa iseTi, viszedac igi (italia) ufro met imeds amyarebs, vidre Tqvens brwyinvale gvarze”-werda makiaveli mediCebs. (2.231) misi azriT, italielebi Zlierebis, simarjvisa da sazrianobis mxriv maRla dganan. magram, rodesac isini mravalricxovan laSqrad erTiandebian, mTeli maTi Rirseba qarwyldeba, vinaidan saqmis mcodneni urCni arian, xolo yvelas surs saqmis mcodned warmoaCinos Tavi. radgan jer ar gamoCenila siqveliT yvelaze maRla mdgomi kaci, romelsac yvela uyoymanod daemorCileba. swored, amitomaa rom amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi mxolod italielebisgan Semdgari jari yovelTvis marcxs ganicdida. magram mediCebma misi imedebi ver


gaamarTles, risi mizezic kargad aqvs gaanalizebuli franCesko gviCardinis. gviCardinis araerTxel aRuniSnavs, rom mediCebisaTvis marTvis uflebebis CamorTmevis mizezs warmoadgenda maT mier gamoyenebuli Tavisufali marTvis xerxebi. mediCebs rom poziciebi SeenarCunebinaT, maT mxarSi unda amodgomodnen megobrebi. xalxs Rrmad hqonda gamjdari siyvaruli didi sabWos mimarT, Sesabamisad veranairi siTbo da daxmareba ver amoZirkvavda am grZnobas. xalxis mTavroba sxvagvarad unda iqceodes-Tu xelisuflebas arseboba swadia, is unda iyos sasiamovno yvelasaTvis da aaridos Tavi moqalaqeTa Soris ganxeTqilebas. Tu es ver iqneba miRweuli, maSin Sedegad viRebT xelisufalTa cvlas. religias makiaveli ganixilavda ara, rogorc qristes kults, aramed rogorc iaraRs saero xelisuflebisa da patriotizmis ganmtkicebisaTvis da saerTod, religiur-ideologiuri sistemis Secvla makiavelis Rrma istoriul problemad miaCnda. makiavelis Rrma patriotizma didi asaxva hpova XIX saukunis italiaSi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis dros da poetma juzepe karduCim ase gamoxata igi: “me var italia didebuli da erTiani da me aRmzarda nikolo makiavelim” (4.66). makiavelisagan gansxvavebiT, gviCardinim italiis gaerTianebis realur variantad konfederaciis idea wamoayena. man aranaklebi politikuri realizmiT dagvanaxa Tu rogor unda momxdariyo italiis gaerTianeba: calkeul saxelmwifo organizmebs Soris ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli gansxvaveba Tanmimdevrulad SeiZleba waSliliyo mxolodamxolod aseTi tipis gaerTianebis CarCoebSi. istoriulma gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom swored aseTi tipis gaerTianeba moxda XIX saukunis italiaSi. makiaveli maRal Sefasebas aZlevda gviCardinis: - “ra bedniereba iqneboda italiisaTvis, rom am adamianma SeZlos gaakeTos yvelaferi, rac mas surs”- werda is. (4.67). magram, gviCardinis sityvebma “me ar vici erTianobis ar qona bedniereba iyo Tu ubedureba Cemi qveynisa, radgan Tu italiam ufro meti ubedureba gadaitana roca daSlili iyo, vidre erTiani, samagierod mTeli am xnis manZilze mas Tavis miwaze hyavda imdeni ayvavebuli qalaqi, ramdenic erTobis SemTxvevaSi ar eyoleboda” – sayovelTao siZulvili gamoiwvia XIX saukunis axalgazrda italielTa Soris. konservatorebi da faSistebi ki mas amisTvis adidebdnen.


politikuri Sefasebebidan gamomdinare, makiaveli sul ufro mets fiqrobda zogadad italiis da konkretulad, florenciis gaWirvebaze da cdilobda moeZebna gamosavali. igi seriozulad da Rrmad iwyebs fiqrs adamianis bunebis, mmarTvelisadmi moTxovnebisa da misi pirovnebis moraluri Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom adamianis fsiqologiis Seswavlis interesi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis, makiavelis Semoqmedebisa da cxovrebis ZiriTad motivad iqca. makiaveli cdilobda diplomatiuri xelovnebis Cayenebas saxelmwifo samsaxurSi. diplomatia ki adamianis fsiqologiuri Seswavlis gareSe warmoudgenelia. erT-erTi pirveli nawarmoebi, romelic makiavelim Seqmna “mTavari” iyo (1513). man sayovelTao yuradReba miipyro da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. magram erTi ram cxadi iyo. daRvinebuli politikosisa da gamocdili saxelmwifo moRvawis naazrevma Tavisi politikuri TeoriebiT mkveTrad gauswro Tavis epoqas. “mTavars” yovelTvis Tan axlda skandaluri da umagaliTo dideba, romelsac uSualod ukavSirdeba “makiavelizmis” gageba, romelmac TavisTavad momavali TaobebisaTvis Seqmna ori gansxvavebuli saxe. erTi mxriv, veragi, uprincipo, mkacri da meore mxriv, erovnuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli politikosisa. makiavelis miaCnda, rom yoveli qveyana Tavad unda eZebdes sakuTari qveynis SigniT im potencials, romelic mas gareSe Zalebis damarcxebaSi daexmareba. amasTan dakavSirebiT is werda: “ucxoeli moxaliseni arasodes ar ekuTvnebian saukeTeso jariskacebis ricxvs. piriqiT, eseni arian qveynis naZiralebi” (1.34). qveynis Zlierebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvlad makiaveli Zlieri laSqris yolas miiCnevda da mmarTvelis mTavar rolze da pasuxismgeblobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. mmarTvelisa, romlis mTavari xeloba da sazrunavic omi unda iyos yvela im Zalis mimarT, romelic misi qveynis dapyrobas moindomebs. italiis damxoba mxolod imiT aixsneba, rom amdeni wlis manZilze misi samxedro Zliereba martooden daqiravebulTa razmebs emyareboda. rogorc, ki imperatoris Zalaufleba Sesustda italiaSi da papis gavlenam saero cxovrebaSi sagrZnoblad imata qveyana mraval samTavrod daqucmacda, vinaidan bevrma didma qalaqma aRmarTa iaraRi Tavisi didebulebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic adre imperatoris wyalobiT Cagravdnen maT. eklesia piriqiT, qalaqebs


mfarvelobda saero cxovrebaSi Tavisi gavlenis gasamtkiceblad, bevr qalaqSi maTTive moqalaqeni dasxdnen mTavrebad. sabolood, italia papisa da ramdenime respublikis xelSi aRmoCnda. magram, raki arc papebs, arc moqalaqeebs samxedro saqmis araferi gaegebodaT, amitom ucxoelebis daqiraveba daiwyes. makiaveli Tanamedrove istorikosebisgan gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo problemebs ganixilavda saero da ara Teologiuri poziciidan da cdilobda aexsna sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebi, romlebic eyrdnoboda istoriis movlenebs, adamianis fsiqikas, realuri faqtebisa da viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, igi mivida daskvnamde, rom damoukidebeli italiuri saxelmwifos Seqmna mxolod Zlier xelisufals SeeZlo. idealuri mmarTvelis magaliTad ki makiavelis romaniis hercogi Cezare borja miaCnda, romelmac kanonierebis ignorirebiT SesZlo aqcenti gaekeTebina zneobriobaze da ise ganemtkicebina Tavisi xelisufleba. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaferi rac politikas emsaxureba, dadebiTad unda CaiTvalos, xolo rac ewinaaRmdegeba-uaryofiTad. saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare, ki is nebismier saSualebas dasaSvebad miiCnevda, radgan “mizani amarTlebs saSualebas”, gamarjvebulebs ki ar asamarTleben. makiavelis azriT, erTi mTavari ver SeZlebs, rom yvela Tavisi qveSevrdomis siyvaruli daimsaxuros. magram imdeni goniereba ki unda gamoiCinos, rom piradma urTierTobebma qveynis interesebi ar daazianos. aseve igi zomierad guluxvi unda iyos. mTavari romlis mizanicaa gulmowyalis saxelis moxveWa, fufunebasa da xelgaSlilobaze uars ver ityvis, rac “bolosdabolos iZulebuls gaxdis gadasaxadebiT xalxs suli amoxados, mebaJed iqces da fulis saZieblad araferze uari ar Tqvas. ase TandaTanobiT SeaZulebs Tavs qveSevrdomebs da gaRatakebuli sabolood dakargavs maT pativiscemas” (2.175) amis Taobaze gviCardins Semdegi azri aqvs: mTavrebi xelisuflebaSi moyvanili arian ara piradi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed mTlianad xalxis. maT miecaT Semosavali ara, imitom rom, sakuTari qoneba SeenaxaT. amitom, siZunwe, rogorc mTavris damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba ufro amazrzenia, vidre kerZo pirSi. magram, Zunwobaze saZageli mflangvelobaa. qveSevrdomisaTvis gamorTmeva ufro Seuracxmyofelia, vidre saerTod ar micema. magram xalxs


moswons mflangveli mmarTveli, radganac maTSi imedi didia imisa, rom male isinic iqnebian mimRebTa rigebSi. (1.162) mTavari an sakuTarsa Tu Tavis qveSevrdomTa simdidres flangavs an sxvebisas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas momWirneoba marTebs, meoreSi ki mis guluxvobas ar unda hqondes sazRvari. mTavari uxvad unda gascemdes laSqrobis nadavls molaSqreebze. makiavelis mTavris erT-erT Rirsebad saukeTeso mrCevlis yolas miiCnevs: “mTavris unarianobaze, uwinares yovlisa, im pirTa mixedviT msjeloben, romelic mas gars axvevia. Tu maT TavianTi adgili aqvT miCenili da misi erTgulni arian, mTavari yovelTvis brZen kacad iqneba miCneuli” (1.215). magram, Tu saqme sxvagvaradaa mTavars SeiZleba yovelTvis cudi TvaliT uyurebdnen, radgan kariskacTa araswori arCevani ukve misi pirveli Secdomaa. rodesac mTavari xedavs, rom misi kariskaci TavisTavze ufro mets zrunavs, vidre masze da rom yvelaferSi mxolod sakuTar gamorCenas eZebs aseTi kaci arasodes ar ivargebs kariskacad. Zlieri mTavrebic ki saWiroeben mrCevlebis daxmarebas. mmarTvelebs gviCardini or jgufad hyofs: arc Tu ise gonierni, romlebic ver axerxeben xalxis gamocnobas da Zunwebi. xdeba isec, rom mrCevlis daxmarebas is mTavrebi saWiroeben, romlebic ar arian uzrunvelyofilni zemoTxsenebuli erT-erTi TvisebiT mainc. mTavris mrCeveli unda gamoirCeodes araCveulebrivi SesaZleblobebiT, aseTi xalxi ki iSviaTobaa. Tu qveSevrdomi miatovebs mTavars amis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi is aris rom, mmarTveli piradi wyenis gamo amJRavnebs maTdami siZulvils. franCesko gviCardini mmarTvelobas hyofda sam formad: erTi piris mier, ramdenimes erTad da umravlesobis mier. misi azriT, yelaze rTuli iyo optimatebis mmarTveloba, ramdenadac igi arabunebrivi iyo. pativmoyvareobiT optimatebi Cadiodnen yvela borotebas, rasac tirania ikadrebda. yvelas swams, rom erTi adamianis yofna qveynis saTaveSi ufro misaRebia. igi kargad arTmevs Tavs dakisrebul movaleobas, magram aseTma mmarTvelobam SeiZleba cudi saxe miiRos da igi memkvidreobiTi gaxdes. Tavisufleba respublikaSi aris samarTlianobis mosamsaxure. igi icavs erTs meores xelyofisagan. gviCardins swams, rom Tu erTi an ramdenime piris Zalauflebis dros SenarCunebuli iqneba samarTlianoba, maSin Tavisuflebis survili arcTu ise didi iqneba. sasurvelia nebismieri moqalaqe ar daibados qveSevrdomad da Tu es mainc ase moxda, sjobs mTavars emsaxuros, vidre


respublikas. es ukanaskneli qveSevrdomebs ufro amdablebs, vidre moqalaqeebs. mTavari ki orives erTnairad. ai, aseT Sefasebas aZlevs mmarTvelobas gviCardini. makiaveli mTavars dapyrobili teritoriebis SenarCunebis gzebsac usaxavs. Tuki zne-CveulebebiTa da kulturulad msgavsi samflobelos xelSi Cagdeba surs mTavars, man musri unda gaavlos uwindeli mTavris sagvareulosa da ucvleli datovos maTi kanonmdebloba da xarkis akrefis wesi. ucxo samflobelos dapyrobisas, ki igi mTavars urCevs TviTon dasaxldes dapyrobil teritoriaze, rac ganamtkicebs da gaaxangrZlivebs mis mflobelobas, radgan mTavari CanasaxSive advilad SeniSnavs da CaaxSobs dapyrobil xalxTa amboxebas. mTavris iq yofna ucxoel Tavmdasxmelebs daafrTxobs da igi piradad gaakontrolebs administraciul mmarTvelebs. axali samTavroebis SesanarCuneblad makiaveli mTavars urCevs or-sam adgilas koloniebis daarsebas, romlebic garkveuli azriT, am qveynis damcvelTa rols Seasruleben an dapyrobil qveynaSi cxenosanTa Tu qveiTTa mravalricxovani razmebis Cayenebas. koloniebi arc ise Zviri ujdeba mTavars da marTlac, istoriulma praqtikam daadastura, rom koloniebis daarsebam saSualeba misca bevr xelisufals, mtkiced moekida fexi ama Tu im aneqsirebul qveyanaSi. xolo, rac Seexeba laSqris yolas dapyrobil teritoriaze, naklebad sasargebloa, radgan maTi Senaxva Zviri ujdeba mmarTvels da amave dros mosaxleobis did ukmayofilebas iwvevs maTi qveynis molaSqreTa banakad gadaqceva. Tavisuflebas naCvevi qalaqis marTva gacilebiT Znelia mTavris Zalauflebas naCvev qalaqTan SedarebiT. respublikebSi, sadac cxovreba duRs, arasdros Caqreba dakarguli Tavisuflebis xsovna. misi SenarCuneba isev sakuTari moqalaqeebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. magram makiavelis mosazrebiT, yvelaze saimedo xerxi misi SenarCunebisa aris qalaqis dangreva da daqceva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebi yovelTvis ecdebian amboxebis gziT daibrunon Tavisufleba. Semdgom siZneles warmoadgens axali wes-wyobilebis damyareba, romelic aucilebelia Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ar arsebobs ufro Zneli, ufro saeWvo da saxifaToO gza warmatebisaken, vidre axali wesrigis dafuZneba, radganac siaxlis danergvas yvela eWvis TvaliT uyurebs, miT umetes isini, visTvisac xelsayreli iyo Zveli wesrigi. gviCardini amis Taobaze wers, rom Tu qveyanaSi iseTi wyobaa, romlis atana SesaZlebelia, maSin moqalaqeebi


respublikaSi mcxovrebi ar ecdebian Secvalon igi ukeTesobisaken, radganac mas xSirad gauareseba mosdevs. Tavisuflebis mizani is ar aris,rom yvelam marTos saxelmwifo. mmarTveli unda iyos is, vinc imsaxurebs am Tanamdebobas. mniSvnelovania kanonebis gaTvaliswineba. Tavisufali wyobis pirobebSi kanonebi ufro mkacrad aris daculi vidre erTi an ramdenime piris marTvis Jams. italiis ubedureba, aRniSnavda gviCardini, is aris rom xalxisTvis ar aris sakmarisi mxolod Tavisufleba da isini ar kmayofildebian, manam sanam ar miiReben monawileobas marTvaSi. (1.142-143) makiavelis azriT, gamarTlebulia, sisastikis gamoyeneba, rodesac mxolod erTxel mimarTaven mas, rogorc Tavdacvis aucilebel saSualebas, Semdeg ki xels iReben masze. xolo avad iyeneben winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, roca TandaTanobiT da sistematurad avlenen TavianT sisatikes. aq kargad Cans makiavelis didi fsiqologiuri niWi da dakvirveba. sruliad sapirispiros wers gviCardini. misi mefisnacvlobis dros arasdros ar scemda pativs simkacresa da sastik sasjelebs, rac saboloo jamSi sasurvel Sedegs iSviaTad aRwevda. sasurvelia, rom mTavari mis qveSevrdomebs uyvardeT da eSinodeT kidevac misi, magram raki orives SeTanxmeba Znelia, Tuki iZulebuli iqneba maTgan erT-erTi airCios maSin ujobs SiSs unergavdes xalxs d ara siyvaruls. radgan siyvaruli mxolod movaleobis grZnobazea dafuZnebuli, romelic kacTa sulmokleobis gamo advilad qarwyldeba, rogorc ki amas angareba daupirispirdeba. maSin rodesac, SiSs ganapirobebs isev SiSi, sasjelis SiSi. mTavari ise unda nergavdes SiSs, rom Tuki siyvaruls ver moixveWs, siZulvili mainc aicilos Tavidan. isic didi saqmea, rom xalxs eSinodes Seni, magram ar sZulde. Zalian didi sxvaobaa imas Soris Tu rogor cxovroben da rogor unda cxovrobdnen kacni. vinc imis gulisaTvis, rac unda momxdariyo iviwyebs imas rac axla xdeba, umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavisave dRegrZelobas. amitom mTavars, romelsac Zalauflebis SenarCuneba surs unda hqondes misi unari, rom drodadro iviwyebdes sikeTes da garemoebebisda mixedviT, iyenebdes an ar iyenebdes am unars. makiavelis azriT, ar moiZebneba iseTi kaci romelic Semkuli iqneba yvela sikeTiT da RirsebiT, magram mTavari imdenad keTilgonieri ki unda iyos, rom Tavidan icilebdes yvela im biwierebas, rasac SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakrgvinos. Tu kargad gavaanalizebT yvelafers, aRmoCndeba rom aris zogi ram, rac


erTi SexedviT SeiZleba siqveled mogveCvenos, magram daRupvas uqaddis mTavars, romelic miznad daisaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas. zogierTi biwi SeiZleba mTavars da qveyanas sasikeTod waadges. mTavari ver uerTgulebs imas, ris gamoc adamians karg kacad Tvlian, vinaidan saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad xSirad iZulebulia imoqmedos erTgulebis, moyvasisadmi siyvarulis, adamianobis, sarwmunoebis sapirispirod. mTavrebi xSirad akeTeben ara imas, rac saWiroa, aramed imas, rac hgoniaT mizanSewonilad. mTeli ubedureba isaa, rom xalxi ver xvdeba, Tu raoden saSiSia cxovreba im adamianis Zalauflebis qveS, romelsac ar SeuZlia marTva. es sabolood qveynis ganadgurebas iwvevs. gviCardinis azriT, saxelmwifoebi iseTive mokvdavni arian, rogorc xalxi. saxelmwifo kvdeba ara materialuri ukamrisobiT, aramed mavne mmarTvelobiT. saxelmwifos Zlieri aRnagoba aqvs, kargad axdens winaaRmdegobis gawevas. igi kargad rom imarTebodes mudmivi iqneboda. gviCardinis naazrevis analizisas SeiZleba paraleli gavaloT dRevandel yofierebasTan. igi Tavis “TxzulebebSi” aRniSnavs, rom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia Cinovniks avukrZaloT qurdoba. misi msaxurobis dros daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen gubernatorebi da miuxedavad mcdelobisa ver axerxebda ebrZola korufciasTan. gviCardinis azriT, mdidars ufro met pativs scemen vidre wesiers. sami ramis naxva surda gviCardinis sicocxlis bolomde, Tumca aRniSnavda rom, rac ar unda didxans ecocxla amas ver miaRwevda: 1). kargad mowyobili respublika mis qveyanaSi; 2). italia-gaTavisuflebuli yvela barbarosisgan; 3). msoflio - gaTavisuflebuli tiraniisgan da papebisgan. amgvarad, aRorZinebis politikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi makiavelisa da gviCardinis mier Seqmnili italiis gaerTianebis Tanmimdevruli Teoria mniSvnelovani SenaZeni iyo, romelic efuZvneboda realuri viTarebis analizs da nakarnaxevi iyo Rrmad gaanalizebuli patriotizmiT. Tuki Cven italiis istorias SevadarebT Tanamedrove epoqas, davinaxavT Zalian bevr msgavsebas dRevandelobasTan. yovel epoqaSi ama Tu im saxelmwifos damarcxebis mTavari mizezi iyo da iqneba Siangani gaTiSuloba. dResac Cvens qveyanaSi es gaTiSuloba SeiniSneba, rasac SesaniSnavad iyeneben Cveni mowinaaRmdegeni. daZabulobis dros qveyanaSi gamoCndebian xolme adamianebi, romlebic moxerxebulad iyeneben Seqmnil situacias sakuTari Tavis gandidebisTvis.


amitomacaa, rom makiavelisa da gviCardinis Sexedulebebi saxelmwifos saukeTeso mmarTvelis saqmianobis Sesaxeb dResac Zalian aqtualuria. Tavis datvirTvas ar kargavs arc maTi, gansakuTrebiT ki makiavelis Sexedulebebi omisa da jaris Sesaxeb. vinaidan, msoflio ise rogorc arasdros dgas SeiaraRebuli safrTxis winaSe. amitomac, yvela xelisufalisaTvis da saerTod yvela CvenTaganisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania dafiqreba da gaazreba gviCardinis sityvebisa: „is rac axla xdeba da rac moxdeba momavalSi, ukve iyo warsulSi. mxolod sxva saxeliTa da sxva elferiT. magram amis Secnoba marto mas SuZlia, vinc am yovelives maxvili TvaliTa da yuradReboT akvirdeba da icis rogor moiqces“ (Ricordi politici e civili, 76).

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1). n. makiaveli “mTavari”, Tb., 1984

2). f. gviCardini “сочинения”, M, 1934

3). l. xubaSvili “makiavelis ideebis asaxva XVI-XVIIIs.s. inglisur

dramaturgiaSi”, Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi, krebuli #2, Tb, 2000

4). l. xubaSvili “italiuri nacionalizmisa da saxelmwifoebrivi

mowyobis saTaveebTan (XIII-XVIs.s.), krebuli “eTnikuroba da

nacionalizmi”, Tb., 2002

5). z. CimakaZe, a. gvimraZe “makiaveli da misi epoqa”, Tb., 2005

6). ru.wikipedia.org

7). www.krugosvet.ru

8). www.lib.ru

http://www.krugosvet.ru/

http://www.lib.ru/


Summary

Irma Khycishvili, Tereza Djaparidze

Political paradigms in the creativity Nicolo Machiavelli and Francesco

Guicciardini

The theme presented by us sets as the purpose the analysis of political views of

great Italian statesmen and thinkers Nicolo Machiavelli and Francesco

Guicciardini on the basis of their outstanding works "Prince" and "Compositions".

The political doctrine of these thinkers gives answers to questions–how it should be a healthy and valuable political system, how it can be overcome political crisis

in the country. They investigated economic bases of the state, various forms of

socio-political organizations and they offered the best of them to the governors of

the states.

Our purpose was finding political paradigms in creativity of these great thinkers,

which revealing and acceptance will be expedient for statesmen of any epoch.

Р Е З Ю М Е

Ирма Хуцишвили, Тереза Джапаридзе

Политические парадигмы в творчестве Никколо Макиавелли и

Франческо Гвичардини

Представленная нами тема ставит целью анализ политических воззрений

великих итальянских государственных деятелей и мыслителей Никколо

Макиавелли и Франческо Гвичардини на основе их выдающихся

произведений “Князь” и “Сочинения”.

Политическое учение этих мыслителей дает ответы на вопросы – каким

должен быть здоровый и жизнеспособный государственный строй, как надо

преодолеть политический кризис в стране, исследовали экономические

основы государства,различные формы социально-политической

организаций и наилучшие предлагали правителям государств.

Нашей целью было найти в творчестве этих великих мыслителей

политические парадигмы выявление и принятие которых будет целесообразным для государственных деятелей любой эпохи.


kacobriobis istoria savsea omebiT, konfliqtebiT, dapirispirebebiT da ra Tqma unda warmoudgeneli iqneboda maTi warmarTva informaciuli bazis gareSe. swored informaciis ama Tu im gziT miwodeba igebda an iwyebda axal oms. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan kargad SeiZleba gavaanalizoT da ganvixiloT is uamravi magaliTi romelic mogvepoveba am kuTxiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am TvalsazrisiT istoriuli faqtebis seriozuli kvleva TiTqmis ar Catarebula saqarTveloSi. es ki kidev ufro matebs sakiTxs aqtualobas da Tu im faqtsac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dRes saqa-rTvelosTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania im informaciuli omis sworad warmarTva da CvenTvis logikur Sedegamde miyvana, maSin sakiTxi kidev ufro prioritetuili xdeba. dResdReobiT saerTaSoriso arenaze mimdinareobs kvleva informaciuli omisa da informacili iaraRis irgvliv. gavrcelebuli ganmartebiT infomaciuli iaraRi aris is ramac zegavlena SeiZleba iqonios adamianis gonebaze, mentalobaze, mis uflbebsa da Tavisuflebebze. 2000 wels senatorma denis j. kusiniCma waradgina bili, romelSic saubari iyo iaraRze. bili Seicavda iaraRTa nusxas: `iaraRad iTvleba is rasac moaqvs sikvdili, ziani, ganadgureba pirovnebisa, biologiuri sicocxlisa, mentaluri janmrTelobisa, mosaxleobis mizanSi yola informaciuli omisa an maTi gonebis kontrolis mizniT.~ winamdebare naSromSi Sevecdebi ganvixilo is istoriuli magaliTebi, romlebic ase Tu ise kavSirSi arian informaciul omTan. maraTalia informaciuli omi im momentidan iwyeba rodesac gvelis saxiT eSmakma acduna eva, magram naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebi moTavsebulia VIII saukunis Sua wlebsa da XVI saukunis Sua wlebs Soris. ra Tqma unda yvela faqtis aRnusxva da gaanalizeba ver moxerxda drois simcirisa da masalis sididis gamo, magram warmodgenili iqneba am periodis umniSvnelovanesi faqtebi da movlenebi da ganxiluli iqneba maTi mniSvneloba.

Salva kikaliSvili informaciuli omis saTaveebTan


VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Seiqmna papebis saeklesio samefo im miwebisagan, romelic pipin moklem gadasca pap stefan II. am miwebis gadacema saTanado aqtiTac gaformda, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi papebisaTvis, radgan igi paps karolingebiosadmi daqvemdebarebuls xdida. xelisuflebis dasakanoneblad papebma daiwyes TavianTi uflebebis Teoriuli dasabuTeba, imis damtkiceba rom es saCuqari modioda ara pipin moklesagan aramed imperator kontantine didisagan (306-337). ase Caeyara safuZveli yalb dokument `konstantines naboZvars.~ `konstantines naboZvars~ saukuneebis manZilze efuZneboda papobis Teokratiuli pretenziebi. masSi eWvi aravis Sehqonda. igi imdenad ganmtkicda, rom mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze, saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. papoba yovelTvis gamoirCeoda informaciuli omis warmarTvaSi, isini yovelTvis saTavisod iyenebdnen SeTxzul Tu namdvil faqtebs. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia zemoT xsenebuli `konstantines naboZvari,~ romlis siyalbe mxolod XV saukuneSi daasabuTa italielma humanistma, lorenco valam (1407-1457). Tumca arc amis Semdeg momxdare miwebis CamorTmeva, radgan papobam `omi~ moigo. es `samefo~ dResac arsebobs vatikanis saxiT. kidev erTi aRsaniSnavi faqti rac papobis mier warmarTul informaciul oms Seexeba aris `jvarosnuli laSqrobebi.~ 1095 wlis 26 noembers safrangeTis qalaq klermonSi Ria cis qveS Sedga kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio kreba, romelsac eswreboda 14 arqiepiskoposi, 225 episkoposi da 100 abati. aqve iyvnen dabali saeklesio ierarqiis warmomadgenlebic da mravali saero piri. romis papma urban II mgznebare sityviT mimarTa sazogadoebas. man damswreebs Seaxsena, rom ukve karga xania ierusalimisa da palestinis wminda adgilebs urjulo seljukebi daepatronnen, isini bilwaven qristianul siwmindeebs, Seuracxyofen misionerebs, mlocvelebs da kidev mraval borotebas Cadian. amitom is rogorc RvTis msaxuri dedamiwaze, valdebulad Tvlis Tavs mouwodos saRvTo omisaken yvelas, visac iaraRis tareba SeuZlia, gailaSqron urjuloTa winaaRmdeg da gaanTavisuflon qristes saflavi, romelic gansacdelSia. es aris istoriis manZilze erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gancxadeba, romelsac mohyva jvarosnuli laSqrobebis wamowyeba. es is periodia rodesac romis eklesia mowodebis simaRleze dgas, mas advilad SeuZlia zemoqmedeba iqonios mis samwysoze, romelic Zalian didia. papma urban II droc


SesaniSnavad SearCia da daZra Tavisi armia aRmosavleTis miwebisken, romelsac man “rZisa da Taflis mdinareebi”(1, 227) uwoda. TiTqos mniSvnelovani araferia amaSi magram, papma albaT sworad gaTvala Tavisi nabiji. man icoda, rom bevri iqneboda imaTi ricxvi romlebic rwmenis gamo wavidodnen aRmosavleTSi, magram man isic icoda Tuki materialuri gamdidrebis perspeqtivas dasaxavda maSin `morwmuneTa” ricxvi gaormagdeboda. amiT iyo gamowveuli is faqti rom jvarosnuli laSqrobebiT sazogadoebis yvela fena dainteresda. informaciis miwodebiT paps saSualeba mieca manipulireba moe-xdina adamianTa gonebaze. klermonis saeklesio krebis Semdeg romis papma specialuri legatebi dagzavna sxvadasxva mxareSi mosaxleobis dasarazmad. es yvelaze kargi gza iyo informaciis gasavrceleblad, Tan sasuliero pirebs ufro meti ndobiT Sexedavdnen da maTi qadagebac ufro damajerebeli iqneboda. am periodis legatebs Soris saxeli gaiTqva petre mwirma (meudabnoem), anu pier amianelma. igi jer kidev 1094 wels yofila ierusalimSi da masze didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia warmarTTa saSinelebebs. cnobis Tanaxmad wminda saflavTan locvaSi CaZinebul petre mwirs macxovari gamoecxada da auwya: `Zvirfaso Svilo petre, adeqi wadi Cems patriarqTan da gamoarTvi Cem mier gagzavnili werili, samSobloSi Sen unda mouyve im ubedurebaTa Sesaxeb romelic Tavs daatyda wminda adgilebs. Sen unda gamoaRviZo morwmuneni raTa ganwmindon ierusalimi da daixsnan wmindanebi warmarTTa msaxvrali xelisagan, rameTu samoTxis kari Riaa maTTvis vinc me avirCie da visac movuwode”.(1, 227) seriozuli ideologiuri safuZvlebis Semzadebis Semdeg petre mwirma qadageba daiwyo da SesaniSnavad gaarTva Tavi. male man iseTi avtoriteti moipova, rom mis jors bewvs aZrobdnen da inaxavdnen, rogorc uwmindes relikvias. miuxedavad imisa, rom petre mwiris mier Segrovilma xalxma mizezTa gamo ver miaRwia dasaxul mizans Zalze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom erTma adamianma moaxerxa da gavlena iqonia TiTqmis mTels centralur da CrdiloeT safra-ngeTze. religiuri motiviT igi SesaniSnavad axdenda xalxiT manipulirebas, romelTaTvisac macxovris mier gamogzavnili werilis naxvac ki sakmarisi iyo. aseTi mqadageblebi mTeli jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros mravlad iyvnen. magaliTad pap evgeni III dros gamorCeuli iyo abati bernardi klermonadan, romelmac


daarwmuna safrangeTis mefe lui VII da germaniis imperatori konrad III meore jvarosnul laSqrobaSi mieRoT monawileoba da 1147 w. daiwyo kidec “mogzaurobebi”. aseve aRniSvnis Rirsia IV jvarosnuli laSqrobis ideologi inokenti III. mis mowodebas mravali momxre gamouCnda gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda samRvdeloebis qveda ierarqia. mxardamWerTa Soris gamoirCeoda fulko neluli, gaunaTlebeli magram mWevrmetyveluri niWiT dajildoebuli fanatikosi. misi sityva xalxze warmoudgenel zemoqmedebas axdenda, xmebi gavrcelda fulkos saswaulmoqmedi ZaliT avadmyofTa gankurneba da sxva mravali saswaulis moxdena SeuZliao. aTasobiT adamiani iRebda jvarsa da maxvils, rodesac is jvarosnuli laSqrobisken mouwodebda. mqadagebelTa Soris aseve gamoirCeoda cistertanelTa monastris abati marti; qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT bazelSi is morwmuneebs mouwodebda wminda saflavis gasaTavisufleblad, amasTanave dasZenda rom gardauval jildos zecaSi Tan daerTvoda amqveyniuri sikeTeebic “eWvi ar gvepareba - ambobda is -rom mravali Tqvengani bednierebas povebs miwier saqmeebSic.” (1, 241) meoTxe jvarosnul laSqrobaSic sulierTan erTad wina planze iyo wamoweuli materialuri keTildReobis sakiTxic. Cemi azriT, swored aman gansa-zRvra misi warmateba. papebma sworad miawodes informacia sazogadoebas da yve-la imiT daaintereses rac namdvilad sWirdebodaT aman ki, jvarosnebi `did ga-marjvebamde~ miiyvana. saerTod oms igebs is visac meti informaciuli baza aqvs. omi aq ar unda iyos gagebuli pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. aq SeiZleba saubari iyos ideologiur dapirispirebazec. magaliTad aRniSvnis Rirsia arnoldo breSieli, romelic aris romis komunis ideologi. SesaniSnavi ganaTlebis mqone breSeli im eklesias daupirispirda, romlis msaxuric gaxldaT. is qadagebda: “eklesiis fuZemdebeli ieso qriste da misi mowafe-mociqulebi srul siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen, amitom Tu Tqven eklesias mTels Zalauflebasa da simdidres waarTmevT, Tqven keTili qristianebi gaxdebiT, es samarTliani da RmerTisTvis misaRebi saqmea.” (1, 273) mas sam papTan hqonda dapirispireba: inokenti III, evgeni III da adriane IV 1139w. lateranulma krebam misi moZRvreba eretikulad gamoacxada, CamoarTva mas mRvdlis wodeba da SeaCvena. magram breSeli ar fiqrobda danebebas, amis Semdeg is kidev orjer SeaCvenes sabolood ki igi 1155 sikvdiliT dasajes. jer CamoaxrCves, Semdeg dawves da fefrfli mdinare


tibrSi gadayares. erT-erTi wyaros mixedviT `rom ara SiSi xalxi mis ferfls Seagrovebda da pativs miagebda rogorc wamebuls~ (6) radgan sikvdilis winac erTad-erTi locvis neba iTxova da didi simamaciT Seegeba sikvdils. didi dapirispireba arsebobda fridrix II hopenStaufensa (1144-1250) da pap grigol IX (1227-1241) Soris. grigol IX gankveTa imperatori im braldebiT, rom igi ar gaemgzavra jvarosnul laSqrobaSi, magram fridrixi mainc wavida da uomrad, zaviT moaxerxa is rasac Tavis droze mravali sicocxle Seewira. 1229w. man zavi dado sulTan al-qamilTan da aTi wliT ierusalimi, nazareTi, beTlemi mis xelSi gadavida. amave wels man Tavisi xeliT daidga Tavze ierusalimis mefis gvirgvini qristes saflavis taZarSi. grigol IX yvela saSualebiT cdilobda feodalTa amxedrebas fridrixis winaaRmdeg. misi waqezebiT venecielebi Tavs daesxnen imperatoris samflo-beloebs siriaSi. germaniaSi dominikanelebis meSveobiT agitacias eweoda sxva mefis asarCevad. 1230 w moxda dapirispirebulTa mcire droiT SeTanxmeba. magram brZola momdevno papma inokenti IV gagrZelda da sabolood gamarjvebuli papi gamovida. magram gamarjvebas sxvisi xeliT - italiuri qalaqebis ZaliTa da italiaSi mowveuli ucxoelebiT miaRwia. papebma kargad warmarTes es brZola da gaimarjves fridrix II-ze informaciis gavrcelebiTa da informaciuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT. es maTi ufro aRsaniSnavi gamarjvebaa, rom XII-XIII saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli iyo warmodgena Staufenebze rogorc ukanasknel imperatorTa dinastiaze meored mosvlis win, xolo ierusalimis gaTavisufleba urwmunoTagan, samyaros dasasrulis samyaros dasasrulis mniSvnelovani punqtia winaswarmetyvelebaSi; amitom iyo, rom swored fridrix II-Si arcTu iSviaTad xedavdnen imperators, romelsac msoflio istoria unda daesrulebina. TviT fridrix II sul ufro da ufro usvamda xazs Tavisi Zalauflebis mesianistur xasiaTs, Tavis Tavs ki uzenaesis gansaxierebasa da samyarosa da oTxi elementis mbrZanebels, axal konstantinesa da oqros saukunis fuZemdebels, ierusalimSi koronaciis Semdeg ki mefe daviTis memkvidres uwodebda. adgils sadac imperatori daibada beTlems adarebdnen, fridrixis kanclers – pavle mociquls. sazeimo procesiis dros imperatori xalxs locavda ise TiTqos sasuliero piri iyo anda mesia. mtrebi ki antiqristes uwodebdnen. TviTon fridrix II Sors iyo religiuri fana-tizmisagan. moses iesosa da muhameds is istoriis sam udides


matyuaras uwodebda. sulTnis warmomadgenlebTan saubarSi is Tavs nebas aZlevda daecina qristianebisaTvis da keTilganwyobiT ekideboda mahmadianur adaT-wesebs. fridrix II-s gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1250 wels, legendac ki SeTxzes, rom imperatori ki ar gardaicvala, aramed saidumlod gaqra, raTa samyaros dasasruls gamoCndes, eklesiis reformacia moaxdinos da msoflio mefoba daamyaros. es legenda imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom mTeli XII saukunis manZilze italiasa da germaniaSi gamoCndnen TviTmarqviebi, romlebic Tavis Tavs fridrix II-s uwodebdnen. (1, 292-293) informaciuli omis kargi magaliTi mogvepoveba inglisis istoriaSic henri II plantagenetisa (1154-1184) da kenterbesis arqiepiskoposis tomas beketis dapirispirebis saxiT. henri II-m saeklesio reformaSi marcxi ganicada igi ver egueboda mis damoukideblobas da damorCileba surda. Tumca icoda, rom kentereberis arqiepiskoposis Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebda. am Tanamdebobaze iseTi pirovneba iyo saWiro, romelic saeklesio reformis gatarebaSi daexmareboda. aseT pirovnebad mefes misi megobari tomas beketi miaCnda, es iyo ganaTlebuli saeklesio piri, romelic ise cxovrobda rogorc surda. iyo mxiaruli da nadimebis moyvaruli, mefesTan Sexumrebulic ki. mas erTxel uTqvams mefisTvis,rom `eklesia mefes unda emorCilebodeso” da bunebrivia aseTi kandidatura awyobda henri II. 1162 w tomas beketi kentereberis arqiepiskoposi xdeba. magram igi erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadavida gaxda asketi, pativmoyvare, uari Tqva nadimebze, da xmeli purisa da wylis amara darCa. igi TviTgvemamdec ki midioda. man ar cno henri II-is mier gamocemuli `klarendonis dadgenileba~, romliTac eklesia mefis yma xdeboda. mefe aman aRaSfoTa. bekets brali dasdes ficis gatexasa da samefo Tanxis miTvisebaSi da misi gasamarTleba moiTxoves samefo sasamarTloze. sasamarTlos winaSe beketma ganacxada: `viT oqro Zviria tyviaze, ise sasuliero xelisufleba maRla dgas saeroze.” sasamarTlos ganaCeni mZime iyo da beketi samSoblos RalatSi daadanaSaules. igi parizSi gaiqca papTan. mas misi daxmarebis imedi hqonda magram papi am dros fridrix barbarosas ebrZoda da moerida inglisTan urTierTobis gafuWebas. beketi inglisSi dabrunda da ganagrZo opoziciuri saqmianoba. rodesac amis Sesaxeb mefes acnobes man Tqva: `nuTu Cems qveyanaSi ar moipoveba kaci, romelic am abezar bers


Tavidan momaSorebda?”(4) es gaigones iqve myofma raindebma, reginald fitzursem, hug de moravilem, viliam de trasim da riCard britom. maT mefis sityvebi pirdapir brZanebad miiCnies da 1170 w 24 dekembers saSineli mkrexeloba Caidines, tomas beketi sakurTxevelTan mokles. am faqtma sazogadoebis mRelvareba gamoiwvia. mefe iZulebuli gaxda misuliyo beketis sasaflaoze, patieba eTxova da daefica, rom misi sikvdili ar iyo misi mizani. amave dros man uari Tqva klarendinis dadgenilebazec. rogorc g. Sileri aRniSnavs `miznis misaRwevad manipulacia SeumCneveli unda darCes. warmateba maSinaa garantirebuli Tu manipulirebuls sjera, rom rac xdeba bunebrivia da garduvali. erTi sityviT manipulaciisTvis saWiroa yalbi realoba romlis arsebobac ar SeimCneva~.(5) danamdvilebiT ver getyviT, rom tomas beketma mefis manipulirebis an misi mxardaWeris kidev ufro gazrdis gamo uTxra mefes is risi gagonebac mas sWirdeboda: `eklesia mefes unda emorCilebodeso~, magram faqtia, rom man Tavis mizans miaRwia da kenterbeis arqiepiskoposi gaxda. arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom mefem daufiqreblad warmoTqva beketis damRupveli fraza, magram am SemTxvevaSic mizani miRweuli aRmoCnda. beketma mefeze iqonia gavlena da Seuqmna `yalbi realoba~, xolo me-fem analogiuri xerxi gamoiyena raindebis mimarT. mizani amarTlebs saSualebas. zogadad, xalxis masebis dasarazmad yvelaze advili da nayofieri gzaa informaciis gavrceleba. amis sauketeso magaliTad gamodgeba aswliani omis mesame etapis 1415-1453) is periodi romelic Jana darks ukavSirdeba. am periodSi safrangeTis mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZimea. areulobaa qveynis SigniTac. inglis frangi mokavSireebi uweven daxmarebas. yovlis momcveli anarqia qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobas asustebda da ingliss uiolebda gadamwyveti brZo-lisaTvis mzadebas. aseT viTarebaSi safrangeTSi gavrcelda xma, rom qveyanas `daRupavda qali da ixsnida loTaringieli qalwuli.~(7) `qalSi~ igulisxmeboda dedofali izabela da truas zavi, xolo `qalwulSi~ Jana darki. gavrce-lebulma informaciam garkveulwilad niadagi Seamzada Semdgomi movle-nebis ganviTarebisTvis da raRac sakraluri Seitana politikaSi. Janam marTlac moa-xerxa didi armiis darazmva. man warmatebebsac miaRwia, magram Sarl VII ver Seafasa saTanadod igi da sabolood Jana inkviziciam cecxlze dawva. magram yvelaze kargad brZolis am xerxs religia iyenebs. misi warmmarTvelebi yvelaze xSirad mqadageblebi


arian. dapirispirebebic eklesiasTan swored informaciis gavrcelebiT iwyeba. magaliTad reformaciis dasawyisi germanisSi. kaTolikuri eklesiis mier indulgenciebiT vaWrobas win aRudga vitenbergis universitetis RvTismetyvelebis profesori martin luTeri (1483-1546). man 1517 wels wamoayena da gaavrcela `95 Tezisi,~ romelic gmobda indulgenciebiT vWrobas. ase daiwyo reformacia germaniaSi, romelsac didi rezonansi mohyva da axali ideebis gamavrcelebeli gaxda mTels evropaSi. informaciuli omis SesaniSnavi magaliTebi mogvepoveba saqarTvelos istoriaSic. gavixsenoT daviT IV aRmaSenebeli. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mowesrigebisa da xelisuflebis centralizaciis TvalsazrisiT daviTis mier gatarebul RonisZiebaTA Soris mniSvnelovania mstovarTa institutis Seqmna. istorikosi gadmogvcems, Tu rogor iyo mefe yovelive imis kursSi, rac mis samefoSi xdeboda. mefem yvelaferi icoda rac xdeboda laSqarSi, monastrebSi, did feodalTa sasaxleebSi. aseTi kargad awyobili sameTvalyureo aparati sagrZnoblad zRudavda mefisa da saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul SeTqmulebaTASesaZleblobebs, mefe droulad axerxebda mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul RonisZiebaTa likvidacias. erT_erTi amis magaliTia daviTis mier liparit baRvaSis orgzis Sepyroba. wyaroebSi naTlad ar sCans rom liparits raime moemoqmedos daviTis winaaRmdeg magram mefe mas mainc ipyrobs. savaraudod daviTisTvis cnobili gaxda liparitis ganzraxva da droulad icilebs mas. daviTis istorikosi acxadebs: `maravalni ganpatiJebulnca iyvnes da mxilebul eseviTarTaTvis. amisTvisca ver odes vin ganizraxa Ralati raiTurTiT dReTa misTa, aramed iyo yovelTagan sakrZalav da sarido.~ (2) savaraudod mstovarTa instituti qveynis gareTac moqmedebda da xels uwyobda daviTis informirebas misi mezoblebisa da mtrebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeeb. amis mtkicebis safuZvels gvaZZlevs is faqti rom daviTma maSin SeuwyviTa xarkis micema Turq-selCukebs rodesac sulTAns arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba hqonda sasulTnoSi. daviTisTvis cnobili iyo 1095 w. gamocxadebuli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Sesaxebac. amis gaTvaliswinebiT 1097 w. man xarkis micema Seuwyvita sulTans. daviT IV mters cru informaciis miwodebiTac abnevda. istorikosi ga-dmogvcems, rom daviTi, romelsac TurqTa mstovrebi uTvalTvalebdnen, se-lCukTa sifxizlis modunebis mizniT gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi. amiT imed micemuli


mteri iwyebs qveynis napirebis darbevas. maSin mefe zamTarSi mo-ulodnelad esxmis maT da amarcxebs. daviT aRmaSenebelma mtrebs sastiki ma-rcxi agema rogorc pirdapir ise informaciul omSi. aman ki qveyana ga-erTianebamde miiyvana. informaciis gavrceleba dRes ReobiT Jurnalistikasa da Jurna-lizms ukavSirdeba. amitom yuradgebis miRma ar unda dagvrCes Jurnalistikis fuZemdeblebi da, ase vTqvaT, pirveli Jurnalistebi. dResdReobiT pirvel Ju-rnalistad samarTlianadaa miCneuli pietro aretino, romelic XVI saukuneSi moRvaweobda. igi maSin gamodioda informatoris rolSi rodesac arc Jurna-listika arsebobda klasikuri formiT da arc is rasac es sityva aRniSnavs. RvTaebrivi pietro aretino kritikiT, paskvilebiTa da komediebiT gaxda cnobili. man informaciuli omis warmarTvis es gza airCia da popularobac moipova. misi pirveli paskvilia `spilos anderZi~ sadac saubari iyo pap leo X-ze, romelsac spilo aCuqa portugaliis mefe manuelma. es paskvili romSi xelidan xelSi gadadioda. male papis interesic miipyro, romelmac kargad Seafasa is safrTxe rac aretinosgan modioda da is sargebeli rac mas SeeZlo moetana. man igi TavisTan miiwvia, mas Semdeg rac gavrcelda erT taepiani leqsi:

`sjobs aretino gyavdes megobrad, radgan mZimea misi mteroba

mas sityviT Zaluzs daamxos papi, RmerTi gfaravdeT misi enisgan~. (3, 104)

amis Semdeg aretinos yvelaze Zlevamosili mfarveli gauCnda, romis papi. magram 1521 wels papi gardaicvala. da aretino Caeba papis arCevnebSi. man popularobis gazrdis mizniT kargad gamoiyena is faqti, rom mTeli evropis yuradReba romisken iyo mipyrobili. misi sarkazmuli da iumoristuli leqsebi evropis yvela mefis kars miswvda. Semdgomi periodi pietro aretinosaTvis gaxda didi waarmatebis momtani. marTalia momdevno papebma ver Seafases misi niWi da unari, magram mas aranaklebi mfarvelebi RmoaCnda. Tavisi kalami upirveles yovlisa papebisaken mimarTa da warmatebasac miaRwia. igi ambobda: `me maqvs mxolod batis frTRa da qaRaldi magram me davcini mTels samyaros.~ (3, 113) pietro aretino 1556 wlis 21 oqtombers gardaicvala. misi Semoqmedeba SesaniSnavi magliTia imis Tu rogor unda warmarTo informaciuli omi. yvela dapirispirebaSi papTan aretino gamodioda gamarjvebuli. amis dasadastureblad isic


sakmarisia, rom mis qmnilebebs yvela icnobda da yvela kiTxulobda. rodesac pativsacem adamians esmis gonebis kontrolis Sesaxeb, igi fiqrobs rom mas ver moatyueben. is – individumia, sazogadoebis Tavisufali atomi. maS rogor movaxdinoT maszze zemoqmedeba? atomi ki atmomia magram aRmo-Cnda rom am atomis gayofac SeiZleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom sityva `atomi~ `ga-uyofels~ niSnavs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso gza misi zegavlenis qveS mosaqcevad aris im informaciis miwodeba rac misTvisaa saWiro. es ki ise unda ganvaxorcieloT rogorc g. Sileri gvTavazobs: movaTavsoT igi yalb realobaSi ise TiTqos rac xdeba yvelaferi bunebrivia. swored moqmedebis am taqtikas mimarTavdnen da mimarTaven saRad moazrovne politikosebi, romlebic qveynis samsaxurSi arian. zemoT moyvanilma istoriulma faqtebma dagvarwmuna, rom informaciis saTanadod gavrcelebas SeiZleba didi ubedurebac mohyves da didi bednierebac. istoriis am kuTxiT Seswavla albaT patra qveynebisTvis ufro sasurveli iqne-ba radgen xSirad dapirispireba uxdebaT did saxelmwifoebTan. Tanamedrove da-pirispirebebi aRar xdeba or konkretul mxares Soris, radgan masSi yovelTvis monawileobs mesame mxare, amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania sxva xerxebis moZebna da gamoyeneba raTa dasaxul mizans miaRwio da ar gaxde yovelmxrivi Setevis obieqti. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Sua saukuneebis istoria, red. g. kutalia, Tb. 2005 2. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t III, red. z. anCabaZe

da v. guCua. Tb. 1979 3. p. nacvliSvili Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi,

krebuli № 7, Tb. 2005 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket

5. http://www.situation.ru/app/rs/books/manipul/manipul_word.zip

6. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01747b.htm

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket

http://www.situation.ru/app/rs/books/manipul/manipul_word.zip

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01747b.htm


Summary

Shalva Kikalishvili

To The Sources Of The Informational War.

In present paper we are considering the methods and ways of the

informational war. We are analyzing historical facts from half of the 7th century to

the half of the 16th century. In the essay it is discussed all the events between the

chronological frame, which gave rise to the informational war. It is more important

to study historical facts for Georgia, if we foresee, that Georgia is leading long ago

started informational war. The conclusion is estimation of the spread of

information and what results it may have.

Резюме

Шалва Кикалишвили

К Источникам Информационной войны.

В предедущем докладе мы рассматриваем методы и пути

информационной войны. Мы анализируем исторические факты с половины

7-ого столетия до половине 16-ого столетия. В эссе обсуждено все события

внутри хронологической сетьи, которая давала начало информационной

войне. Это тем Более важно изучить исто-рические факты для Грузии, если

мы предвидим, что Грузия ведет давно начатую информационную войну.

Заключение это оценка распространения информации и какие результаты

оно может иметь.


msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesebma dRis wesrigSi daayena saerTo kanonebis aucileblobis sakiTxi, romelic inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dasacavad wamoiWra. pirovnebisadmi an kompaniisadmi inteleqtualuri saxis produqtebisaTvis an gamogonebebisaTvis saxelmwifos mier miniWebul uflebebs SeiZleba vuwodoT uflebebi inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze. am uflebebis miniWeba SeiZleba pirovnebaze mis mier Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtis eqskluziuri gamoyenebisaTvis. 1900 wlamde ar xdeboda inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis aRiareba da dacva. uflebebi inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze (IPRs) erTis mxriv SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali SeiZleba daiyos sxvadasxva dargebad, rogoricaa: sapatento, saavtoro da komerciuli aRniSvnebis samarTali. Cven SevecadeT detalurad gangvexila TiToeuli es dargi.

saqarTveloSi amJamad moqmedi konstituciisa da samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebam myari safuZveli Cauyara adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegebis samarTlebriv dacvas. mcneba ,,inteleqtualuri sakuTreba” damkvidrda sakanonmdeblo terminad. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi es mcneba miRebul terminad iqca 1967 wlis 14 ivliss xelmowerili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis dafuZvnebis konvenciis ZaliT. aRniSnuli konvenciis saTaurma Tavadve daakanona mcneba ,,inteleqtualuri sakuTreba”, xolo misma meore muxlma gansazRvra moculobis farglebi, masSi naTqvamia: inteleqtualuri sakuTreba moicavs uflebebs, romlis pirveli, meore da nawilobriv bolo pozicia gansazRvravs saavtoro samarTlis moqmedebis sferos, xolo danarCeni umTavresad samrewvelo sakuTrebis samarTals ekuTvnis. 1997 wlamde saqarTvelos axlandeli samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebamde avtorTa uflebebis dacvas iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos ssr. samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romelic Seicavda specialur kars, saTauriTY,,saavtoro samarTali”. aRniSnuli kodeqsi samoqmedod 1965 wlidan iqna SemoRebuli da daawesa

qsenia gelovani inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTali


avtorTa, rogorc qonebrivi, aseve piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacva

1999 wlidan ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelos saavtoro da mommijnavi uflebebis Sesaxeb kanoni, romlis miRebam gamoiwvia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT warmodgenili saavtoro samarTlebrivi normebis moqmedebis Sewyveta. samoqalaqo kodeqsi saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT darCa erTi norma saavtoro da mommijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonze miTiTebiT. miRebulma kanonma saavtoro uflebebis moqmedeba gaaxangrZliva 70 wlamde gaerTianebuli evropis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis miznitT

rac Seexeba sapatento samarTals, saqarTvelos sapatento samarTali ZiriTad aspeqtebSi misdevs kontinenturi evropis sapatento-samarTebliv sistemis Sexedulebas, Tumca sxva qveynebis mier axalSemuSavebuli kanonebis msgavsad masSi mravlad moipoveba danarCeni sapatento sistemebis Sexedulebebis amsaxveli normebi, romlebic ukeTesad egueba Tanamedrove pirobebs da erovnul Taviseburebebs. termini ,,samrewvelo sakuTreba” pirvelad SemoRebul iqna me-18 saukunis bolos, rodesac yalibdeboda sapatento samarTali. am dros samarTlis Teoriebs Soris gabatonebuli iyo bunebiTi samarTali da samrewvelo sakuTrebis Teoriebi. 1883 wels daido samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia, romlis normebiTac terminma ,,samrewvelo sakuTreba” asaxva hpova saerTaSoriso samarTalSi da dRes es mcneba sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli maT Soris saqarTveloSic, romlis samoqalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe wignis meore karis saTauria ,,samrewvelo sakuTreba” da moicavs 1100 muxlidan 1105 muxlebis CaTvliT.

saqarTveloSi iseve rogorc parizis koncenciis wevr sxva qveynebSi, sapatento dacva xorcieldeba damcavi dokumentis patentis gacemiT.

imis gamo rom saqarTvelo didi xnis manZilze imyofeboda jer ruseTis imperiis, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. Cvens qveyanaSi moqmedebda rogorc revoluciamdeli ruseTis patenti, ise ssr kavSiris mier SemoRebuli damcavi dokumentis gansxvavebuli nairsaxeoba saavtoro mowmoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom paralelurad ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis moqmedebda patenti. saavtoro mowmoba ar krZalavda gamogonebis gamoyenebas ssr kavSiris iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul moqalaqeTa mier.


amJamad moqmedebs saqarTvelos sapatento kanoni, romelic cnobs Semdegi saxis patents: gamogonebis patenti, sasargeblo modelis patenti da samrewvelo nimuSis patenti. gamogonebis patenti SeiZleba iyos ZiriTadi da Semotanili patenti. am ukanasknels sapatento kanonis meoTxe muxli awesebs. misi ZiriTadi arsi aris is rom, Tu ucxo qveynis moqmedi patenti arsebobs, maSin mis safuZvelze SeiZleba saqarTvelos patenti gaices.

Tanamedrove gagebiT termini ,,patenti” Semovida XVII saukunis inglisis praqtikidan da niSnavda Ria sigels. sapatento sigelis teqsti Riad iyo warmodgenili.

dResdReobiT patentis gacema xdeba mxolod im pirobiT, rom gamoqveyndes dapatentebuli obieqtis, magaliTad gamogonebis aRweriloba da formula, anu gamogonebis aRwerilobis teqsti yovelgvari dabrkolebebis gareSe unda iqnes wakiTxuli. rac Seexeba sasaqonlo da momsaxurebis niSnebis samarTals 1999 wlis 5 Tebervals miRebul iqna kanoni sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb, romelic gamoqveynda 24 Tebervals da ZalaSi sami Tvis Semdeg Sevida. kanonma umTavresad daakmayofila vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis moTxovna, Tumca amJamad SemuSavebuli masSi Sesatani cvlilebebi.

sabWoTa kavSiris sistemaSi yofnisas saqarTvelos gaaCnda normebi sasaqonlo niSnebis dacvis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi 28-e muxli da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 166-e muxli romlebsac socialisturi Sinaarsis gamo, praqtikuli gamoyeneba arc qonda. XX saukunis sakanonmdeblo normebis ganviTareba Semdegi mimarTulebiT xasiaTdeba: sasaqonlo niSnebze uflebebis warmoqmna maTi gamoyenebis faqtiT. gansakuTrebuli uflebebis warmoqmna sasaqonlo niSnebis registraciis faqtiT, sasaqonlo niSnis gamoyenebis axali saxeobebis damkvidreba, niSnis gadacema da licenzireba, sasaqonlo niSnebis dacvis axali koncefciebis aRiareba.

sasaqonlo niSnebTan dakavSirebiT miRebulia da moqmedebs mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba.

saqarTvelo monawilea mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani parizis konvenciisa da niSnebis saerTaSoriso registraciis Sesaxeb madridis xelSekrulebis protokolisa.

rac Seexeba sxva qveynebs dResdReobiT yovel qveyanas aqvs Tavisi sistema, romelTac uzrunvelyofs inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze uflebebis dacva. is, Tu ramdenad kargadaa


daculi inteleqtualuri sakuTreba damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur pirobebsa da mis socialur mdgomareobaze

Резюме

Ксения Геловани

Интеллектуальное право собственности

Процессы глобализации, протекающие в мире, на повестку дня

вынесли вопрос об обязательности общих законов, который возник для

защиты интеллектуальной собственности.

Государством присвоенные личностям и компаниям права на интеллектуальные виды продуктов или изобретений можем назвать правами

на интеллектуальную собственность. Эти права могут быть присвоены

личностям на созданные ими объекты интеллектуальной собственности для

их эксклюзивного использования. До 1900 года не были признаны права на

интеллектуальную собственность (IPR’S) и др. Права на интеллектуальную

собственность, с одной стороны, можно считать как нематериальное добро.

Право на интеллектуальную собственность можно разделить на различные

отрасли, такие как например: право на патентные, авторские и коммерческие

обозначения. Мы постарались детально рассмотреть каждый из этих

отраслей.

Summary

Ksenia Gelovani

The intellectual property right

The processes of the current globalization in the world have raised the

issue of necessity of the common laws that was raised for defending the

intellectual property in the agenda.

The rights granted to the person or company for intellectual product or

invention by the sate may be called the rights on the intellectual property. Such

rights may be granted to the person for his/her creation of exclusive application of

the object of the intellectual property. Till 1900 the rights on intellectual property

were not acknowledged and defended. The rights for intellectual property on the one hand may be considered as a non-material property kindness. The law of the

intellectual property may be divided into the different branches such as, for

example: patent, authorship and commercial notes law. We have attempted to

discuss every these branches in details.


ra aris saxelmwifo, rogoria misi buneba da ra interesebs gamoxatavs igi? aRniSnuli sakiTxi yovelTvis iwvevda davasa da polemikas. aris saxelmwifo damoukidebeli sazogadoebisagan? aris saxelmwifo sazogadoebis produqti? emsaxureba igi sazogadoebis keTildReobas? yvela epoqis moazrovneebi cdilobdnen, pasuxi gaecaT am kiTvebze, romlebic saxelmwifosTan, am kompleqsur sistemastanaa dakavSirebuli. msjeloba sakiTxis irgvliv dResac aqtualurad grZeldeba. msoflioSi mimdinareobs rTuli procesebi, romelTa paralelurad saxelmwifos arsebobis sakiTxi sadavo da sadebato xdeba.

termini ,,saxelmwifo” gamoiyeneba sruliad sxvadasxva sagnebis mimarT.. esaa institutebis nakrebic da geografiuli cnebac, folosofiuri idea da iZulebisa da Cagvris iaraRic.

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebze jer kidev antikuri droidan msjelobdnen. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia XVII saukunis ingliseli moazrovneebis, Tomas hobsisa da jon lokis Sexedulebebi, romlebic momavlis saxelmwifo modelebze aviTarebdnen msjelobas.

Tomas hobsi gamoCenili ingliseli moaxrovne da filosofosia(1588-1679). man naSromSi ,,leviaTani anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifoTa materia, forma da xelisufleba” Camoayaliba saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis, Sesaferi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelisaTvis damxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.

adamianebi bunebis mier Tanasworad arian Seqmnilebi_es aris Tomas hobsis naSromis ganmsazRvreli Tezisi. hobsis SexedulebiT, isini Tanasworni arian fizikurad, gonebrivad. gansxvaveba mxolod SesaZleblobebis relizebis sakiTxSia. hobsiseuli bunebrivi mdgomareoba gulisxmobs saomar viTarebas, romelSic adamianebi imyofebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ararsebobis pirobebSi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven viRebT ,,yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg”, radgan adamianebs ar gaaCniaT usafrTxoebis dacvis garantiebi. omSi araferia

Teona lavrelaSvili ,,momavlis saxelmwifo modelebi dasavlur

filosofiur azrovnebaSi (Tomas hobsi da jon loki)”


usamarTlo. aq ar arsebobs samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis, marTebulobisa da aramarTebulobis cnebebi. ,,iq, sadac ar aris xelisufleba, ar aris arc kanoni, xolo sadac ar aris kanoni, ar arsebobs arc usamarTlobis gageba”. hobsi Tvlis, rom omis dros ar arsebobs arc sakuTreba: ,,yoveli adamiani Tavis sakuTrebad Tvlis mxolod imas, risi mopovebac mas SeuZlia da mxolod manam, sanam mas am sakuTrebis SenarCuneba ZaluZs”. hobsi msjelobs agreTve bunebrivi kanonebisa da bunebrivi uflebebis Sesaxeb. bunebrivi ufleba aris Tavisufleba yvela adamianisa, Tavisi survilisamebr gankargos sicocxle, xolo bunebrivi kanonis mixedviT, adamians ekrZaleba imgvari qmedebis Cadena, rac damRupvelia misi sicocxlisaTvis. hobsis azriT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvelas yvelafris ufleba aqvs, ramdenadac admianebi saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. ratom warmoiSva saxelmwifo? hobsi Tvlis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnisas adamianis arsebobisa da gadarCenis sakiTxi eWvqveS dgeba. saxelmwifos mizani ki usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. hobsis azriT usafrTxoebis garantias ver iZleva verc ojaxebi, verc gaerTianebebi, radgan iq yvela sakuTari interesebis gamo ibrZvis. swored amitom, adamianebi Tanxdebian da deben xelSekrulebas, rom Seqmnan saxelmwifo. hobsi svams kiTxvas. Tuki zogierT arsebas(mag: futkrebs, WianWvelebs) SeuZliaT erTad cxovreba, ratom ar SeuZliaT adamianebs ase cxovreba? igi am kiTxvas Tavadve hpasuxobs. imitom, rom

• adamianebi Suris gamo mudmivad erTmaneTs ejibrebian • yvela adamians pirveloba surs, sxva arsebebi mi

saerTo sargebelze arian orientirebulni • am arsebebs ar uCndebaT survili, Secvalon

saqmeTwarmoaba(,,radgan ar aqvT goni”).adamianebi ki mudam cdiloben, gaakritikon da gardaqmnan saxelmwifo wyobileba.

erT-erT Zlier argumentad hobss mohyavs is faqtori, rom am arsebaTa Tanxmoba bunebrivia, xolo adamianTa Tanxmoba-xelovnuri. amitom, adamianebs sWirdebaT ,,xelisufleba, romelic maT SiSis qveS amyofebs. hobsi Tvlis, rom xelisufleba SeiZleba Seiqmnas erTaderTi gziT: ,,igi gadavides erTi adamainis an krebis xelT, anu adamianebi TavianT warmomadgenlad niSnavs sxvas da gadascems mas marTvis uflebas. erT pirovnebaSi gaerTianebul mraval adamians ewodeba saxelmwifo, laTinurad_Civitas. ,,ase ibadeba is mokvdavi RmerTi, romelsac Cven, ukvdavi RmerTis


gamgeblobaSi myofni unda vumadlodeT mSvid cxovrebasa da mfarvelobas. hobsi suverenis uflebebs Semdegnairad ayalibebs:

• qveSevrdomebs ar SeuZliaT, Secvalon mmarTvelobis forma, radgan maT ar aqvT ufleba, daarRvion dadebuli xelSekruleba.

• uzenaesi xelisuflebis dakargva SeuZlebelia, radgan suverenis dadgineba xelSekrulebis gziT xdeba.

• Tu vinme aprotestebs suverenis gadawyvetilebas, igi arRvevs samarTlainobas, radgan suvereni umravlesobiT aris aRiarebuli.

• qveSevrdomebs ar SeuZliaT, ganikiTxon suverenis moqmedebebi, radgan saxelmwifos Seqmnisas TiToeuli adamiani ndobas ucxadebs suverens. hobsis azriT, qveSevrdomebs ar SeuZliaT suverenis dasja, suvereni wyvets, Tu ra doqtrinebi unda iswavlon qveSevrdomebma da a.S. anu suverens eniWeba absoluturi Zalaufleba.

hobsi Tvlis, rom saxelwifos mmarTvelobis forma SeiZleba iyos sami saxis. Tu warmodgenilia mefe, saxelmwifo aris monarqia, Tu krebaSi monawileobs yvela, es aris demokratia, xolo Tu umaRlesi xelisuflebiT sargeblobs mosaxleobis mxolod nawili, aris aristokratia. rac Seexeba tiranias, oligarqias da anarqias, esaa mmarTvelobis ara gansxvavebuli, aramed zemoTCamoTvlilTa uaryofiTi formebi. hobsi monarqias adarebs sxva wyobilebebs da gamohyofs mis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs:

1. iqidan gamomdinare, rom adamianTa vnebebi ufro Zlieria, vidre goneba, mmarTvelobis dros win iwevs piradi interesebi, amitom demokratiis an aristokratiis dros, qveSevrdomebSi xdeba dapirispireba, rac asustebs qveyanas. monarqiis dros ki dapirispirebul mxareTa raodenoba aris naklebi.

2. monarqs nebismier dros SeuZlia, miiRos rCeva kompetenturi adamianisagan, sabWos dros ki adamianTa mravalricxovnobis gamo ver Tanxmdebian erT konkretul sakiTxze.

3. monarqis mier miraebuli gadawyvetilebebi naklebad aris cvalebadi, sabWos dros ki erTma gansxvavebulma azrma SeiZleba sruliad Secvalos yvelaferi


4. monarqi Suris gamo sakuTar Tavs ar daupirispirdeba, krebis dros ki dapirispireba SesaZloa omSi gadaizardos.

hobsi monarqiis naklad miiCnevs cudi mrCevelebis yolasa da memkvidreobis sakiTxs, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom mmarTvelobis sxva formis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi es sakiTxebi ufro mwvaved dgas, radgan mrCevelTa raodenobac da memkvidreobis mosurneTa raodenobac ufro didia.

hobsi msjelobs agreTve samoqalaqo kanonis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, samoqalaqo kanoni aris wesebi, romelic daadgina saxelwifom da es wesebi unda icodes yvelam. hobsiseuli ZiriTadi wesebi Semdegia:

1. suvereni aris kanonmdebeli 2. suvereni ar eqvemdebareba samoqalaqo kanonebs 3. kanoni ZalaSia mxolod suverenis TanxmobiT

ingliseli mazrovne jon loki(1632-1704) Tomas hobsis erT-erTi cnobili kriktikosia. man naSromSi ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba ideebi saxelmwifos, sakuTrebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis irgvliv. lokisTvis politikuri xelisufleba niSnavs kanonebis miRebis uflebas. igi gansakuTrebul yuradrebas amaxvilebs sakuTrebis dacvaze. lokisaTvis bunebrovi mdgomareoba niSnavs Tavisuflebis mdgomareobas, rodesac adamianebi aravisTan aTanxmeben sakuTar qmedebebs. lokisTvis aRniSnuli mdgomareoba ar aris TviTnebobos mdgomareoba, radgan moqmedebs bunebrivi kanoni-goniereba, romelic adamianebs aswavlis, rom erTmaneTis qonebas, sicocxlesa da Tavisuflebas ziani ar unda miayenon. lokiTvis saomari mdgomareoba ki niSnavs mdgomareobas, rodesac erTi Seecdeba sxvis damorCilebas misi Tanxmobis gareSe. lokisaTvis Tavisufleba ar niSnavs adamianis srul ganTavisuflebas yovelgvari kanonisagan. is fiqrobs, rom xelisuflebis arsebobis pirobebSi saerTo wesebis dacva aucilebelia, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom adamiani mona unda gaxdes.

loki sakmaod vrclad ayalibebs ideebs sakuTrebis Sesaxeb:

• yvela adamiani flobs sakuTrebas • Sroma warmoSobs kerZo sakuTrebas • adamiani iRebs(sakuTrebas), ramdenic saWiroa misi sicocxlisaTvis


loki Tvlis, rom adamianebi floben sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebas. misi azriT adamianebi qmnian politikur sazogadoebas, raTa daicvan sakuTreba. adamianebi bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gadadian saxelmwifo mdgomareobaSi, rodesac aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas gadascemen sxvas.

lokis azriT, absolutur monarqia uTavsebadia samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan, radgan am dros ar arsebobs organo, sadac yvela Seitans sarCels da ganixileba igi obieqturad. lokis azriT, Tuki monarqi iqneba mflobeli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa, mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebi iqneba avtoritaruli. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi ver daicavs sakuTar uflebebs, anu igi kvlav bunebriv mdgomareobaSi rCeba. loki ar fiqrobs, rom monarqia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi swori formaa, radgan adamianebi ver gamoxataven sakuTar azrebs da Tuki gabedaven protests, mas es Ralatad CaeTvelebaT.

lokis azriT, adamianebi politikur gaerTianebas hqmnian imitom, rom daicvan sakuTreba, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs samarTliani msajuli. loki Tvlis, rom saxelmwifoSi mosamarTleebma unda miiRon gadawyvetileba da ara kerZo pirma. lokis azriT, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda airCios xalxma da ara monarqma, radgan kanonebi iqmneba xalxisaTvis. loki Tvlis, rom adamianTa Temi mudmivad inarCunebs umaRles xelisuflebas, rom xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe ar SeiZleba xelisuflebis Seqmna.

loki Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo sustdeba maSin, rodesac sakanonmdeblo organo arasworad formirdeba, rodesac gadawyvetilebebi miiReba xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe. loki mtkiced dgas im azrze, rom xalxia umaRlesi msajuli da is wyvets, aris Tu ara monarqi samarTliani. xalxi flobs uflebas, Seqmnas axali sakanonmdeblo organo. amgvarad, orive moazrovne eTanxmeba ideas, rom adamianebi RvTis mier Tanasworad arian Seqmnilni(isini Tansworni arian fizikurad da gonebrivad), rom isini TanxmobiT erTiandebian politikur sazogadoebaSi. loki miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos warmoSobis umTavresi mizezi sakuTrebis dacvaa, xolo hobsi- mSvidobis SenarCunebas. hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki Tvlis, rom adamianebs bunebriv mdgomareobaSic SeuZliaT SeinarCunon simSvide, hobsi ki Tvlis, rom bunebrivi mdgomareoba aris ,,yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg”. hobsi da loki erTmaneTs mkveTrad


upirispirdebian monarqiuli mmarTvelobis ganxilvisas. rogorc hobsis naSromis mimoxilvisas aRvniSneT, hobsi monarqs absolutur Zalauflebas aniWebs masve abarebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. loki ar eTanxmeba am ideas da fiqrobs, rom sakanonmdeblo da aRamsrulebeli xelisufleba erTamneTisagan unda iyos gamijnuli, rom sakiTxs unda wyvetdes mosamarTleebi da ara kerZo piri, rom daculi unda iyos xalxis uflebebi, adamianis sicoclis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis ufleba. hobsi qveSevrdomebs ar aniWebs protestis uflebas, loki Tvlis, rom xalxia msajuli da mas aqvs ufleba, Seitanos cvlilebebi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi. loki sakuTrebas umniSvnelovanes faqtorad miiCnevs, romelic adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSic aqvs Sromis gawevis pirobiT, hobsi ki Tvlis, rom saxelwifos ar arsebobis pirobebSi ar arsebobs sakuTreba da rom saxelmwifo gansazRvravs, Tu vis ra saxis sakuTreba unda mieniWos. loki Tvlis, rom saxelmwifom unda daicvas adamianis sakuTreba, radgan adamianebi swored am mizniT erTiandebian politikur sazogadoebaSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, hobsi absolutur monarqias aniWebs upiratesobas, raSic ar veTanxmebiT, radgan iq, sadac erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobaa, unda movelodoT tiranias. monarqiisa da uazenaesi asambleis Sedarebisas hobsis mier wamoyenebuli argumentebi sustia. misi mTavari nakli isa, rom hobsiseuli monarqiis dros adamianis Tavisufleba Zlier izRudeba. hobss albaT aviwydeba, rom istoria sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianebis brZola TavisuflebisaTvis. Tumca hobsi vargisadac ki ar miiCnevs berZen-romaelTa naSromebs da Tvlis, rom umjobesia, kacobriobas sul ar eswavla berZnuli da laTinuri, radgan isini umRerian im Tavisuflebas, romelmac kacobriobas bevri sisxli moutana. veTanxmebiT jon loks, rom xelisufleba danawilebuli unda iyos sxvadasxva organos Soris, rom gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos xalxis interesebi. marTalia, jon lokma ar mianiWa upiratesoba romelime mmarTvelobas, magram igi Tanamedrove liberalizmis mamamTavrad gvevlineba. rogoria momavlis saxelmwifo modelebi? rogor gvesaxeba momavlis saxelmwifo sistemebi? arsebobs uamravi alternativa, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebi gvTavzoben. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo politikuri cxovrebis mTavar komponentad iTvleba, mas emuqreba tendenciebi, romelic XX saukunis bolos gamoikveTa. kerZod sust qveynebs eTnikur sakiTxTan da organizaciul


danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli problema aqvT, romlis Sedegad warmoiSva EeTnosebi da klanebi. aRasniSnavia isic, rom saxelmwifos funqciebi gadadis sxva institutebsa da organoebis xelT. umTavres SemTxvevaSi es gamowveulia tendenciiT-globalizaciiT.. ,,saxelmwifos ukuqeva Tavdapirveli sazRvrebisaken” da marTvis gadanacvlebiT subsaxelmwifoebriv doneze (endriu heivudi).

SesaZloa, rom eri-saxelmwifosaTvis yvelaze did safrTxes globalizaciis procesi warmoadgendes. erT-erT mis gamovlinebad miiCneva globaluri ekonomikis Camoyalibeba. gamoirkva, rom saxelmwifoebs rCebaT SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi sakuTari ekonomikuri cxovrebis marTvisa. mkveTrad gaizarda saerTaSoriso konkurencia, ramac gamoiwvia Sromis anazRaurebis Semcireba. agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes saxelmwifoebs sul ufro uWirT mravalerovani kompaniebis kontroli, korporaciebs ki uadvildebaT mTel msoflioSi gadaanacvlon warmoeba da investiciebi. globalizaciis tendenciebi iwveven saxelmwifoebis Zireul gardaqmnas. suverenitetis ideam, rogorc saxelmwifos damaxasiTebelma niSanma DTavi amoswura. dRevandeli saxelmwifoebi funqcionireben sazRvrebis SeRwevadobisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTkavSiris pirobebSi.

saxelmwifos gardaqmnis idea gulisxmobs ,,mTavrobidan” gadasvlas ,,makromarTvaze”. saxelmwifos gardaqmnis idea asaxavs im faqts, rom marTvis adrindeli meTodebi, romelic gulisxmobda xelisuflebis institutebis mkacr ierarqias, ukve aRar muSaoben im sazogadoebasTan mimarTebiT, romelic sul ufro rTuli xdeba. makromarTvisken Semobruneba SesamCnevia mTel rig tendenciebSi-sazogadoebrivi programebis dafinansebaSi, kerZo organoebis qselis gafarToebaSi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gasawevad. saxelmwifo kidev erT gamowvevas awydeba-esaa xelisuflebis decentralizeba, misi funqciebis saerToerovnuli donidan adgilobriv doneze gadatana. sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens adgilobrivi da eTnikuri problemebi. evropaSi iseTi farTo xasiTi miiRo centridanulma tendenciebma, rom Camoyalibda kidec ,,regionuli evropis” doqtrina anu adgilobrivi institutebisa da jgufebisTvsi sul ufro uSualod misawvdomi xdeba evrokavsiris organoebi nacionaluri mTavrobebis gverdis avliT. evrokavSirSi amasan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibda mravaldoniani marTvis (Multi-Level)

modeli, romelic moicavs xelisuflebis subsaxelmwofoebriv, saxelmwifoebriv da zesaxelmwifoebriv organoebs. rac


Seexeba mmarTvelobis formas. AaRniSnul Temas mravali idea ukavSirdeba, Tumca sakiTxi unda ganvixiloT msoflios politikuri sisitemebis specifikurobis doneze. ganvixiloT saxelmwifoTa sistemebis mniSvnelovani SesaZlo alternativebi(hedli buli)

ganiaraRebuli msoflio. aRniSnuli idea mdgomareobs etapobrivi ganiaraRebis procesis realizaciaSi, rodesac suverenul saxelmwifoebs aRar eqnebaT SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. cnobili argumenti ideis sasargeblod ,,xisti” formiT gamoixateba xolme, rom msoflios sruli ganiaraReba oms fizikurad SeuZlebels gaxdida, swored es argumenti gamoiyena litvinovma(erT-erTi mecnieri), rodesac man sruli ganiaraRebis idea wamoayena erTa ligis ganiaraRebis diskusiis konteqstSi. igi amtkicebda, rom totaluri ganiaraReba oms SeuZlebels gaxdida da omi veRar iqneboda politikuri instrumenti. xolo hedli buli ar eTanxmeba litvinovs da fiqrobs, rom organizebuli Zaladobis unari adamianTa sazogadoebis Tandayolili Tvisebaa da ar SeiZleba misi xelSekrulebiT gauqmeba. misi azriT, saxelmwifos primitiul doneze, magram mainc eqneboda omis ganxorcielebisa da misi warmoebis unari.

bevri birTvuli saxelmwifosagan Semdgari msoflio. dRvandeli saxelmwifoTav sistemis kidev erTi safuZvliani cvlileba iqneba bevri birTvuli iaraRisagan Semdgari msoflio. saxelmwifoTa sistemis es alternativa yuradRebas ipyrobs imdenad, ramdenadac igi wesrigis miRwevis ufro efeqtur saSualebad miiCneva.. imisaTvis, rom mivaRwioT mSvidobas, saWiroa ara bevri, aramed yvela saxelmwifos hqondes xelT birTvuli iaraRi., ris Semdegac saxelmwifoebs Soris ormxrivi birTvuli iaraRis Sekavebis urTierToba damyardeboda..mouxedavad imisa, rom es koncefcia arasrulia da jer kidev ar viciT amgvar saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi ra funqciebi da roli mianiWeba saxelmwifoebs, misi ganxorcieleba mainc perspeqtiulad gveCveneba.

Aaxali medievalizmi. SeiZleba agreTve warmovidginoT, rom suverenuli saxelmwifoebi gaqrebian da maT adgilze universaluri politikuri organizaciis forma warmoiqmneba, daxloebiT imgvari, rogoric iyo dasavluriqristianuli samyaro Sua saukuneebSi. TiToeul mmarTvels Zalaufleba unda gaeyo Tavis vasalebTan, romlebic mas eqvemdebarebodnen da papTan da saRvTo romis imperatorTan(germaniasa da italiaSi), romlebic mas aRematebodnen. Aam SemTxvevaSi sistemis mTavari niSania xelisuflebis nawilobrivi damTxveva


da mravalricxovani daqvemdebareba. CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom dRes saxelmwifoebi msoflio politikur scenas ,,sxva moqmed pirebTan” inawileben, iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi inawileben am scenas ,,sxva asociaciebTan”. aRniSnuli alternativa sazogadoebas aaridebs Zalauflebis koncentracias, rac msoflio mTavrobis Tandayolili niSania, Tumca mecnierTa azriT, msoflios es alternativa mSvidobis garantias ar iZleva.

Mmsoflio mTavroba. SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom msoflio mTavroba damyardeboda saxelmwifoTa Soris sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis Sedegad da es iqneboda universaluri respublika anu kosmopolisi, romelic Tanxmobis raime formas daefuZneboda. Msoflio mTavrobis idea gulisxmobx saxelmwifoTa mier sakuTar suverenitetze uaris Tqma. Msoflio mTavrobis mxardamWeri argument isaa, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba ganapirobebs mSvidobas da es wesrigis damyarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. msofliimmTavrobis sawinaaRmego argument isaa, rom igi Tavisuflebis damangrevalia. Igi arRvevs saxelmwifoTa da erebis Tavisuflebas. agreTve zRudavs calkeuli adamianebis Tavisuflebas, romelTac tiranuli msoflio mTavrobis arsebobis pirobebSi aRar SeeZlebaT alternatiuli politikuri sistemis SEqmna.

A daskvna

amgvarad Cven ganvixileT inglisel moazrovneTa, Tomas hobsisa da jon lokis naSromebi. ganvasxvaveT erTmaneTisgan maTi Sexedulebebi. Tu hobsi absolutur monarqias uWers mxars, jon loki liberalizmis mamamTavrad gvevlineba. isini erTmaneTs upirispirdebian da momavlis saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebul modelebs gvTavazoben. ganvixileT agreTve is safrTxeebi, rac dRes saxelmwifos emuqreba. warmovadgineT ideebi momavlis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da momavlis politikuri sitemebis Sesaxeb hedli bulis mixedviT da mivediT im daskvnamde, rom globalizaciis Seuqcevad epoqaSi saxelmwifoTa funqciebi mcirdeba, iqmneba perspeqtiva sxvadasxva politikuri sistemis damyarebisa, rac ufro meti gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs msoflios, magram msoflio wesrigisa da mSvidobis damyarebis sakiTxi kvlav kacobriobis paradigmad rCeba.


gamoyenebuli literetura: 1. Tomas hobsi: leviaTani anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo

saxelmwifos materia, forma da xelisufleba.

2. jon loki: ori traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb (meore traqtati, wigni meore).

3. endriu heivudi: saxelmwifo (wignidan politika 1997, 2002).

4. hedli buli; anarqiuli sazogadoeba. wesrigis sakiTxi msoflio politikaSi.

5. Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, chaps 13-14,1651 6. Leo Strauss and Jossep Gropsey-History of Political Philosophy. 7. Sir Michael Wright, Disarmed and Verify(London: Catto and Windus,

1964). 8. Kaplan, System and process in International Politics. 9. Arthur Lee Burns: “From Balance to Deterrence”, World Politics(1957)

Резюме

Теона Лаврелашвили Что токое государство и каково его роль в развитии общества? Служит ли

оно благосостоянию общества? Мыслители всех эпох, пробовали чтобы ответить на эти вопросы. Обсуждение этой проблемы все еще продолжается, потому что

современные социально-политические процессы тесно связаны с идеей

относительно государства.

Английские мыслители Томас Хоббс и Джон Лок обсуждали будущие

государственные модели в своих работах. Томас Хоббс представил идею

абсолютной монархии и объявлял суверена как владелца законодательной и

исполнительной власти. Джон Лок - предок либерализма, поскольку он защищает

законы жизни, свободы и процветания. Он ясно выступает против идеи Томас

Хоббс.

Сегодня государству угрожают тенденции XX века. Например слабые

страны имеют проблемы об этнических меньшинствах и организованном преступлении. Мы должны заметить, что функции государства передаются

другим органам. Это вызвано процессом глобализации и преобразования

управления к уровню субуправления.

И что относительно изменения государственной системы? Науки обращают

внимание на проблему "Разоруженного Мира." Мир состоит из многиx

Ядернымx государств и Мировым Правительством. Однако, кокиe изменения,

являются гарантиям мира и безопасности, это уже не определено. будущая

государственная модель и система - все еще парадигма человечества.


Summary

Teona Lavrelashvili

The future state model in west philosophy sence

(Thomas Hobbes and John Locke)

What is the state and what is its role in the development of society? Does

it serve the welfare of society? Thinkers of every epoch tried to answer

these questions. This issue is still being discussed because modern social-

political processes are closely connected to the idea of state. English thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke discussed the future

state models in their works. Thomas Hobbes presented the idea of absolute

monarchy and declared the sovereign as the owner of legislative and

executive authority. John Locke, forefather of liberalism, advocated the

laws of life, freedom and property. He clearly opposes the ideas of Thomas

Hobbes.

Today the state is threatened by the tendencies of the XX century. For

example weak countries have problems with ethnic minorities and

organized crimes. We should notice that the functions of state are

transferred to the other organs and institutions. This fact is caused by the

process of globalization and the transformation of governance to the level of

subgovernance. And what about the alteration of the state system? Different sciences pay great attention to the issue of “Disarmed World”. The world

consists of many Nuclear States, New Mediaevalism and World

Government. However, the type of alteration which can guarantee peace

and security has not been identified yet. The future state model and system

can be considered the paradigm for the mankind.


termins “informaciis Tavisufleba” mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. “informaciis Tavisufleba”adamianis umniSvnelovanesi ufleba da yvela im TavisuflebaTa qvakuTxedia, romlebsac gaerTianebuli erebi emsaxureba. informaciis Tavisufleba axsnilia, rogorc informaciis moZiebis, gaziarebis, gamoqveynebis ufleba, yvelgan da yovelTvis, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe. Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi mas-media ar aris kontrolirebuli saxelmwifos mier, amdenad xelisuflebis cenzura SezRudulia da daSvebulia sityvis Tavisufleba. aqedan gamomdinare, Jurnalistebi Tavisuflebi arian sakuTari produqciis gamoqveynebisas kanonierebis CarCoebSi. imis gamo, rom media Tavisufalia da damoukidebeli, is TviTon irCevs Tavisi publikaciebis Temebsa da Sinaars, konkurenciis pirobebSi is mravalferovania, ramdenadac sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis interesebs asaxavs, radganac mas-medias ZaluZs komentireba gaukeTos politikasa da qmedebebs. mas-media uzrunvelyofs axali ambebis da mimdinare saqmeebis miukerZoebel, obieqtur gadmocemas. mas-media sistematiurad asaxavs sazogadoebis im Tvalsazrisebs, romlebic ukve arsebobs sazogadoebaSi ufro, vidre qmnis axal Tvalsazrisebs. adamianebi gacnobierebul arCevans akeTeben imis mixedviT, Tu romel mas-medias iyeneben. nebismiers SeuZlia sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gamoxatva, gazeTis dafuZnebiT, sacnobaro furclebis gavrcelebiT an da sxva mas-mediis gamoyenebiT. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis saxiT, maTi funqcionireba da mniSvneloba didwilad damokidebilia im politikur reziumeze, romlis wiaRSic isini funqcionireben. avtoritarul reJimSi mas-medias ZiriTadad propagandistuli roli akisria da misi iseTi daniSnulebebi, rogoricaa sainformacio, mediatoruli, saganmanaTeblo, ukana planze iwevs da saerTodac SeiZleba gaqres. amasTan

nino rodonaia Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo da

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi.


propagandistuli rolic mdgomareobs, erTi, mmarTveli politikuri Zalis ideologiis gaZlierebaSi, misi moTxovnebisa da debulebebis ganmtkicebaSi. Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, rogorc varaudoben, mas-mediis Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba ganpirobebulia sami ZiriTadi faqtoriT: 1.Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da arseboba-regulireba. 2.organizacia da marTva sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSi. 3.SemsrulebelTa, anu mas-mediis TanamSromelTa profesiuli done da pasuxismgebloba. Cveulebriv iTvleba, rom masobrivi informaciis beWdviTi organoebi ar saWiroeben regulirebas,Tu CavTvliT maTi mxridan im kanonebis dacvas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saavtoro uflebebs da krZalaven ciliswamebasa da Seurawyofas. am wesebis dacvis pirobebSi nebismier moqalaqes ufleba aqvs gamouSvas beWvdiTi produqcia. radio da telemauwyeblobisaTvis arsebobs specialuri teqnikuri SezRudvebi. radio da telearxebis potenciuri raodenoba izRudeba sixSiruli diapazonis sididiT. amitomac viRacam unda gadawyvitos vin da ra sixSiris diapazonze SeiZleba awarmoos gadacemebi, magram aqac kontroli minimumamde unda iqnas dayvanili. saukeTesoa iseTi varianti, rodesac saxelmwifo ar krZalavs da piriqiT xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi da kerZo sadgurebis arsebobas da ganviTarebas, rodesac saxelmwifo moiTxovs Jurnalistebisgan, romlebic muSaoben presaSi, radiosa da televiziaSi, Tavisi moRvaweobis licenzirebas, es mniSvnelovnad zrdis saxelmwifos rols, Tumca licenzireba zogadad sulac ar niSnavs mas-mediis Tavisuflebis dakargvas da mTel rig demokratiul qveynebSic garkveuli formiT is arsebobs kidec. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis organizaciisa da regulirebis formebi da sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT, Tumca yvela maTganSi demokratiuli reJimia. daregulirebis ideis orientirebi aRniSnaven, rom mas-mediis brZola gadarCenisTvis iwvevs mis Semdgom monopolizacias. cnobilia, rom farTo auditoriis mizidvis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens, yvelaze popularuli masalebis translacia, magram es ar uwyobs xels programebis raodenobis zrdas. tele da radiomauwyeblobis SemTxvevaSi damoukideblobis problemebi ufro mwvaved dgas, vidre presisTvis, maSin roca dRes maTi politikuri mniSvneloba metad maRalia. raRac doneze gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze


mTavroba monawileobs samauwyeblo sadgurebis gaxsnaSi rac sruliad gamarTlebulia sixSiruli diapazonis ganawilebisa da kontrolis aucileblobis gamo, magram es SeiZleba gadaiqces mTavrobis mxridan samauwyeblo saqmeSi mudmivi Carevis sababad. TiTqmis yvela mTavrobas da politikur moRvawes surs televiziis gakontroleba da zogierTi maTgani amas axerxebs kidec. televizia warmoadgens masobrivi informaciis mZlavr saSualebas da gansakuTrebiT iseT qveynebSi, sadac soflis macxovreblebisaTvis is iqceva informaciis ZiriTad saSualebad. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom televizias sWirdeba ayvavebuli sabazro ekonomika, ris gareSec is ver iarsebebs, imis gamoc, rom kerZoO televiziis Semosavali ZiriTadad modis komerciuli reklamebidan. kerZo komerciuli mauwyeblobis SemoRebasTan erTad aucilebelia, saxelmwifo samauwyeblo sistemis reformireba. zogierTi miiCnevs, rom mauwyebloba mTlianad unda iyos kerZo, magram gamocdileba aCvenebs rom es gza ar aris upriani iseTi qveynebisaTvis, romlebic axlaxan daadgnen demokratiis gzas da ar gaaCniaT iseTi Zlieri ekonomika, romelic ukve uaxles momavalSi SeZlebda komerciuli televiziis mxardaWeras. mizans warmoadgens mauwyeblobis saxelmwifo sistemis transformireba rogorc ekonomikuri, ise programebis Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, raTa es sistema gaxdes damoukidebeli. sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba, romelic TumcaRa miiRebs materialur mxardaWeras mTavrobisgan, magram maqsimalurad iqneba daculi politikuri zegavlenisgan. es Zalian rTuli procesia, vinaidan totalitaruli reJimis dros mauwyebloba eqvemdebareba biurokratias, romelic metismetad mravaricxovani iyo da muSaoba ki iyo araefeqturi. aucilebeli xdeba am biurokratiis mkveTri Semcireba da gardaqmna, axali tipis kadrebis simciris pirobebSi es did siZneleebs warmoSobs. mas-mediis organizaciisa da funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanes moments warmoadgens marTva, sainteresoa, rom mas-mediis Tavisufleba, romelic didwilad informaciis miRebis da misi misawvdomobis donezea damokidebuli, srulebiTac ar miiRweva TavisTavad, qveynis demokratiulobis ZaliT. demokratiul da metic liberaluri demokratiis qveynebSic ki saxelmwifo metismetad nela da TandaTanobiT Tmobda Tavis uflebebs da monopolias mas-mediaze. movlenebis gaSuqebisa da SexedulebaTa gamoxatvis Tavisufleba


warmoadgens damoukidebeli masobrivi informaciuli saSualebebis Seqmnis problemis martooden erT aspeqts. sxva sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan aspeqtebad iTvleba beWdviTi produqciis gamocema da gavrceleba, iseve rogorc gadamcemi xelsawyos SeZena. aq SezRudvebi aqvT ufro ekonomikuri vidre politikuri xasiaTi. zogierT qveynebSi tipografiebs saxelmwifo akontrolebs. aq mTavrobas SeuZlia nebismieri gamocema CaaxSos, nebismieri fasebi daawesos an ganacxados, rom beWdviTi organos simZlavre ar Seesabameba moTxovnebs. problemebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas imis gamoc, rom saxelmwifo flobs beWdviTi gamocemebis gavrcelebis monopolias da axorcielebs amas safosto samsaxurisa da sagazeTo jixurebis kontrolis gziT. axlad Seqmnil demokratiul sazogadoebebSi beWdvisa da mauwyeblobis Tavisuflebam axali problemebi Seuqmna Jurnalistebs imis gamo, rom isini xSirad mzad ar arian pasuxismgeblobisaTvis, amisaTvis saWiroa JurnalistTa profesionalizmis amaRleba. pasuxismgebeli da obieqturi Jurnalistis Camosayalibeblad saWiroa wlebi, kargi momzadeba da SecdomaTa analizi. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. igor kveselava, ediSer gvenetaZe- “politologia”, 2. vaJa SubiTiZe, igor kveselava- “politikuti da saarCevno teqnologiebi”, 3. vaJa SubiTiZe, mixeil boWoriZe- “sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebi” 4. babulia mRebriSvili-“sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebi”


Summary

Nino Rodonaia

The news media and democracy

The news media in a democracy, have distinative functions. First is to

inform and educate. To mabe intelligent decisions about public policy. People

need accurate unbised information. Other function of the media, is to serve as

a dog is making over looking and other powerful institutions in the society.

In a democracy the new media must choose which issues to report and

which to ignore it is very important to know that the arena for communicaition and public debate is increasingly dominated by the media:

television and radio, newspaper and magazines, books, even computerized

data bases.

Резюме

Нино Родоная

Современное демократическое государство и средства массовой

информации

Никто не совнемается в том,что медия в демократической стране имеет

особенные функции. Она должна подавать информацию и развивать

общество. Очень важно, сделать разумные решения на политику и

решения власти. Людям необходима точная, непристрастная информация

о том,что медия свободна и самостоятельна.. Она сама выбирает темы и содержание своих публикаций, в условиях конкуренции она

многообразна.


nacionalizmi, rogorc rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomeni, SeiZleba sxvadasxva kuTxiT iqnes aRqmuli da Seswavlili. Sesabamisad nacionalizmis klasifikaciis da tipologiis araerTi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli sqema arsebobs, magram arc erT maTgans ar SeiZleba hqondes amomwuraobisa da srulyofilebis pretenzia. pirvel msoflio omamde nacionalizms ufro filosofiuri da eTikuri kuTxiT gansazRvravdnen da naklebad ainteresebdaT misi warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis mizezebi da kanonzomierebebi. gansakuTrebiTi interesi nacionalizmisadmi II msoflio omis Semdeg iwyeba, roca dekolonizaciam da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma procesebma sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo.

termini “natio” mecamete saukunidan ixmareba da warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan nasci, rac dabadebas niSnavs. Aam sityvis forma nation aRniSnavda adamianebs, romelTac dabadeba an dabadebis adgili aerTianebdaT. xolo Tavisi SinaarsiT igi gulisxmobda toms an rasobriv jgufs, magram is ar gamoiyeneboda rogorc politikuri termini. mxolod mogvianebiT, XVIII saukunis bolos, SeiZina am terminma politikuri datvirTva, rodesac daiwyo calkeuli adamianebisa da jgufebis “nacionalistebad” daxasiaTeba. BbeWdur gamocemaSi ki sityva “nacionalizmi” pirvelad 1789 wels gamoiyena frangma antiiakobinelma mRvdelma ogiusten baruelma(1-177), xolo es sityva inglisSi pirvelad gamoiyenes 1836 wels da rogorc Cans, maSin igi Teologiur datvirTvas atarebda, kerZod, garkveuli naciebis RvTiTrCeulobis doqtrinas aRniSnavda(2-26). XIX saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis “nacionalizmi” ukve farTod iyo cnobili rogorc politikuri doqtrina an moZraoba, rogorc 1848 wels evropaSi momxdari revoluciebis erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli elementi.

TinaTin diakoniZeN

nacionalizmi da pannacionaluri moZraobebi


realurad, mxolod gasul saukuneSi SeiZina nacionalizmma mniSvnelobaTa is diapazoni, romelTanac Cven dRes mas vakavSirebT.

Tu gadavxedavT nacionalizmis irgvliv arsebul literaturas, advilad SevamCnevT, rom am terminSi sul sxvadasxva Sinaarsi Zevs. igi zogjer warmoadgens erovnuli grZnobebis sinonizms, zogjer erovnul moZraobas aRniSnavs, zogjer ki ideologiis saxiT warmogvidgeba. garda amisa, igi xan politikur movlenad moiazreba, xan ki kulturasTan asocirdeba. aRniSnuli ar gamoricxavs, rom SesaZlebeli iyos nacionalizmis “sinTezuri” gagebac, romelic am cnebaSi gulisxmobs nacionalizms rogorc ideologias, ise moZraobas Tavisi politikuri da kulturuli ganzomilebiT(3-45,46).

vebsteris axal internacionalur leqsikonSi nacionalizmis eqvsi sxvadasxva ganmartebaa mocemuli: 1. erovnuli xasiaTi, erovnuloba; 2. ama Tu im xalxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kilo, xasiaTi,

niSani; 3. erovnuli interesebisadmi, erovnuli erTobisa da

erovnuli damoukideblobisadmi erTguleba da misi dacva; 4. sakuTari erisa da misi principebisaTvis Tavdadeba,

patriotizmi; 5. socialuri faza, roca xdeba meurneobis dargebis da

pirvel rigSi mrewvelobis nacionalizacia, arsebiTad igivea rac koleqtivizmi;

6. doqtrina, romelic amtkicebs ama Tu im eris gansakuTrebulobas da Tvlis mas RvTisagan rCeul xalxad(4, 47). B bunebrivia, yvela es mniSvneloba Tavis gamoyenebis diapazoniTa da masStabebiT tolfasi ar aris. rogorc wesi, yvelaze ufro xSirad nacionalizmis cneba ixmareba im mniSvnelobiT, romelic zemoT CamoTvlili eqvsi ganmartebidan mesamea, “anu erovnuli interesebisadmi, erovnuli erTobisa da erovnuli damoukideblobisadmi erTguleba da misi dacva”.

istorikosebi nacionalizmSi, upirveles yovlisa, xedaven istoriul process, romelic erovnebis politikur erTeulad (er-saxelmwifod) Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs. m. boemi ganarCevs nacionalizmis farTo da viwro mniSvnelobebs. farTo mniSvnelobiT nacionalizmi aris erovnuli Rirebulebebis primati faseulobaTa ierarqiaSi, viwro gagebiT ki, es sakuTari eris gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba da sxva erebisadmi qedmaRluri damokidebulebaa.


istorikosebis didi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom nacionalizmi, upirveles yovlisa grZnobaa da amdenad igi socialuri da fsiqologiuri movlenaa. isini miiCneven, rom gansazRvreli faqtori istoriuli pirobebia, rom nacionalizmis warmoSoba da misi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi konkretul istoriul garemozea damokidebuli. kerZod, nacionalizmi warmoiSva XVII saukunis bolos, roca dadga moTxovna, rom erT enaze molaparake da erTi kulturis mqone xalxs hqonoda politikuri erTobis saxe, sadac suvereni swored es xalxi iqneboda da ara mefe. Llozungi “ gaumarjos mefes!” Secvala lozungma “gaumarjos ers!”, xolo Tu lui XIV-es SeeZlo eTqva “L’ etat c’est moi!”(saxelmwifo es me var), gamarjvebuli burJuazia Tvlida, rom frang ers saerTod ar sWirdeba mefe. safrangeTidan nacionalizmi sxva evropul qveynebSic gavrcelda da bevrgan avtokratiuli reJimi xalxis mmarTvelobam Secvala. nacionalizmi gaxda mZlavri politikuri Zala da albaT yvelaze ufro warmatebuli ideologia, romelmac faqtiurad gansazRvra XIX_XX saukuneebis msoflio istoria.

nacionalizmma, rogorc evropulma ideologiam, mkveTri cvlileba ganicada mesame samyaroSi. evropuli nacionalizmis klasikuri debuleba, rom ers unda hqondes sakuTari saxelmwifo, xolo saxelmwifo ramdenadac SesaZlebelia erTerovani unda iyos, absoluturad ganuxorcielebeli aRmoCnda afrikisa da aziis qveynebis umravlesobaSi. aman ki saxelmwifosa da eTnikuri nacionalizmis dapirispirebis ukiduresi gamwvaveba gamoiwvia. xolo eri-saxelmwifos nacvlad, tipuri kvazi saxelmwifoebi (an arSemdgari saxelmwifoebi) Camoyalibda.

N globalizaciis epoqaSi nacionalizmma sxvagvari elferi SeiZina. erik hobsbaumi Tavis naSromSi “nacionalizmis evoluciis Sesaxeb” aRniSnavs, rom XX saukunis nacionalizmi da eTnikuri politika mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba XIX saukunis da adreuli XX saukunis nacionalizmisagan.Nnacionalizmi aRar iTvleba msoflioSi istoriuli ganviTarebis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalad. igi aRaraa qveynis, eris TviTdamkvidrebis mTavari veqtori(5,110).

eris Camoyalibeba da erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobani XX saukunis Sua wlebSi istoriuli ganviTarebis ZiriTadi movlenebi iyo. am movlenebTan naklebadaa dakavSirebuli XIX s. meore naxevarSi aRmocenebuli eTnikuri da lingvisturi nacionalizmi, romelic dResac ganagrZobs aqtiur zrdas. eris, eri-saxelmwifos Camoyalibebasa da


erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas hqonda Zlieri gamaerTianebeli buneba, maSin, roca gviani XX s. nacionalizmi atarebs mkveTrad ganmacalkevebel xasiaTs, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi negatiuri procesis saxes Rebulobs. is gamaerTianebeli nacionalizmi dRes kargavs gamaerTianebel Zalas da xdeba ganmacalkevebeli procesi. rac gamowveulia erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaqrobiT. dRevandeli nacionalizmi ZiriTadad efuZneba saxelmwifo ganviTarebis araerovnul principebs, rac ZiriTadi mizezia dRevandeli nacionalizmis ganmacalkevebeli da saxeSecvlili bunebisa.

nacionalizmi yovelTvis asaxavda garkveuli eris an eTnikuri jgufis gamorCeulobisa da erTianobis SegrZnebas, romelic efuZneba iseT myar gamaerTianebel faqtorebs, rogoricaa ena, religia, saerTo istoria, kultura, eTnikuri warmoSoba. swored amgvar principebze aRmocenebuli eri ayalibebda er-saxemlwifos. amis aSkara magaliTebi moiZebneba istoriaSi: safrangeTis revolucia XIX saukuneSi rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, nacionalizmis manifestad iqca mTel msoflioSi. aseve italiuri “risorjimento” SegviZlia CavTvaloT XX saukunis nacionalizmis fenomenis winamorbedad. winamdebare naSromSi Cven SevecadeT nacionalizmis, rogorc ideologiis gaanalizeba pannacionaluri moZraobis iseT aspeqtebSi, rogoric iyo: rusuli nacionalizmi (panslavizmi), Turquli nacionalizmi, arabuli nacionalizmi da nacionalizmis ukiduresi forma _ faSizmi italiisa da germaniis magaliTze.

XIX saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma daamarcxa napoleonis armia, xolo TurqeTTan da iranTan omebiT mniSvnelovnad gaifarTova teritoria samxreTis mimarTulebiT, TandaTan Camoyalibda mosazreba, rom ruseTi ar aris rigiTi evropuli saxelmwifo da igi ufro metia, vidre erTad aRebuli mTeli dasavleT evropa. rusebi, upirveles yovlisa evropelebi ki ara slavebi arian, ruseTi ufrosi Zmaa slav Zmebs Soris da misi misiaa gaaTavisuflos Tavisi TanamoZmeni, romlebic osmaleTis Tu habsburgTa imperiis farglebSi arian da isini ruseTs SeuerTos. es idea, romelic slavebis gansakuTrebulobas da calke civilizaciad miCnevas gulisxmobs, slavianofiliis (slavTmoyvareobis) saxeliT aris cnobili.

panslavizmi, (prefiqsi “pan” niSnavs “yvelas” da “yovels”) rogorc erT-erTi uZvelesi makronacionalizmi, sxva panmoZraobaTa msgavsad arasodes yofila zustad


gansazRvruli, stabiluri ideologia. is ufro ideaTa konglomerati iyo, romelic slavTa erTobisaTvis ibrZoda, Tumca ver ganviTarda rogorc sicocxlisunariani moZRvreba da arc masebSi hqonia farTo mxardaWera. Tavis adreul, romantikul fazaSi panslavizmi eswrafoda slavebis ganTavisuflebas avstriisa da osmaleTis imperiebisagan. amosavali wertili iyo is, rom slavebis gadarCena damokidebulia maT politikur erTobaze, miT ufro, rom yvela slavi flobs saerTo warsuls, aqvs saerTo moraluri da sulieri Tvisebebi da gamoirCeva sxva xalxebisagan. germaneli da romanuli xalxebis dro wavida da axla swored slavi xalxis misiaa iTamaSos gmiris roli istoriul procesebSi.

panslavizmis ideologiaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda ruseTis faqtori. imperiuli ruseTi Tavis Tavs miiCnevda im Zalad, romelsac unda gaekontrolebina slavebi, gaeerTianebina yvela slavurenovani xalxi da miuxedavad imisa, undodaT Tu ara es sxva slavebs, Seeyvana isini didi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi. osmaleTis imperiaSi myofi marTlmadidebeli slavebisaTvis es idea misaRebic ki iyo, miT ufro, rom ekaterine II-is droidan ruseTi bosforis miRma iyureboda. rac Seexeba avstriis imperiis farglebSi moqceul kaTolike slavebs, maTTvis ruseTTan SeerTeba savsebiT gamoiricxeboda da isini sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen.Ees gansxvaveba SeuZlebels xdida, rom panslavizmi yvela slavisaTvis saerTo ideologiad qceuliyo.

panslavizmis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa herderis wignma “ideebi kacobriobis istoriis filosofiisaTvis”, sadac man erTi Tavi miuZRvna slav xalxebs. herderma mouwoda slav inteleqtualebs SeeswavlaT sakuTari istoria. frangulisa da germanulis nacvlad sakuTar enebze mieRoT ganaTleba, ebeWdaT wignebi da gazeTebi da ase SeenarCunebinaT TviTmyofadoba(6,167).

avstriis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myofi slavi xalxis moZraoba Tavdapirvelad kulturuli uflebebisaTvis brZola iyo, SemdgomSi ki politikuri moTxovnebi da avtonomiis ideebic gaCnda. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Cexuri nacionalizmis fuZemdeblis frantiSek palatkis moRvaweoba. magram panslavizmis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa 1848 wlis praRis kongresma, romlis muSaobaSi monawileoba ar miuRia yvela slavi xalxis warmomadgenlebs. ZiriTadad kongress avstriis imperiaSi mcxovrebi slavi


erovnebis warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen. Ees kongresi aSkarad antirusuli suliskveTebiT midioda. rusuli mesianizmi, germanul eqspansionizmTan da ungrelTa dominirebasTan erTad, slavi xalxebis mTavar mtrad miiCnies.

praRis kongresis mimarT ruseTSi mkveTrad uaryofiTi ganwyoba aRiniSna. rusuli oficialuri ideologia SeuZleblad Tvlida slavTa raime gaerTianebas da ganTavisuflebas ruseTis xelmZRvanelobis gareSe. yvela slavi xalxi unda Sesuliyo didi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi damorCileboda mainc mas. ruseTis xelisuflebis rwmeniT, iseTi mZlavri saxelmwifos mxardaWeris gareSe, rogoric ruseTia, slavTa nebismieri moZraoba damarcxebisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. ruseTis, rogorc msoflios pirveli saxelmwifos, rusi xalxis, rogorc RmerTisgan rCeulis da ruseTis gansakuTrebuli, msoflios gadamrCeni misiis idea masobrivad inergeboda ruseTis mosaxleobaSi da sxva slav xalxebSi. Mmsgavsi propagandisa da Zalisxmebvis Sedegad panslavuri moZraobis centrma ruseTSi gadainacvla, ramac dasavleT slavebis (polonelebis, Cexebis, slovakebis, agreTve xorvatebisa da slovenielebis) erTgvari gverdze gadgoma gamoiwvia, radgan ruseTSi isini axal dampyrobels xedavdnen. 1867 wels moskovSi gamarTul meore panslavur kongress polonelebi saerTod ar daswrebian. kongresze gamoikveTa ruseTis miswrafeba slavi xalxebis rusifikaciisa da rusuli enis gamocxadebisaken slavebis oficialur enad, agreTve marTlmadidebluri eklesiis uzenaesobisa yvela slavisaTvis. ruseTis xelisuflebam scada es mowodebebi cxovrebaSi gaetarebina (ruseTis imperiis farglebSi), ramac sakmaod mZime Sedegi gamoiRo da panslavizmis ideas sakmaod didi ziani miayena. 40 welze meti xnis manZilze panslavisturi kongresi aRar gamarTula. 1908 wlis praRis da 1910 wlis sofiis kongresebma ki warmoaCina seriozuli winaaRmdegoba TviT slav xalxebs (Cexebsa da slovakebs, serbebsa da xorvatebs, polonelebsa da ukrainelebs) Soris. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg praqtikulad yvela slavma xalxma Seqmna Tavisi saxelmwifo da nacionalizmis grZnoba pannacionalizmze bevrad Zlieri aRmoCnda. cxadia, aravin moisurvebda damoukidebloba ruseTis meTaurobiT Seqmnil slavur kavSirSi Sesvlaze gaecvala. miT ufro, rom ruseTSi bolSevikuri diqtatura damyarda da sabWoTa mTavrobam panslavizmi uaryo, rogorc carizmis eqspansionisturi politikis saSualeba. magram meore msoflio


omis wlebSi stalinma “slav Zmebs” saerTo mtris _ germanuli faSizmis winaaRmdeg erToblivad brZolisaken mouwoda da panslavizmis ideamac sakmaod efeqturad imuSava. meore msoflio omis Sedegad yvela slavuri saxelmwifo socialisturi banakis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda da sabWoTa kavSirs daemorCila. es panslavizmis ideis Taviseburi ganxorcieleba iyo, oRond sxva ideologiis pirobebSi. swored aman ganapiroba aRniSnuli qveynebis mosaxleobis dapirispireba sabWoTa kavSirTan. garda amisa, samxreT slavebis erTian iugoslaviis saxelmwifoSi, xolo slovakebis CexebTan erTad CexoslovakiaSi xelovnurma gaerTianebam sakmaod gaamwvava erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi am qveyanaSi, rac imis maCvenebeli iyo, rom panslavizmis idea praqtikaSi ar amarTlebda. es sruliad naTeli gaxda socialisturi sistemis kraxis Semdeg, rasac yvela im saxelmwifos erovnul saxelmwifoebad daSla mohyva, sadac slavi xalxebi federaciis subieqtebs Seadgenen (ssrk, iugoslavia, Cexoslovakia). dRes SeiZleba iTqvas, rom panslavizmi, rogorc politikuri doqtrina aRar arsebobs, xolo slavTa erTianobisaTvis moZraobas mxolod kulturul-lingvisturi funqciebi aqvs. rac Seexeba Turqul nacionalizms, aq ganasxvaveben panosmalizms, panTurqizms da panTuranizms(7,172).

panosmalizmi qadagebda osmaleTis imperiis aRorZinebas im sazRvrebSi, romelic mas Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervalze hqonda XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. am ideiT osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi unda gaerTianebuliyo faqtiurad mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi iranamde, kavkasiis didi nawili, mTeli CrdiloeTi afrika marokomde da samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa mTeli balkaneTiT. XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan am imperiis aRdgena daisaxes miznad inteleqtualebma, romlebic Tavs axalgazrda osmalebs uwodebdnen. 1865 wels maT Camoayalibes saidumlo organizacia “patriotuli aliansi”. maTi azriT, aRdgenili saxelmwifo gaaerTianebda sxvadasxva enis, kulturisa da religiis xalxebs, romlebsac avtonomia eqnebodaT, magram daemorCilebodnen osmaleTis kontrols. Ppanosmanizms dasawyisSi hqonda garkveuli warmateba, magram male dakarga ndoba, radgan sruliad uZluri aRmoCnda gadaeWra sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis problema sulTnis xelSi.

panTurqizmi ufro sicocxlisunariani da popularuli ideologia aRmoCnda. igi moiTxovda yvela Turqulenovani xalxis erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebas. am saxelmwifoSi


sakuTriv Turqebis garda unda Sesuliyvnen iranis Turqulenovani tomebi, azerbaijanelebi, Turqmenebi, uzbekebi, yazaxebi, yirgizebi, uiRurebi, TaTrebi, baSkirebi, uralisa da cimbiris Tulqulenovani xalxebi, yirimeli TaTrebi da sxva. am ideis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis imperias Tavisi teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili unda daekarga. panTurqizmi Zalzed popularuli iyo XX saukunis dasawyisSi e.w. axalgazrda Turqebs Soris, Tumca usafuZvlo iyo imis imedi, rom sruliad gansxvavebuli istoriis xalxebi mxolod enobrivi da nawilobriv religiuri naTesaobis gamo erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebuliyo.

pirvel msoflio omSi TurqeTis damarcxebis Semdeg panTurqizmma dakarga gavlena. Turqi patriotebi sakuTriv Turquli nacionalizmisaken Setrialdnen da panTurqizms zurgi aqcies. panTurqizmi mkacri meTodebiT aRikveTa sabWoTa reJimis mierac. panTurqizmis erTgvar gamococxlebas hqonda adgili 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg erTbaSad xuTi axali Turqulenovani saxelmwifo gaCnda. 1993 wels Seiqmna kidec Turquli saxelmwifoebis organizacia, romelSic Sedioda TurqeTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi. magram ramdenadme qmediTi RonisZieba am qveynebis politikuri Tanamegobrobis Camoyalibebis mizniT ar gatarebula.

panTuranizmi, panTurqizmisa da panosmalizmTan SedarebiT naklebad politikuri moZraoba iyo da ufro kulturul-lingvistur miznebs isaxavda. igi cdilobda altaur-uralur enebze molaparake xalxebis (Turqebi, monRolebi, ungrelebis) daaxloebas da perspeqtivaSi mWidrod SekavSirebas. panTuranizmis Tanaxmad, yvela is xalxebi, romlebic laparakoben am enebze ungreTidan wynar okeanemde miekuTvnebian erT did panmoZraobas. maTi samSobloa miTiuri miwa, legendaruli Turani, romelic ixsenieba sparsul poeziaSi. panTuranizms unda aRedgina atilas, Cingiz-xanis, Temur-lengis dideba. momavalSi ki axal panTuranul atilas unda gaeerTianebina yvela es monaTesave xalxi Turanis did saxelmwifoSi. cxadia, es ufro ocnebis sferoa, vidre pannacionalisturi moZraoba. panarabizmi politikuri, nacionalisturi moZraoba da ideologiaa, Tumca religiuri, lingvisturi da eTnikuri SeferilobiT. igi miznad isaxavda yvela arabis gaerTianebas gigantur arabul saxelmwifoSi, aqcents akeTebda istoriul da kulturul


kavSirebze arabebs Soris, erTian literaturul arabul enaze da arabebis absoluturi umravlesobis religiur erTobaze. Tumca Tanamedrove arabTa erovnuli TviTSegnebisaTvis religia sakmaod orazrovan rols asrulebs: maT Soris islamis ramdenime xSirad urTierTdapirispirebuli mimdinareobaa gavrcelebuli(8,113). Mmas Semdeg, rac me-20 saukuneSi axlo aRmosavleTis arabul nawilSi Seiqmna saxelmwifoTa mTeli rigi, arabulenovani mosaxleoba ganawilebuli aRmoCnda sxvadasxva politikur erTeulebSi. es saxelmwifoebi faqtobrivad xels uwyoben lokaluri teritoriuli nacionalizmis ganviTarebas da axali erebis (sirielebi, erayelebi, quveiTelebi da a.S.) formirebas. arabebis, rogorc garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, “erTiani eris” ZiriTadi gamaerTianebelia literaturuli ena da TviTsaxeli. obieqturi pirobebi arabTa gaerTianebisaTvis ukeTesia, vidre sxva panmoZraobebisaTvis, radgan bolos da bolos arabebi erTi supereTnosia saerTo eniTa da istoriiT. 18 damoukidebeli arabuli saxelmwifoc teritoriulad Zalian did, magram erTian, kompaqtur areals warmoadgens. regionis mosaxleobaSi yvelaze mravalricxovanni arian arabebi, romlebic raodenobrivad dominireben axlo aRmosavleTis Tormet saxelmwifoSi da palestinaSi. saWiro iyo mxolod, rom mmarTveli arabuli integracia ufro maRla daeyenebinaT, vidre saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi.

sinamdvileSi, arabTa integracia arabuli saxelmwifoebis ligis

SeqmniT amoiwura. arabuli qveynebis gaerTianebis mcdelobas adgili hqonda 1958 wels, roca egvipte da siria gaerTiandnen da arabTa gaerTianebuli respublika Seqmnes. magram sami wlis Semdeg igi kvlav daiSala. saxelmwifoebrivi nacionalizmi (egvipturi, erayuli, alJiruli) ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre saerTo arabuli. amasTan, arabuli qveynebis gaerTianebas maTi Zalian gansxvavebuli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobac uSlis xels.H nacionalizmis ukiduresi forma _ faSizmi daibada da gavrcelda italiaSi, germaniaSi, espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, ungreTSi, rumineTSi. faSizmis SeqmnaSi didi roli iTamaSa pirvelma msoflio omma da versalis xelSekrulebam, xolo ideologiis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli italiam da germaniam Seasrula. XIX saukuneSi italiaSi farTo gavrceleba hpova franguli revoluciis Rirebulebis matarebelma nacionlizmma. juzepe maZinis nacionalizmSi erTmaneTs


Seerwya eris, rogorc gamokveTili enobrivi da kulturuli Tvisebebis mqone sazogadoebis rwmena da liberaluri respublikuri principebi. maZinis nacionalizmi mkafiod gamoxatul principebs eyrdnoboda.Eerebi aRiqmeboda rogorc sublimirebuli individebi, romelTac TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba gaaCndaT. maZinis swamda, rom erebis TviTgamorkvevis principis ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi mudmivi mSvidobis safuZveli gaxdeboda(9,195). I msoflio omis Semdgomma movlenebma italiaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes faSizmis, rogorc politikuri moZraobis momwifebaSi. mZime socialur pirobebSi musolinim advilad SeZlo masebis darwmuneba imaSi, rom faSisturi partia iyo is realuri Zala, romelsac SeeZlo maTi sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobeseba da axali saxelmwifos aSeneba, sadac ar iqnebodnen Raribebi. faSisturi partiis mimzidvelma politikurma lozungebma: sayovelTao arCevnebis ufleba, samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis garantiebi, sayovelTao ganiaraReba, privilegiebis gauqmeba, 8 saaTiani samuSao dRe da a.S. SecdomaSi Seiyvana italielebi. 1919 wlis 23 marts benito musolinim Seqmna organizacia “fascio di combatimento”(“brZolis kavSiri”). organizaciis wevrebi TavianT Tavs faSistebs uwodebdnen. termini “faSizmi” (laT. fascio_konas niSnavs, ital. fascismo-gaerTianebas) parvelad XX s. italiis terminologiaSi gamoCnda. “faSizmi, es aris axali Taobis armia, romelmac omi unda moigos” _ werda faSizmis ideologi gorgolini(10,17) da marTlac, italiuri faSizmis mizani eris gaaxalgazrdaveba iyo. faSizms makiavelis mier Camoyalibebul principebTan bevri ram aqvs saerTo: patriotizmi, Zalauflebis, ierarqiis, disciplinis maRali Sefaseba. “diadi italia” _ iyo faSistTa lozungi. faSizmma TandaTanobiT ganicada ideur-politikuri transformacia, ris Sedegadac moxda misi daaxloeba nacionalizmTan, romelic saboloo jamSi masSi gaiTqvifa. faSisturi diqtaturis ganmtkicebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda saxelmwifosa da vatikans Soris urTierTobis daregulirebas. musolini, romelic adre qristianul eTikas _ “monaTa morals” uwodebda, iZulebuli iyo daTmobaze wasuliyo. is iTvaliswinebda religiaze makiavelis rCevas: “iq sadac religiaa, advilia samxedro disciplinis damyareba... religiisadmi daudevroba ki saxelmwifos dacemis mizezi gaxdeba...…”(11,465). musolinim gaiTvaliswina agreTve italiaSi krispis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli fraza: “italiis udidesi saxelmwifo moRvawe


iqneba is, vinc romis sakiTxs gadawyvets”(12,215). vatikanis SemorigebiT musolinim morwmuneTa farTo masebic miimxro. italiis faSizmis mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba, romelic mas ganasxvavebda germanuli faSizmisagan, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man qveyanaSi farTo masobrivi bazris Seqmna ver SeZlo da rac mTavaria, italiaSi rasobrivma kulturam iseTi Rrma gamoZaxili ver hpova, rogorc, magaliTad germaniaSi an safrangeTSi. maSin, rodesac germaneli nacistebi “rasobriv Teorias” qadagebdnen. dResac italiel memarjvene da memarcxene partiis erovnul damsaxurebad miaCniaT ganacxadon, rom “italiaSi rasistebi ar arian” (13,40). amgvarad, faSistebis didi xnis ocneba _ SeeqmnaT korporaciuli saxelmwifo da faSizmi gadaeqciaT istoriis axal, grandiozul politikur gamocdilebad, kraxiT damTavrda. pangermanizmi, rogorc pannacionalisturi ideologia da moZraoba ara monaTesave eTnikuri jgufebis (mag.: germanul enobriv jgufze molaparake xalxebis) gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad, aramed ifargleboda erTi eris _ germanelebis gaerTianebis ideeiT. mas Semdeg rac oto bismarkma erTiani germaniis imperiis Seqmna, pangermanizmis ZiriTadi mizani germaniis sazRvrebs gareT darCenili eTnikuri germanelebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebis (avstria, Sveicariis didi nawili,ruseTis baltiispira sanapiros nawili) germaniis imperiasTan SeerTeba gaxda. pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi pangermanizms daemata geopolitikuri moTxovnebic, rom germaniis Zalaufleba gavrcelebuliyo CrdiloeTis zRvidan _ sparseTis yuremde osmaleTze kontrolis CaTvliT. Tan axali koloniebis xelSi Cagdeba afrikaSi. omSi damarcxeba pangermanizmis damarcxebas ar niSnavda, piriqiT igi rogorc ideologia ufro mkacri da agresiuli gaxda. nacisturi ideologia Camoyalibda rasobrivi antisemitizmis da socialuri darvinizmis kombinirebiT. germanuli nacional-socialistur muSaTa partias 1919 wels saTaveSi Caudga adolf hitleri. igi msoflio rasebs sam kategoriad hyofda. pirveli, arielebi warmoadgendnen “batonTa rasas”. hitleri arielebs miiCnevda rogorc “kulturis damaarseblebs” da Tvlida, rom isini pasuxismgebelni iyvnen xelovnebis, musikis, literaturis, filosofiisa da politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis. meore jgufi _ “kulturis matareblebi iyvnen” xalxebi, romlebsac germaneli eris ideebisa da gamogonebebis gamoyenebis Zala SeswevdaT, magram TviTon ar gaaCndaT


SemoqmedebiTi unari.Mmesame, yvelaze dabla idgnen ebraelebi, romelTac hitleri miiCnevda rogorc “kulturis damangrevelebs”, romlebic keTilSobil da SemoqmedebiT arielebTan usasrulo brZolaSi iyvnen CarTulni. amrigad, ariuli rasis gansakuTrebulobis Teoriam hitleri da nacistebi saSineli da tragikuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana. “Mein kampf”-Si mocemuli logikis Sesabamisad germaniis sidiade ver iqneboda garantirebuli manam, sanam ar iqneboda miRweuli ebraeli rasis saboloo ganadgureba. “marqsizmi, es aris ebraelTa ideologia, romlebic msoflio batonobisken miiswrafvian. Cven Tu dRes ar gavanadgureT isini, xval isini gagvanadgureben Cven” _ werda hitleri Tavis wignSi “Mein kampf”(14,47). aqedan gamomdinare, nacisturma rasistulma Teoriebma hitleri devnis politikidan terorisa da saboloo genocidis, ganadgurebis politikamde miiyvana. avstriis anSlusi sudetis olqebis mierTeba pangermanizmis aSkara gamovlineba iyo. hitleriseuli pangermanizmi nacizmis ganadgurebasTan erTad dasamarda da dRes igi germanelTa umravlesobis mier usiamovno mogonebad da istoriul Secdomad aRiqmeba. XX saukunis 20-30 wlebSi evropaSi faSisturi reJimi gavrcelda agreTve espaneTsa da portugaliaSi. espanuri faSizmi (falangizmi) xelisuflebaSi samxedro putCis Sedegad movida, romelsac generali franko xelmZRvanelobda. nacionaluri lozungi “didi espaneTis” aRorZinebis idea, daexmara frankos xelisuflebaSi mosvlaSi. ganviTarebis faSisturi gza airCia portugaliamac, sadac 1926 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi movida universitetis profesori oliveira salazari, romelmac 1933 wels portugalia gamoacxada “unitarul korporaciul saxelmwifod”, sadac mTavroba asrulebda rogorc aRmasrulebel, ise sakanonmdeblo funqcias. faSisturi ideologiis Zlieri gavlenis qveS advilad eqceodnen evropaSi mcxovrebi rusi emigrantebi. pirveli rusuli faSisturi organizacia iugoslaviaSi aRmocenda. misi damaarsebeli iyo generali p. Cerski, zagrebis mcxovrebi. Cerskis organizaciulma saqmianobam evropaSi araviTari Sedegi ar gamoiRo, magram man SeZlo Tavisi ideebis gavrceleba manjuriaSi da Soreul aRmosavleTSi. rusuli emigraciuli faSizmis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba iyo _ antisemitizmi. maT sZuldaT ebraelebi da Tvlidnen, rom ebraelebi da masonebi komunizmis saxeliT iniRbebodnen.


aqedan gamomdinare, TavianT movaleobad miaCndaT ruseTis gawmenda am elementebisagan. mxolod 1934 wlis ganmavlobaSi 835 antisemituri da antimasonuri statia daibeWda. magram rusulma emigraciulma faSisturma organizaciebma, romlebsac hqondaT gamokveTili ideologiuri programa, konkretuli miznebi da amocanebi, II msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Sewyvites arseboba. amrigad, nacionalizmma, rogorc grZnobam da rogorc politikurma ideologiam, udidesi roli Seasrula uaxles istoriaSi da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. amasTan, nacionalizmis roli da mniSvneloba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. mkvlevarTa mniSvnelovani nawili ki, saerTod im azrs iziarebs, rom XXI saukune nacionalizmisa da globalizaciis Sejaxebis epoqa iqneba.A gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. heivudi e. politikuri ideologiebi, Tb., 2004; 2. smiTi e. nacionalizmi (Teoria, ideologia, istoria),

Tb., 2004; 3. daviTaSvili z. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, Tb.,

2003; 4. iqve; 5. hobsbaumi “nacionalizmis evoluciis Sesaxeb”, 6. daviTaSvili z. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, Tb.,

2003; 7. iqve;

8. gaCeCilaZe r. axlo aRmosavleTi Tb.,2004; 9. heivudi e. politikuri ideologiebi, Tb., 2004 10.GGorgolini p. La revolution fasiste, paris, 1924; 11. Макиавелли Н. Рассуждения о рервой декаде Тима Ливия, М,. 1998

12. Устрялов Н. В. Итальянский фашизм. М., 1996;

13. Лонго Э. История и персрективы расовой культуры в Италий,

M.,1999; 14. hitleri a. Cemi brZola. Tb., 1992;


Summary

Tinatin Diakonidze

The nationalism and pan national events

The nationalism represents a complicated and varied phenomenon. Any

current has not considered it yet o be positive or negative and such as an

assessment will never been made because it is impossible to asses the nationalism

as a complicated and varied event.

In the work titled “ The nationalism and pan national events” the nationalism is seen from the historical aspect when this phenomenon became a great political

strength and probably the most successful ideology which determined the world

history in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Резиуме

Тинатин Диаконидзе

Национализм и паннационалные события

Национализм явлается сложним и разнообразным феноменом. Никакое

течение никогда не оценивало его аднократно положительным или

отрицательным собитием и такая же оценка никогда не будет примета

потому что аднакратная оценка никого же сложного феномена

действительно невозможна. В работе национализм и паннационалные события, национализм представлен

как историческое происшествие у которого большая политическая сила.

Национализм самая успешная идеология действительно устранавливал

историю мира XIX –XX веков.


saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi yovelTvis urTules sferod iyo miCneuli. rTulad mkvidrdeba igi, rogorc samecniero disciplina. praqtika ki xazgasmiT gvimtkicebs im debulebas, rom mecnieruli kvlevisa da saTanado analizis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi garkveva da realuri nabijebis gadadgma. samwuxarod, dRemde politikur mecnierebasa da sazogadoebaSi, ar aris erTianoba imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mecnieruli kvlevis obieqti. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom es disciplina Seiswavlis yvela saxis urTierTobebs sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa Soris, e.i. moicavs politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul, samecniero-teqtikur, ekologiis dacviT da sxva urTierTobebs. arc erT saxelmwifos, ar SeuZlia arseboba sxva saxelmwifosTan saTanado kontaqtebis damyarebisa da normaluri urTierTobebis warmoebis gareSe. am moTxovnilebam jer kidev pirveli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnisTanave iCina Tavi. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeboda, farTovdeboda da ixveweboda saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis da sxva mSvidobiani urTierTobis xerxebi da formebi. dRes saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Cabmulia ara marto saxelmwifoebi da zogadad xalxebi, aramed sxvadasxva tipis saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sferoSi specifikur rols TamaSoben. yoveli saxelmwifo Tavisi sagareo funqciis ganxorcielebisas mimarTavs garkveul xerxebsa da formebs, romelTa mizania sagareo politikis amocanebis mSvidobiani gadawyveta. aseve, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, Tavisi specifikidan gamomdinare Tanmimdevrulad iRwvian xalxTa Soris, saxelmwifoTa Soris keTilgonieri, urTierTxelsayreli TanamSromlobisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom

natalia aprilaSvili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvneloba

Tanamedrove saxelmwifosaTvis


Tavidan iqnes acilebuli saxelmwifoTaSoris warmoqmnili problemebis Zalismieri gadawyveta. dReisaTvis gamoikveTa tendencia, romlis Sedegad searTaSoriso urTierTobebi sferoebi (kerZod saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba, saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa istoria, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sociologia, da sxva). saerTaSoriso samarTali specifikur sazogadoebriv movlenas warmoadgens, romelic ufro farTod da yovlismomcveli socialur – politikuri samyaros ganuyofel nawils – saerTaSoriso sistemas miekTvneba. amdenad, saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi monawileobis efeqturoba bevrad aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos unarze ganaxorcielos moqnili sagareo politika. Tavisufali, damoukidebeli da suverenul saxelmwifosaTvis umniSvnelovanes funqcias warmoadgens sagareo politika, romelic yvelaze metad asaxavs mis miznebsa da miswrafebebs saerTaSoriso asparezze. sagareo politikis mixedviT fasdeba qveynis damokidebuleba im faseulobebisadmi, romelic civilizebul samyaros gaaCnia. moqnili da efeqtiani sagareo politikis warmarTvisaTvis saxelmwifo ZalRones ar iSurebs. saerTaSoriso urTierTobis dinamizmi, moqnili sagareo politika, saerTaSoriso asparezze megobrebisa da Tanamoazrebis moZieba warmoadgens specifiur amocanas gansakuTrebiT iseTi tipis qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. misi geostrategiuli mdebareoba, mcire teritoria, SezRuduli adamianuri da ekonomikuri resursebi aiZulebs mas awarmoos iseTi sagareo politika, romelic efeqtis momtani iqneba ara marto mokle perspeqtivaSi, aramed grZelvadian periodSi. bunebrivia, rom sagareo politika saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT – erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa da miznad isaxavs saqarTvelosaTvis xelsayreli saerTaSoriso garemos Camoyalibebas. am miznis misaRwevad saqarTvelo TanamSromlobs saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobasTan ormxriv da mravalmxriv fromatSi. saqarTvelos sagareo politikis umTavresi mizania - usafrTxoebisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaumjobeseba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemaSi kuTvnili da Rirseuli adgilis dakaveba da mzardi globalizaciis pirobebSi qveynis intersesbis gatareba. dRevandel urTierTdamokidebul samyaroSi, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis miRweva SeuZlebelia danarCeni msofliosagan izolaciis pirobebSi. Cveni


usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia globaluri usafrTxoebis mxardaWera. amitomacaa, rom saqarTvelos sagareo politikis prioritetebi dafuZnebulia Tanamedrove demokratiul samyaroSi aRiarebul faseulobebze, demokratiaze, adamianis uflebebis ganuxrel dacvaze, msoflios saxelmwifoebTan ekonomikur, politikur da sxva saxis TanamSromlobaze. damoukideblobis mopovebis pirvelsave dReebidan saqartvelom intensiuri saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi daiwyo, msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanasTan mimdinareobda (da zog saxelmifosTan dRemde mimdinareobs) dialogi diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyarebisa da TanamSromlobis mizniT. gaformebulia 1100-ze meti ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba. aTeulobiT xelSekrulebaa gaformebuli TanamSromlobis sxvadasxva sferoSi iseT qveynebTan, rogoricaa a.S.S, italia, azerbaijani, somxeTi, TurqeTi, ukraina, ruseTis federacia, irani, israeli, didi britaneTi, egvipte, safrangeTi, germania da a.S. saqarTveloSi Tavisi elCi akreditebuli hyavs asamde qveyanasa da evrogaerTianebas. bevri saelCo TbilisSi funqcionirebs (danarCeni elCebi daniSnuli arian SeTavsebiT), aqve funqcionirebs 16 saerTaSoriso organizaciis warmomadgenloba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi umniSvnelovanesio adgili uWiravs qveynebs Soris ormxriv urTierTobebs. aseTi saxis urTierTobebi agebuli unda iyos urTierTxelsayrelobis, keTilmezoblobisa da urTierTgagebis principebze. saqarTvelos magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, sanimuSoa is urTierTobebi, romlebic mas damyarebuli aqvs mezobel qveynebTan: somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan, aseve iseT udides saxelmwifoebTan, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, germania, safrangeTi, didi britanTi, TurqeTi, saberZneTi da sxva. sruliad gansakuTrebulia saqarTvelosa da ukrainis urTierTobebi. mniSvnelovani saqmianoba xorcieldeba ormxriv formatSi evrokavSiris qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT poloneTTan da baltiis saxelmwifoebTan. samwuxarod saqarTvelos jer kidev bevri problemebi aqvs iseT mezobelTan, rogoricaa ruseTis federacia. ruseT-saqartvelos urTierToebebs gansakuTrebul daRs asvams is qmedebebi, romelsac rusuli mxare axorcielebs saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebTn mimarTebaSi. ukve eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoeba, rom es konfliqtebi inicirebulia swored ruseTis mxridan da igi maT kvlav iyenebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, rogorc ~neli


moqmedebis naRmebs~, Tumca, Tu bolo periodis movlenebiT vimsjelebT, es naRmebi sulac ar aris neli moqmedebis. saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mniSvnelovani amocanaa adeqvaturad upasuxos Tavisi `didi mezoblis~ nabijebs da miaRwios masTan urTierTobis normalizacias. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani formaa mravalmxrivi urTierTobebi, romelic ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da forumebis farglebSi xorcieldeba. kacobriobis ganviTarebis mTeli istoriis manZilze saxlmwifiebi ikribebodnen da ikribebian saerTaSoriso konferencebze ama Tu im saWirboroto problemis gadasawyvetad. saerTaSoriso konferencia aris ori an ramdenime saxlmwifos warmomadgenlebis Sexvedra ama Tu im politikur, ekonomikur da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilvis da maT Taobaze SeTanxmebis miRwevisaTvis. saerTaSoriso konferenciebs iwveven an TviT saxelmwifoebi, an saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. konferenciebze gadawyvetilebas ZiriTadad iReben konsesusis principiT. konferenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic droebiT saxlmwifoTaSorisi TaTbirebis saxes atareben, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mudmivi saxelmwifoTaSorisi dawesebulebebia, romlebic xangrZlivi vadiT, an uvadod iqmneba politikuri, administraciuli, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. es organizaciebi saxlmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebSi ZiriTadSi iseT nacad formas iyeneben, rogoricaa konferenciebi da kongresebi. igive iTqmis arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebze. arasaxmlwifoebrivi saxis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis tendenciebi jer kidev kacobriobis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi idgams fexs. Tumca im drois es TamanSromloba metad arastabilur da viwro xasiaTs atarebda. arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis pirveli kongresi, romlis Sesaxebac Cven gvaqvs sarwmuno cnobebi, iyo medikosTa saerTaSoriso Sexvedra romSi. igi grZemdeboda 1681 wlis 10 martidan 8 ivlisamde – yovelTviurad tardeboda mxolod sami – oTxi sxdoma. me-19 saukunidan mniSvnelovnad imatebs arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ricxvi. XX saukunis dasawyiSi iTvlidnen 20 samTavroboTaSoris da 192 arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacias. dRes ki msoflioSi 59 000 saerTaSoriso organizcia moqmedebs, aqedan 6432 samTavroboTaSorisoa. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli 25 wlis


manZilze, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis raodenoba orjer gaizarda, rac TvalnaTvliv miuTiTebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvnelobaze Tamanedrove pirobebSi. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba kompetenciis mixedviT – zogierTi saerTaSoriso organizacia miekuTvneba iseT organizaciebs, romelTa mizania sakiTxTa farTo speqtris mocva, xolo specialuri kompetenciis mqone, anu – specializebuli organizaciebi viwro daniSnulebis sakiTxebis mowesrigebas emsaxurebian. rac Seexeba regionalur saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, gaero-s wesdebis VIII Tavis 52 da 54 muxlebSi miTiTebulia, rom gaero-s arseboba ar gamoricxavs aseTi regionaluri SeTanxmebebisa da organizaciebis Seqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis dasacavad im pirobiT, rom aseTi organizaciebis saqmianoba savsebiT Seesabameba gaero –s miznebsa da principebs. swored am miznebs emsaxureba iseTi regionaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, rogoricaa evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo), damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT), arabul saxelmwifoTa liga da afrikis erTobis organizacia, romelTa mizania regionSi Semaval qveynebs Soris politikuri, samxedro da sxva TanamSromlobis ganmtkiceba. amaT ricxvs ekuTvnis aseve amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia, evropis kavSiri, evropis sabWo. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi saxelmwifo da politikuri moRvaweobis erT – erT yvelaze sapatio da prestiJul sferod iTvleba zogadad msoflioSi. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTibebi saxelmwfoebs aiZulebs pirvel yovlisa sakuTar usafrTxoebaze da politikur stabiluribaze ifiqron. dResdReobiT saerTaSoriso garemo rTuli da cvalebadia, ramac gazarda saerTaSoriso forumebis, konferenciebisa da kongresebis Catarebis mniSvneloba, romlebSic erT-erT Zlier subieqtad gvevlineba arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac dRiTidRe izrdeba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mravali formis arsebobis miuxedavad, Znelia gamohyo aqcentirebulad romelime maTgani da prioritetulad miiCnio. saxelmwifos sagareo politikis arsenalSi yvela forma da saSualebis adgilia, iseTi saqmianobisaTvis, rom miRweuli iqnes mTavari amocana – qveynis usafrTxoeba da dinamiuri ganviTareba, xeli Seewyos urTierTTanamSromlobas msoflio Tanamegobrobis qveynebs


Soris sayovelTao mSvidobis, adamianis cxovrebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. S. doRonaZe `saqarTvelo: gza saerTaSoriso aRiarebidan saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisaken~, `mecniereba~, 2002.

2. a. rondeli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, Tsu, 2006.

3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qrestomaTia, Tb. 2000.

4. saqarTvelos sagareo politikis strategia 2006/09 ww.

www.mfa.gov.ge


Summary

Aprilashvili Natalia

The meaning of the international relations for the modern state

This article tells of that not a single state can exist without establishing contacts

and performing normal relations with other states. This necessity arose with the

forming of the first state. International cooperation was developing , broadening

and improving , as well as other means and forms of peaceful co-existence

together with the development of society. Despite existence of different international relations’ forms, it’s difficult to call

any of it main or a priority.

It is desirable for each state to have at it’s disposal all active forms and means for

working out the main task – state security and dynamic development peace and

mutually beneficial cooperation.

Резюме

Наталиа Априлашвили

Значение международных отношений для современного государства

Это статья повествует о том, что ни одно государство не может

существовать без установления соответствующих контактов и осуществления нормальных отношений с другими государствами. Это

потребность стало необходимым со дня образования 1го государста. С

развитием общества развивалось, расширялось и улучшалось международное

сотрудничество с другими формами и средствами мирного сосуществования.

Несмотря на существоване различних форм международных отношений,

трудно сделать акцент на какоий – либо из них и назвать приоритетнойю. В

арсенале государственной внешней политики имеют место все формы и

средства такой деятелности которая направлена на решение главной задачи –

безопастность государства и динамичное развитие, мир и взаимовыгодное

сотрудничество.


efeqturi saarCevno kampaniis sawarmoeblad aucilebelia kandidatis imijis formireba. politikuri imijis Seqmnis teqnologia fablik rileiSenzis saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawilia. politikuri imiji, rogorc wesi, unda Seiqmnas romelime konkretuli amocanis mixedviT. an unda miemarTos arCevnebSi gamarjvebisaken, an misi miswrafeba unda iyos elitaSi Sesvla Tavisi politikuri perspeqtivebis saTanado popularizaciisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi Tu kandidats aqvs mdidari politikuri warsuli, saWiroa pozitiuri Strixebis axleburad warmoCena, aqtualur konteqstSi Casma, raTa sazogadoebaSi arsebobdes swori da zusti aRqma politikuri liderisa, romelic apirebs xelisuflebaSi mosvlas. lideris imijis Camoyalibebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs genders.

Tavdapirvelad, upriani iqneba Tu ganvixilavT qaluri (feminuri) da mamakacuri (maskulinuri) sawyisis Taviseburebebs, radgan swored maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebulobazea damokidebuli politikur liderTa qmedebebi.

adamianebi erTmaneTisgan bevri ramiT gansxvavdebian, magram rasac Cven pirvel rigSi vaqcevT yuradRebas, sqesia. statistikuri monacemebiT dadginda, rom ,,zrunvis eTika” qalebs ufro axasiaTebT. iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa sikeTe, mgrZnobiaroba, sxvisi tkivilis gulTan axlos mitana da qvelmoqmedeba metad qalur saTnoebadaa miCneuli. cnobilia, rom qalebi arCevnebSi demokratebs da socialuri programebis avtorebs uWeren mxars. kidev erTi aspeqti, rasac saarCevno kampaniis dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs aris is, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas adamianTa Soris urTierTobebs uTmoben. mamakacebi meti damoukideblobiT gamoirCevian. isini ufro mizanswrafulebi da samomavlo amocanebis Sesrulebaze arian orientirebulni. mamakacebs xelmZRvanelis stili ufro gamosdiT, xolo qalebs socialuri lideri roli ufro SeeferebaT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qali da mamakaci kandidatebis saarCevno programa bevri ramiT hgavs erTmaneTs, awarmoeben

Tamar dalaqiSvili

genderi saarCevno kampaniebSi


TiTqmis msgavs saarCevno kampaniebs, maT mainc bevri gasxvaveba axasiaTebT. isini msgavsebi, magram araidenturni arian.

amomrCevlisTvis problemas ar warmoadgens deputatis imijis gansazRvra. igi xmas aZlevs deputats, romelic maRali reitingiT gamoirCeva. amavdrulad xalxs surs cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, amitom igi irCevs optimistur momavals. mosaxleoba Tavis kandidats uyurebs, rogorc imedis instruments.

aqedan gamomdinare, qali pilitikosis imijis ageba da saarCevno kampaniis warmoeba rTuli amocanaa, radgan sqema, romliTac xdeba imijis ageba gansxvavebulia. maqsimalurad xdeba qalis wminda maxasiaTeblebis Semcireba. es imiT aixsneba, rom masaTa cnobiereba ufro konservatulia. is eyrdnoba im warmodgenas, rom qali ,,ojaxuri keris mfarvelia” da ara politikuri ,,monadire”. aseve raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, qals ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos qalTa eleqtorats, radgan igi Tavisi interesebis damcvelad mamakacs saxavs. amitom qali politikosisaTvis ucxo ar unda iyos mamakacis buneba, piriqiT igi garkveuli TvisebebiT unda baZavdes kidec mas.

qalisa da mamakacis Tvisebebis idealur Serwymas warmoadgens ,,rkinis ledi” margaret tetCeri. profesiulad es pozicia moiTxovs mamakacur Tvisebebs, magram biologiurad is Sevsebulia qalisTvis, amitom aucilebel elementad mainc rCeba qalis Tvisebebi. miuxedavad misi politikuri moRvaweobisa, margaret tetCeri ar wyvetda saojaxos saqmianobas. amgvarad, misi saqcieli gasagebi iyo sazogadoebisaTvis, radgan premieri, romelic mxolod qaRaldebiTaa dakavebuli, arc Tu ise sainteresoa sazogadoebis cnobierebisaTvis.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikos qalebs bevri upiratesobac aqvT, kerZod, maT SeuZliaT SearCion mravalferovani da eleganturi samosi. aRsaniSnavia is gremoebac, rom maT muSaoba uxdebaT mamakacebis wreSi, amitom maT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon iseTi qaluri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa bunebrivi artistizmi, sinaze, momnusxavi Rimili, radgan qals SeuZlia konteqstis cvlilebebze reagireba moaxdinos faqizad.

masmediasTan urTierTobisas, an sajaro gamosvlebis dros umjobesi iqneba, Tu politikuri lideri ufro metad gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas samomavlo gegmebze da ara ukve gadaWril problemebze, rac nakleb saintereso iqneba eleqtoratisTvis.


politikosi qali ar unda iyos impulsuri, rogorc es Cveulebriv qalebs sCveviaT. igi unda eyrdnobodes saR azrs da zust analizs. sapasuxismgeblo Sexvedrebisas mas unda hyavdes mrCevlebi, romlebic daexmarebian moqmedebis gegmis dasaxvaSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia artistizmi, mimika, anu yvela is komponenti, rac daexmareba saubris warmarTvaSi da auditoriis dapyrobaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, qali kandidatis saarCevno kampaniis warmoeba erTroulad rTulicaa da sainteresoc, aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. gasaTvaliswinebel aspeqts warmoadgens qveynis ekonimikuri da politikuri viTareba. samoqmedo gegmis, politikuri imijis agebas, Tu zogadad arCevnebis mimdinareobas did wilad swored es gansazRvravs. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1) e. xaxutaSvili, l. kapanaZe- ,,sazogadoebasTan urTieToba”. Tbilisi, 2003

2) v. Wiaureli, s. lominaZe, r. strelkova- ,,sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi principebi”. Tbilisi, 2006.

3) r. gafrindaSvili, m. banZelaZe- ,,socialuri fsiqologia”. Tbilisi, 2003.


Summary

Tamar Dalakishvili

Gender balance in electoral campains

Elections are the means of regulating people’s will. According to the theory

of people’s sovereignity, the main source of the government are the people.

another subject for discussion is giving women the right to participate in the

elections. the struggle for women’s political rights is actively going on in the

democratic countries. The legal establishment of equality of women’s rights has started in the first part of the XX century.

After the world war II Sufragism (the movement for granting women right to

take part in elections) was successful almost in all countries of the West Europe.

This issue has not lost its actuality even nowadays , in the XXI century.

In the article above will be presented the discussion of that problem, namely

giving women the right of participating in elections.

Резюме

Тамара Далакишвили

Гендерный вопрос в избирательных кампаниях

Выборы - ето регулирующий механизм воли лудей. Согласно теории

Суверенитета людей, источником власти является народ, люди. Отдельный вопрос обсуждения присуждение женшинам права

учавствовать в выборах.

Борба за политические права женшин активно ведется во всех

демократических странах. Внедрение равноправия женшин законодательно

продолжалось до первой половины ХХ века.

После первой мировой войны Суфряжизим (Движение за равноправное

участие женшин в выборах вместе с мужчинами) победил почти во всех

странах западной Европы. Активность этой темы, и до сейх пор, в начале

ХХI столетия, достатачно высока.

В предыдущем труде будет представлено обсуждение вопроса за

равноправное участие женшин с мужчинами в виборах.


politikuri kampaniebi uZvelesi droidan arsebobs da farTod gamoiyeneba nebismier saxelmwifoSi. rodesac saxelmwifo arsebobs, TavisTavad arsebobs politikac, xolo politikis arsebobisas gardauvalia politikuri kampaniebi.

sxvadasxva politikuri partia kampaniebs sxvadasxvagvarad awarmoebs. bevri maTgani televizias aniWebs upiratesobas, radgan Tvlis, rom televizia sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis saukeTeso xerxia. politikuri kampaniis mwarmoeblebma analitikuri muSaobis gziT unda gamoavlinon sazogadoebis prioritetuli jgufebis moTxovnebi, miznebi da saSualebebi. O organizatorebma sistematurad unda dagegmon Sesasrulebeli samuSao da droulad moaxdinon misi realizeba. Seafason situacia da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi droulad Seitanon koreqtivebi. maT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis rols politikuri kampaniebis warmoebis procesSi. politikuri kampaniis erT_erT ZiriTad elements warmoadgens misi strategia. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogoria idea, Tu ras elian dRes misgan amomrCevlebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis yvela politikuri partia cvlilebebs gvpirdeboda.

politikuri kampaniis aseve mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens oponentis Sesaxeb negatiuri informaciis gavrceleba. saqarTveloSi am meTods gaZlierebulad iyeneben. TiTqmis yvela politikosi Tu politikuri partia, samwuxarod, cdilobs, rom Tavis oponentebze gaavrcelos negatiuri informacia, riTac SeZlebs sakuTari eleqtoratis gazrdas.

globalurma satelevizio epoqam 90_iani wlebis dasawyisSi piks miaRwia. Aamerikelebs miaCndaT, rom arCevans televizia akeTebda. Tumca 90_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi situacia Seicvala da kandidatis warmatebis mTavari garanti kvlav piradi Sexvedrebi gaxda, romelsac sxvaTa Soris xelidan ar gauSvebs adgilobrivi an nacionaluri televizia.

oliko gozaliSvili politikuri kampaniis warmoebis teqnologiis

zogierTi sakiTxi


im gamartivebuli saarCevno agitaciis modeli ase gamoiyureba: kandidati gadis xalxSi da TiToeul moqalaqes xels arTmevs. rac ufro met amomrCevels CamoarTmevs xels, miT ufro met momxres moipovebs. am mosazrebas kidev erTxel adasturebs Jurnal “sovetnikis” publikacia saTauriT _ “Личние встречи вытесняют

телевидение.” amdenad, dargis eqspertebi erTxmad aRiareben

amomrCevelTan piradi Sexvedrebis efeqturobas. radioTi da televiziiT gamosvlas Tavisi specifika aqvs. Aam SemTxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saubris maneras, satelevizio debatebSi monawileobis xelovnebas: pirdapir eTerSi gamosvla, sawinaarmdego azris gaTvaliswinebis unari, da sxv. am mxriv kandidats sasargeblo rekomendaciebs uweven fsiqologebi da sociologebi. piaris cnobili specialisti Ag. poCepcovi warmatebuli saarCevno kampaniis erTgvar formulas gvTavazobs da aRniSnavs, rom politikuri kampania strategiul da taqtikur miznebs aerTianebs. strategiul mizanTa Soris sayuradReboa, ama Tu im subieqtisadmi dadebiTi damokidebulebis Seqmna (partiis imiji, ZiriTadi politikuri problema da sxv.). taqtikuri sakiTxebi amomrCevelTan urTierTobis komunikaciur teqnikasa da saarCevno kampaniebis etapobriv organizebas gulisxmobs. politikuri kampaniebis sabazo terminebia samizne auditoria da mniSvnelovani Setyobinebebi (e.w. mesiji). specialistebi miuTiTeben, rom sakvanZo sakiTxebi ar unda moicavdes 3_4 Temaze mets, radgan amomrCevlisaTvis politika rigiTi cxovrebiseuli movlenaa da am Temaze zedmeti sja_baasi mosabezrebelicaa. Tumca ekonomikuri problema iseTi Temaa, romelsac verc erTi politikuri kampania gverds ver auvlis. specialistebi saarCevno kampaniis ramdenime komunikaciur parametrs gansazRvraven:

Tu saxelwodeba cudad aris SerCeuli, warmatebis miRweva saeWvoa;

vizualuri mxare, emblema, plakatebi, karikaturebi; sanaxaobiToba da lakoniuroba. imijmeikerebma

unda moZebnon reklamis iseTi forma, romelic mokled da naTlad warudgens sazogadoebas partiis an blokis platformas;


winasaarCevno lozungi _ “Savi piaris” avtorebi miiCneven, rom winasaarCevno lozungebs udidesi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvs. mkvlevarTa azriT, isini gavlenas axdenen adamianis gulsa da gonebaze, amitom maTi Sedgenisas meti seriozulobaa saWiro. Llozungebis Sinaarsi saarCevno programasa da mosaxleobis fsiqo-emociur mdgomareobas unda Seesabamebodes;

sisadave_mosaxleobis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa kandidatis mimarT sakvanZo sakiTxebisa da saerTo interesebis gamovlena, maTi gamartiveba da msjelobis centralur sagnad gadaqceva;

samizne auditoriasTan identifikacia_ bil klintonma amomrCevlebs ganucxada: “me yovel diliT Tqvens momavalze fiqrSi gaviRviZeb, TeTr saxlSi TqvenTvis saWiro saqmeebs gavakeTeb;”

identifikacia Ria komunikaciuri formebiT _ gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom politikosis monawileoba toq_SouebSi ufro dadebiT gavlenas axdens amomrCevelze, vidre fasian reklamebSi kandidatis sagangebod Seqmnili imiji.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania winasaarCevno politikuri platforma. misi SemuSavebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi:

pozitiuroba (konkurentis kritikisas pozitiuri nawili unda sWarbobdes);

originaluroba (programa sxvebisas ar unda hgavdes);

miznis mkafiod Camoyalibeba;

ar unda agverios erTmaneTSi miznebi da saSualebebi;

iseTi winasaarCevno debulebebis SerCeva, romlebic yvelas aRelvebs;

motivacia _ ras miiRebs amomrCevelTa esa Tu is jgufi

kandidatis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi;


saarCevno platformis ZiriTadi debulebebi mosaxleobisaTvis, naTlad da gasagebad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli.

Tu winasaarCevno platforma agebuli iqneba zogadi debulebebisa da lozungebis gamoyenebiT, masSi ar gamoCndeba individualoba, gulwrfeloba da damoukidebeli azrovneba. is mxolod uaryofiT zemoqmedebas axdens amomrCevelze da ver miipyrobs mis yuradRebas. Ppolitikur kampaniebs Tan sdevs sxvadasxva saxis saagitacio RonisZieba. winasaarCevno agitaciis formirebisaTvis Semdeg ZiriTad principebs ganixilaven:

perioduli gamocemebis furclebze kandidatis pirovnebis siRrmiseulad ganxilvis meti SesaZleblobaa. aseTi saxis gamocemebSi SegviZlia mosaxleobas movuTxroT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori kargi meojaxea Cveni politikosi, movZebnoT mis biografiaSi naTeli epizodebi, romelic mis qarizmatul Rirsebebs warmoaCens.

saagitacio masalebi (plakatebi, furclebi) saarCevno kampaniebis damatebiTi nawilia. isini, erTi mxriv, xels ar unda uSlides da ar unda aRizianebdes gamvlelebs; meore mxriv, zemoxsenebulma atributebma unda miipyron mosaxleobis yuradreba da daCrdilon konkurentebis analogiuri stendebi.

saagitacio bilbordebze ganTavsebuli masala unda iyos informaciuli xasiaTis, mokle da gasagebi. maTi gaformeba gamocdil dizainers unda mivandoT. amomrCevelTan Sexvedra saarCevno kampaniis ganuyofeli nawilia. specialistTa azriT, imis gamo, rom sazogadoebasTan pirveli Sexvedrisas garkveuli daZabuloba warmoiqmneba, sawyis etapze viTarebis ganmuxtvaa saWiro. Aaucilebelia auditoriis saerTo interesis gamovlineba. K

kandidatma unda SeZlos amomrCevlis gonebaSi SeRweva da sajaro gamosvlisas ukureaqciis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Camoayalibos logikurad dasabuTebuli sakuTari mosazrebebi. Aauditoriis qvecnobierebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, saxalxo gamosvlisas kandidatma amomrCevelTan uSualo kontaqti unda daamyaros: oratori advilad da Tavisuflad unda saubrobdes. specialistebi kandidatebs urCeven sakuTari leqsikidan amoSalon sityvebi: mgonia, meCveneba rom, vnaxoT, vimeoreb, TiTqos, viTom, arsebiTad rom vTqvaT da a.S.


rogorc cnobilia, politikuri kampania saarCevno dapirebebis fonze mimdinareobs. saxelmZRvaneloebSi xazgasmiT miuTiTeben, rom amomrCevelma ar unda igrZnos dapirebebis siyalbe. swored amitom iyeneben imijmeikerebi ase aqtiurad “spiCraiTerebs,” romlebic teqsts momavlisa da awmyos Sesabamisad cvlian. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT “nacionaluri moZraobis” saarCevno dapireba_ “siRaribis daZlevis 50 dRe.”

“50_ dRianma samoqmedo gegmam cxadyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba qmediTunariania da gacilebiT metis gakeTeba SeuZlia. moviTxov, ufro metad damanaxon, rom mTavroba xalxis winaSe angariSvaldebulia,”_ganacxada mixeil saakaSvilma mTavrobis 50_dRiani programis Sejamebisas. man aRniSna, rom bevri moqalaqisTvis “vardebis revoluciis” Sedegebze damyarebuli molodini bevr aspeqtSi jer kidev ar gamarTlebula, magram, saakaSvilis TqmiT, programa_”saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe”_aris is ZiriTadi prioriteti, romelmac unda gansazRvros misi prezidentobis meore vada.” Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom ”nacionaluri moZraobis” winasaarCevno dapirebis mimarT sazogadoebis didma nawilma undobloba gamoxata.

sajaro gamosvlas sazogadoebis mxridan SekiTxvebi mosdevs, rac Sexvedris mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. specialistebis azriT, gawaful orators yovelTvis SeuZlia auditoriis moxiblva sakuTari azriTa da argumentirebuli pasuxebiT. warmatebis misaRwevad ufro efeqturia SromiT koleqtivTan Sexvedra, radgan aseT garemoSi gacilebiT advilia saerTo problemebisa da interesebis gamovlena. amasTan winasaarCevno kampaniis warmoebisas efeqturad iyeneben sportul Sejibrebebs, koncertebs, sanaxaobebs, cnobil adamianebTan Sexvedrebs da a.S. “nacionaluri moZraobis” liderebma araerTi Sexvedra moawyves rogorc qalaq Tbilisis, aseve regionebis mosaxleobasTan. maT mosaxleobas warudgines, arCevnebSi maTi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebis samomavlo gegma, romlis ZiriTadi prioritetia “saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe,” xolo dapirebebis Sesrulebis garanti ki “saqme laparakis nacvlad.” 2008 wlis 3 maiss, sportis sasaxleSi, gaimarTa “nacionaluri moZraobis” yriloba, romelic gaxsna nacionaluri moZraobis saarCevno siis pirvelma nomerma daviT baqraZem. Semajamebeli sityviT gamovida saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili. man winaswar momzadebuli,


gamosvlis dabeWdili teqsti, yvelas TandaswrebiT gverdze gadado da pirdapir mimarTa xalxs. misi saubari rogorc yovelTvis, gamoirCeoda pirdapirobiT, energiulobiT da emociurobiT. aqcentebi gakeTda samomavlo gegmebze, xelisuflebis mier, pirvel rigSi, Sesasrulebel prioritetul sakiTxebze. prezidentis sityvas, iseve rogorc mTlianad yrilobas ZiriTad laitmotivad gasdevda Teza “saqarTvelo siRaribis garaSe,” romlis Sesrulebis winapiroba mTavrobis mxridan aris “saqme laparakis nacvlad.” Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeul Sexvedras sxvadasxva fsiqoemociuri datvirTva aqvs da individualur midgomas moiTxovs. politikuri kampaniis Sida samzareulos saarCevno Stabi warmarTavs. Ees winasaarCevno proeqtebisa da gegmebis SemqmnelTa jgufia, romelic saarCevno kampanias xelmZRvanelobs. Ppolitikosi Stabis mier SemuSavebuli saerTo gegmis mixedviT moqmedebs. winasaarCevno kampaniis dros Stabis mTavari organoa sabWo. Aarsebobs 2 sabWo. Ppirvels globaluri sakiTxebis (maT Soris finansuri) ganxilva evaleba, meore (samuSao sabWo) ki uaxloesi kviris samuSao gegmebs ganixilavs. politikuri partiebi sxvagvarad warmarTaven TavianT saarCevno kampanias_yovel did gaerTianebas hyavs mrCevelTa jgufi, romelsac 4 ZiriTadi mizani aqvs:

Ppolitikuri strategiis SemuSaveba;

mxardamWeri komitetebis moRvaweobis koordinaciis dagegmva da kontroli;

pressamsaxuris moRvaweoba;

kampaniis finansuri uzrunvelyofa. arCevnebamde 1 wliT adre muSavdeba zogadi strategia Semdgomi koreqtivebiT. Semdeg 2_4 TviT adre iwyeba amomrCevelTa calkeuli jgufis damuSaveba, xolo 2_3 kviriT adre partiuli propagandis yvela organo mTeli ZaliT iwyebs muSaobas: tardeba mitingebi, gamosvlebi radioTi, televiziiT, muSaobs “cxeli xazi,” Zlierdeba amomrCevlis darwmunebis formebi. Ppolitikur kampaniebze saubrisas ar unda daviviwyoT saarCevno teqnologiebis cnobili frangi specialisti Jak segela, romelmac imijisa da arCevnebis sakiTxisadmi sakuTari midgoma rva mcnebis saxiT Camoayaliba:

xmas aZleven pirovnebas da ara partias;


xmas aZleven ideas da ara ideologias; xmas aZleven momavals da ara warsuls; xmas aZleven socialur motivs da ara politikurs; xmas aZleven adamian_legendas da ara Cveulebriv

mokvdavs; xmas aZleven naTel momavals da ara uferul

cxovrebas; xmas aZleven gamarjvebuls da ara uiRblo pirovnebas; xmas aZleven WeSmarit da ara yalb faseulobebs;

Jak segelas am rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswineba uTuod waadgeba qarTvel politikosebs. miT ufro aqtualuria es sakiTxi dRes, roca saparlamento arCevnebisaTvis mzadeba namdvil “cieb_cxelebas” emsgavseba. gamarjvebis surviliT Sepyrobili politikuri partiebisa da gaerTianebaTa liderebis realuri saxe, samwuxarod, sasurvelisgan jer kidev Sorsaa. amrigad, saarCevno kampaniis warmarTva rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo procesia, romlis mxolod swori strategiisa da taqtikis ganxorcielebiT SeiZleba warmatebis miRweva. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. igor kveselava, vaJa SubiTiZe, vladimer WanuyvaZe. politologia, politikuri da saarCevno teqnologiebi. Tbilisi 2003w.

2. vaJa SubiTiZe, oTar daviTaSvili. politologia, politikuri teqnologiebi. Tbilisi, 2002w.

3. vaJa SubiTiZe “ra SeuZlia politikaSi karg imijs.”gamomcemloba “elfi”, Tbilisi 2000w.

4. Почепцов Г.Г. Имиджология. Рефл-бук Ваклер. 2002г. 5. Почепцов Г.Г. Паблик рилеишнз или как успешно управлятъ

общественным мнением. 1998 г. Москва.


Summary

Oliko Gozalishvili

Some matters of the technology of running a political campaign

The article is about the techniques of leading political campaign. Its basic

dimensions are: leading campaigns through all kinds of media, demonstrations,

direct communication with people. As such, leading election campaign is a very

difficult and multidimensional process that requires a high sense of responsibility.

The success is in direct correlation with selection of right strategy and implementation of all planned tactics correctly.

Резюме

Олико Гозалишвили

Некоторые вопросы технологии ведения политической кампании

В статье рассмотрены технологии ведения политической кампании,

основными направлениями которой являются: ведение политической

кампании всеми средствами массовой информации, митингами, выходом

в народные массы и непосредственным контактом с людъми.

Таким образом, ведение избирателъной кампании сложный и

ответственный процесс, достижение успехов в котором возможно только при осуществлении правилъной стратегии и тактики.


imiji aris rTuli socialuri sinamdvilis Casaxvisa da gaSifvris meTodi. igi informaciis damuSavebis Sedegad miiReba. imiji warmoadgens organizaciis an pirovnebis garegnul “me”-s. es exmareba adamianebs movlenebis marTvaSi, produqtis gasaRebaSi. Cveni imiji sxvisi TvaliT danaxul Cvensave anarekls hgavs, romelic rig SemTxvebSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad Cven varT. imiji aris realuri saSualeba imisaTvis, rom gavlena movaxdinoT sazogadoebis farTo masebze. imijis ZiriTad komponentebSi Sedis politikosis, (da ara marto) saxe, varcxniloba da sxva maxasiaTeblebi. amas mosdevs tansacmeli da aqsesuarebi, mimika da Jestikulacia, Semdeg diqcia, tembri, tempi, gamonaTqvamebi da a.S. socialur fsiqologiaSi damtkicebulia, rom pirvelive wamebi gansazRvravs ama Tu im STabeWdilebis Seqmnas, romlis gaqarwyalebasac Semdeg ukve wlebi sWirdeba. Tavis qalisa da saxis niSnebs didi mniSvneloba eniWebaT. jer kidev aristotele ambobda, rom visac aqvs uxeSi, yalyze mdgari Tmebi, - is mSiSaraa. safiris azriT ki didi yurebi saucxoo gonebis maCvenebelia da didxans sicocxlesac niSnavs. Tavis qalis formis mixedviT adgenen adamianis xasiaTs. am ukanasknelis mixedviT SegviZlia davadginoT Tu ramdenad midrekilia adamiani kriminalisaken. rac Seexeba saxes, aq mTavaria Tma, Semdeg – Subli, warbebi, Tvalebi yurebi, cxviri, tuCebi, nikapi. Tu politikoss unda, rom mas yvelgan cnobdnen, maSin man ar unda Seicvalos varcxniloba da warbebi. adamianis emociuri mdgomareobis aRqmisas gamometyvelebaSi mTavaria misi tuCebi, Semdeg piris garSemo sivrce, Semdeg Subli da varcxniloba. Semdgom mzera gadadis saxis ovalze, yurebisa da nikapis CaTvliT, amitom iTxoven politikosisagan Rimils! saxisa da Tavis qalis Semdeg didi mniSvneloba varcxnilobas eniWeba. espaneli fsiqologi uarte Tvlida, rom

nuca javaxiSvili imijis garegnuli komponentebi (araverbaluri komunikaciebi)


Tu adamians aqvs Savi, xSiri da xisti Tma _ is kargi Wkuis patronia. xolo Tu nazi, Txeli da rbili Tma aqvs _ es mis karg mexsierebaze metyvelebs. imijis garegnul komponentebs Soris didi mniSvneloba eniWeba tansacmelsa da aqsesuarebs, agreTve maT ferebs. m. tetCeris moRvaweobis dros, konservatiuli partiis direqtori komunikaciebis sferoSi b. briusi werda: “tansacmels SeuZlia uzarmazari informacia mogvawodos masze, vinc mas atarebs. klasi, statusi, stili, modis SegrZneba, profesia, erovneba _ yvelaferi es SesaZlebelia tansacmlis arCeviT gadmoices. mniSvnelovania agreTve ferebis swori SerCevac, aq yuradsaRebia is, Tu romel qveyanaSi romeli feri ris simbolodaa miCneuli. mag. wiTeli _ germaniaSi siyvarulis feria, CineTSi bednierebis ferad iTvleba, xolo braziliaSi ki mewamuli _ glovis feradaa miCneuli. Tu TeTri feri evropaSi udanaSaulobasTan da sisufTavesTan asocirdeba, aRmosavleT aziaSi TeTri _ samgloviaro feria. mniSvnelovania agreTve aqsesuarebic da tansacmlis tarebis manera. mag: Sekruli pijaki niSnavs imas, rom mzad xarT Tavs daesxaT partniors. politikosebisaTvis aqsesuarebs simboluri mniSvneloba aqvT, mag: maT uyvarT erovnuli droSis fonze sityviT gamosvla. rogorc ukve avRniSneT vizualuroba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs pirovnebis aRqmaSi da iseTi martivi detalic ki, rogoricaa mag. saTvale, ukve raRacas gveubneba masze. mag: samedicino produqciis reklamisas saTvale mosaubris avtoritetulobas usvams xazs da am faqtis aRsaniSnavad saTvales xSirad isworeben kadrSi. arsebobs araverbaluri qcevis SemuSavebuli wesebi, romlis Sesaxebac intervius amRebi unda afrTxilebdes interviuers. akrZalulia: _ saubrisas ganuwyvetlad Tavis qneva. _ mikrofonisaken arabunebrivi daxra. _ saubari saReWi reziniT. _ saubari Cumad da gaurkvevlad. _ kamerisaTvis zurgis Seqceva. araverbalur komunikaciebSi Zalian mniSvnelovania mimika da Jestikulacia. mag. politikosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Jestebia: erTmaneTze dawyobili xelebi magidaze, gadajvaredinebuli TiTebi an erTmaneTze midebuli xelis gulebi. I niSnavs mosaubreze batonobis unars, II _ sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobas. III ki gulwrfelobas.


mxrebze, zurgze xelis TaTuni miuTiTebs megobrul keTilganwyobaze, siyvarulze, intimurobis elementze. xelis Zlieri CamorTmeva upiratesobis demonstrirebaa, susti ki ugulebelyofa. ormagi xelis CamorTmeva Rrma pativiscemaze metyvelebs. Cven migvaCnia, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovania teqsti, magram gvaviwydeba, rom upirvelesad avtors unda mivaqcioT yuradReba da Semdeg teqsts. politikosma ar unda ixmaros iseTi gamoTqmebi da sityvebi, rogorebicaa _ “sinamdvileSi”, “simarTle giTxraT” _ es tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom igi sxva situaciebSi ar iyo gulaxdili. kompaniis imijze gavlenas axdens, misi emblema anu logo. emblema yvelaze advilad damaxsovrebadia, anu cnobadia im SemTxvevaSi Tu sworadaa SerCeuli. cxovelebis gamosaxuleba iTvleba simbolos yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad, radganac maT xSirad adamianur Tvisebebs miaweren. mag: futkari da WianWvela miCneulia Sromismoyvareobis, Seupovrobis, Semoqmedebisa da janmrTelobis simbolod. lomi _ asaxierebs upiratesobas Zalas, energiulobasa da gamarjvebas. mcenareebi, Citebi, fantastikuri arsebebi, drakoni _ asaxiereben ganwmendas, idumalebas da siZlieres. didi mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu romeli bgerebisagan Sedgeba kompaniis saxelwodeba. fsiqolingvistebi amtkiceben, rom bgera “l” _ aRiqmeba rogorc qaluri, keTili, rbili, rogorc “sayvareli”. “ks” bgerebi _ rogorc cudi, uxeSi, boroti; “a” _ asocirdeba darwmunebulobasTan; “u” _ raRac didTan; “J” _ uaryofiT emociebs iwvevs; “i” _ patara da umniSvnelosTan asocirdeba; “o” _ emociurad asustebs; “e” _aRiqmeba rogorc didi warmodgena sakuTar Tavze. arsebobs saxelwodebis imijic ki. es ukanaskneli mimarTulia obieqtis yuradRebis centrSi mosaqcevad. mag: koko Sanelma Tavis yvelaze cnobil sunamos uwoda “Saneli #5”, radganac miaCnda, rom cifri 5 magiurad JRers. ara marto bgerebi, aramed cifrebic garkveul asociaciebs iwveven adamianebSi. Tumca saxelwodebis SerCevisas mxolod bgerebisa da cifrebis mniSvnelobebis gaTvaliswineba rodia sakmarisi. aucilebelia im qveynis kulturul _ eTnikuri Rirebulebisa da tradiciebis, faseulobebis codna, sadac Cveni produqciis bazarze gatanasa da damkvidrebas vapirebT.


magaliTad: braziliaSi gasayidad Caitanes “folksvagenis” axali modeli saxelwodebiT: “pinto”; ramdenime xnis Semdeg kompaniis mesveurebma aRmoaCines, rom misi gayidvebis raodenoba nulamde iyo dasuli. sabolood ki gairkva, rom “pinto” braziliuri slengi iyo da maT enaze mamakacis momcro sasqeso organos niSnavda. s.n. parkinsoni gvTavazobs SeviswavloT sakuTari gamosvlis videoCanaweri: “daakvirdiT saxis gamometyvelebas, warbebis moZraobas, mxrebis mixvra-moxvras, TiTis maRla awevas. romeli iyo am Jestebidan aucilebeli? ra STabeWdilebas tovebs es garda imisa, rom adamians ar SeuZlia wynarad jdoma? iqneb Jestebi Tqvens xasiaTs xsnian, magram gsurdaT ki Tqveni xasiaTis zustad am mxareebis gaxsna? gvarwmuneben es Jestebi Tu Cveni yuradReba gadaaqvT? ganapirobeben ki isini gamometyvelebas Tu ubralod gvaRizianeben?” l. brauni, romelic aSS-s xuT prezidentTan muSaobda, ambobs: “nebismieri mamakaci, romelic xvdeba klientebs, TanamSromlebs, Wris mniSvnelovan problemebs, yovelTvis calkeuli SemTxvevisaTvis unda arCevdes halstuxs. am detals warmoudgenlad bevri ramis Tqma SeuZlia pirovnebaze. bevr Tanamdebobis pirs, satelevizio interviuze mosvlisas, Tan moaqvs “satelevizio halstuxebi” – isini maT ikeTeben gadaRebis win da ixsnian gadaRebis dasrulebis Semdeg. kostiumis maRali xarisxi _ es Tanamosaubrisadmi pativiscemis niSania. es PR -is saeRTo principia, romelic Cven SegviZlia ciceronis sityvebiT gadmovceT: “adamianebTan mimarTebaSi unda gamovavlinoT pativiscema. maTTan urTierTobisas, Cvens qmedebebSi unda iyos sxvaoba samarTlianobasa da pativiscemas Soris. samarTlianobis amocanaa – ar Seuracxyos adamianebi. pativiscemiT moqcevis amocanaa – ar Selaxos maTi Tavmoyvareoba”. xmis tembric araverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia. mag. mamakacis dabali xmis tembri kinematografiaSi kliSed iqca da iTvleboda simamacis gamoxatulebad. anda aviRoT aqcenti. mag; “amerikis xmaze” civi omis msvlelobis dros mizanmimarTulad iwvevdnen diqtorebs ucxouri aqcentiT, ramdenadac isini fsiqologiurad ar aRiqmebodnen rogorc moRalateni. agreTve mniSvnelovania sasiamovno xmis tembris qona; magaliTad antikuri epoqidan cnobilia kleopatras araCveulebrivi xma, romlis wyalobiTac man cezars (da aramarto mas) Tavbru daaxvia. xma lideris imijis isetive mniSvnelovani nawilia, rogorc misi garegnoba da gonebrivi monacemebi.


aucilebelia gaviTavisod, rom araverbaluri komunikacia rogorc politikosisTvis aseve biznesmenisTvisac Zalzed sayuradRebo sferoa. yovliSemZle saxelmwifo “Cinovnikebis” dro nel-nela midis. axali Taoba pirvel rigSi unda irCevdes PR-s. daskvna aseTia – rom vizualuri arxi iseve moiTxovs yuradRebas da gansakuTrebul organizebas, rogorc verbaluri. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs is ataros is daniSnuleba rac masSi Cades PR specialistebma. auditoria miiRebs Setyobinebas da ukeTesi Sedegi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Setyobineba iqneba winaswar dawerili da Semowmebuli da ar iqneba SemTxveviTi xasiaTis matarebeli. PR erTdroulad mecnierebacaa da xelovnebac, amitomac moiTxovs is profesionalebis axal Taobas, romelTac SeeZlebaT ganaxorcielon fiar – qmedebebi, rogorc Teoriuli codniT, ise praqtikuli niWis gamoyenebiT. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. e. xaxutaSvili, l. kapanaZe- ,,sazogadoebasTan urTieToba”. Tbilisi, 2003 2. v. Wiaureli, s. lominaZe, r. strelkova- ,,sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi principebi”. Tbilisi, 2006. 3. v. SubiTiZe, v. boWoriZe. sazogadoebasTan urTierToba,

Tbilisi, 2006.


Summary

Nutsa Javakhishvili

Visual components of image ( Non-verbal communications)

Image is a method of founding and decoding difficult social reality. It is

achieved by modifying information. Image represents visual “Me” of a person or

an organization, which is helpful for managing events and selling products.

Visual concept also requires attention and special organization, as verbal

does. Only in this case image will be able to be understood with the meaning, that PR specialists meant to. The audience will receive a message and the result will be

better if message is written ahead and checked. The message shouldn’t be

occasional. Резюме

Нуца Джавахишвили

Внешные компоненты имиджа (Невербальные коммуникации)

Имидж это метод зарождения и расшифровки сложной социальной

действительности. Его получают посредством обработки информации.

Имидж является внешним «Я» организации и личности, помогает людям

управлять процессами и сбывать продукцию.

Визуальный канал требует такого же внимания и особенной организации, как и вербальный. Только в этом случае оно несет ту нагрузку которая

вложена в нем PR специаоистами. Аудитория примет сообщение

проложительно только в том случае если оно заранее будет подготовленно,

написанно, проверенно и не будет носить случайный характер.


saxelmwifo marTva

da

sajaro politika


aravin icis Tu rodis daiwyo adamianma fiqri marTvaze, magram erTi ram udavoa,rom SemorCenili da Cvenamde moRweuli istoriuli faqtebi metyvelibs imaze, rom saxelmwifo marTvis, rogorc sakiTxis ganzogadoebis pirvelad vxvdebiT egviptelebis, babilonelebis, Sumerebisa da indielebis, aseve Cinelebis moZRvrebebSi. rogorc mecniereba igi mogvianebiT Camoyalibda da amaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Zvel berZnebs miuZRviT, maT Soris ki gamorCeuli adgili Zv-is IVs-is moazrovnesa da enciklopedists aristoteles ukavia. swored aristoteli gaxda pirveli vinc saxelmwifo marTvas mecnieruli poziciidan ganixilavda. aristotele werda - ‘’ramdenadac mecniereba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa monacemebs iyenebs da garda amisa kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvravs Tu ra nabijebi gadaidgas da risgan Tavi SeikavoT, maSin mis mizans Seadgens sxva mecnierebaTa miznebi.’’ XX-saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Tanamedrove saxelmwifo marTvis mecniereba,rogorc calke damoukidebeli politologiisa da menejmentis Teoriebis gadakveTaze Camoyalibda. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo marTvis mecnierebis sagania saxelmwifo organizaciis zogadi Teoriebis SemuSaveba,saxelmwifo moxeleTa saStato Semadgenlobis optimaluri struqturis,personalis marTvis,politikuri prognozirebis,gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SemuSavebisa Tu krizisul situaciebSi saxelmwifo marTvis sakiTxebis Seswavla. rogorc zemoT avRniSne aravin uwyis Tu rodis daiwyo adamianma fiqri marTvaze, magram erTi ram udaoa, rom zemoT CamoTvlili xalxebis moZRvrobebSi vxedavT Cven pirvelad saxelmwifo marTvis sakiTxebis ganzogadoebas. Mmokled SevexoT aristoteles periods da mis wvlils marTvis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.aseve davamatebdi rom aristotelis Tanaxmad, demokratiuli marTvis sawinaaRmdego forma tiraniaa. tiranul marTvis dros moqalaqeebi erTmaneTs ar endobian, moqmedebis unari aqvT warTmeul da sulmdabalni arian. tirans-wers aristotele: “arasdros ar uyvars arc Rirseuli da arc Tavisufali

zurab girgvliani saxmwifo marTvis Teoriebi


adamiani, radgan am Tvisebebis mqone tirani marto Tavis Tavs Tvlis. tiranebi cdiloben moaxdinon moqalaqeTa paralizeba, radgan uunaros araferi ar SeuZlia. Yyelaferi es axasiaTebs da icavs Zalauflebas tiranisas,romelsac araviTari boroteba ar aklia. aRsaniSnavia aucileblad rom Zalian did interess iwvevs Zveli egviptis V samefo dinastiis (Zv.w.III aTas wleuli) maRal Cinosnis (veziris) praxotebis “swavleba,” nawarmoebSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili saxelmwifo marTvis sakiTxebs. igi axasiaTebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis im meTodebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebaSi idealuri wyobebis Camoyalibebas. Pparaxotebis, mixedviT, idealur sazogadoebaSi, saxelmwifos mxolod keTilSobilni unda marTavdnen. mmarTveli pativs unda scemdes winaparTa mier dadgenil kanonebs, gamoirCeodes samarTlianobiTa da siuxviT, daxmarebas uwevdes qveSevrdomebs. Uunda iTqvas rom praxotebis “swavleba” qveynis mmarTvelis garda exeba saxelmwifos sxva umaRles moxeleebsac. kerZod ki mmarTvelis mrCevelebsac. Mmisi mtkicebiT mmarTvelis mrCeveli unda iyos keTilSobili dinji da winaswsr meryveli. A aseve saxelmwifo marTvis TeTriis zogierTi sakiTxi aris ganxiluli babilonis Zlevamosili mefis hamurabis kanonebSi. kanonebi saerTod 3 nawilad aris dayofili da is sakiTxebi razec Cven exla vsaubrobT mocemulia kanonebis 2-e nawilSi da mis Tanaxmad saxelmwifosa da adamianebis beds RmerTebi ganageben yvelaze Zlieri amqveyniuri Zala ki samefo xelisuflebaa, romlebic RmerTebma Seqmnes. Sesabamisad RmerTebi niSnavdnen mefes da mefis umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda qveSevrdomTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa; qveynis morCilebaSi moyvan. hamurabis mtkicebiT,aseTi ki iyo TviTon,romelmac “daamyaraQqveynad WeSmariti bedniereba da keTili marTveloba”.saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriis sakiTxebs aseve mniSvnelovnad didi adgili eTmoba Zvel indur kanonebSi. Aam mxriv aRsaniSnavia e.w. “ manus kanonebi”. tradiciis Tanaxmad manus kanonebi Sedgenilia kacobriobis Soreuli winapris manus mier. Cvenamde moRweuli manus kanonebi Zv.w. II as. II w-iT TariRdeba. M manus kanonebi icnobs saxelmwifos 2 formas: monarqias da respublikas. mTeli saxelmwifo Sedgeba saxlebis da qalaqebisgan. manus kanonis Tanaxmad qveynis saTaveSi dgas mefe, romelic unda iyos mamaci, ganaTlebuli


da marTvis xelovnebas flobdes. kanonmdeblis azriT, mefe romelic borotad iyenebs xelisuflebas mkacrad unda daisajos. Aaseve ar SeiZleba xazi ar gaesvas da ar aRiniSnos is rom saxelmwifos sakiTxebs gansakutrebuli yuradReba eqceoda Zv. CineTSic mag.: didi Cineli moazrovnis konfucis politikur moRvaweobaSi saTanado adgili ukavia saxelmwifo marTvis ganxorcielebis aqtiur sakiTxebs. konfucis SexedulebebiT saxelmwifo RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, RmerTis nebiT adamianebs mwyemsebad moevlinen am qveyniuri mmarTvelebi. Mmisi azriT, roca saxelmwifo marTva aqtiuri nebis Sesabamisad xorcieldeba qveyanaSi sruli wesrigi sufevs. Mmagram sakmarisia mmarTvelma yuri ar ugdos zeciuri Zalebis karnaxs da TviTneburad daiwyon qveynis marTva, rom sazogadoebaSi qaosi gamefdes. aRsaniSnavia rom saxelmwifos mravalmxrivi saqmianobidan konfuci sam ZiriTad mxares gamoyofs; materialuri dovlaTis Seqmna, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Camoyalibeba da mTavrobisadmi xalxis erTgulebis uzrunvelyofa. Aam mxareebidan gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs xalxis erTgulebis uzrunvelyofas, vinaidan misi sityviT “xalxis ndobis gareSe mTavrobas ar SeuZlia arseboba”. rogorc ukve zemoT avRniSne, saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriebs srulyofaSi didi roli Zvel saberZneTis filosofosebma Seasrules. Aaristoteleze ukve mokleT vsaubrobT, rac Seexeba sokrates unda iTqvas, rom sokrates arcerT Txzulebas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. Mmisi moZRvrebebi aris daculi missive mowafeebis qsenofontis da platonis naSromebSi. sokrates azriT qveynis mmarTveli unda iyos is vinc mcodnea. saxelmwifom piroba unda Seqmnas moqalaqis bednierebisTvis, xolo bednierebis motana SeuZlia isev da isev mcodnes. swored amitom ilaSqreba sokrate demuradiis ZiriTadi principebis winaaRmdeg. sokrates, rom saxelmwifos kargad marTva da samarTlianad marTva eqvivalentur cnebebad miaCnia amis sailestraciod sokratese da manonis dialogi gamodgeba, roca sokrate mimarTavs mas: “rogor gana Sen ar ambobdi, kacis siZliere saxelmwifos unarianad marTvaa, xolo qalisa – ojaxis gaZlolao? Ggana SeiZleba unaridan marTavdes saxelmwifos Tu gonivrulad da samarTlianad ar marTavs mas.”


saxelmwifo marTvis sakiTxebi gaSuqebulia aseve romaeli istorikosebis, filosofosebisa da saxelmwifo moRvaweTa TxzulebebSi. saxelmwifo marTvisa da mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb msjelobs didi romaeli oratori da saxelmwifo moRvawe markus tuilius ciceroni. aRsaniSnavia rom ciceronis moRvaweoba daemTxva romis istoriis im rTul periods, rodesac xdeboda mniSvnelovani Zvrebi romauli sazogadoebis socialur – politikur sferoSi. ciceroni SesaniSnavi oratori iyo da man swored Tavisi mWermetyvelobiT miipyro romaeli sazogadoebis yuradyeba. Mmisi azriT Wermetyveleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli politikasTan da amdenad orators moeTxoveba iyos ganaTlebuli maRali kulturuli pirovneba. Ooratori – ciceronis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo moRvawea da ara sasamarTlos Cxirkedela. sainteresoa ciceronis mosazreba saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis maTi marTvis Sesaxeb. cicoreni werda: Cveni winaprebi arasdros ise keTilgonieri da RmerTTagan dabrZenebulni ar yofilan, rogorc maSin, rodesac gadawyvites, rom erTidaigive pirebi religiasac unda ganagebdnen da respublikasac unda marTavdnen. Aamrigad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da sasuliero pirebi saerTo ZalebiT icavdnen saxelmwifos. maSasadame aseTia Zalian mokle mimoxilva saxelmwifo marTvis azrovnebis Camoyalibebisa da Semdgom misi istoriuli ganviTarebisa kerZod (Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan ax.w. III s-mde). axsaniSnavia, rom am xangrZlivi monakveTis manZilze mravali mosazreba da naazrevi warmoCinda marTvis Sesaxeb. TviT marTva garemomcvleli samyaros universaluri da arsebiTi elementia marTva saerTod gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mizan mimarTul zemoqmedebas im obieqtze, romlebic marTvas eqvemdebarebian, marTvis yvela miznis miRweva raTqmaunda SeuZlebelia amitomac aris rom mis winaSe mxolod realuri miznebi unda daisaxo da Sesabamisad marTva rezultaturi unda iyos mniSvnelovania imis xazgasma rom dasavleTia demokratiul qveynebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifo marTvis swavlebas. 1887w. profesorma v. vilsonma saTave daudo administracuil – saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis Teoriul kvlevas Tavis naSromSi “administraciebis Seswavla” vilsonma SeimuSava “administraciulo efeqturobis modeli”. Mman wamoayena idea gamoeyenebinaT saxelmwifo marTvaSi biznesSi arsebuli organizaciisa da marTvis meTodebi. man


aseve aRniSna maRali profesionalizmis aucilebloba saxelmwifo marTvaSi. igi aseve aRniSnavda rom administrirebis mecniereba unda eZios mTavrobis moRvaweobis gzebi da saSvalebebi. Mman unda Seamsubuqos misi muSaobis simZime da marTvis organizacia wesrigSi moiyvanos. Kv. vilsonis ideebs iziarebda amerikeli politologi frenk gudunau. isini miiRweodnen SeemuSavebinaT biurokratiis modeli, romelic imuSavebda demokratiuli sazogadoebis CarCoebSi. gudunausa da vilsonis ideebis gavlenis qveS wamyvani adgili saxelmwifo marTvis TeoriaSi maSinve daikaves mecnieruli marTvis sakiTxebma, anu menejmentma, romelic araris damokidebuli politikur ideologiaze. pirveli mecnieri romelmac SemogvTavaza sistemuri analizi saxelmwifo biurokratiis da biurokratiebisa, iyo germaneli sociologi maqs veleri. Mmisi klasikuri gamokvleva “meurneoba da sazogadoeba” iZleva safuZvels saxelmwifo marTvis Tanamedrove Seswavlisa. veberma axsna is ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi, rac unda arsebobdes “Cinovniksa” da politicoss Soris, igi idealurad Tvlida saxelmwifo marTvas agebuls mkacr biurokratiul principepze. B bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevari Tvlis, m. veberis, v. vinsonis, f. gudunaus naSromebis gamoCena SeiZleba CaiTvalos saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriis rogorc damoukidebeli mimarTulebis pirveli etapis dawyebad. saxelmwifo marTvas, rogorc damoukidebel mecnierebas kvlevis sakuTari Teoria da meTodologia gaaCnia. saxelmwifo marTvis Tanamedrove Teoria es aris mecnierebaTa sinTezi romelic mis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicavs. is zogaddisciplinebuli mecnierebaa ,romelic politologiisa da menejmentis Teoriebis mijnaze aRmocenda. SemdgomSi mravlad iqna gamoyenebuli iseTi socialuri mecnierebis miRwevebi, rogoricaa fsoqologia, filosofia da sociologia. politologiis, sociologiis, konfliktologiis, fsiqologiis ekonomokis mecnierebaTa informaciebi saxelmwifo ,marTvis TeoriisaTvis savaldebuloa, magram es mecnierebani saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriis sagans ar warmoadgenen. saxelmwifo marTvis mecniereba SedarebiT efro axlos administraciul samarTalTa dgas, radgan orive maTgani saxelmwifo administrirebis problemebs swavlobs. Mmagram saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriis amocana administariul sferoSi


obieqturad arsebuli kanonzomierebis gamovlena da optimaluri rekomendaciebis Camoyalibebaa. dReisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime problema, romlebic administraciuli – saxelmwifoebrivi Teoriis kvleva – Ziebis ZiriTad sferos Seadgens. pirveli esaa saxelmwifo marTvia organizaciis problema, romelic ZiriTadad nacionaluri regionuli da adgilobrivi marTvis sistemas moicavs. Masve ekuTvnis saxelmwifo aparatis funqciebi da koordinacia. meore problemaa marTvis kadrebis momzadeba. Aam sferoSi Seiswavleba saxelmwifo aparatis moxeleTa saStato Semadgenlobis optimaluri struqturis, personalis marTvisa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa profesionalizmis sakitxebi. mesame problema saxelmwifo administrirebis sakiTxeebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Ees problemebia saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebis procedura. Ppolitikuri prognozireba saxelmwifo marTvis meTodebis SemuSaveba krizisul da konfliktur situaciebSi saxelmwifo administraciis da masobrivi informaciebis saSvalebebis urTierTobebis teqnologiuri procesebi. saxelmwifo marTvis Teoriis kvleva-Ziebis meqanizmebi Seicaven samecniero kvlevis yvela im ZiriTad principebs, rogoricaa analizi da sinTezi, induqcia da deduqcia, Sedareba, Sejameba. saxelmwifo marTvis kvlevisas farTod gamoiyeneba istoriuli meTodi, romelic istoriuli cnobebiT saxelmwifo marTvis tendenciebis gamovlena xdeba. Mmetnaklebad gamoiyeneba, aseve konstruqciul – sociologiuri meTodebi, socialur – raodenobrivi, samarTeblivi da initaciis meTodebi. Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani da amave dros metad perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa upirveles yovlisa saxelmwifo marTvis azrovneba, xolo TviT saxelmwifo marTvis mecniereba mzardi mecnierebaa, romlis Teoriebi da meTodologiebi gamudmebiT ixveweba da viTardeba.


Ggamoyenebuli literatura: 1. aristotele, politika. Targmani Zveli berZnulidan Sesavali werili da SeniSvnebi Tamar kukavasi I da II Tb.1995-1996 ww. 2. Temur Todua, SoTa doRonaZe. `saxelmwifo marTvis Teoria da meTodologia~, `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba~, # 1, 2007 3. Temur Todua. `saxelmwifo marTvis azrovnebis istoriidan (`klasikuri” Teoriebi)~. `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba”. # 1, 2006 4. Пикулкин А. Система Государственого Управления . : М. 2001,

Summary

Zurab Girgvliani

Public Administration

As it is indicated in this text, the human being began thinking about the

public administration since the ancient time and since this time the opinions

about public administration have been changing together with the development

of society. There were expressed many original considerations, conceptions which

undoubtedly played a big role in the development of thinking about public

administration in the subsequent period. It is so until today , the opinions and the

approaches are constantly changing on the issue about what type the public

administration should be and by which methods it should be carried out.

In my opinion, exactly this dynamic process is the most important for the

further development of the functions, methods and generally process of public

administration.

Резюме

Зураб Гиргвлиани

Теория государственного управления

Как это отмечено в настоящем тексте, размышления об управлении

человек начал с незапамятных времён и с тех пор в месте с развитием

общества менялись и взгляды о государственном управлении.

Были высказаны много оригинальных взглядов, концепций, которые

несомненно сыграли большую роль в мышлении о государственном

управлении в последующий период и до сих пор так идёт, постоянно

меняются мысли и взгляды о том, какое должно быть и по каким методам

должно осуществляться государственное управление.

По моему, этот динамический процесс и есть самый значительный в

дальнейшем развитии функций, методов и в общем процесса

государственного управления.


msoflioSi yvelaze warmatebuli ganaTlebis sistema arc meti arc naklebi finelebs aqvT. analizi aCvenebs, rom fineTis warmateba ganaTlebis sistemaSi ganpirobebulia ori ZiriTadi faqtoriT. pirveli, obieqturi sociokulturuli winapirobebiTa (geografiuli, demografiuli, istoriuli) da Sidasaskolo garemoebebiT, anu saskolo sistemis TaviseburebebiT. es ki ganaTlebis sistemis marTebuli da efeqturi reformirebis Sedegia, reformebisa, romlebic mizanmimarTulad tardeba gasuli aTwleulis mimdinareobisas. es gardasaxva unda ganvixiloT ufro sazogadoebis farTo transformaciis fonze, romelic damyarebuli gaxlavT koncefciaze _ `saxelmwifos keTildReoba~. finuri saxelmwifos ganaTlebis sistemas ver gavigebT, Tuki mas amovagdebT sazogadoebriv-politikuri konteqstidan. aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom finuri ganaTlebis sistema dakavSirebulia SvedurTan. SvedeTi aris qveyana, romelsac aseve SesaniSnavi rezultatebi aqvs ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis Sedegad. amitom Cven SegviZlia, ganxilvisas paralelebic moviyvanoT Sveduri ganaTlebis sistemidan.

finuri ganaTlebis sistemis garkveuli Taviseburebani

fineTSi bavSvebi valdebulni arian, 7 wlidan skolaSi siaruli daiwyon. survilisamebr, mSoblebs aqvT saSualeba, miiyvanon Svili skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebaSi, sadac funqcionirebs mosamzadebeli kursi. 2000 wlis skolamdeli dawesebulebebis reformirebis Sedegad, adgilobrivi Cinosnebi valdebulni arian, gamonaxon adgili yvela msurvelisTvis. rac Seexeba Tavad skolaSi swavlas _ aris ramdenime forma. 1. dabali etapi _ grZeldeba eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseTi umcrosi skola mTeli qveynis masStabiT 3000-mdea. yvela sagans, ucxo enis garda, aswavlis erTi pedagogi. 2. samwliani `ufrosi skola~. qveynis masStabiT 600-mdea. aq ukve sagnebs sxvadasxva pedagogebi aswavlian. skolis es ori forma institucionalurad gayofilia. erT WerqveS ganlagebuli SeiZleba, SegxvdeT mxolod mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi, isic Zalian iSviaTad. ise iSviaTad, rom

nino murRulia, saukeTeso ganaTlebis sistema

msoflioSi _ ras vswavlobT finuri gamocdilebidan


statistikaSic ar xvdeba. orives erTad eZaxian `peruskoulus~, rac `ZiriTad skolas~ niSnavs. igive sityva germanulad iTargmneba, rogorc zogado skola, xolo rusulad zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola, Tumca CamoTvlil qveynebSi ganaTlebis sistema sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. magaliTad, germaniaSi zogad skolaSi swavloben 5-dan 13-wlamde mozardebi, romlebic sustebi arian da ver moaxerxes gimnaziasa Tu realur skolaSi moxvedra. peruskoulu moicavs pirvelidan cxra klass da absoluturad yvela msurvels iRebs. amas garda, germanul skolas hyavs 1000 moswavle da 100 maswavlebeli, rac fineTis ganaTlebis sistemis xedviT, barbarosobaa. mokled, zemoxsenebuli pirdapiri Targmani sulac ar asaxavs finuri zogadi skolis arss, rac Cven ukve gasagebad vTqviT. rac Seexeba rusul ganaTlebis sistemas, aq paralelebis gavleba finurTan ufro did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rusebs ki aqvT umcrosi, saSualo da ufrosi skolebi, magram finuri umcrosi skola, rogorc aRvniSneT, yvelasgan gansxvavebulia. is pirvelidan meeqvse klass moicavs da ara mxolod ufro metad gaxangrZlivebulia, vidre rusebisa, aramed swavlebis absoluturad damoukidebeli da gamoyofili etapia. rac Seexeba skolis mesame formas, mas `lukio~ hqvia da fineTSi 400-mde funqcionirebs. lukios ar aqvs klasebi, skola muSaobs kursebis sistemiT. moswavleTa enTuziazmis, kargad swavlis survilisa da niWierebis Sesabamisad, swavla SeiZleba, gagrZeldes 2-dan 4 wlamde. saSualo qula aris gadamwyveti maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas universitetSi gadawyvets. gamosaSveb gamocdas centralizebuli xasiaTi aqvs. gamocdaze moswavleebi asruleben im davalebebs, rasac centraluri institutidan iReben. zemoxsenebuli instituti amowmebs naSromebs da wers niSnebs. maswavleblebs am procesTan aranairi Sexeba ar aqvT. Tavad gamocda ar aZlevs moswavles universitetSi swavlis gagrZelebis uflebas. Tuki mowafes kargi saSualo qula aqvs, mas Tvaisuflad SeuZlia, gaakeTos ganacxadi universitetSi swavlaze. rogori iqneba Sedegi, amas mimRebi komisia wyvets. fineTSi mTlianobaSi 4000-mde zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola funqcionirebs, yovel Semodgomas isini iReben daaxloebiT 60000 axal moswavles. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi iswavleba ori ena, finuri da Sveduri, es ukanaskneli fineTSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli. garda amisa, iswavleba maTematika, geografia, qimia, istoria da a.S. moswavleebs aqvT saSualeba, iaron maTTvis saintereso kursebze sakuTari SerCeviT.


sociokulturuli pirobebi, rogorc warmatebis faqtori bevrs miaCnia, rom fineTis warmatebuli ganaTlebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli sociokulturulma da geografiulma faqtorma iTamaSa.

fineTSi aris xangrZlivi, civi da bneli zamTari. amis gamo am qveyanaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda wignis kiTxvis tradicia, romelsac sxva evropul qveynebSi analogi ar aqvs. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa procenti fineTSi mTel msoflioSi yvelaze dabali 3.8 procenti gaxldaT. aq ubralod, ufro mets kiTxuloben, vidre sxva qveynebSi. kiTxva, rogorc didi faseuloba, mamidan Svils gadaecema. finur enas gamorCeuli Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. finuri orTografia fonetikas zustad Seesabameba, anu iseve, rogorc qarTulSi (riTac Cven Zalian vamayobT), rac iwereba, is ikiTxeba da piriqiT. yvela asos Seesatyviseba erTi gamoTqma da ar SeiZleba, erT SemTxvevaSi sxvanairad ikiTxebodes da meore SemTxvevaSi sxvanairad. TxuTmeti wlis ymawvils ukve xels aRar uSlis aseTi detalebi, magram roca dawyebiT skolaSi swavlobs, mcirewlovan bavSvs bevrad eadvileba wera-kiTxvis Seswavla, roca yvela aso ise ikiTxeba, rogorc iwereba. kidev erTi saintereso winapiroba _ fineTSi ucxouri televiziebis mravalferovnebaa. rogorc wesi, qveyanaSi ar aris ucxouri gadacemebisa da filmebis sinqronuli Targmanis tradicia, yvelaferi titrebSi iwereba. maT, vinc wigns naklebad etanebian da televizors ufro metad uyureben, aqvT saSualeba, yoveldRiurad gaiwvrTnan swraf kiTxvaSi, romelic mimarTulia wakiTxulidan aseve swrafad azris gamotanisken. televizoris yureba yvelas unda, Tan amas kargi Sedegic moaqvs. mTlianobaSi fineTSi socialuri diferenciacia TiTqmis ar aris. magaliTad, iseTi dayofa Raribebad da SeZlebulebad, rogoric es sxva evropul qveynebSia (sxvaTa Soris, damoukidebloba fineTma mxolod 1917 wels moipova). klasis udidesi nawili TiTqmis Tanabar socialur mdgomareobaSia. rasakvirvelia, fineTSi arian prestiJuli profesiis warmomadgenlebi, eqimebi, mecnierebi, iuristebi da meore mxriv darajebi, mewaReebi, mZRolebi. miuxedavad amisa, iseTi socialuri fena, rogoric proletariati, ar arsebobs. yvela maswavlebeli met-naklebad darwmunebulia imaSi, rom Rirebulebebi, romelsac misi yvela moswavle `dedis rZidan~ iRebs, saerToa. ra Tqma unda, es imas ar niSnavs, rom fineli bavSvebi dilidan saRamomde ise wesierad iqcevian, rom arafers aSaveben da maT qcevasTan dakavSirebiT ojaxsa da skolas aranairi problemebi ar aqvT,


magram arc erT maswavlebels fineTSi saqme ar aqvs klasTan, sadac iseTi erTmaneTisgan mentalitetiT iseTi gansxvavebuli mowafeebi Seikribebian, rogor germaniaSi, ruseTsa da saqarTveloSia. es faqtori arsebiTad axdens zegavlenas finuri ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebaze, Tumca es Tavisebureba ZiriTadad fineTis Sida regionebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is maswavleblebi, romlebic didi qalaqebidan qveynis Sida regionebSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad da samuSaod, dausruleblad imeoreben, `ra kargia aq muSaoba, ra idealuri pirobebia!~. rasakvirvelia, finelebi amas xazs ar usvamen da mTliani SedegebiT amayoben, Tumca araswori iqneboda, mxolod zemoTCamoTvlili faqtorebisTvis `dagvebralebina~ maTi warmatebebi am sferoSi. amas adasturebs mravali saerTaSoriso gamokvleva ganaTlebis xarisxis dasadgenad, romelSic fineTs aqvs monawileoba miRebuli. garda amisa, ganaTlebis xarisxis kvleva qveynis SigniTac regularulad tardeba. magaliTad, meoce saukunis 60-iani wlebis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, romelic maTematikur miRwevebTan dakavSirebiT Catarda, gamoirkva, rom fineTs sakmaod dabali safexuri ekava. imave kvlevam 1981 wels aCvena, rom Sedegebi am mxriv saSualo doneze arsebiTad meti iyo. analogiuri rezultati aCvena gamokvleuli 38 qveynidan mxolod eqvsma fineTis CaTvliT. amgvari dinamika SeiniSneba sxva maCveneblebTan dakavSirebiTac. aqedan gamomdinare, sociokulturuli faqtorebi ki TamaSobs did rols, magram reformirebis gareSe mainc araferi gamovidoda. saqme swored warmarTul reformebSia.

sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebi. `saxelmwifos keTildReobis~ koncefcia

finuri ganaTlebis sistema, rasakvirvelia, Tavidanve iseTi ar yofila, rogorzec Cven mimoxilvis dasawyisSi visubreT. is aris Sedegi im reformebisa, romelic mTlianad agebulia `saxelmwifos keTildReobis~ koncefciaze. es gaxlavT sazogadoebriv- ekonomikuri modeli, romelic fineTSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 60-70-ian wlebSi miiRes. es iyo mTeli saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis mizanmimarTuli da Rrma struqturuli cvlilebebis dasawyisi. ganaTlebis sistemis reforma sazogadoebis ganviTarebis centraluri proeqtis RerZi gaxldaT. ai, swored amitom aris SeuZlebeli, finuri ganaTlebis sistemis ganxilva sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareobisgan mowyvetilad. aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom 70-ian wlebamde fineTi arsebiTad agraruli qveyana gaxldaT. mosaxleobis 35


procenti agrarul seqtorSi muSaobda da rasakvirvelia, flobda im profesiebs, romelic am kuTxiT sWirdeboda. Zalian farTod iyo miRebuli mamidan Svilze profesiisa da saqmis gadacemis tradicia. ganaTlebis sistema swored amaze iyo morgebuli, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic adre erTveboda sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebiT sulac ar iyo dainteresebuli. ZiriTadad, finelebi amTavrebdnen saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas, `kanzakooulus~, romelic Svidwliani gaxldaT. srul skolaSi, romelic gimnaziaSi Cabarebis uflebas aZlevdaT, Zalian cota Tu midioda. Tuki vinme am gzas irCevda, unda gamoTxoveboda saojaxo tradiciebs profesiis kuTxiT. aqedan gamomdinare, didi cvlilebebis dawyebamde ganaTlebis sistema xalxze iyo morgebuli, im tradiciebze, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda qveyanaSi. is ar iyo mimarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. aseTi mimarTulebis finali sakmaod dramatuli gamodga. sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis zedmeti raodenobiT warmoebis Sedegad sakmaod mtkivneuli politikuri gadawyvetilebis dro dadga _ mTeli qveynis masStabiT mcire sasoflo centrebis likvidacia moaxdines. amis gamo 60-iani wlebis bolos 300000-ze metma finelma iZulebiT datova Tavisi samSoblo ukeTesi bedis saZieblad. rasakvirvelia, es ar iyo saukeTeso perspeqtiva im qveynisTvis, romlis mosaxleoba 4.5. milions Seadgenda. didi cvlilebebi gardauvali iyo. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis axali koncefciisa da struqturis mTlianad Secvla sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis amocana gaxda. eris materialuri da sulieri keTildReobis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad Camoyalibda `saxelmwifos keTildReobis~ koncefcia. unda aRiniSnos, rom es modeli, romelic fineTsa da SvedeTSi SemuSavda, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba amave saxelwodebis modelisgan, romelic sxva qveynebSi arsebobs. Cven SegviZlia, vTqvaT, Tu ratom gaxda finuri modelis qvakuTxedi ganaTlebis sistema. `saxelmwifos keTildReobis~ models saxelmwifos politikis Semadgeneli sami ZiriTadi elementi gansazRvravs.

1. ekonomikuri zrdis aucilebloba

2. moqalaqeTa socialuri uflebebi 3. saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli moqalaqeTa keTildReoba

am modelis marili aris am sami faqtoris urTierTkavSiris danaxva da misi efeqturi gamoyeneba. socialuri Tanasworoba, warmoebis muSaoba, materialuri keTildReoba, demokratiuli wyobileba ideologiurad daukavSirda erTmaneTs. gamodioda, rom adamianTa Tanasworoba da solidaroba erTmaneTis mimarT


ekonomikuri efeqturobis gaZlierebis upirvelesi saSualeba iyo, magram amasTanave isini warmoadgenda miznebs, romelTa misaRwevad ekonomikuri zrda iyo saWiro. am ideebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba niSnavda, rom sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis sferos, reformebis kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. es aris pensiebisa da dazRvevis sistemac, fuli da aRzrdac, moxucebisa ad invalidebis movla, umuSevrebis daxmareba, stipendiebi... aqve Sedioda yvela moqalaqis Tanaswori ufleba srulfasovani ganaTlebis miRebaze, anu mdgomareoba, romlidanac gamomdinareobda skolis reformis mTliani koncefcia. ZiriTadi kiTxva is ki ar iyo, ra fuli dasWirdeba am reformas, aramed ramdenis Cadeba iyo saWiro saxelmwifos mxridan misi ganxorcielebisTvis. is, razec qvemoT vilaparakebT, ganpirobebuli iyo mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli saerTo ideiT. fineTSi xalxsa da xelisuflebas ar hqonda amasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi, rac sxva qveynebSi, maT Soris CvenTanac xdeba.

germaneli eqsperti ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi doris aneni ambobs: `fineTSi ganaTlebis sistemis Sesaswavlad mravaljer vyofilvar da minda vTqva, rom maTgan namdvilad bevri ram gvaqvs saswavli. pirvel rigSi, is, Tu rogor uwyoben moswavlis mTlian ganviTarebas xels, gansakuTrebiT ki skolebSi. meore _ fineTi aCvenebs, rom skolebs ufro meti damoukidebloba, muSaobisTvis ufro Tavisufali sivrce unda mivceT, razec Tavad iqnebian pasuxismgebelni. mesame _ skolebisTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebasTan erTad erTiani standartis mixedviT unda xdebodes maTi regularuli Semowmeba~.

integracia da ara diferenciacia! im fonze, razec Cven zeviT visaubreT, ukve aRar iyo gasakviri, ratom miaRwia mTlianma finurma sazogadoebam konsensuss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom saWiro iyo socialur-intergrirebul skolebze gadasvla. anu iseT dawesebulebebze, sadac erTad swavloben susti da Zlieri moswavleebi, agreTve bavSvebs, romelTac raime saxis darRveva aqvT ganviTarebaSi. es politika 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo, xolo bolo skola, romelic ganuviTarebeli bavSvebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, fineTSi ramdenime wlis win daixura. mecxre klasis dasrulebamde yvela bavSvi erTad swavlobs. integrirebuli skolis upiratesoba isaa, rom sust moswavleebs swrafi ganviTarebisTvis ufro Zlier stimuls aZlevs da sazogadoebis konsolidaciasac uwobs xels. am integraciasTan aris dakavSirebuli iseTi saswavlo gegmis


SemuSaveba, sadac yvelas SesaZleblobebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. integrirebuli skolis maswavleblis garda, romelic flobs sxvadasxva meTodologias, skolebSi damatebiTi specialistebic arian mobilizebulebi, romlebmac ician muSaoba moswavleTa sxvadasxva moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. maT Sesaxeb Cven mogvianebiT visaubrebT. manamde ki unda aRiniSnos, rom fineTSi aucielebeli saskolo ganaTleba grZeldeba cxra weli da sruldeba 16 wlis asakSi. unda iTqvas, rom finuri sazogadoeba reformebis gatarebis garkveul etapze SeSfoTebuli iyo imiT, rom SesaZlebeli gaxldaT, saerTo integrirebuli swavlebis sistemis SemoRebasTan erTad, saerTo ganaTlebis done dacemuliyo. amitom skolebSi intensiurad SehqondaT damatebiTi kursebi, romelsac mowafe survilisamebr arCevda, magram es mimarTuleba maleve Tanasworobis ideas daupirispirda da pedagogiurad araproduqtiuli gamodga, amis gamo ramdenime wlis Semdeg kursebi sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebiT amoiRes swavlebis sistemidan. aseTma radikalurma integraciam da Tanasworobis ideam, romelmac gamoiwvia kidec SesaZleblobebis mixedviT studentebis ardanawileba da Sesabamisad, damatebiTi kursebis moxsna, fsiqologebs, maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs Soris didi diskusia warmoSva. am nabijis mowinaaRmdegeTa ZiriTad arguments warmoadgenda is, rom integrirebuli skolis idea uaryofs sxvadasxva SesaZleblobisa da niWis mqone moswavleebis ufro swraf ganviTarebas. axla, roca postfaqtum SegviZlia integrirebuli swavlebis Sefaseba, unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari midgoma da principi TavisTavad Seicavs aspeqtebs, romelTac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs swavlebis procesis organizaciaSi, romlebic mimarTulia yvela moswavlis miRwevebze swavlis procesSi:

umcrosi skolisTvis Camoyalibda iseTi saswavlo miznebi, romlebic saerTo iyo yvela moswavlisTvis. isini konkretulad iyo CamoTvlili maswavlebelTa saxelmZRvaneloSi. swored am miznebis miRweva iyo umTavresi. maTgan gamomdinare, muSavdeboda saswavlo gegmebi da mkacrad gansazRvruli pirobebi, romelTac aucileblad unda damorCileboda yvela maswavlebeli. Tanasworobis ideis ganxorcieleba ganaTlebis sistemaSi pedagogiuri azrovnebis Secvlas iTvaliswinebda. pedagogs ufro meti unda emuSava sust moswavleebTan, rom klasis mTliani Sedegi mieRo. integraciis idea, romelic fineTSi xorcieldeba, sulac ar aris egzotikuri. is, ama Tu im formiT, Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis wamyvani tendenciaa. magaliTad, SvedeTSi kanoniT aris


akrZaluli moswavleTa diferenciacia, Tan ise, rom skolebs kategoriulad ekrZalebaT amorCeviT moswavleTa ayvana specialur intensiur kursebze. erTi Sveduri skolis maswavlebeli, erT-erTi germanuli gazeTisTvis micemul interviuSi, gamotyda, rom maT skolas hqonda mcdeloba, malulad Seeqmna specialuri kursebi da aeyvana yvelaze niWieri moswavleebi, magram Tavidanve dainaxes, rom pedagogiuri kuTxiT aseTi nabiji absoluturad gaumarTlebeli iyo: `Cven davrwmundiT, rom integracia absoluturad marTebuli principia, es sakuTari gamocdilebiT davinaxeT da amgvari mcdelobebi aRar gvqonia!~ rogorc vxedavT, diferenciaciis principi, romelic Cven bunebrivad gveCveneba, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebiT uaryofilia. diferenciacia ukve bolos, yvelaze maRal safexurze Cndeba. integraciisa da Tanasworobis kuTxiT kidev erT rameze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom meorexarisxovani SesaZleblobebis moswavleTa Sesaxeb iuridiulad araferia naTqvami, aseTi ram arsebobs da unda iTqvas, rom pedagogiuri TvalsazrisiT, cudi akademiuri moswrebis moswavlis meore wliT imave klasSi datoveba saerTod ar aris gamarTlebuli.

yvela es formulireba aris im koncefciis Semadgeneli, razec ukve vilaparakeT, `saxelmwifos keTildReobaze~ maqvs saubari. fineTSi Tanasworobis idea Tavis TavSi moicavs ara mxolod Sansebis, aramed Sedegebis Tanasworobasac. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela moswavlem, miuxedavad imisa, rogor socialur priobebSi cxovrobs, cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi erTnairi ganaTleba miiRos. skola ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom Sedegebis identuroba ganapirobos. es aris centraluri faqtori, finuri ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebis saidumlo. mniSvnelovania, rom fineli maswavleblebi pasuxismgeblobas yvela moswavleze erTnair pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben. maswavlebelTa kolegialuri muSoba gundurobis principiT maTTvis Cveulebrivi mdgomareobaa. ase warmoiqmneba maswavleblebis, moswavleebisa da mSoblebis Tanacxovrebis kultura. iseT qveynebSi, rogoric fineTi, kanada da SvedeTia, evropul qveynebze ufro adre gaiazres ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis aucilebloba. SvedeTSi baRis donezec ki, moswavle iZulebulia, regularulad Seiswavlos mSobliuri ena da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, mas daemateba ucxouri enac. reformebis aucilebloba, rasakvirvelia, germaniaSic gaacnobieres, magram wlebis ganmavlobaSi mxolod da mxolod diskusiebi tardeboda da moqmedebebis dro ara da ar dadga. zogierTi eqsperts miaCnia, rom moswavleTa individualuri xelSewyobisTvis saWiroa dro, romelic arc skolas da arc ojaxs ar aqvs da rac aqvs, is


bavSvs ar hyofnis, amitom bevri xedavs iseTi skolis aucileblobas, romelic bavSvs mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi `Seifarebs~.

axali pedagogika

Cven aRvniSneT, rom fineTSi ganaTlebis miRebis Tanasworobis ideam pedagogikaSi didi Zvrebis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. finuri pedagogika, rogorc Teoriulad, iseve praqtikulad, unda agebuliyo Tanasworobisa da integrirebuli skolis ideaze. amitom 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis gansxvavebuli kriteriumebi wamoswies wina planze. Tandayolili niWierebis modelisgan nel-nela inacvlebdnen mowafeTa SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebul aRqmasa da xelSewyobaze. Tuki masala danawevrdeba da morgebuli iqneba TiToeuli moswavlis SesaZleblobaze, Sedegi klasis TiToeul wevrs wlis bolos daaxloebiT erTnairi eqneba, amitom umcros klasSi umniSvnelovanesi gaxda drois faqtori, romelic sWirdeba moswavles masalis asaTviseblad. es sistemis aRiarebuli nawili gaxda. ase da amgvarad, moswavleTa genetikuri da Tandayolili SesaZleblobebi uaryves. aman pedagogikaSi mTeli Rirebulebebis gadafaseba gamoiwvia. skolisa da maswavleblebis mimarT saerTod sxva saxis amocanebi dadga. finuri ganaTlebis mesveurebi miiCnevdnen, rom Tu klasis wlis Sedegebi aradamakmayofilebelia, amas mxolod moswavleebs ver davabralebT, `gansakuTrebiT e.w. daxarisxebul skolebSi, cud Sedegebs moswavleTa nakleb SesaZleblobebs abraleben. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba, avarCioT kargi monacemebis bavSvebi da naklebi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebi _ ara, magram amiT maswavlebeli arCevs im mowafeebs, romlebic kargad swavloben konkretulad misi meTodebiT. ZiriTad skolaSi, sadac aseTi daxarisxeba ar xdeba, sxva midgomaa. susti Sedegi SeiZleba, davabraloT maswavlebels, romelic kargad ver miudga ama Tu im mowafes...~ didaqtikur modelad, romelic am process daedeboda safuZvlad, amerikeli mecnieris menjamen blumis koncefcia airCies _ `swavlebis osatatoba~, romlis devizia `yvela SeZlebs amas!~ da arcTu aseTi radikaluri swavlebis individualizacia. am modelis Tanaxmad, swavlebis centraluri elementia saswavlo miznebis zusti Camoyalibeba da am miznebis Semdgomi Tanamimdevruli detalizireba. Tavis mxriv, am miznebis miRweva aucileblad unda Semowmdes Sefasebis sistemiT, romelic winaswar iqneba Camoyalibebuli. aq arsebiT rols TamaSobs drois problema, ama Tu im saswavlo miznis misaRwevad sxvadasxva moswavles gansxvavebuli dro sWirdeba. swored es gansxvaveba


droSi, benjamen blumis modelis mixedviT, ganaTlebis sistemis qvakuTxdi xdeba. aseve mniSvnelovania sirTuleebis gadalaxvis principi, romlis mixedviTac, saswavlo procesis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, ganvsazRvroT, rogoria TiToeuli moswavlis swavlebisas warmoqmnili sirTule da davexmaroT mis gadawyvetaSi.

unda gamovyoT swavlebis miRwevebis Sefasebis sistema _ niSnebi, romlebic gvaZlevs saSualebas, SevadaroT erTi moswavle meores, finuri ganaTlebis sistemaSi moxsnes. Zalisxmeva mimarTulia iqiTken, rom moswavlem Tavad gaiazros sakuTari saswavlo miRwevebi, progresi swavlebaSi, aman unda gaaZlieros moswavlis TviTSefasebis unari da swavlisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba gaumyaros. swavlebis adreuli etapidanve danergilia TviTSefasebis principi. bolo wlebSi fineTSi blumis modelidan nel-nela jozef piaJes konstruqtivistul didaqtikaze gadavidnen, romelic dasavleTSi farTod gamoiyeneba. ramdenime sityviT rom vTqvaT, es aris idea, romelic qadagebs, rom maswavlebeli swavlebis procesis xelmZRvanelidan xdeba ufro metad konsultanti, romelic swavlebis process Tan sdevs. moswavle xdeba mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, is TviTganaTlebisa da TviTSemecnebis gzas adgas. es aris codnis SeZenis stimulireba maswavleblis mxridan da ara ubralod, informaciis, faqtebis grovis miwodeba moswavlisTvis. is xazs usvams moswavlis aqtiurobas swavlis procesSi. 1994 wlis reformis Sedegad Sedgenil saswavlo gegmaSi moswavlis aqtiuroba codnis SesaZenlad erT-erTi umTavresi punqtia. es tendencia aisaxa da gagrZeleba hpova 2004 wlis saswavlo gegmebSic, romelTa safuZveli piaJes meTodia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es meTodi mTliani swavlebis procesis mTavari mamoZravebeli gaxda. Tanasworobis idea wamyvani rCeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom neoliberalurma ideebma ufro win wamoiwia. is gavlenas axdens maT Soris ganaTlebis sistemazec, Tumca iseTs ara, rom saswavlo gegmis sabaziso nawilad kvlavac Tanasworobis idea ar darCes. eqspertebi aRniSnaven, imis mtkiceba, rom fineli maswavleblebi ufro kargad muSaoben, vidre germanelebi, arafriT ar SeiZleba da realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia. saqme arc didaqtikaSi da arc meTodologiaSia, aramed sul sxva, Sidasaskolo faqtorebSi. Tanasworobisa da sirTuleebis aRmofxvris koncefcia konkretulad aris gansxeulebuli finuri skolis Sida struqturaSi. saswavlo dawesebulebis personali dakompleqtebulia ara mxolod administraciiT, klasis xelmZRvanelebiTa da maswavleblebiT,


aramed skolis meddiT, romelsac samedicino ganaTleba aqvs, kuratoriT, romelsac socialuri pedagogis ganaTleba aqvs da socialuri problemebis aRmofxvraze muSaobs, skolaSi agreTve muSaobs fsiqologi, romelTanac bavSvebi xSirad TavianTi surviliT midian. Cven zemoT vaxseneT specialuri maswavleblebi, romelTa valia, skolis programas CamorCenil mowafeebTan muSaoba da maTi daxmareba. roca romelime moswavle ver axerxebs masalis aTvisebas, klasSi Sedis specialuri maswavlebeli, romelic akvirdeba bavSvs da gakveTilis bolos konsultacias aZlevs maswavlebels. did skolebSi maswavlebelTa dasaxmareblad asistentebi muSaoben. maT ar aqvT Sesabamisi ganaTleba, magram maswavlebelTa korpusis zedamxedvelobiT, sxvadasxva samuSaos asruleben. magaliTad, eseni SeiZleba iyvnen abiturientebi, mSoblebi, romlebic ar muSaoben sxvagan da a.S. roca Sidasaskolo faqtorebze vsaubrobT, kidev ramdenime unda CamovTvaloT. saSualod fineTis skolaSi klasSi bavSvTa raodenoba 20-mdea. Zalian kargad aris gaTvlili pedagogTa Secvlis sistemac. yvela skolas rezervSi hyavs diplomirebuli maswavleblebi, romelTac ZiriTadis Sesacvlelad iyenebs saWiroebisamebr. maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, mTlianad miuZRvnan TavianTi Tavi swavlebis process da ar iyvnen dakavebulebi sxva problemebis gadawyvetiT. amisTvis arsebobs fsiqologi, kuratori da a.S. am damxmareebis saSualebiT swavlebis efeqturoba gazrdilia. asistentebi, romlebic maswavleblebis miTiTebebs emorCilebian, pedagogebs saqmes uadvileben. magaliTad, Tuki erTi bavSvi gakveTilis process Slis, masTan jdeba asistenti da individualurad amecadinebs. amgvari mxardaWeris sistema Zalian qmedunariania, Tumca fineTis ganaTlebis saministro ambobs, rom ar yofnis dafinanseba am mxardaWeris kidev ufro gasazrdelad. mxardaWeris koncefcia ki aseTia _ Tuki sust moswavles droulad gamoavlenen da daexmarebian, mas aRar dasWirdeba damatebiTi wlis imave klasSi gatareba. moswavlis klasSi Catoveba ara marto tramvas ayenebs Tavad mas, aramed uaryofiTi ekonomikuri efeqtic aqvs. eqspertebi saubroben, rom fineli maswavlebeli arasdros gamoiZaxebs sapasuxod im moswavles, romelmac Tavad ar gamoTqva amis survili. isini aramarTebulad miiCneven mTeli klasis samsjavroze sxva moswavlis ucodinarobis gamotanas. aq upirveles adgilas dgas pozitiuri mxardaWera da ara yvela mcire Secdomaze gamokideba. swored amis gamoa, rom fineli moswavleebi, romelTac mcire dro germanul saswavleblebSi gaatares, iqaur maswavleblebs ufro sastikebad miiCneven, vidre Tavisianebs.


miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili gansxvavebebisa, romelic qmnis finur ganaTlebis sistemas, aRiarebuls mTel msoflioSi, iqauri maswavleblebi met-naklebad jdebian da moiazrebian msoflio pedagogikis sivrceSi gansxvavebiT Cvengan. sagani pedagogika CvenTan upiratesad mxolod Teoriulad aris gaazrebuli da praqtikasTan aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs. Cvens umaRles saswavleblebSi aswavlian pedagogikis mecnierebas, romelic Tavis mxriv, Zalian gansxvavdeba imisgan, rasac moiazreben am sityvis qveS mTel msoflioSi. pedagogiuri Tavisufleba aucileblad maswavlebelTa gadamzadebas unda ukavSirdebodes da fexdafex misdevdes reformebs. Teoria da praqtika erTmaneTs unda Seesatyvisebodes.

yvelaferi dasawyisidan modis!

fineTisTvis, iseve, rogorc SvedeTisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia erTi ram _ pedagogebi da politikosebi umaRles mniSvnelobas aniWeben skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebs. swored isinia dayenebuli ganaTlebis sistemis TavSi. finelebi da Svedebi miiCneven, rom bavSvis warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis Tavi da Tavi gansazRvrulia swored ganaTlebis miRebis sawyisi etapiT. amitom am safexurisTvis aucilebelia saukeTeso kvalifikiaciis maswavleblebi. yvelaze kvalificirebuli maswavleblebi skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebsa da umcros skolebSi unda muSaobdnen. rasakvirvelia, ufros klasebSic SeiZleba bavSvisTvis zianis miyeneba, magram is iseTive arsebiTi ar iqneba, rogoric dabal klasebSi. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom cnobili reJisorisa da Jurnalistis, rainhard kalis filmi, romelic finur ganaTlebas eZRvneba, swored am saxelwodebisaa `yvelaferi dasawyisidan modis~. fineTSi pedagogebs, romlebic skolamdel dawesebulebebSi muSaoben, umaRlesi ganaTleba unda hqondeT. yvela sazogadoeba valdebulia, TiToeul bavSvs misces amgvar dawesebulebaSi swavlis saSualeba. im raionebidan, romlebic skolebidan Sors aris, bavSvebi skolamde specialuri saskolo taqsiT mihyavT. saxelmwifo TiToeuli mozardis ganaTlebaSi investicias debs. `Cven TiToeuli moswavle gvWirdeba, Tavs ver mivcemT misi dakargvis fufunebas...~ _ acxadebs helsinkis ganaTlebis departamentis ufrosi iuka sariala. fineTSi saxelmwifo maqsimalurad uiafebs mSobels skolamdeli dawesebulebisa da umcrosi skolis gadasaxads, rom mosaxleobis saerTo ganaTlebis done maRali iyos. pedagogiuri Zalebis maqsimalurad mobilizebis tendencia swavlebis sawyisi safexurisTvis saxelmwifo saxsrebis ganawilebaSic gamoixateba. ganaTlebisTvis gamoyofili Tanxis ZiriTadi nawili swored skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebsa


da umcros skolaze modis, ekonomias ki ufrosi klasebis xarjze axdenen, sadac maswavleblis roli arc iseTi maRalia, rogorc dabal klasebSi. Cven miveCvieT imas, rom Zlieria is skola, romelsac SeuZlia, moswavle universitetSi moaxvedros. fineTsa da SvedeTSi yvelaferi piriqiTaa _ Zlieria is skola, romelic sust da naklebi SesaZleblobebisa da unaris mowafeebs aiyvans im maqsimumze, romelic maT SeuZliaT, daZlion. ai, swored amitom fineTSi Segvxvdeba gamyidveli, romelic Tavisuflad saubrobs inglisur da germanul enebze. es, sxvaTa Soris, maTTvis bunebriv mdgomareobad iTvleba. Cven vxedavT, rom finuri ganaTlebis sistemis warmatebis ZiriTadi faqtori aris kargad gaazrebuli saskolo politika, romelic `saxelmwifos keTildReobis~ koncefciis nawilia. humanizmi, rogorc realuri socialuri politika, yvela socialur fenaSia SeWrili. bolo wlebSi finelebma sakuTari Tavis winaSe axali miznebi dasaxes, konstituciiT miRebuli transformacia mcodne da komunikaciur sazogadoebaSi. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli axali SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba, romelic kompiuterisa da internetis meSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. agreTve swavlebis axali meTodebis damkvidrebiT, romlebic ganaviTarebs damoukideblobas. moswavleTa 75 procentma unda miiRos umaRlesi ganaTleba, da finuri sazogadoeba mizanmimarTulad da Tavdajerebulad midis am miznisken. fineTi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebis raodenobiT mTlian mosaxleobaSi, msoflioSi pirvel adgils ikavebs. gamoyenebuli literatura: `finuri ganaTlebis sistema _ efeqturi reformebis modeli~ _ `skolis marTva~, `pirveli seqtembris~ biblioTeka, moskovi, 2008 w. rusul enaze.

SYMMARY

NINO MURGULIA

The Best Educational System in the World – What We Learn from Finnish

Experience

Article titled “The Best Educational System in the World – What We Learn from

Finnish Experience” applies to arranging Finnish educational system and achieved

success in this sphere in the above named country.

It’s impossible to share Finnish educational system and its reforms well if taken out of public – political context. The reforms in educational system started from 70s of the

twentieth century in Finland are directly connected to the conception “State Welfare”

established by Finns. Because of economic crisis existing in the country the


government was forced to close many private sectors due to surplus of rural products.

Finland was an agrarian country before establishing new state conception where the

profession was transferred from father to son and the main part of the population failed

to get higher education. The tragic result of this direction was that many Finns left their

homelands and went abroad for searching better fortune after above mentioned crisis.

That’s why it became necessary for the country with 4.5 million population to

elaborate new conception for rescuing own state. The main factor is there was no

difference of opinions related to the reforms of educational systems between the state

and society. For today Finland is one of the advanced countries in educational sphere according to

all international or inner researches of the countries. We will discuss Finland model in

details and correspondingly, all reasons why it’s worthy for the whole world and

interesting for us as one of the best examples.

Резюме

Нино Мургулия

Лучшая система образования в мире – чему мы учимся на финском опыте

Статья под заголовком «Лучшая система образования в мире – чему мы учимся

на финском опыте» касается устройства системы образования в Финляндии и

успехов, достигнутых этой страной в данной области.

Невозможно хорошо осмыслить финскую образовательную систему и ее

реформирование вне ее общественно-политического контекста. В Финляндии, начиная с 70-х годов двадцатого века, реформы в системе образования прямо

соотносились с концепцией «благосостояния государства», сформулированной

финнами. Из-за сложившегося в стране экономического кризиса власти были

вынуждены закрыть множество частных предприятий по причине избытка

сельскохозяйственной продукции. Финляндия до сформулирования новой

концепции была аграрной страной, где профессия передавалась от отца к сыну и

большинство населения не заботилось о получении высшего образования.

Трагическим итогом этой направленности стало то, что после вышеупомянутого

кризиса многие финны покинули родину и отправились за границу в поисках

лучшей доли. Именно поэтому 4,5-миллионной стране понадобилось разработать

совершенно новую концепцию для спасения собственного государства. Что самое главное, между государством и обществом не было никаких разногласий в

связи с реформированием системы образования.

Сегодня Финляндия, согласно всевозможным международным и

внеутригосударственным исследованиям, считается одной из передовых стран в

отношении образования. Мы подробно рассматриваем модель финского

образования и, соответственно, все причины, по которым она является примером

для подражания во всем мире, а также интересна для нас в качестве хорошего

образца.


momavali Taobis aRzrda yoveli wina Taobis sazrunavs warmoadgens, amitom aris igi maradiuli. yvela civilizebul, ganviTarebul erSi bavSvTa aRzrda-ganaTlebis sakiTxs yovelTvis umniSvnelovanes sasicocxlo sakiTxad miiCnevdnen. masze iqmneboda nawarmoebebi, msjelobdnen yoveldRiur beWdviT sityvasa Tu kerZo saubrebSi... magram igi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom kvlav da kvlav msjeloba masze zedmeti arasdros iqneba, metadre, aucilebelia rac SeiZleba xSiri paralelis gavleba, rogor uyurebs bavSvTa aRzrda-ganaTlebis saqmes mecnieruli pedagogika da kacobriobis umTavresi wigni _ biblia, rogori Tanxvedraa sasuliero moRvaweTa da udides ganmanaTlebel pedagogTa Sexedulebebisa aRniSnul sakiTxze da bolos, ras gvaswavlis am mxriv cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba. eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, Tu rogor icvleboda sazogadoebis azri aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb droTa viTarebaSi: is rac erT dros udao WeSmaritebad miiCneoda, SemdgomSi SeiZleba eWvis qveS yofiliyo dayenebuli, an sulac uaryofili, rogorc Secdoma. amitom mxolod adamianuri gonebiT gamomuSavebuli rCeva-darigebani Tu saxelmZRvanelo wesebi, SeuZlebelia savsebiT sando da sicocxlisunariani iyos Tu maradis cxovelmyofeli WeSmaritebis qmediTi da sasargeblo swavla-moZRvrebis Semcveli wminda wignis poziciasTan ar aris daaxloebuli. bibliaSi imTaviTve warmatebiT iqna gadawyvetili swavla-ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis problema, universaluri pasuxebi gasca didaqtikur kiTxvebs: ra vaswavloT? rogor vaswavloT? risTvis vaswavloT? _ es wminda wigni gvaswavlis, rom adamiani, rogorc RvTis xatad Seqmnili arseba, mowodebulia hgavdes Tavis Semoqmeds, ireklavdes RvTiur Tvisebebs, sibrZnes, siyvaruls, samarTlianobas da a.S. ris misaRwevadac Semecneba _ swavla-ganaTleba da aRzrdaa saWiro.

maia geliaSvili, mariam geliaSvili codnisa da rwmenis urTierTSeTavsebadobis

sakiTxi


wminda mamebi, RmrTis xatebasa da msgavsebaSi adamianis gonierebas, Tavisufal nebasa da ukvdavi sulis garda, asaxeleben siwmindesac anu adamianis zneobriv srulyofis unars (wm. ioane damaskeli, wm. ioane oqropiri, wm. isaak asuri da sxva). es unari gulisxmobs sikeTes, samarTlianobas, mitevebas, siyvaruls _ erTi sityviT yvelafers, rac upiratesad faseulia adamianSi da misi ganmRrTobis sawindars warmoadgens, rac miiRweva mxolod iseTi swavla-ganaTlebis saSualebiT, romelic zneobriv amaRlebasa da ganviTarebasTan iqneba mWidrod dakavSirebuli. aRzrdis cnebaSi farTo gagebiT Sedis ganaTlebac da swavlebac, xolo viwro mniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba aRzrdis iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa gonebrivi, zneobrivi, esTetikuri, religiuri, fizikuri da sxva aRzrda. adamianis zneobriv formirebaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs religia, romelic yovelTvis inaxavda da inaxavs kidec zneobrivi kanonebis siwmindes. ase iyo sxvadasxva religiaSi sxvadasxva xalxTan. Tumca, Cemi azriT, zneobrivi da religiuri momentebi mxolod da mxolod qristianobaSi, kerZod _ marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobaSi inaxaven TavianT namdvil da srulyofil erTianobas. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki cxadhyofs, rom iyo iseTi periodebi, rodesac religiur aRzrdas naklebad, an sulac ar eqceoda yuradReba. `es _ rogorc r. balanCivaZe aRniSnavs _ maSin xdeboda, roca Teizms aTeizmi cvlida anu rwmenis adgils urwmunoeba ikavebda... Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos isini droSi enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs, piriqiT, Teizmic da aTeizmic erTimeoris gverdiT arsebobdnen~. (1) qristianuli Sua sakukuneebis _ roca religias da religiur aRzrdas ufro meti yuradReba eTmoboda _ Semdeg dgeba periodi, rodesac jer Sesustda religiuri rwmena (kapitalisturi wyoba), xolo Semdeg saerTod iTqva uari masze (socialisturi xsna). am ukanasknelma Tavisi ideologia aTeizmze aago da gaabatona azri, TiTqos religia warmoiSva da arsebobs mxolod garkveul istoriul periodSi, rom religiuri rwmenis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis im safexurTan, romelic velurobis saxeliTaa cnobili da codnis dabali doniT xasiaTdeba. codnasa da rwmenas anu mecnierul codnasa da religiur rwmenas Soris problemis warmoSoba tertulianes saxels ukavSirdeba.


laTinurenovani qristianuli apologetikis warmomadgeneli tertuliane marTalia filosofiis qristianobasTan kavSiris kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo, magram praqtikulad man rwmenisa da codnis gardauvali urTierTkavSiri daadastura. misi moZRvrebis arsebiTi mxare isaa, rom man rwmenis Rirebuleba scno da calsaxad daupirispira WeSmaritebis gzad aRiarebul mecnierebasa da filosofiis inteleqtualur Rirebulebebs. igi calmxrivi iyo Tavis mtkicebebSi, magram epoqaluri mniSvnelobis problema daayena, rasac Tavisi gagrZeleba unda mohyoloda. asec moxda, rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis safuZvliani kvleva gaagrZeles II-III saukunis mijnaze klimenti da origene aleqsandrielebma. Semdeg is Sua saukuneebis qristianuli filosofiis umwvaves sadavo sakiTxad iqca. aleqsandrielma mamebma rwmenis RirebulebiTi erTaderTobis calmxrivoba daZlies da apologetika axal, ufro mecnierul doneze aamaRles, radgan rwmenisaTvis codnasTan kavSiris aucilebloba daasabuTes. miuxedavad amis, dava imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara codnisa da rwmenis urTierTSeTavseba, saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva ZalisxmeviT mimdinareobda. maT urTierTobaSi zogjer mecniereba mTlianad eqvemdebareboda Teologias da maT Soris Suamavlis rols filosofia asrulebda; zogjer es daqvemdebareba SedarebiT pirobad iyo miCneuli; erTeul SemTxvevebSi ki codnis (mecnierebis rolis) sazRvrebi SedarebiT ufro farTod iyo warmodgenili. filosofiur enciklopediaSi termin mecnierebis Semdegi gansazRvrebaa mocemuli: `mecniereba im ganviTarebad codnaTa sistemaa, romlebic Sesabamisi Semecnebis meTodTa saSualebiT miiRwevian da zusti cnebebiT gamoixatebian; maTi WeSmariteba sazogadoebrivi praqtikiT mowmdeba da mtkicdeba~. (2) e.i. mecnieruli codna warmoadgens obieqtur codnas, romelic sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenis gziT miiReba. mis damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens ganmeorebadoba (simZimis mqone sxeulebis miwaze vardna), arsebiToba da aucilebloba (e.i. kanonSi asaxulia arsebiTi da ara ararsebiTi, aucilebeli da ara SemTxveviTi kavSirebi) (1) religia warmoadgens adamianis sulis Sexvedras RmerTTan. ufro zustad ase SeiZleba ganimartos: pirvel Secodebamde arsebobda uSualo kavSiri RmerTsa da adamians Soris, romelic pirveli adamianis Secodebis gamo dairRva.


swored am gawyvetili kavSiris aRdgenas niSnavs da emsaxureba kidec religia. is, rac Sedis rwmenis sferoSi ar eqvemdebareba dasabuTebas da arc ganmeorebadia (mag.: samyaros Seqmna, qalwulisagan Soba, brwyinvale aRdgoma ieso qristesi, erTarseba sameba da a.S.) aseT SemTxvevaSi sxva aRaraferi dagvrCenia imis garda, rom ukritikod davijeroT, virwmunoT is, rac gonebis kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeba. gonebis kanonebs `ewinaaRmdegebian~ saswaulebi. magram, rogorc gramatikis kanonebs ar ewinaaRmdegebian filologiaSi arsebuli gamonaklisebi, aramed avseben maT, aseve saswaulebic, romlebic erTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgenen, bunebis kanonebs ki ar ewinaaRmdegebian, aramed maT miRma arseboben. radgan adamianis goneba aris zRvardadebuli, igi bolomde verasodes ver Cawvdeba RvTis nebas, amitom yovelive es unda irwmunos rogorc umaRlesi WeSmariteba. religiuri rwmenis gaCenis mizezad aTeistebi codnis dabal dones miiCneven, magram unda iTqvas, rom rwmenis arsebobis mizezi rom marTla codnis dabali done yofiliyo, maSin gaugebari iqneboda is faqtic, rom bevri saqveynod cnobili mecnieri morwmune iyo da aris. isini, vinc udides mecnierebad, swavlulebad arian aRiarebulni, swored codnis gaRrmavebis meSveobiT mividnen Semoqmedisa da rwmenis aRiarebamde, ramac Tavis mxriv maTi morwmune adamianebad gadaqceva gamoiwvia. leningradis sasuliero akademiis profesor l. n. parinskis azriT `qristianuli religia eyrdnoboda biblias, mecniereba ki bunebas, biblia da buneba es ori wignia, romelic RmerTma adamianebs uboZa, rogorc erTi da igive avtoris qmnilebebi. isini ar SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi iyvnen erTmaneTTan. Tu xandaxan mainc pouloben maT Soris winaaRmdegobas, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi arasworad kiTxuloben am wignebs, anda kiTxuloben maT ara erTad, aramed cal-calke~ (3) mama serafime rouzi ambobda, rom RmerTi aris Semoqmedi samyarosi da wyaro gamocxadebisa. amdenad, SeuZlebelia Teologiasa da mecnierebas Soris iyos raime konfliqti, _ orive maTgani WeSmaritia da TiToeuli rCeba im sferoSi, romelsac Tavisi arsiT ganekuTvneba. (4) namdvili rwmena is aris, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba da TanxvedraSia gonebasTan. mecniereba swored imitom arsebobs, rom is adamianebi, romlebic moklebulni arian im WeSmaritebas _ rasac biblia gadmogvcems - uxilav rwmenas,


miaRwion gamoZiebis, anu arsebuli wesrigis, kanonzomierebis da a.S. aRmoCenis gziT. aRmoCena ki, rogorc cnobilia, aris ukve arsebuli garkveuli kanonzomierebis adamianTaTvis saaSkaraoze gamotana mecnieruli mtkicebulebebis saSualebiT. mecnierebasTan misasvlel gzas warmoadgens inteleqtualuri, gonebriv mtkicebaTagan gamomdinare racionalur-logikuri gza, romelic gadis praqtikulad Semowmebul cdebsa Tu movlenebze. rac Seexeba religiasTan misasvlel gzas, igi ramdenimea. maT Soris erT-erTia RmerTis arsebobis mtkicebaTagan gamomdinare gza, romelic kargadaa cnobili filosofiis istoriidan, magram faqtia, rom milionobiT adamiani am gzis gverdis avliT mieSureboda da mieSureba RmerTis Semecnebisaken. `mxolod gonebis gza rom miemarTebodes, maSin adamianTa modgma udidesi umecrebis wiaRSi darCeboda, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi RmrTis Semecneba, romelic adamianebs umaRles srulyofilebasa da sikeTes aZlevs, eRirseboda mxolod ramdenimes da isic didi xnis Semdeg~. (5) Rirsi efremi asuli ki gvamcnobs: `yvelaze savalalo is aris, rom adamians Tavisi codniT surs gaxdes Semoqmedze ufro aRmatebuli, cdilobs qmnilis msgavsad gamoikvlios Semoqmedi da sazRvrebi dauwesos mas... vinc mxolod rwmeniT Seicnoba~. (6) amis Sesaxeb didi ilia ambobda: `erTis brZenisa ar iyos, qveyanazed zogi imisTana sagania, rom Tu ar dainaxe, ver irwmen da zogi imisTanaa, rom Tu ar irwmune, ver dainaxav. casa, Tu cas iqiT, swored imisTana adgilebia maZebar gonebisaTvis, rom Tu ar irwmune, veras dainaxav~. (7) adamiani unda iyos Tavmdabali da maZiebeli, mSvidad gamoiZios samyaro mTeli Tavisi kanonzomierebiT, ris Sedegadac uflis Semecnebamdec miva: `cani RaRadeben RmerTis didebas da misTa xelTa namoqmedars gvamcnobs samyaro~. (fs. 18,2) _ goneba ara aqvT casa da samyaros, arc bageni da arc ena maS, rogorRa RaRadeben isini amis Sesaxeb? - TviT TavianTi arsebobiTa da saxiT _ gvamcnobs wm. ioane oqropiri. yovelive zemoTqmulidan cxadi xdeba, rom mecniereba, ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia,magram is rac ar unda ganviTardes da ra did warmatebasac ar unda miaRwios samyaros saidumloebaTa amoxsnaSi, igi adamianis, rogorc Semmecnebeli arsebis yvela kiTxvis pasuxs ver gascems da verc daakmayofilebs mTlianad mis SemecnebiT interesebs Tu ar


daixmara religiuri rwmena da codna; radgan mecniereba Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb codnaTa sistemas, anu imas, rac ganuwyvetliv icvleba, _ amitom mTel samyaroze dasrulebul warmodgenas verasdros ver mogvcems. amdenad, marTalia, mecnieruli codna adamians aviTarebs inteleqtualurad, magram misi zneobrivi srulyofis saqmeSi mxolod gonebrivi ganviTareba imis naxevarsac ver SeZlebs, rasac zneobrivi aRzrda, romelic gamomdinareobs religiuri moralidan da religiur rwmenazea dafuZnebuli. religiuri rwmena aris umaRlesi WeSmariteba, rogorc RvTaebrivi WeSmariteba, magram WeSmariteba sagani rodia, igi codnaa gamoxatuli msjelobebSi. es, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom religiuri rwmena ki ar gamoricxavs codnas, aramed gulisxmobs mis arsebobas. `rwmena da codna avsebs erTmaneTs da pirovnebis swor ganviTarebas ganapirobebs. aseTi adamiani Tesavs sikeTes, mSvidobas, siyvaruls, aris mimtevebeli da mimdobi~. (8) rwmenisa da codnis, saRmrTosa da saeros, zeciurisa da miwieris gaerTianebis Sesaxeb msjeloben TavianT TxzulebebSi, naSromebSi qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis iseTi korifeebi, rogorebic arian _ arsen iyalToeli, ioane petriwi, SoTa rusTaveli, giorgi mTawmindeli, gabriel episkoposi, ilia WavWavaZe da sxv., romlebic codna-rwmenis erTmaneTSi morigebisa da amis cxovrebaSi gatarebis momxreni da Semsrulebelni iyvnen. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo da dasafasebelia is Rvawli, rac religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTobis urTulesi problemis gadawyvetaSi ekuTvnis qarTvel mecniersa da RvTismetyvels gabriel episkoposs, romelic wm. ilia marTlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `mTeli Tavisi cxovreba sul imis cdaSi iyo, rom sarwmunoeba gaemecnierebina da mecniereba gaesarwmunoebina... igi Rrmad miwevnili mecnieri iyo da imdenadve Rrmad mouwmuneca. aq aris Cemis fiqriT misi aRmatebuleba, misi mniSvneloba ara marto CvenTvis sxvisTvisac, radganac bevrs hgonia, rom mecniereba da sarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebelni da mouTavsebelni arian. igia magaliTi am morigebisa da moTavsebisa~. (9) sityvebiT _ `Tu gsurs qristesTan yofna, Seudeqi swavlasa da Wkuis ganaTlebas~ (10) _ gabriel episkoposi cxadad gangvimartavs, rom qristesTan miaxlebis aucilebel pirobas codna warmoadgens. aleqsi beri (SuSania) ki Semdegnairad gvmoZRvravs: `rogorc suli da xorci Seadgens sruls


sicocxles, esreT RvTismetyveleba da mecniereba Seadgens sruls ganaTlebas saerTo netar sicocxlisas~. (11) iseTi rwmena, romelsac klimenti aleqsandrielma `litoni~ uwoda, SeiZleba garkveul situaciaSi Zlieric iyos, magram myari mainc ver iqneba, Tundac imitom, rom Tu vinme mis Seryevas moindomebs, amas ufro advilad SeZlebs vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca rwmena gamyarebulia codniT, radgan gansakuTrebiT maSin gvwams, rodesac vigebT mizezs Tu ra ratom xdeba (i. oqropiri) swored ase uyurebda aRniSnul sakiTxs Cveni didi mefe _ daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, romelsac surda, rom mis mier daarsebuli gelaTis akademia `sxva aTeni~ da `meore ierusalimi~, anu rwmenisa da codnis sinTezis erT-erTi kera yofiliyo. `swavlebis, aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis mTeli saqmianoba saqarTveloSi erTi miznis, erTi ideis, erTi dedaboZis irgvliv unda trialebdes. es mizania – idea – dedaboZi aris saqarTvelo~ _ aRniSnavs k. melaSvili (12) Mmagram, emsaxureba aRzrda dResdReobiT aseT mizans? _ samwuxarod ara, radgan Tanamedrove skola, sadac safuZveli unda Caeyaros momavali, XXI saukunis saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa msoflmxedvelobas, rwmenas, zneobas, inteleqtualizms da a.S. ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT, rom `suls Rafavs~ _ ambobs q-ni i. kotetiSvili da agrZelebs _ dRes, mecnierebs aRara aqvT damajerebeli pasuxi pirovnebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad, isini verc skolas exmarebian. iyo dro, rodesac arsebobda sasuliero seminariebi, gimnaziebi, akademiebi, da im drois seminaria damTavrebulic ki Cvens xuT akademia damTavrebuls sjobda! xom ar SeiZleba es SemTxveviTi iyos?.. maSin saocrad iyo Serwymuli erTmaneTs codna da rwmena. (13) ukanasknel wlebSi TandaTanobiT ingreva skolebsa da gimnaziebSi religiuri _ qristianul-marTlmadidebluri _ sagnebis swavleba, rac xels uSlis mozardTa zneobrivi aRzrdis process. `xalxis arsebobas da warmatebas ori burji hqonia da aqvs: sarwmunoeba da codna, eklesia da skola~ _ aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili. (14) is sasuliero gimnaziebi, kolejebi da sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebi, romlebmac funqcionireba daiwyes, jerjerobiT ver axerxeben skolebSi Seqmnili `sulieri sicarielis~ konpensirebas mTlianad, magram es mainc mniSvnelovnad win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens. saerTod ki, im process, sanam yvelaferi Tavisi wesisa da rigis mixedviT Camoyalibdeba _ rac aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens


imisaTvis, rom saswavlo procesi amTlianebs moswavlis azrovnebasa da sulierebas _ sWirdeba sakmao dro. magram rac ufro xanmokle iqneba es dro, miT ufro advilad da miT ufro meti axalgazrdis xsnas movaxerxebT araswori aRzrdisagan, iseTi aRzrdisagan, rac formalurad hgavs aRzrdas, sinamdvileSi ki warmoadgens adamianis sulier damaxinjebas. sulieri sawyisebis Cakla da ganuviTarebloba, an maTi araswori mimarTulebiT ganviTareba, rac religiur niadagze warmoebul SuRls da dapirispirebaSi vlindeba, imdenad warmoadgens zianis momtan faqtors, ramdenadac is, rom uRmerTo saxelwmifo da uRmerTo sazogadoeba arasodes ar yofila da arc momavalSi iqneba progresuli. RmerTis rwmena, es aris sindisierebis, keTilSobilebis, zneobriobis da saerTod adamianobis sawyisi da safuZveli. yovel adamianSi unda gaRvivdes Rrma rwmena, romelsac SemdegSi Tavad SeiTvisebs da ganaviTarebs, uromlisodac adamiani ver Cawvdeba Tavisi arsebobis azrsa da daniSnulebas am qveyanaze. rwmena aris iseTi codna, romelic umaRlesi WeSmaritebaa, anu RvTiuri samyaros Semecnebas emsaxureba, amisaTvis ki marto goneba ar aris sakmarisi, aq upirvelesi RvTiuri madliT arsavse gulia. rwmena aramc Tu gamoricxavs miwier samyaros Semecnebas, aramde gulisxmobs mas, amis Sesaxeb amomwurav pasuxs gvaZlevs sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia meore: `bolo aTwleulebis manZilze bevri iTqva da daiwera iseTi, rac, erTi SexedviT, maT dapirispirebas amtkicebs, amtkicebs imasac, TiTqos mecnierebiT yvelafris axsna SeiZlebodes; magram, gana, SeiZleba mecnierebis saSualebiT gadawydes sulieri problemebi, roca igi uZluria, gaarkvios fizikuri wesrigis esa Tu is movlenac ki? gana SeiZleba mecniereba da rwmena daupirispirdes erTmaneTs, roca isini adamianTa SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis sruliad gansxvavebul sferoebs miekuTvnebian: erTi fizikurs, xolo meore suliers. isini ki ar upirispirdebian, aramed avseben erTmaneTs~. (15) swored mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma, romelmac Zireulad Secvala adamianis materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis wesi, dagvayena imis aucileblobis winaSe, rom sworad gaviazroT adamianis mimarTeba qristianul-zneobriv Rirebulebebisadmi. Tanamedrove adamianis socialuri prestiJi, statusi, misi mdgomareoba da roli sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba nivTobrivi simdidriT. nivTieri RirebulebebiT gataceba da


adamianis cxovrebis sazrisad piradi sargeblianobis gadaqceva ki SeuTavsebelia zneobriobisaTvis. mecnierebisa da teqnikis progresi ki ar amcirebs, aramed zrdis imis mudmiv saWiroebas, rom RvTis Svilebi – adamianebi, SemovabrunoT uzenaesis mier dawesebul zneobriv Rirebulebebisaken. aqedan gamomdinare `Tu Cven SevZlebT momavali Taobis sworad aRzrdas, Tu Cven avRzrdiT momaval TaobaSi pirovnebas, romelsac ufali akurTxebs, raTa is gauZRves ers, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cvenma Taobam Tavisi misia Seasrula~. (16) gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. balanCivaZe r. asaTiani v. pedagogikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1997

2. Философская энциклопедиа. М. 1964 т. III 3. Ж. Московской Патриархии, 1962 4. serafime rouzi, WeSmariti Teologia da saero codna.

J. `rwmena da codna~, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 11-12. 5. Антология мировой философии, М. 1969. т. I, ч. II 6. gaz. Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria,

Tbilisi, 2000, maisi #5 7. WavWavaZe i. werilebi qarTul literaturaze, Tbilisi,

1928, tomi IV 8. uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II, J. `rwmena da conda~,

#1 9. WavWavaZe i. Txz., 2 tomad, Tbilisi, 1977, tomi II 10. episkoposi gabrieli, qadagebani, quTaisi, 1913, tomi I 11. Rirsi mama aleqsi da misi savane, Tbilisi, 1999 12. melaSvili k. moZRvarTaTvis pedagogiis safuZvlebi,

Tbilisi 1966 13. kotetiSvili i., J. `rwmena da codna~, 2000, #2, gv. 26-27 14. kvantaliani g. `religiuri aRzrdis problema klasikur

pedagogikur memkvidreobaSi~, Tbilisi, 1990 15. asaTiani a. narkvevebi `qristianuli pedagogikis

istoriidan~, Tbilisi, 2007, tomi I. 16. protopresviter giorgis (gamrekeli) sityva

konferenciaze, J. `rwmena da codna~, Tbilisi, 2000-2001, gv. 15-16.


Summary

Maia Geliashvili

Maria Geliashvili

Science and religion

By synthetical teaching of science and religion is possible to bring up such perfect,

morally refined and sensitive generation, where intellectuality will to joined to

morality, knowledge to kindness, ideology to spiritual value.

Резюме Маиа Гелиашвили

Мариям Гелиашвили

Вопрос взаимослияния знания и веры.

С помощью синтезированного обучения науке и религии возможно

воспитание такого, по возможности идеального, утонченного в общении и

отзывчивого поколения, что интеллектуальность будет объединена с

нравственностью, знание с добром, мировоззрение с душевными

ценностями.


eTika berZnul-laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT Cvevebsa da xasiaTs niSnavs; Tanamedrove gagebiT es aris adamianis moralis Sesaxeb filosofiuri moZRvreba, adamianis zneobrivi qcevis normebis sistema, sazogadoebasTan da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebSi qcevis normebisa da principebis erToblioba.

Nnebismieri organizacia arc Tu iSviaTad awydeba sxvadasxva saxis eTikur problemebs, magaliTad, xelmZRvanelTaTvis Tu daqvemdebarebulTaTvis dapirebis Seusrulebloba, organizaciis sakuTrebis piradi miznebisTvis gamoyeneba, daqvemdebarebulTa Rirsebis Selaxva, samuSaos upasuxismgeblod Sesruleba, arakeTilsindisiereba, kanonebisa da normatiuli aqtebis ugulebelyofa, kolegebsa da partniorebTan uxeSi damokidebuleba, sxvaTa Seuracxmyofeli, amoraluri qceva da a.S.

saxelmwifo samsaxuri ganixileba rogorc saxelmwifo samsaxuris mimarT saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli ndobis gamoxatva da, bunebrivia, mis winaSe mniSvnelovan profesiul, zneobriv, eTikur da moralur moTxovnebs ayenebs.

saxelmwifo moxele valdebulia, imsaxuros patiosnad da miukerZoeblad, saxelmwifo interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT; amisaTvis man Tavisi saqmianoba unda ganaxorcielos im wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic dadgenilia saxelmwifo samsaxuris erTiani samarTlebrivi institutis farglebSi da dafuZnebulia konkretul iuridiul da moralur-eTikur moTxovnebze. saxelmwifo samsaxuri ganixileba, rogorc saqmianobis iseTi sfero, sadac unda gamoricxul iqnes nebismieri saxis piradi an sxva finansuri interesebis arseboba, romelic warmoSobs raime dabrkolebas, raTa saxelmwifo moxelem Rirseulad moixados vali saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis winaSe.

imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier sajaro funqciebis saTanado doneze Sesruleba, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi wesdeba qcevis standartebi, eTikuri normebi, romlebic gansazRvraven saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevisa da saqmianobis pirobebs.

naTia kakulia SromiTi eTika sajaro samsaxurSi


saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mimarT eTikur da samarTlebriv valdebulebaTa erToblioba misi qcevis regulirebis mniSvnelovani berketia.

eTikuri valdebulebebi, romlebic moicaven gansazRvruli profesiis farglebSi moqmed adamianTa Soris urTierTobaTa moralur normebsa da principebs, zogadad ganixileba, rogorc profesiuli eTikis sfero, xolo saxelmwifo samsaxuris SemTxvevaSi es valdebulebebi saxelmwifo-samsaxureobriv eTikas Seadgenen.

niSandoblivia, rom saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mimarT, zogadsocialuri da zogadsakacobrio moralur principebTan erTad, moqmedebs profesiuli sferos specifikidan gamomdinare moraluri principebi da normebi. cnobilia, rom profesiuli eTikis normebi warmoiqmneba konkretul profesiul jgufebSi da SinaarsiT analitikur-rekomendaciuli xasiaTisaa. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi eTikuri normebi iZenen savaldebulo xasiaTs da deontologiuri (savaldebulo moraluri moTxovnebi) xdebian. Aam mizniT dadgindeba moralur normaTa erToblioba, romelsac konkretul-imperatiuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. maTi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis mkacri da unificirebuli reglamentireba. saerTo-eTikuri normebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi aisaxeba administraciul-samarTlebriv dokumentebSi da uzrunvelyofilia Sesabamisi administraciuli sanqciebiT, saxelmwifo iZulebiT.

Ddamkvidrebuli praqtika cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis standartebi iuridiul formas samarTlebrivi normebis saxiT iZenen da, Sesabamisad, yalibdeba saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. Uupiratesad qcevis zogad standartebze dayrdnobiT, xelisuflebis calkeul ganStoebasa Tu dawesebulebaSi iqmneba qcevis gansxvavebuli normebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs sajaro samsaxuris konkretuli saxeobebis specifikas; magaliTad, qcevis specifikuri normebi iqmneba aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebSi. SemdgomSi xdeba qcevis normebis diferencireba calkeuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebis mosamsaxureTa mimarT. Pprofesionaluri sferos specifikidan gamomdinare, iqmneba aseve specifikuri normebi. Aam normebis moqmedeba vrceldeba mxolod da mxolod gansazRvruli samsaxuris sferoSi, romelSic zogadi normebis Semdgomi detaluri reglamentacia xdeba.


Aamrigad, saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis wesebis erToblioba “piramiduli” formiT warmogvidgeba da mimarTulia zogadidan konkretulisken. praqtikaSi gvxvdeba saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis wesebis erToblioba “horizontaluri” formiTac, roca igi qcevis wesebis zogadi normebis saxiT ki ar yalibdeba, aramed iqmneba xelisuflebis calkeuli Stos moxeleebisaTvis.

mravali qveynis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis standartebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia qcevis wesebis, qcevis kodeqsis, eTikis kodeqsis, eTikuri qcevis standartebis, qcevis ZiriTadi principebisa da sxva saxiT. mocemuli standartebi da kodeqsebi, ZiriTadad, moicavs eTikisa da profesiuli qcevis msgavs normebs.

saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa qcevis standartebis SemuSavebisas didi yuradReba eqceva, rogorc saxelmwifo moxeleTa zogadi standartebis SemuSavebas, aseve saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis standartebis Camoyalibebas.

1995 wels nolanis komisiam (didi britaneTi) gamoaqveyna moxseneba “sajaro moRvaweobis sferoSi standartebis Sesaxeb”. masSi Camoyalibebulia sajaro saqmianobis yvela sferosaTvis misaRebi 7 principi. Ees principebia: umwikvloba, mousyidveloba, obieqturoba, angariSvaldebuleba, sajarooba, patiosneba da xelmZRvaneloba.

zemoxsenebuli zogadi principebis garda, msoflio Tanamegobrobis organizaciebi rekomendaciebs iZlevian saxelmwifo samsaxuris konkretul sferoebSi dasaqmebul mosamsaxureTa saqmianobis reglamentirebisaTvis. magaliTad, gaeros mier miRebulia “samarTaldamcvel Tanamdebobis pirTa qcevis kodeqsi”, romelic aregulirebs policiuri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil yvela daniSnuli an arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris qcevas. kodeqsSi gamokveTilia is moTxovnebi da valdebulebebi, romlebic saqmianobis specifikidan gamomdinare, ekisreba Tanamdebobis pirebs, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes adamianis Rirsebis, uflebebisa da valdebulebebis dacva.

aRniSnuli naTlad miuTiTebs, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeba profesiuli eTikis zogadi da specialuri normebis Camoyalibebis aucileblobas. is arsebuli normebis farglebSi ufro akonkretebs im moTxovnebs, romelic saxelmwifo moxeles avaldebulebs


imoqmedos gansakuTrebuli pirobebis dacviT da saqmianobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Aamrigad, msoflio Tanamegobrobis organizaciebis mier gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris qcevis standartebi, romlebic rekomendebulia msoflios demokratiuli Tanamegobrobis qveynebisaTvis saxelmwifo moxeleTa saqmianobis sakanonmdeblo reglamentirebisa da Sesabamisi instituciuri cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad.

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze ganvixiloT, sajaro samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da maTi realizebis organizaciul-administraciuli meqanizmebi.

Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis federalur moxeleTa eTikis normebi dafuZnebulia im ZiriTad principebze, romlebic TiToeul saxelmwifo moxeles warmoaCens, rogorc sazogadoebis samsaxurSi myof saxelmwifos mier ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, romelic angariSvaldebulia sazogadoebis winaSe da romelmac saxelmwifo samsaxureobrivi uflebamosileba ar unda gamoiyenos piradi interesebisaTvis, piradi sargeblis miRebis mizniT, ixelmZRvanelos miukerZoeblobis principiT da uzrunvelyos Tavisi saqmianobis samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobis principis Sesabamisad warmarTva.

ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia aRniSnuli principebis realizebasTan, Camoyalibebulia eTikuri normebis saxiT da saerToa federaluri xelisuflebis samive StosaTvis.

Ffederalur moxeleTa eTikuri qcevis saerTo principebi, romlebic moicavs konkretul iuridiul da moralur-eTikur moTxovnebs, ZiriTadad, gansazRvrulia iseTi samarTlebrivi aqtebiT, rogoric aris: 1978 wlis kanoni “xelisuflebis eTikis Sesaxeb”, 1989 wlis kanoni “eTikis reformebis Sesaxeb” da SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsis (me-18 wignis me-11 Tavi “interesTa konfliqti, mosyidva, meqrTameoba”) moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

eTikis normebiT, ZiriTadad, reglamentirdeba saxelmwifo moxelis saqmianobis is sferoebi, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos maT mier movaleobis miukerZoebeli Sesruleba, ar dauSvas Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba, gamoricxos finansuri interesebis konfliqti, saCuqrebis miReba, daareguliros SeTavsebiTi saqmianobis, samsaxuris moZiebisa da postsamsaxurebrivi dasaqmebis procesebi. eTikis normebis ugulebelyofa ki ganixileba, rogorc disciplinuri ise


administraciuli an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli.

eTikis normebis dacvis kontrolisa da aRniSnuli procesis administrirebisaTvis iqmneba specialuri organoebi eTikis komisiis, ofisis, komitetisa da sxva saxiT. Aamgvari funqciis Sesruleba calkeul organoSi ekisreba eTikaze zedamxedvel pirs an mowveul konsultatebs, eqspertebsa da a.S.

niSandoblivia, rom erTiani eTikis normebis arsebobis miuxedavad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, eTikis normebis dacvaze kontroli da aRniSnuli procesis administrireba, xelisuflebis calkeul StoSi urTierTisagan damoukideblad xorcieldeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si, miuxedavad imisa, rom federalur moxeleTa mimarT erTiani eTikis normebis sistemaa Seqmnili, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze zedamxedveloba warimarTeba mTavrobis eTikis ofisis meSveobiT, sakanonmdeblo StoSi igi xorcieldeba kongresis warmomadgenlobiTi palatis samsaxurebrivi qcevis standartebis komitetisa da aSS-is senatis eTikis komitetis, xolo sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi --SeerTebuli Statebis mosamarTleTa asociaciis meSveobiT.

agreTve aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom aSS-is aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiToeul uwyebaSi iniSneba eTikaze zedamxedveli piri, romelic Tavis uwyebaSi kordinirebas uwevs Tanamdebobis pirebisa da moxeleebis mier eTikis dacvas, axorcielebs kavSirs mTavrobis eTikis ofisTan, gamoscems Sesabamis aqtebs, iZleva rekomendaciebs da a.S.

Mmoxelis mier kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli qcevis wesebis realizeba xorcieldeba administrirebis mZlavri meqanizmiT, romelic mimarTulia da uzrunvelyofs prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli moxelis mier eTikuri normebis darRveva, xolo aseTi darRvevebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, warmarTavs saTanado saqmianobas mis aRmosafxvrelad. gacemuli rekomendaciebis, moTxovnebis ugulebelyofisas axdens Sesabamis reagirebas da svams sakiTxs moxelis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. Mmoqmedebs gamWvirvalobis principis dacviT, romlis qmediT berkets deklarirebis instituti warmoadgens da amiT sazogadoebas aZlevs saSualebas, TviTon Seafasos TiToeuli moxelis patiosneba.

Aaqve aRsaniSnavia, rom eTikaze zedamxedveloba da Sesabamisi institucionaluri modelis Seqmna, romelic


srulyofilad da realurad uzrunvelyofs sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebis realizebas, mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis dacvas. Mmisi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba eWvqveS aRmoCndes xelisuflebis neba – realurad ganaxorcielos xelisuflebis gamWvirvalobis principi, rac warmoudgenelia demokratiuli weswyobilebis, sajaroobisa da Ria samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirobebSi.

sajaro samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis zogadi principebis gansazRvrisas Zalze saintereso da mniSvnelovania im moZRvrebis gaziareba, romelic jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos arsebobda saqarTveloSi da romlis SeqmnaSic Rirseuli wvlili Seitana ilia WavWavaZem. igi eTikur kategoriebs erovnul sazogadoebriv-politikur moRvaweobasTan sisxlxorceulad Serwymul erTeulad ganixilavda da aRiarebda, rom “yvela kaci, Tu dawesebuleba miT ufro maRalia da Rirseuli, roca kanons Tavis Tavze maRla daayenebs da TiTon qveS daudgeba. Aamazea damyarebuli kacTa sazogadoebis bedniereba da dRegrZeloba “. i. WavWavaZe gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda pirovnebis zneobriv Rirsebebs da werda: ”adamianebs kidev sindisic gaaCniaT da sindisis moTxovnileba ufro didia, vidre moTxovnileba samoqalaqo kanonebisa” da radganac “adamianis Rirseba, patiosneba, sindisi, misi zneobiTi da Zvirfasi kuTvnilebaa.”

Ddiadi qarTveli moRvawe moiTxovda saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Camdgari yvela moxelisagan eTikuri normebis dacviT maTze dakisrebuli samsaxureobrivi movaleobis mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT aRsrulebas.

igi agreTve, mniSvnelovan rols aniWebda sajaroobis da, Sesabamisad, xalxis winaSe angariSvaldebulebis princips. angariSvaldebulebas ilia ganixilavda, rogorc saxelmwifo moxelis saqmianobis aucilebel elements.

Aamrigad, jer kidev saukuneze meti xnis win ilia WavWavaZis mier Camoyalibda saxelmwifo moxelis eTikuri normebi, romlebic sisxlxorceulad exmaurebian demokratiuli sazogadoebis mier gansazRvrul dRevandel moTxovnebs, romlebic sajaro samsaxurSi moxeleTa qcevis wesebis safuZvlad iqcnen.

Ddasasruls upriani ar unda iyos yuradReba gamaxvildes sajaro samsaxuris eTikasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaze. 1997 wlis 31 oqtombers, miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni “sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb”, romliTac garkveulwilad moxda saxelmwifo samsaxurSi


qcevis wesebis reglamentireba, ganisazRvra saxelmwifo samsaxuris ZiriTadi principebi, Camoyalibda saxelmwifo samsaxuris uflebebi da movaleobebi, dawesda saxelmwifo samsaxurSi saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi. miuxedavad amisa, zomoaRniSnuli kanoni ver akmayofilebda saerTo moTxovnebs da dRiswesrigSi dadga sakanonmdeblo bazis Semdgomi srulyofisa da daxvewis aucileblobis sakiTxi. cvlilebebis ZiriTadi nakadis ganxorcieleba ki axal mTavrobas ukavSirdeba. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos prezidentis mier 2004 wlis 26 ivniss “sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi Setanili cvlileba, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelos prezidentTan Seiqmna sajaro samsaxuris sabWo (muxli 128, p.2), saqarTvelos prezidentis saTaTbiro organo. kanonis Tanaxmad misi mizania sajaro samsaxuris sferoSi erTiani saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba, xsenebul samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis koordinacia, sajaro samsaxuris sferoSi moqmedi normatiuli aqtebis Sesrulebis analizi, aRniSnul sistemaSi korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis saxelmwifo formirebasa da realizebaSi monawileoba, sajaro samsaxuris sistemis funqcionirebis erTiani principebisa da midgomebis SemuSaveba da danergva, mosamsaxureebis eTikisa da disciplinaluri normebis proeqtebis SemuSaveba, kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis momzadeba da sajaro samsaxuris sferoSi sxva saxelmwifoTa gamocdilebis Seswavla da ganzogadeba.

AagreTve im faqtze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba, rom sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis wevrebi, rac sajaro samsaxuris sferoSi Seqmnili problemebis gadaWris ukeTesi koordinaciis saSualebas iZleva.

dRes saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs deklarirebis instituti – Tanamdebobis piris qonebrivi mdgomareobisa da safinanso deklaraciebis Sesaxeb, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Sesvlis pretendentisa da saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris mier saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqciaSi Semosavlebisa da qonebrivi mdgomareobis cnobebis wardgenas, romelic 1997 wlis kanonis “sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb” Semadgeneli nawili iyo, magram Sesabamisi principebis ar arsebobis gamo “mkvdar normad iqca”.

niSandoblivia, rom msoflio Tanamegobrobis rekomendaciebis mixedviT, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba interesTa


konfliqtis gamoricxvis prevenciaze, sajaroobasa da angariSvaldebulebebze, romelTa realizebis berketad deklarirebis instituti gvevlineba.

sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebis gacnobam cxadyo, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro samsaxurSi qcevis wesebis gansazRvris zogadi principebi erTian kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba da erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad, maTi realizebis organizaciul-administraciuli meqanizmiT gansxvavdeba.

Aamrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveyanaSi yinulis lRobis procesi dawyebulia. saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxurSi mimdinare reformebi xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso standartebis safuZvelze, sadac arsebobs saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris dacvis realuri pirobebi, rac moicavs mosamsaxureTa ekonomikuri, socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebs. Dda, rac mTavaria, unda arsebobdes aqtiuri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic saSualebas miscems moqalaqeebs Tvalyuri adevnon saxelmwifo moxeleTa saqmianobas, raTa realurad ganxorcieldes demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli principi – xelisufleba xalxisaTvis da ara – xalxi xelisuflebisaTvis.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos kanoni “sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb” 2. personalis marTvis meTodur-praqtikuli

saxelmZRvanelo _ vaJa gurgeniZe – Tbilisi, 2005 weli 3. TxuzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. X – i. WavWavaZe 4. publicisturi werilebi – i. WavWavaZe – gazeTi “iveria”,

30.05.1892 5. www.president.gov.ge

http://www.president.gov.ge/


Summary

Natia Kakulia

Labor ethic in the public service

This article discusses the existing standards of behavior, ethic norms in

the public service, which together with legal commitments is important lever of

public employee’s behavior regulation.

In line with the above-mentioned issues, the article presents standards of public service behavior, determined by legislations of various countries.

In conclusion the accent is made on the existing general principles of

behavior of public service in Georgia by the end of the XIX century, on the present

legislation in connection with ethic of public service in Georgia and on the steps

taken for the improvement of this sphere in the recent years.

РЕЗЮМЕ

Натия Какулия

Трудовая етика в государственной службе

В статье рассматриваются стандарты поведения, этические нормы, существующие в государственной службе, которые в совокупности с

правовыми обязательствами представляют значительные рычаги

регулирования поведения чиновника.

В связи с обозначенным вопросом в статье представлены

определенные законодательством стандарты поведения государственной

службы многих стран.

В конце акцент делается на общие принципы поведения публичной

службы, существующей в Грузии в конце XIX века, на действующее в

Грузии законодательство в связи с этикой публичной службы, и на

предпринятые в ближайшем прошлом шаги для совершенства этой сферы.


saqarTvelos integracia evrokavSirSi qveynis mTavari prioritetia. saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba xels Seuwyobs qveynis demokratiis, ekonomikis, kulturis da Tavisuflebis donis amaRlebas, ganviTarebas; xels Seuwyobs yoveli qarTvelisTvis saocnebo qveynad Camoyalibebas.

evrokavSiri – es aris organo, romelic xels uwyobs Tavisi wevri qveynebis harmoniulad ganviTarebas.

yoveli qarTvelisTvis evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba niSnavs misi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis maqsimalur usafrTxoebas, evropul ekonomikur sivrceSi integrirebas, evropis kulturul da saganmanaTleblo procesebSi CarTvasa da TandaTanobiT cxovrebis donis evropul standartebTan gaTanabrebas.

saqarTvelo 1999 wlis ianvridan aris evrosabWos wevri qveyana, evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) sruluflebiani wevri. am organizaciebTan mWidro kavSiri qveyanas exmareba arCevnebis CatarebaSi, adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da qveyanaSi demokratiuli fonis CamoyalibebaSi.

1990 wels saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris gaformda xelSekruleba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, romelsac axorcielebs orive mxaris institutebi.

2004 wlidan saqarTveloze gavrcelda evrokavSiris samezoblo politika, romelic gamoixateba evrokavSiris integraciiT saqarTveloSi da saxavs axal perspeqtivebs politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli urTierTobebis sferoSi. saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela Zlieri politikuri Zala mxars uWers evrokavSirSi mis gaerTianebas, rac udavod saqarTvelos strategiuli arCevania misi ganviTarebis gzaze.

dRevandeli evrokavSiri 25 evropuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebaa, romelic 450 milioni kacis interesebs icavs da exmareba maT stabilurobis, mSvidobis, keTildReobis damyarebaSi, rac gamoiwvevs wevri qveynebis ekonomikis, politikis, samarTlebriv da socialur ganviTarebas.

evrokavSiris wevri qveynebia : avstria, belgia, dania, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, saberZneTi, irlandia, italia,

irakli xelaZe evropuli institutebi da saqarTvelos integracia

evropaSi


luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, portugalia, espaneTi, SvedeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, poloneTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, estoneTi, latvia, litva, kviprosi da malta.

zemoTCamoTvlilma qveynebma gawevrianebamde rTuli gza ganvles : funqcionaluri sabazro ekonomika, stabiluri demokratiuli institutebis arseboba, adamianTa uflebebis dacva, savaluto erTianoba, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan Sesatyvisoba – es aris is winapiroba ris safuZvelzec es qveynebi evrokavSirSi gaerTiandnen.

2001 wlis 26 Tebervals qalaq nicaSi (safrangeTi) xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, romlis amocanas warmoadgenda evrokavSiris struqturuli reorganizacia, kerZod, SeTanxmeba, gansazRvra, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo evrokomisia, evroparlamenti da yvela is organo, romelmac evrokavSiri gadaaqcia yvelaze mZlavr politikur – ekonomikur gaerTianebad.

2004 wels daiwyo evrokavSiris konstituciis ratificireba wevri saxelmwifoebis mier, romelsac 14 qveyanam dauWira mxari.

evrokavSiris institutebia : evrokomisia, ministrTa sabWo, evropuli sabWo, evroparlamenti, marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo, auditorTa sabWo, regionebis komiteti, ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis komiteti, evropuli sainvesticio banki, evropis centraluri banki.

evrokomisia – evropis aRmasrulebeli organoa, romelic uzrunvelyobs evrokavSiris institutebis gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcielebas. muSaobas axorcielebs 24 evrokomisari, romelic irCeva xuTwliani vadiT.

ministrTa sabWo – es aris organo, romelic axorcielebs TiToeuli wevri qveynis interesebis dafiqsirebas; es aris warmomadgenlobiTi organo, romlis Tavmjdomarec weliwadSi orjer icvleba (ianvari – ivnisi). yvela qveyanas sabWoSi Tavisi xma aqvs. xmebis raodenoba ganisazRvreba qveynis siZlieriT. magaliTad : italias aqvs 29 xma, xolo maltas – 3.

evropuli sabWo – mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi umaRlesi donis organo. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian wevri qveynebis prezidentebi an mTavrobis meTaurebi, romlebic weliwadSi oTxjer ikribebian im qveyanaSi, romelsac Tavmjdomaris posti ukavia. Tavmjdomare pasuxs agebs sxdomis organizirebaze.

evroparlamenti – kanonSemoqmedebasTan da biujetis funqciebTan dakavSirebuli organo, romelic kontrols


awesebs evrokavSiris institutebze. evroparlamentis arCevnebi pirvelad Catarda 1979 wels. wevrebis arCeva xdeba xuTwliani vadiT. 2004 wlis 13 ivniss airCies evroparlamentis axali Semadgenloba 732 wevriT, romelic, daaxloebiT, 400 milionma amomrCevelma airCia. parlamenti Sedgeba blokebisagan : demokratebi (268), socialistebi (200), liberal-demokratebi (88), mwvaneTa jgufi (42), da sxva.

marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo – axdens evrokavSiris sakanonmdeblo aqtebis saTanado interpretacias da uzrunvelyofs wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobas. marTlmsajulebis sasamarTloSi evrokavSiris yvela wevri qveyana warmodgenilia TiTo mosamarTliT. isini iniSnebian 6 wlis vadiT da yvela qveyanas erTi warmomadgeneli hyavs.

auditorTa sabWo – gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa warmomadgenlobiTi organo, romelic uflebamosilia Seamowmos Tu rogor xarjaven evrogaerTianebebi finansur saSualebebs da icavs sabuRaltro principebs. auditorTa sabWo Sedgeba 25 wevrisagan da iniSneba 6 weliwadSi erTxel. auditorTa sabWo finansuri wlis bolos warmoadgens moxsenebebs, romlebic gadaecema evroparlaments.

regionebis komiteti – misi funqciaa evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis regionaluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis integrirebis warmodgena evrokavSiris doneze. komiteti Sedgeba 222 damoukidebeli warmomadgenlisgan da amave raodenobis alternatiuli warmomadgenlisgan, romlebic irCevian 4 wlis vadiT wevri qveynebis mier. am komitetSi Tavs iyris regionebidan wamosuli mosazrebani, rac gadaecema evrokavSiris sabWosa da evrokomisias. sakiTxebi exeba regionalur politikas, soflis meurneobas, transports, mSeneblobas, jandacvas, garemos dacvas, turizms, mecnierebas, dasaqmebas, mewarmeobas, mrewvelobas, ganaTlebas, kulturasa da sports.

ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis komiteti - iRebs gadawyvetilebebs ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebSi da Tavis gadawyvetilebebs gadascems evrokomisiasa da evroparlaments. ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis komiteti Sedgeba 317 wevrisagan, romlebic qmnian 6 samuSao jgufs da axorcieleben soflis meurneobis kurirebas garemos dacvis, sagareo urTierTobebis, transportis, energetikisa da infrastruqturis sakiTxebze.

evropis sainvesticio banki – aris evrokavSiris sakredito instituti, romelic evropis wevr saxelmwifoebze


gascems grZelvadian kreditebs, kapitalur investiciebs. misi yovelwliuri brunva 54 miliardi evroa. es Tanxa aregulirebs evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis finansur mdgomareobas. garda amisa igi mezobel qveynebzec muSaobs. kerZod xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan (garemos dacvis proeqtebi), axloaRmosavleTis qveynebTan (samSvidobo procesis xelSekruleba), aziur da laTinoamerikul qveynebTan (teqnologiuri transferis erTiani warmoebis proeqtebi).

evropis centraluri banki - es aris bankebis evropuli sistema. is axdens evros emisias, marTavs finansebs.

ganvixiloT saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris urTierToba zemoT CamoTvlil institutebTan mimarTebaSi. SeTanxmeba evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 1 ivliss. maSin wevri qveyanebis raodenoba 15-s Seadgenda. maT xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romelmac axali impulsi SesZina saqarTvelos. pirveli SeTanxmeba savaWro-ekonomikur sakiTxebs Seexeboda, romelic gaformda 105 muxliT, 5 danarTiT da oqmiT. am dokumentebiT Camoyalibda TanamSromloba institucionalur, politikur da administraciul CarCoebSi.

partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba seriozul safuZvels qmnis ormxrivi urTierTobis gasaRrmaveblad iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa transporti, energetika, soflis meurneoba, sabanko saqme, investiciebi, vaWroba, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba, ganaTleba. rogorc Cans, am SeTanxmebiT saqmianobis yvela sferoa moculi.

SeTanxmeba iZleva evrokavSiris mxridan saqarTvelos daxmarebis saSualebas sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobis, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evropul kanonmdeblobasTan daaxloebis da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi, rac gamoiwvevs qveynis winsvlas, progress. es SeTanxmeba aseve ganixileba, rogorc kavSiri saqarTvelosa da evrikavSiris wevri qveynebisa. es qveynebi cnoben, rom saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifo. es mxardaWera ki moaswavebs mSvidobasa da stabilurobas qveyanaSi.

SeTanxmebis erTerTi mTavari atributi – politikuri dialogi, rogorc qveynis, aseve regionalur doneze, xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur da ekonomikur gardaqmnebs. am dromde Catarebulia 6 Sexvedra.

evrokavSiri xels uwyobs saqarTveloSi kanonmdeblobis daxvewas, raTa is moeqces evropul CarCoebSi. xorcieldeba


eqspertTa gacvlebi, tardeba seminarebi, treiningebi, staJirebebi.

mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba adamianis uflebebis dacvas, rac, pirvelyovlisa, damyarebulia kanonis dacvasa da mis uzenaesobaze saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis dacviT. yovelive es xorcieldeba teqnikuri daxmarebis programiT (TACIS – tasis), romelic sufsidiebisa da grantebis saxiT gamoiyofa.

evrokavSiris mier saqarTvelosadmi gaweuli daxmarebebi 1992-2005 wlebSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 0,5 miliard evros. maT Soris : humanitaruli daxmareba – 106,26 milioni evro, teqnikuri daxmarebis farglebSi – 111 milioni evri, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programa – 80 milioni evro.

RRM – swrafi reagirebis meqanizmi – programa, romlis farglebSi evrokavSirma saqarTvelos gamouyo 2 milioni evro, raTa Catarebuliyo 2004 wlis saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebi.

TEMPUS – sauniversiteto TanamSromlobis programa, romelic xels uwyobs saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis reformas, kerZod, universitetis menejmentis ganviTarebas, axali teqnologiebis danergvas. 1995 wlidan dRemde am mizniT gamoyofilia 4,7 milioni evro. tempusis programas afinansebs evrokomisiis kulturisa da ganaTlebis departamenti. am programaSi monawileobda saqarTveloSi arsebuli 13 umaRlesi saswavlebeli.

TRANCEKA – transeka – evro-kavkasia-aziis derefani – abreSumis gza, romelic aris saerTaSoriso organizacia. masSi gawevrianebulia saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi, yirgizeTi, ukraina, monRoleTi, moldaveTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, TurqeTi. programas safuZveli Caeyara 1993 wels qalaq briuselSi, evropis transportirebisa da energetikis ministrTa konferenciaze.

INOGATE – inogeiti – evrokavSiris programa evropaSi bunebrivi airisa da navTobis transportirebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. wevri qveynebia : saqarTvelo, albaneTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, belorusia, bulgareTi, norvegia, saberZneTi, yazaxeTi, slovakia, moldova, rumineTi, serbia, TurqmeneTi, ukraina, uzbekeTi.

evrokavSirma ganaxorciela sareabilitacio programebi afxazeTsa da oseTSi konfliqtiT dazaralebuli obieqtebis aRsadgenad. samuSaoebi daafinansa evrokomisiam. Catarda aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi engurhesze, razec daaxloebiT 10


milioni evro daixarja. 2007 wlidan iwyeba daxmarebis axali programebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba moxerxdeba evropuli samezoblos CarCoebSi.

1993 wlis 1 ianvridan gaformda xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris safeiqro da tansacmlis produqciiT vaWrobaze. vinaidan safeiqro produqcia ar arsebobda, saqarTvelom ver SeZlo am SeTanxmebis Sesruleba.

vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi (vmo) saqarTvelom gawevrianeba SeZlo 2000 wlis ivnisSi.

evrokavSiri saqarTvelosTvis meore savaWro partnioria dsT-s Semdeg. ZiriTadi partniori qveynebia: inglosi, italia, safrangeTi da niderlandebi. 2007 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan Seadgina 900000 milioni a.S.S. dolari, rac uswrebs wina wlis monacemebs.

evrokavSiris bazarze ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqonelia : Txili, mineraluri da gaziani wylebi, mineraluri sasuqebi, feroSenadnobebi, spilenZis madnebi da koncentratebi, daumuSavebeli oqro, Savi liTonis jarTi.

importSi Warbobs : msubuqi manqanebi, samkurnalo saSualebebi, Saqari, gamoTvliTi manqanebi, navTobi (navTobproduqtebi).

Rvino saqarTvelosTvis erT-erTi saeqsporTo produqciaa. misi momxmarebeli ZiriTadad iyo ruseTi, Tumca ruseTSi eqsporti Semcirebulia. evropa eqsportis 3%-s Seadgens. evrokomisiis generalurma direqtoratma dadebiTi Sefaseba misca qarTul Rvinos da dauSva misi eqsporti. 2005-2007 wlebSi Rvinis eqportma Seadgina 90 milioni a.S.S. dolari.

evropuli samezoblo politika aregulirebs yvela urTierTobas saqarTvelosa da evropis wamyvan qveynebs Soris. is aris garanti ekonomikuri, kulturuli urTierTobebis daCqarebisa.

evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis done da misi ganviTarebis tempi damokidebuli iqneba mezobeli qveynebis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebasa da saerTo Rirebulebebis dacvaze.

samezoblo politika masSi monawile qveynebs privilegirebuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebas sTavazobs, romelic efuZneba iseT Rirebulebebs, rogoricaa kanonis uzenaesoba, efeqturi mmarTveloba, adamianis uflebebis pativiscema, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi; monawile qveynebs exebaT terorizmTan brZola, masobrivi iaraRis ganadgureba, konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba.


samezoblo iniciativaSi monawileoba saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs. evrokavSiridan man miiRo da kvlavac miiRebs finansur daxmarebas ; evrokavSiri exmareboda da kvlavac daexmareba saqarTvelos demokratiis, ekonomikis, savaWro da politikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi, mxars dauWers saqarTvelos mTlianobasa da erTianobas.

evrokavSiri saqarTvelosTan urTierTobas gaaRrmavebs , Tu qveyana imuSavebs kanonierebis dacvis, konfliqtebis mogvarebis gziT, rac ganapirobebs saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas, kulturis, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebi aRorZinebas.

2006 wels evrokavSirma da saqarTvelom gamarTes konsultaciebi zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebze. konsultaciebma aCvena, rom saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs bevr sakiTxSi saerTo xedva aqvT. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia ekonomikuri ganviTareba, siRaribis daZleva, simarTlisa da Tavisuflebis xarisxis gazrda, samewarme garemos gaumjobeseba, adamianis uflebebis dacva. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa evrokavSirma samezoblo politika ufro maRali donis SeTanxmebiT Secvalos. es cvlileba damokidebulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis miRwevebze.


1. beruCaSvili T., yaraulaSvili a., mSvidobaZe v., “saqarTvelo da evrokavSiri”, Tbilisi, 2006.

2. griSikaSvili a., “gza evrokavSirisaken”, Tbilisi, 2003. 3. doRonaZe S., “evropis sabWo da saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi,

“mecniereba”, 2000. 4. doRonaZe S., avaliani n., “saqarTvelos sagareo

politikis mniSvnelovani movlenebi” , Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 2001.

5. RvamiCava a., “evrokavSiri XXI saukunis mijnaze”, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998.


Summary

Irakli Xeladze

European Institutions and Integration of Georgia in Europe

Integration of Georgia in Europe means cooperation European Institution’s

like Euro Commission, OSCE, European Union, European Parliament, European

Council, Council of Ministry, and others cooperation with Georgia, which would

provoke Georgians business success, ensure safety, foster democracy and raise

quality of living. Georgia tries to establish of citizen safety, economic, political, legal and social norms, that would serve stability, economic progress and general

development of country. Political dialogue between Georgia and European

institutions supports Georgia in any aspect. It is perceived, that Georgia is a

democratic country with strong sense of unity, sovereignty, and is not a subject to

threats concerning its territorial integrity.

Резюме

Ираклий Хеладзе

Европейские институты и интеграция Грузии в Европу

Интеграция Грузии в Европу означает сотрудничество с такими

Европейскими институтоми как Еврокомиссия, Евросоюз, Европарламент и

другие; Все ето гарантирует безопасность, рост демократии и успех бизнеса.

Грузия питается установить экономические, политические, юридические и

социальные нормы, которые служили бы стабильности, экономическому

продвижению и общему развитию страны. Политический диалог между

Грузией и Европейскими институтами поддерживает Грузию в любом

аспекте. Грузия - демократическая страна с сильным смыслом единства,

суверенитета, и не предмет к угрозам относительно его территориальной

целостности.


politikuri sistemis institutebidan saxelmwifo yvelaze metad mniSvnelovania. adamiani uxsovari droidan dRemde metnaklebad damoukidebelia saxelmwifoze, romelic mis xelSi Tavmoyrili ZalauflebiTa da resursebiT icavs individis usafrTxoebasa da uflebebs, sanacvlod ki misgan mravalricxovani, zogjer mZime valdebulebebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs. jer kidev antikur saxelmwifoSi (saberZneTi, romi) warmoSobili konfliqtebi adamianis Tavisuflebisaken swrafvasa da saxelmwifoebriv SezRudvebs Soris dResac ar aris gadaWrili. saukuneTa manZilze icvleboda rogorc admianTa Sexedulebebi saxelmwifoze, mis rolsa da daniSnulebaze, aseve Tavad saxelmwifoebrivi institutebic. mgaliTad, Zveli berZeni moazrovneebi saxelwifos waroSobas ganixilevdnen, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da adamianTa Tanacxovrebis formis garTulebis bunebriv pricess. aristoteles miaCnda, rom Tavdapirvelad adamianebi ojaxebad erTiandebodnen, Semdeg ramdenime ojaxi erTiandeboda sofelSi da saboloo jamSi iqmneba saxelmwifo. aristoteles saxelmwifo gonierebis, samarTlianobis, silamazis da saerTo keTildReobis gansaxiereblad miaCnda. misi azriT, admiani “politikuri cxovelia”, romlis xasiaTSic bunebam Cado swrafva saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebisaken, erToblivi Tanacxivrebisaken. “adamiani, romelmac Tavisi dasruleba saxelmwifoSi hpova, yvelaze srulyofili qmnilebaa, xolo adamians, romelic kanonisa da samarTlis gareSe cxovrobs, yvelaze metad Sesabralisi adgili ukavia samyariSi”. werda aristotele. ingliseli moazrovne T.hobsi ki saxelmwifos adarebda leviaThans-bibliaSi aRweril urCxuls: “misi saxidan cecxlis ali gamodis, naperwklebi cviva, misi nestoebidan gamodis kvamli, rogorc mduRare qvabidan. mis kiserze Zala binadrobs, mis win ki saSineleba darbis”…hobsis azriT, saxelmwifo, rogorc leviaTani, yvelas da yvelafers nTqavs, anadgurebs da ukan arafers abrunebs.

Sorena WiRlaZe

saxelmwifo dawesebulebis konstituciuri marTva saqarTveloSi


saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebuli wesiT mowyobili politikuri ekonomikurad gabatonebuli klasisa mTeli qveynis farglebSi umaRlesi Zalauflebis gansaxorcieleblad…saxelmwifo dasabamidanve rodi arsebobda. iyvnen iseTi sazogadoebani, romelTac saxelmwifoze da saxelmwifo sazogadoebaze warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze, romelic aucileblad dakavSirebuli iyo sazogadoebis klasebad gaTiSvasTan, saxelmwifo am gaTiSvis gamo aucileblobad iqca. saxelwifos warmoSoba ganapiroba ara marto kerZo sakuTrebis gaCenis Sedegad sazogadoebis klasebad dayofam, aramed am klasebs Soris antagonizmmac: “saxelmwifo aris klasobriv winaaRmdegobaT Seurigeblobis produqti da agmoxatuleba, saxelmwifo Cndeba iq da imdenad, sadc, rodesac da ramdenadac klasobriv wiinaaRmdegobaTa Serigeba obieqturad SeuZlebelia”(lenini). saxelmwifos bunebisa da misi rogorc politikuri batonobos iaraRis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare f. engelsi miuTiTebs or ZiriTad niSanze, romelic ganasxvavebs mas winaklasobrivi pirvel-yofil-Temuri sazogadoebis organizaciisgan: qveSevrdomTa dayofa teritoriuli principis mixedviT da sajaro xelisifleba anu iZulebis specialuri aparati. Am sajaro xelisuflebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos aqvs iZulebis unari, SeuZlia uzrunvelyos misi moTxovnebis Sesruleba yvela qveSevrdomis mier. moTxovnebi romlebic gabatonebuli klasis nebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba, umTavresad da samarTlebrivi normebSia formirebuli. saxelmwifo ekonomikis bazisis zednasenia, umniSvnelovanesi politikuri dawesebulebaa, romelic gabatonebulia klasis politikur Sexedulebebs Seesabameba klasobrivi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri weswyobilebisa sazogadoebis klasobrivi Semadgenlobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben saxelmwifos oTx istoriul tips: monaTfobelurs, feodalurs, kapitalisturs da socialisturs.Mmagan pirveli sami eqsploatatoruli tipis saxelmwifoa, meoTxe ki _ ara eqspluatatoruli tipisa. garda istoriuli tipebisa, saxelmwifoTa klasifikacia xdeba saxelmwifos formis mixedviTac. saxemwifos formis cneba gamoxatavs gabatonebuli klasis mier Tavisi diqtatoris ganxorcielebisaTvis dadgenil saxelmwifo organoebis struqturisa da organizaciis, rac gamoxatulebas poulobs mmarTvelobis formasa da saxelwifo wyobilebis formaSi: saxelmwifo wyobilebis formaSi igulisxmeba saxelmwifos Sinagani agebulebis teritoria, organizaciuli Taviseburebani. saxelmwifo wyobilebis formis mixedviT


qveynebs ZiriTadad yofen unitarul anu martiv da federaciul anu rTul saxelmwifoebad. saxelwifos cnebasTan dakavSirebulia agreTve politikuri reJimebis cneba, romelSic igulisxmeba mmarTveli klasebis mier Tavisi batonobis uzrunvelsayofad gamoyenebuli xerxebisa da meTodebis Sedegad damyarebuli wesrigi, rac asaxavs sazogadoebis demokratiulobisa da antidemokratiulobis xarisxs. cneba “politikuri reJimi”gamoxatavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da individis urTierTkavSiris xasiaTs, iZleva warmodgenas xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebze. S.l. monteskies moswrebuli SeniSvniT: rogorc respublikas esaWiroeba zneobrioba, ise despoturi mmarTvelobisTvis SiSia saWiro.” Ggamomdinare demokratiisa da diqtaturis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis organizaciis principidan, romelic gansazRvravs pirovnebis socialuri Tavisuflebis xarisxs, Tanamedrove politikuri praqtika gamoyofs reJimis sam ZiriTad tips: totalitaruls, avtoritaruls da demokratiuls. Tumca, demokratiasa da totalitarizms Soris ganlagebulia araerTi gardamavali politikuri reJimi: naxevardemokratiuli, avtoritarul-totalitarulu demokratia politikuri reJimis yvelase rTul tips warmoadgens. inglisis premier ministris uinston CerCilis TqmiT “demokratia mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudi formaa, Tu ar CavTvliT yvela danarCens, romlebic drodadro gadamowmebas eqvemdebareba”. amiT man xazi gausva demokratiis sirTules, romelic moiTxovs adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebis interesTa mudmiv Tanxmobas, adamianis uflebebisa Tavisuflebebis garantiebs. Ddemokratias ramdenime gageba gaaCnia. viwro gagebiT, demokratia aris saxelmwifo forma, romlis drosac yvela moqalaqes Tanabari uflebebi aqvs xelisuflebaze, monarqiisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac xelisufleba ekuTvnis erTpirs an aristokratias. Ddemokratiis aseTi gageba antikuri xanidan, kerZod uZvelesi perodotedan (Zv. w .6 s) modis. Uufro farTo gagebiT, demokratia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mowyobis idealuri modelia, garkveuli msoflmxedvelobaa, romelic damyarebulia Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, adamianis uflebebis Rirsebebze. demokratia-sazogadoebis politikuri TviTorganizebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formaa. institutebisa da organizaciebis kompleqsi, romelTa struqtura da funqcionireba


dayrdnobilia liberalur demokratiul msoflmxedvelobasa da faseul qcevebze, normebze, Seadgens demokratiis politikur sastemas. dResdReobiT arsebobs demokratiis ramdenime Teoria, romelTa Soris ZiriTadia pluralistikuri, paricipatoruli, sabazro, plebistikuri, konsociatiuri, warmomadgenlobiTi, saxalxo, socialisturi, Tanamedrove saxelmwifos demokratiulobas da samarTlebrivi xasiaTebis sayrdeni iqca adamianis uflebebis saerTo deklaracia, romelic miRebuli iqna gaeros generaluri ansambleis mier 1948 wlis 10 dekembers da 1966wlis 19 dekembris damateba ori punqtiT: erTi ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturul uflebebze, meore ki samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebze. demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia yvela moqalaqis politikuri Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe misi mTavari principiT “erTi adamiani-erTi xma” Ppolitikuri sistemis demokratiuloba gamoixateba ama Tu im dokumentiT, pirvel rigSi konstituciiT, romelic afiqsirebs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da adamianTa uflebebs. demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri Zalauflebis SezRudvis aucileblobis formirebasa da ganmtkicebas, romelic saWiroa imisTvis, rom man moaxdinos Tavisi ZiriTadi funqciis realizeba, romrlic saerTo keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobs, ise, rom ar gamovides kanonis CarCoebisgan. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, konstitucia, rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic qveynis sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs awesrigebs, SedarebiT axali politikuri da iuridiuli movlenaa. Tumca “konstitucias” rogorc termins mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia. konstitucia_es ZiriTadad erTiani normatiuli aqti, an ufro iSviTad ramodenime ZiriTadi normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtis erTobliobaa, romelic orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis umTavres principebs asaxavs. misi, rogorc aseTis, dabadeba dakavSirebulia burJuaziul revoliciasTan. konstitucia, rogorc umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni, mocemuli qveynis samarTlis yvela dargis princiouli debulebebis sruli da SeTanxmebuli erTobliobis saxes Rebulobs. konstitucia xSirad eqceva mTavari sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnebis fokusSida


amitom mas martebulad uwodeben saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis savizito baraTs. formis mixedviT arsebobs dawerili da dauwereli konstitucia. pirveli dawerili konstitucia miiRes a.S.S-Si 1787w. 17 seqtembers. Ddauwereli konstotucia moqmedebs amJamad did britaneTsa da axal zelandiaSi. tipis mixedviT arsebobs burJuaziuli da socialisturi konstituciebi. burJuaziul qveynebSi konstituciis miRebis ufleba ekuTvnis damfuZnebul krebas, saxelmWifo meTaurs da sxva.; socialistur saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis umaRles organoebs. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstiituciis miRebamde konstitucia, rogorc erTiani sakanonmdeblo aqti ar arsebobda. am periodis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli iqna dekretebi da sxva kanonis mqone normatiuli aqtebi, romelSic ganmtkicebuli iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis brZoliT mopovebuli monapovrebi saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis yvela sferoSi am periodis aseTi normatiuli dokumentebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia pirbeli konstituciuri xasiaTis aqti, romelic 1918 wlis 10 maisis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili da romelSic pirveli gansazRvreba saqarTvelos politikuri forma, saSinao da sagareo politikis ZiriTadi proncipebi damfuZnebel krebis Sekrebamde droebiTi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis da mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organoebi. damfuZnebeli kreba arCeul iqna 1919 wlis 12 marts. pirveli amocana, romelic miznad daisaxa damfuZnebelma krebam, es iyo saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSaveba, romelic sfuZvlad daedeboda damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebas da romelic iuridiulad gaformebda Cveni saxelmwifos arsebobas. damfuZnebelma krebam ver moaxerxa 1921 wlis konstituciis teqstis saboloo damuSaveba da konstitucia faqtiurad ZalaSic ar Sesula, Tamamd SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi warmodgenda saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanonis srulyofil da daxvewil nimuSs. 1995 wlis 24 agvistos saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebiT Tamamd SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daiwyo axali era saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis gzaze. igi mogvevlina Cveni qveynis samarTlebriv da mravalmxrivi saqmianobis saxelmwifos marTvis srulyofis mizniT. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiam daZabuli muSaobisa da winasaparlamento ganxilvebis Semdgom, romelSic TiTqmis


yvela politikuri partia monawileobda, 1995 wels waradgina konstituciis proeqti parlamentSi gansaxilvelad. mwvave debatebis da azrTa Sejerebis safuZvelze 1995 wlis 24 agvistos saqarTvelos parlamentma TiTqmis erTsulovnad daamtkica saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saxelmwifos axali konstitucia. konstituciuri reforma aucilebeli winapiroba iyo im sanukvari mizebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac saqararTvelos suverenuli da WeSmaritad damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba. Tu amasTan dakavSirebul pricesebs ar axlavs dacvis konstituciuri garantiebi, es procesebi SeiZleba advilad Sesustdes, an saerTod dasustdes. saqarTveloSi myarad moikida fexi konstituciur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis CvenTvis manamade ucnobma saxeebma. sazogadoeba gadavida warmoebis axal wesze, romlis safuZvelsac socialisturi saerTo-saxalxo sakuTrebis nacvlad kerZo meqanizmis axali sistemis Camoyalibeba, anu demokratiuli centralizmis nacvlad xelisuflebis danawilebis principebis praqtikuli realizaciis aucileblobda da a.S. ramdenadac saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia aRiarebs saqarTvelos respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas, kargi iqneba, CamovayaliboT saerTo respublikuri formisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iuridiuli niSnebi. respublikuri mmarTveloba aris koleqtiuri mmarTveloba. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvela umaRles organos gaaCnia rTuli struqtura, eniWeba mxolod maTTvis dadgenili uflebamosilebani da maTi SeusruleblobisTvis pasuxs agebs kanonis Tanaxmad. respublikuri mmarTveloba dafuZnebulia erTiani saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ramdenime xelisuflebad: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad danawilebis principiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis safuZvelze Zneli araa davadginoT saqarTvelo saprezidento respublikaa Tu saparlamento. marTalia, konstituciis 48-e muxlSi naTqvamia. rom “saqarTvelos parlamenti aris qveynis umaRlesiwamomadgenelobiTi organo. romelic axorcielebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas”, Tumca sakmarisia, Tvali gadavavloT konstituciis Semdeg debulebes da davskvniT, rom saqarTveloSi damkvidrda saprezidento marTvelobis forma. kerZod, 69-e muxlis Tanaxmad”saqarTvelos prezidenti aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis


meTauri”. 77-e muxliT prezidenti ayalibebs mTavrobis Semadgenlobas da warudgens parlamnts dasamtkiceblad. 79-e muxlis mixedviT ki “ mTavrobis wevrebi pasuxismgeblebi arian saqarTvelos prezidentis winaSe” da sxva. e.i. konstituciam mTlianad gaiziara is Teoriuli safuZvlebi, rac axasiaTebs saprezidento xelisuflebis mmarTvelobas. ganvixiloT erT-erTi xelisufleba saqarTvelos parlamenti-sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo. saqarTvelos konstituciis 48-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos parlamenti aris sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo. Pparlaments, rogorc konstituciur-samarTlebriv instituts, mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. pirveli parlamentebi (inglisisparlamenti, espaneTos kortesebi) aRmocenda jer kidev 17-18 saukuneebSi. Tumca istoria Tanamedrove parlamentisa, rogorc zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi, zogaderovnuli warmomadgenlobiTi organosi, romelic gansxvavdeba feodalizmis periodis wodebriv warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebisgan, iwyeba burJuaziuli revoluciebis epoqidan, romelTa gamarjvebis Semdgom parlamenti xdeba saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi organo. swored maSin Camoyalobda da gavrcelda parlamentarizmi, rogorc sazogadoebis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli sistema, romelsac axasiaTebda sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli funqciebis mkveTri ganawileba warmomadgenlobiTi sakanonmdeblo organos - parlamentis formaluri uzenaesobis SenarCunebiT sxva saxelmwifo organoTa mimarT. Amas ganapirobebda parlamentis politikuri ideologiuri rolic, radgan parlamntarizmis dros igi qmnis mTavrobas, romelic angariSvaldebulia mis winaSe. saqarTvelos parlamentma qveyanaSi Secvala saqarTvelos “orrgoliani” xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organo, romelic Sedgeboda saqarTvelos saxalxo deputataTa yrilobisa da misgan Camoyalibebuli umaRlesi sabWos Semadgenlobisgan. saqarTvelos konstituciis 48-e muxlSi miTiTebulia rom saqarTvelos parlamenti aris qveynis umaRlesi warmomdgenlobiTi organo. amiT konstitucia adgens, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo forama aris warmomdgenlobiTi (respublikuri) e.i. arCeviTobis sawyisebze agebuli saparlamento demokratia, romlis pirobebSic xalxis politikuri nebis Camoyalibeba ekisreba saxalxo


warmomadgenlobas, romelic damoukideblad Rebulobs met-naklebad sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebebs. saqarTvelos konstitucua (48-e muxli) axasiaTebs saqarTvelos parlamnts, rogorc sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis ganmaxorcielebel organos. parlamntisTvis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis miniWebiT xdeba saxalxo suverenitetis principis realizacia, rogorc marTlwesrigis legitimizaciis safuZvlisa. Sedegad, parlamnti sakanonmdeblo wesiT aregulirebs qveynis cxovrebas da xels uwyobs qveyanaSi samarTlebrivi saxlmwifos Camoyalibebas. saqarTvelos parlamentis mier sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba amasTan erTad niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos arc erTi kanoni ar SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes miRebuli, Tu igi ar aris ganxiluli da mowonebuli parlamentis mier, xolo TviT parlaments saqarTvelos uflebamosilebis farglebSi gaaCnia sruli da ganusazRvreli kompetencia sakanonmdeblo sferoSi. saqarTvelos parlamenti konstituciiT gansazRvrul farglebSi kontrols uwevs mTavrobis saqmianobas. es kontroli ZiriTadad xorcieldeba parlamentis mier saxelmwifos biujetis damtkicebis meSveobiT da sxva. saparlamento cxovrebis istoria icnobs umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos orgvar struqturul Semadgenlobas: orpalatians anu bikameralizms da erTpalatians anu monokameralizms. saqarTvelos konstituciis 49-e muxlis safuzvelze saqarTveloSi 1995 wels arCeul iqna erTpalatiani sistemis parlamenti, sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT oTxi wlis uflebamosilebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos parlamenTis kompetencia sakmaod mravalferovania. saqarTvelos konstitucia iTveliswinebs misi uflebamosilebis iseT farTo speqtrs, romelTa swori realizacia bevrad gansazRvravs Cveni saxelmwifos momavali ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. kerZos, safinanso, mTavrobis saqmianobebis kontrols. saxelmwifo organoebis formirebis sferoebSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis 51-e muxlis Tanaxmad, axalarCeuli parlamentis pirveli sxdomis dRes, romelic unda gaimarTos arCevnebis Catarebidan 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi, niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti. saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare da misi moadgileebi warmoadgenen parlamentis xelmZRvanel Tananmdebobis pirebs. saqarTvelos parlamentis


uflebamosileba sakmaod farToa. igi uZRveba parlamentis muSaobas, uzrunvelyofs azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvas, saerTo koordinacias uwevs parlamentis komitetebis saqmianobas, xels awers parlamentis mier miRebul aqtebs, iwvevs parlamentis biuros sxdomebs, uflebamosilia, moawyos biuros riggareSe sxdoma, parlaments warudgens kandidaturebs saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris Tanamdebobaze asarCevad, uzrunvelyofs urTierTobas da TanamSromlobas aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebTan da asrulebs reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebamosilebebs. rac Seexeba Tavmjdomaris moaadgileebs, ufleba aqvT, Seasrulon Tavmjdomaris movaleoba Tavmjdomaris davalebiT, Tavmjdomaris uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis SeuZleblobisas an Tanamdebobidan misi gadayenebis SemTxveveSi saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgenelia, romelic uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba parlamentSi da sxva uflebamosilebani, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. erTi da igive piri ar SeiZleba erTdroulad iyos parlamentis wevri da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis an adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis organoebis deputati. saqarTvelos parlamentis organizaciuli muSaobis ZiriTad formas warmoadgens sasesio muSaoba. saparlamnto sesia - es aris periodi, romlis drosac tardeba parlamntis komitetebisa da komisiebis sxdomebi, saparlamento sxdomebi da sxva. saqarTvelos parlamenti Tavisi uflebiT ikribeba, rogorc wesi, weliwadSi orjer – sagazafxulo da saSemodgomod. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstutucia gamomcemloba ,,Tbilisi” 2002 w. 2. sazRvargareTis qveynebis saxelmwifo samarTali. gamomcemloba ,,Tbilisis universiteti” 1995w. 3. politologia. gamomcemloba ,,Tbilisi” 2000 w. 4. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia.


S U M M A R Y Shorena Chigladze

The constitutional management state учириждение

The role of state origin and its designations is given in the work. Modern news

of constitutional development is emphasized in it, which was stipulated by the

changes in social- political and economical life of Georgia. One of the main types

of political regime – Democracy and its positive and negative characteristics are

described in the theme. Constitution of Georgia, year 1995, recognizes the form of

republican government: Legislative, executive and law government. In the theme is described the highest organ of the legislitve government – parliament, its

responsibilities and functions.

Резюме

Шорена Чигладзе

Конституционное управление государственными учереждениями в

Грузии

В труде представлено происхождение государстваб его ролль и

значене. В нем выделены новизны Конституционного возрождения

современной Грузии, которые вызваны общественно-политическими

изменениями. В теме описан один из основных типов политического режима

– демократия и описаны его положительные и отрицательние свойства.

Конституция Грузии 1995 года признает республиканскую форму правления. Республиканское правление основано несколькими видами

правления в едином государственном правлении: Законодательство,

Судебное и исполнительное правление.

Принципом распредиления в теме расмотрено высшее

законодательное правление – Парламент, его обязанности и функции.


saqarTveloSi moqmed saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa Soris Tavisi mravalmxrivi da nayofieri saqmianobiT gamorCeulia evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo). misi misia aqtiuradaa CarTuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxSi, aseve sayuradRebo sferoa demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidreba da sxv. saqarTveloSi mimdinare euTos proeqtebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani proeqtia qveynis demokratizaciisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebisaTvis xelSewyoba. am mxriv arsebiTia saarCevno procesis gamWvirvaled warmarTva. saqarTveloSi 2007 wlis oqtombridan euTos misiis xelmZRvanelia elCi teri hakala, eqsperti samxreT kavkasiisa da aRmosavleT evropis dargSi. manamde igi didxans msaxurobda fineTis elCad saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. mas Semdeg rac saqarTvelom aRidgina damoukidebloba, euTo akvirdeboda aq Catarebul TiTqmis yvela arCevnebs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda euTos misiis Sexedulebebs ,,vardebis revoluciis” wina periodis saparlamento (2003 wlis noemberi) da momdevno, prezidentis riggareSe arCevnebis (2008 wlis ianvari) Sesaxeb. winamdebare statiaSi gaanalizebuli iqneba euTos misiis Sexedulebebi da daskvnebi 2008 wlis 5 ianvars gamarTul saqarTvelos prezidentis riggareSe arCevnebze. Tavisufali, konkurentuli arCevnebi, rogorc xelisuflebis formirebis wesi, saqarTveloSi 1990 wlidan tardeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganvlil periodSi arCevnebis Sedegebi umetes SemTxvevaSi, met-naklebi adekvaturobiT asaxavda amomrCevelTa nebas (garda zogierTi regionisa, sadac arCevnebis totaluri gayalbeba xdeboda), saqarTveloSi arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvlis precedenti jer ar yofila. aq jer kidev SeimCneva politikuri sistemis msgavseba Zvel, sabWour, partia-saxelmwifos tipis sistemasTan. mmarTvel politikur Zalas gaaCnia saxelmwifo resursi, romelsac is xSir SemTxveaSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad iyenebs. aqvs adgili mmarTvelobis mier konstituciuri

ramin siraZe

euTo da saqarTvelos 2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi


uflebamosilebis gadametebas, politikur korufcias, qveynis mmarTvelobis Zveli meTodebiT warmarTvas. bolo wlebSi kidev ufro gaZlierda aRreva mmarTvel partiasa da saxelmwifo organoebs Soris, rac safrTxes uqmnis Tanabar politikur konkurencias. ,,vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg Seicvala arCevnebis Catarebis ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqti. koreqtireba Seexo saarCevno administraciis dakompleqtebis princips. Tuki adre saarCevno komisia formirdeboda pluralistul sawyisebze, anu masSi Sediodnen sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebi, 2005 wlis cvlilebebiT Seiqmna e.w. profesiuli saarCevno administracia, misi wevrebi arian upartio sajaro moxeleebi. 2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe arCevnebs win uZRoda mTeli rigi movlenebi. seqtember-noemberSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis fonze SeiZleba ori mniSvnelovani daskvna gakeTdes: 1) Semcirda sazogadoebis ndoba xelisuflebis mimarT. 2) Seilaxa saqarTvelos, rogorc demokratiuli qveynis imiji. ukanasknel periodSi mosaxleobis ukmayofileba xelisuflebis mimarT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, anu mkveTrad Semcirda im moqalaqeTa ricxvi, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom qveyana swori mimarTulebiT viTardeboda, (48%_dan 2007 wlis TebervalSi _ 36%_mde 2008 wlis damdegisaTvis). es ki imis niSania, rom sazogadoebaSi dagrovda sxvadasxva faqtoriT gamowveuli ukmayofileba: 1) sazogadoebrivi ukmayofilebis mniSvnelovan mizezs socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi qmnis, radgan miuxedavad mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri zrdisa, yvela ar rCeba mogebuli im ekonomikuri reformebiT, romelsac saxelmwifo awarmoebs. mniSvnelovani miRwevaa, rom ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze qveyanaSi didi moculobis investiciebi Semovida, magram amas Tan axlda negatiuri Sedegi – mzardi inflacia, ramac mkveTrad gaauaresa im adamianTa ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, visi Semosavalic ar gazrdila: 2) ukmayofilebis gamomwvevi aranakleb mniSvnelovani mizezia xelisuflebis sxvadasxva qmedebiT gamowveuli usamarTlobis gancda. bolo wels gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda xelisuflebis mier moqalaqeTa sakuTrebis xelyofis Tema. 2007 wlis 2 noembers TbilisSi daiwyo saprotesto aqciebi. aTasobiT adamiani iRebda monawileobas mRelvare politikur manifestaciebSi, rogorc Tbilisidan aseve regionebidan. demonstrantebi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad moiTxovdnen 2008 wlis SemodgomisTvis dagegmili saparlamento arCevnebis


Catarebas 2008 wlis gazafxulze, aseve saqarTvelos saparlamento respublikad gardaqmnas da prezident mixeil saakaSvilis gadadgomas. saprotesto aqciebi 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar Sewyvetila. 7 noembers axlad Seqmnili opoziciuri partiebis blokis mier gamarTuli demonstracia parlamentis Senobis win policiurma SenaerTebma da specrazmma wylis Wavlis, cremlsadeni gazisa da rezinis tyviebis gamoyenebiT daSala, Tumca mimofantulma momitingeebma Sekreba mainc SeZles riyeze, magram arc iq dascaldaT saprotesto aqciis gagrZeleba. moxda ramdenime Setakeba momitingeebsa da policias Soris. aseve dafiqsirda Jurnalistebze Tavdasxmis araerTi faqti orive mxridan. imave saRamos specrazmi Sevida televizia ,,imedSi”. telekompaniis dacvis mizniT xalxma miaSura ,,imedis” Senobas, cremlsadeni gazisa da rezinis tyviebis daxmarebiT Sekrebilni male daarbies. umravlesobis liderTa xmamaRali gancxadebebis miuxedavad, rom medias ar emuqreboda SezRudva, daixura e.w. ,,opoziciuri arxi” -,,imedi.” amis gamamarTlebeli mizezi, xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa sityviT, iyo is, rom telekompaniis Jurnalistebisagan eTerSi ismoda mowodebebi saxelmwifo gadatrialebisaken. saqarTvelos prezidentma demonstraciebi xelisuflebis damxobis mcdelobad miiCnia da qveynis masStabiT sagangebo mdgomareoba SemoiRo. sagangebo mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi mxolod 2007 wlis 16 noembers gauqmda. politikuri krizisis ganmuxtvisa da viTarebis normalizaciis mizniT, 8 noembers prezidenti gamovida iniciativiT, SeemcirebinaT misi saprezidento legislatura. 25 noembers igi gadadga Tanamdebobidan, riTac parlaments SesaZlebloba mieca, daeniSna riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi. konstituciis Tanaxmad, prezidentobis movaleobis Sesruleba arCevnebamde saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomares, nino burjanaZes, daekisra. politikuri dialogis safuZvelze saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi da gadawyda Catarebuliyo plebisciti saparlamento arCevnebis gamarTvis TariRTan da natoSi saqarTvelos SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT. 2007 wlis 25 noembris dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos parlamentma vadamdeli saprezidento arCevnebis TariRad 2008 wlis 5 ianvari daamtkica.


saprezidento kandidatTa registracia mTlianobaSi iyo srulyofili da gamWvirvale. ocdaorma prezidentobis msurvelma kandidatma Seitana ganacxadi registraciisaTvis centralur saarCevno komisiaSi. komisiam cxramet maTgans neba darTo, moegrovebina registraciisaTvis savaldebulo 50 000 xelmowera. centralur saarCevno komisiaSi xelmowerebi iuridiulad dadgenil vadaSi cametma partiam da sainiciativo jgufma waradgina. sabolood daregistrirda 7 kandidati: mixeil saakaSvili (gaerTianebuli nacionaluri moZraoba), levan gaCeCilaZe (saerTo saxalxo moZraoba), daviT gamyreliZe (partia-axali memarjveneebi), Salva naTelaSvili (saqarTvelos leiboristuli partia), gia maisaSvili (momavlis partia), irina sariSvili (partia imedi) da arkadi patarkaciSvili (damoukidebeli kandidati). zogadad yvela kandidats hqonda saSualeba Tavisuflad ewarmoebina saarCevno kampania mTeli qveynis maStabiT. kampania sxvadasxvagvari intensivobiT mimdinareobda. igi gacilebiT ufro aqtiuri iyo dedaqalaqSi, vidre regionebSi. ZiriTad aqtivobas kampaniis farglebSi opoziciuri kandidatebis mier mowyobili demonstraciebi warmoadgenda. oTxma kandidatma aqtiurad imogzaura qveynis masStabiT. badri patarkaciSvili ki mTeli kampaniis dros sazRvargareT imyofeboda. imis gamo, rom dadanaSaulebuli iyo saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobaSi, igi qveynis garedan akeTebda mowodebebs da xalxs, misi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, keTildReobas pirdeboda. arCevnebSi mexuTe nomrad daregistrirebuli kandidati mixeil saakaSvili prezidentad arCevis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobas mraval siaxles hpirdeboda: 1) minimaluri pensia gautoldeba 100 amerikul dolars; 2) ufaso jandacva pensionerebisTvis, maswavleblebisaTvis da socialurad daucvelTaTvis; 3) dasaqmebis da profesiuli gadamzadebis programa, yovelwliurad 150 000 moqalaqisTvis; 4) yvela kargi moswrebis students 100 lariani stipendia; 5) 1000 lari yvela axalSobils dabalSemosavliani ojaxebidan da 1000 lari yvela ojaxs meore Svilis Semdeg yovel Svilze. amas garda, mixeil saakaSvili da misi gundi gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebdnen xelisuflebaSi yofnis Jams gakeTebul arcTu umniSvnelo saqmeebze, romelTac intensiurad Seaxsenebdnen amomrCevlebs. 2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebma cxoveli interesi gamoiwvia aramarto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. amis naTeli magaliTia arCevnebze damkvirvebelTa soliduri korpusis Camosvla. maT Soris erT-


erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sadamkvirveblo delegacia iyo euTos misia saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros mowveviT, euTos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis uflebebis ofisma 2007 wlis 6 dekembers Seqmna am arCevnebis sadamkvirveblo misia, romelsac elCi diter bodeni xelmZRvanelobda. misia Sedgeboda TbilisSi bazirebuli 13 – wevriani ZiriTadi jgufisa da 28 – grZelvadiani damkvirveblisagan, romlebic 13 dekembers mTeli qveynis masStabiT 11 sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdnen. ZiriTadi jgufis wevrebi da grZelvadiani damkvirveblebi mowveulni iyvnen euTos 25 wevri qveynidan. am qveynebs eTxovaT 300 moklevadiani damkvirveblis gamogzavna, xmis micemis, daTvlisa da xmebis Sejamebis procesis dasakvirveblad. saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs arCevnebis monitorings adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso damkvirvebelTa mxridan. centralurma saarCevno komisiam 34 adgilobrivi arapartiuli organizaciis, 50 saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da 18 saelCos damkvirvebeli daaregistrira. yvelaze soliduri saerTaSoriso sadamkvirveblo misia warmoadgenda euTos demokratiuli institutebis da adamianis uflebebis ofisis, euTos saparlamento asambleis, evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis da evroparlamentis erTobliv proeqts. arCevnebi fasdeboda euTosa da evrosabWos mier dadgenili demokratiuli arCevnebis Casatareblad aucilebeli valdebulebebisa da standartebis Sesabamisad. euTos misia akvirdeboda rogorc saarCevno kampaniis mimdinareobas, ise arCevnebis process da Tavis Sefasebebs asaxavda Sualeduri angariSebisa da saboloo daskvnis saxiT. euTos sadamkvirveblo misiis daskvnis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi Catarebuli riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi mTlianobaSi Seesabameboda euTosa da evrosabWos valdebulebebsa da standartebs demokratiul arCevnebze. Tumca, misiis azriT, gamovlenil iqna arsebiTi gamowvevebic, romelTac dauyovnebliv unda mieqces yuradReba. opoziciuri partiebis warmomadgenlebma da sxv. saarCevno procesSi mravali darRveva gamoavlenes. prezidentobis zogierTi kandidati da maTi mxardamWeri Zalebi TviT arCevnebis Sedegebis baTilad gamocxadebasac ki moiTxovdnen. erTob mwvave da mkveTri iyo saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sefasebac. euTos sadamkvirveblo misias Tvali ar dauxuWavs SemCneul naklovanebebze, mkafiod miuTiTa maT Sesaxeb, magram


arCevnebis SedegSi anu mixeil saakaSvilis gamarjvebaSi, eWvi ar Seutania. 5 ianvars Catarebuli riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi iyo pirveli konkurentunariani saprezidento arCevnebi, romelmac saSualeba misca qarTvel xalxs gamoexata sakuTari politikuri neba, aRniSnulia euTos misiis daskvnaSi. amasTan, imave dokumentSi xazgasmulia, rom saarCevno kampania Catarda metad polarizebul politikur garemoSi. saarCevno kampaniasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo darRvevebisadmi ndobis nakleboba da aRmoufxvreloba, – romelTagan mxolod ramdenime iqna Setanili centralur saarCevno komisiaSi da sasamarTloSi – ar Seesatyviseboda konstruqciul saarCevno kampanias. gansxvaveba saxelmwifo saqmianobasa da yofili prezidentis saprezidento kampanias Soris zogjer iSleboda da arajansaRi saarCevno garemos Seqmnis erT-erT faqtorad gvevlineboda. miuxedavad amisa, yvela saprezidento kandidats hqonda saSualeba, SeuzRudavad Caetarebina saarCevno kampania qveynis masStabiT. saqarTvelos aqvs mravalferovani media-garemo, romelic iZleva Tavisufali azris gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas da sTavazobs amomrCevels politikuri Sexedulebebis farTo arCevans. mediasaSualebebi aqtiurad aSuqebdnen saarCevno process, ewyoboda Toq-Souebi, debatebi, saprezidento kandidatebebs gamoyofili hqondaT ufaso saeTero dro. Sesabamisad, amomrCevels saSualeba hqonda gacnoboda saprezidento kandidatebs da maT programas. saarCevno kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze, centraluri saarCevno komisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebi. miuxedavad mcire droisa, centralurma saarCevno komisiam SeZlo profesionalurad moemzadebina arCevnebi, Tumca sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWrisas mis wevrebs zogierT SemTxvevaSi uWirdaT saarCevno administraciisaTvis savaldebulo neitralitetis SenarCuneba da moqmedebdnen mikerZoebulad. centralurma saarCevno komisiam sakmao Zalisxmeva gaswia eleqtoratis siebis dasaxvewad. amomrCevlebs SesaZlebloba hqondaT gadaemowmebinaT sakuTari Tavi saarCevno siebSi. zemoxsenebuli Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, amomrCevelTa siebi kvlavac saWiroebs daxvewas. euTos daskvna saqarTveloSi saarCevno procesis Semdeg pozitiur aspeqtebs gamohyofs:

1. saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi demokratiuli arCevnebis Catarebis TvalsazrisiT zogadad aris adekvaturi.


2. winasaarCevno periodSi centraluri saarCevno komisiis qmedeba iyo gamWvirvale. centraluri saarCevno komisia xSirad marTavda mediasa da damkvirvebelTaTvis Ria Sexvedrebs. centraluri saarCevno komisia yvela doneze avlenda mzadyofnas TanamSromlobisaTvis. 3. Catarda amomrCevelTa saganmanaTleblo kampania mediis

meSveobiT. gadamzadebul iqnen administraciis moxeleni.

4. gaZlierda saarCevno procesis gamWvirvaloba; erovnuli arapartiuli sadamkvirveblo organizaciebis didma raodenobam gaiara akreditacia, raTa dakvirvebodnen riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebs.

5. saarCevno masalebi qarTulis garda, daibeWda aseve saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobis enebzec.

6. saqarTvelos moqmedma prezidentma Camoayaliba uwyebaTaSorisi jgufi Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis Casatareblad, romelsac evaleboda kavSiris damyareba sadamkvirveblo organizaciebTan da Semosuli saCivrebis ganxilva. dro da dro moqmedi prezidenti piradad ereoda opoziciis braldebebze pasuxis gacemis procedurebSi.

dadebiTi momentebis paralelurad, euTos misiam arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime naklovanebac aRniSna:

1. saarCevno kampania daCrdila farTod gavrcelebulma braldebebma, rom sxva pirebTan erTad xorcieldeboda saxelmwifo moxeleTa daSineba da zewola.

2. socialuri keTildReobis programebis ganxorcielebas xSirad ukavSirebdnen saqarTvelos yofili prezidentis saprezidento kampanias.

3. saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsSi arsebuli SeuTavsebloba, xarvezebi da orazrovneba safuZvlad daedo saarCevno kodeqsis gansxvavebul da mravalferovan interpretirebas.

4. saCivrebis ganxilvisas centralurma saarCevno komisiam ver SeZlo miyoloda mniSvnelovan iuridiul procedurebs.

5. centraluri saarCevno komisiis mier dadgenil arCevnebis dRis procedurebs akldaT sizuste da detaluroba.

saqarTvelos prezidentis riggareSe arCevnebis gamo euTos sadamkvirveblo misiis saboloo daskvnas, rogorc obieqtur Sefasebas, ndobiT moekida saqarTvelos TiTqmis


mTeli politikuri speqtri. euTos daskvana moiwona xelisuflebam. igi gaziarebul iqna aseve opoziciuri Zalebis mierac, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda.


1. evropis samezoblo politika da saqarTvelo (biuleteni #17-18), Tb., 2007 weli, oqtomberi-noemberi;

2. euTos Sualeduri angariSi #1 6-13 dekemberi, 2007 weli; www.osce.org

3. euTos Sualeduri angariSi #2 14-24 dekemberi, 2007 weli; www.osce.org

4. euTos arCevnebis Semdgomi Sualeduri angariSi 6-18 ianvari, 2008 weli; www.osce.org

5. saerTaSoriso saarCevno sadamkvirveblo misia. saqarTvelo – riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi, 2008 wlis 5 ianvari. moxseneba winaswari monacemebisa da daskvnebis Sesaxeb; www.osce.org

6. euTos saboloo angariSi – 2008 wlis 5 ianvris riggareSe saprezidento arCevnebi. varSava 2008 weli 4 marti; www.osce.org

7. vaxtang qarumiZe - saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, Tb., 2003 weli;

8. amiran meqvabiSvili – saerTaSoriso politikuri da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, Tb., 2002 weli.


Summary

Ramin Siradze

OSCE and Georgian Early Presidential Elections January 05.2008

Political processes that occurred in Georgia during the fall of 2007 were the

reason for the early presidential elections that were held on January 05 of

2008.This article fully explains the position that OSCE mission is taking

regarding the outcome of elections with more detailed information described in

its final report. Article discusses the negative processes that took place in time of elections and

talks about positive things that were witnessed as well. It worth mentioning that

the final report written by OSCE mission gained a full trust from the opposition

and government officials alike.

Резюме

Рамин Сирадзе

ОБСЕ и Грузинские внеочередные президентские выборы 5 января

2008 г..

Впоследнее время, происходящие политические процессы в Грузии

привели к внеочередным президентским выборам в стране. Выборы 5 января

2008 года прошли. Независимая наблюдательная миссия ОБСЕ опуюликовывает в статье свое мнение о прошедших президентских выборах,

что остро выражается в ее промежуточных подсчетах и в последних

заключениях.

В статье также идет речь о замеченных ею нарушениях в процессе

выборов, в заключении

также говорится и о позитивных оценках. В последнем заключении

выделено, что доверие миссии ОБСЕ заслужили как правительство Грузии,

так и опозиция.


marketingis Sesvlam komerciuli firmebis marTvaSi saTave daudo kriteriumebis sistemis warmoSobas moRvaweobis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebaSi, aseve bazris Seswavlisa da ganviTarebis konkretuli zomebis gansazRvras. marketingis aucilebloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi gamodis firmis yvela procesis moqmedebis adeqvaturobis xelSemwyob meqanizmad, rac viTardeba bazarze. marketingis terminis qveS bazarze funqcionireba igulisxmeba. marketingis funqciebs miekuTvneba: - bazris kompleqsuri Seswavla da prognozireba, misi moTxovnebi. - firmis sakuTari warmoeba-gasaRebis realuri fasi, saeqsporto da sxva saxis SesaZleblobebi. - grZelvadiani marketinguli moRvaweobis strategiis SemuSaveba, misi miznebis, amocanebis, resursebis da praqtikuli realizaciis meqanizmis gansazRvriT. - sasaqonlo politikis dagegmva, saqonlis da momsaxurebis asortimentis marTva bazris moTxovnilebidan da mwarmoeblis potencialidan gamomdinare. - moTxovnis formireba da gasaRebis stimulireba. - marketinguli moRvaweobis marTva da masze kontroli. am funqciebis realizacia qmnis warmatebuli samewarmeo moRvaweobis pirobas. PR-specialisti Cveulebriv angariSvaldebulia an pirdapir organizaciis xelmZRvaneli jgufis, an marketingis ganyofilebis winaSe. marketingis ganyofilebis winaSe angariSvaldebuleba PR-praqtikas asocirebs gayidvebis procesTan da Tavis adgils ikavebs sxva marketinguli disciplinebis gverdiT. magram PR Tu rogor urTierTobs marketingTan, reklamasTan da saqonlis dawinaurebasTan? PR-ma da ara reklamam unda gansazRvros strategia? an PR – es marTlac mxolod da mxolod masobrivi informaciis saSualebebTan urTierTobaa, ubralod kidev erTi meTodika, SesaZloa, meorexarisxovanic ki, Tu marketinguli strategiis danarCeni nawilebi TavianT adgilebze dganan? PR-s SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli iTamaSos marketinguli strategiebis warmatebaSi. sirTuleebi warmoiSoba cru

nino faRava PR da marketingi


warmodgenisa da umecrebis gamo. yvelas, vinc marketingTan aris dakavSirebuli, unda hqondes zogadi warmodgena mainc sxva disciplinebis Sesaxeb, raTa miaRwios warmatebas. Tu marketologebi eTanxmebian imas, rom PR dakavebulia reputaciiT, isini swrafad mivlen im daskvnamde, rom mas amocanebis ufro farTo diapazoni aqvs, vidre masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi ubralo gaSuqeba. sworad Sedgenil

PR-gegmas SeuZlia gacilebiT meti – mas SeuZlia Secvalos miznobrivi auditoriis pozicia, gaxados Tqveni saqoneli an momsaxureba ufro mimzidveli, vidre konkurentebis. mas aseTi saxiT Seaqvs Tavisi wvlili saqonlis dawinaurebis ZalisxmevaSi. amas garda, igi gaaumjobesebs organizaciis saerTo pozicias bazarze da SeiZleba gavlena iqonios aqciebis fasebze. PR-specialistebisaTvis aucilebelia izrunon imaze, rom sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebi aRiarebuli iyos, rogorc integrirebuli marketinguli komunikaciebis centraluri nawili.O PR samsaxuris SeqmniT SesaZlebelia sawarmoSi gadaiWras mniSvnelovani problemebi, dakavSirebuli saqonlis asortimentTan da xarisxTan, igi axdens produqciis gasaRebis stimulirebas, qmnis normalur fsiqologiur klimats. PR exmareba sawarmoebs, warmarTon muSakTa saqmianoba Semdegi mimarTulebiT: daamyaron urTierToba mTel sazogadoebasTan, samTavrobo organizaciebTan, adgilobriv sazogadoebriv jgufebTan, mimwodeblebTan, safinanso dawesebulebebTan, momxmareblebTan, konkurentebTan, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebTan, makro da mikrogaremos faqtorebTan, produqciis gamsaReblebTan. CamoTvlili mimarTulebebi erTi mizniT erTiandebian, iqmneba organizaciasa da sazogadoebis calkeul jgufebs Soris urTierTgageba da saqmiani atmosfero, romelic uzrunvelyofs organizaciisa da sazogadoebis interesTa Sexamebas. M mTeli marketinguli saqmianoba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli PR-Tan. 80-ian wlebSi farTod gavrcelda ormagi ganmarteba – marketing-fabliq rileiSenzi, romelic gamoiyeneboda mxolod imisaTvis, rom xazi gasmoda PR-is rols, rom is marketingis Semadgeneli nawilia da ara erTi da igive. sinamdvileSi im aqtiurobas, romelsac marketingi amJRavnebs, araviTari urTierToba ar aqvs PR-Tan, marketingi saqonlis win wawevis, presSuamavlobis, fablisiTebis, bazrobebis, sazogadoebaSi


gamoCenis da sxva elementebs Seicavs. marketingSi ZiriTad rols analitikuri saqmianoba TamaSobs. marketingis specialistebisaTvis mTavaria pasuxi gaeces or ZiriTad SekiTxvas:

1. arsebobs Tu ara moTxovna konkretul produqtze an momsaxurebaze

2. Tu arsebobs aseTi moTxovna, maSin sazogadoebis ra kategoriaSi da ra SefuTviT iqneba maTze moTxovna.

garda momxmareblisa, marketingi SeiZleba dainteresdes iseTi jgufebiT, rogorebicaa: gamyidvelebi, dilerebi, sabiTumo movaWreni da sareklamo ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi. bazris analizs PR-specialistisaTvis didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia, radgan is saSualebas iZleva gaigo detaluri informacia momxmareblebze, rogorc PR-is erT-erT miznobriv jgufze. Tu marketingi es aris RonisZiebebis kompleqsi, romelic xels uwyobs produqtis an momsaxurebis bazarze damkvidrebas, fasebis politikis regulirebas da distributorebTan muSaobas, PR-es aris kompaniis reputaciis marTva. marketingi qmnis bazars kompaniis produqciisaTvis an misi momsaxurebisaTvis, xolo PR uzrunvelyofs keTilsasurveli garemos Seqmnas, romelSic kompania Tavad muSaobs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia marketingul warmatebas safrTxe daemuqros, gamomdinare im negatiuri socialur-politikuri tendenciebidan, romelTanac muSaoba da dalageba aseve warmoadgens PR-is amocanas. Tanamedrove marketinguli koncefciebi aRiareben, rom kompaniis mizani, romelic muSaobs bazarze aris is, rom maqsimalurad daakmayofilon momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi, magram amasTanave ar miayenon ziani sazogadoebas, romlis winaSec kompanias aqvs aRiarebuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba. es gamoixateba produqciis xarisxis kontrolSi, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis dacvaSi da im socialuri RonisZiebebis organizebaSi, romelsac warmarTavs kompania. aseTi tipis RonisZiebebis Catareba da organizeba ki aris PR-is erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia. gacvla marketingis sakvanZo ideaa. imisaTvis, rom gacvla moxdes, aucilebelia Sesruldes sami ZiriTadi piroba:

unda arsebobdes ori an meti mxare, romelTac gaaCniaT raime saxis faseuloba erTmaneTis dasaintereseblad.

TiToeuli mxaris survili da unari am faseulobebis gasacvlelad.


komunikaciebis (informaciis gacvlis) saSualebani dainteresebul mxareebs Soris.

gacvlis procesSi monawileobas iReben momxmareblebi, romlebic cvlian TavianT resursebs (dro, fuli, muSaoba) produqtze, kompaniis momsaxurebaze. marketingi uzrunvelyofs gacvlis process momxmareblis moTxovnebisa da survilebis saguldagulo Seswavlis safuZvelze, romelic SegviZlia warmovidginoT 4 safexuriT: marketingis kompleqsis gagebaSi igulisxmeba 4 P:

Product – produqti (ra vawarmooT?) iseTi produqtis Seqmna, romelic daakmayofilebs momxmareblis moTxovnebs.

Price – fasi (ra fasad gavyidoT?) konkretul fasSi produqtis wardgena.

Place – adgili (sad da vis mivyidoT?) momxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdom adgilebSi produqtis miwodeba, anu gasaRebis arxis Seqmna.

Promotion – bazarze damkvidreba (sad da rogor gavukeToT reklama?) saqonlis win wawevis programis SemuSaveba komunikaciis arxebis gamoyenebiT.

zog SemTxvevaSi maRali fasi mowmobs maRal xarisxs an saqonlis prestiJulobas. adgili gansazRvravs saqonlis gasaRebis arxebs – momxmarebeli gansxvavebulad Seafasebs erTidaigive saqonels, Tuki igi gaiyideba qalaqis bazris daxlze da Tu – erT-erT centralur maRaziaSi. dawinaureba – es aris is, romlis daxmarebiTac momxmarebeli ityobs saqonlis Sesaxeb. aq sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebi ufro mniSvnelovania, is warmoadgens damxmare Zalas reklamisa da marketingisaTvis. informaciis miwodebis saSualebis arCeva damokidebulia miznobrivi bazris gansakuTrebulobasTan. marketing-miqsi uzrunvelyofs sawarmos SesaZleblobebis momxmareblebTa moTxovnasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas. ase, magaliTad, saqonlis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisas – zoma, wona, dizaini – marketologma unda ifiqros imaze, Tu ra fasSi miawodebs igi momxmarebels, rogor moxdeba misi mitana momxmareblamde da rogor daarwmunebs myidvels produqtis upiratesobaze. marketinguli kompleqsi warmoadgens gadawyvetilebebis sistemas, romelic orientirebulia momxmarebelze (miznobriv bazarze). axlaxans erT-erTma gamoCenilma marketingis Teoretikosma filip kotlerma, profesionalebs SesTavaza mexuTe P –PR, raTa marketingis gageba ufro gafarTovdes. kotlerma gamoyo


10 ZiriTadi miznobrivi auditoria. misi azriT, maTTan muSaobis periodSi, sadac gamoyenebuli iqneba PR teqnologiebi, damokidebulia kompaniis bedi. es miznobrivi auditoriebia:

mimwodeblebi

distributori

saboloo momxmareblebi

TanamSromlebi

finansuri kompaniebi

samTavrobo struqturebi

masmedia

partniorebi

konkurentebi

sazogadoeba win waweva marketinguli procesis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia, radgan bazarze produqtis gasaRebis warmateba miRweuli iqneba kompleqsuri amocanis gadawyvetiT. miznis misaRwevad gayidvis dros aucilebelia meti raodenobis myidvelis darwmuneba gasayidi produqtis upiratesobaze. win wawevis sinonimad gamoiyeneba marketinguli komunikaciebis termini. es aris marketinguli informaciis gacvla or an met adamians Soris. marketinguli informaciis gavrceleba rogorc organizaciis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT, PR-is saqmea. PR avrcelebs informacias produqtze, momsaxurebaze. aqvs pirdapiri komunikacia auditoriasTan. amisaTvis PR iyenebs masmedias (televizia, radio, gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, interneti), romlis meSveobiT informacia gadaecema individTa did jgufs. PR orientirebulia ara imdenad produqciis, ramdenadac organizaciis win wawevaze. Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

1. “Principles of Marketing” -Filip Cotler , 1998 w. 2. “Modern Marketing” - Franck Jefkins, 1995 w.

3. “sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi principebi” - v. Wiaureli, s. lominaZe, r.strelkova - 2006 w.


SUMMERY

Nino Pagava

PR and marketing

Marketing is the complex of activities that makes the product or service became a

part of overall market, helps with cost policy regulation and in working with

distributors, PR is company image making tool.

Marketing creates market for company products or for its services; PR ensures

creation of good and healthy environment, in which the company itself works.

Резюме

Нино Пагава

PR и маркетинг

В то время как маркетинг это комплекс мероприятий,

способствующий утверждению продукта на рынке, регулированию политики

ценообразования и отношений с дистрибьюторами; связи с общественностью

(PR) – является средством управления репутацией компании. Маркетинг способствует формированию рынка для продукции или

сфер услуг той или иной копании, в то время, как PR обеспечивает

благоприятные условия работы самой компании.


qarTul enaSi “molaparakebas” mxolod erTi

mniSvneloba aqvs: raime sakiTxze SeTanxmrbis misaRwevad gamarTul azrTa gacvla-gamocvla. molaparakeba gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis rTuli procesia. misi mizani erTaderTia – maTTvis aucilebel raime sakiTxze SeTanxmebis miRweva. Tu or adamians konkurentul problemaze, zogadad, da mis gadawyvetaze konkretulad, erTgvarovani Sexeduleba aqvs, molaparakebis Catareba aucilebeli ar aris.

molaparakeba – kulturuli, Tanamedroeve ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia. Cven saqmianobis mraval sferoSi – politikaSi, biznesSi, yofa-cxovrebaSi Tu sxvagan, molaparakebaze moTxovna yoveldRiurad izrdeba. sayuradReboa isic rom yoveli CvenTagani am mniSvnelovan process gansxvavebuli Teoriuli momzadebiTa da praqtikuli gamocdilebiT warmarTavs. Amitom Sedegebic gansxvavebulia.

molaparakebis klasifikacia mravali kriteriumiT SeiZleba. aseTi kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos molaparakebis sagnobrivi an subieqturi mxare, komunikaciis xasiaTi, teritoriuli statusi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis principi, urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxi, molaparakebis Sedegebi da sxva.

molaparakebis sagani SeiZleba iyos safinanso, saqmiani, ekonomikuri, politikuri, lulturuli, samxedro, savaWro, SromiTi davebis gadawyvetis, diplomatiuri da sxva sakiTxebi.

razec ar unda mimdinareobdes molaparakeba, misi monawileebi yovelTvis adamianebi arian. amaSia misi subieqturi mxare. aRniSnulis Sesabamisad molaparakeba SeiZleba iyos pirovnebaTaSorisi, organizaciaTaSorisi, Suamavlis monawileobiT an mis gareSe, ormxrivi, sammxrivi, mravalmxrivi da sxva.

molaparakebis procesSi iniciativa yovelTvis im mxares ekuTvnis, romelic amisaTvis fsiqologiurad ukeT aris momzadebuli. fsiqologiur aspeqtSi molaparakebis mTavari amocanaa Tanamosaubris darwmuneba, Cveni winadadebis miRebis iZuleba (magram ara Zaldataneba). amasTanave molaparakeba unda Catardes Tavazian gamafrTxilebel tonSi, utaqto da

sofiko sturua molaparakebis arsi, roli da mniSvneloba


uxeSi meTodebis gamoyenebis gareSe. unda aRiniSnos, rom molaparakebis zedmetad seriozuli manerac naklebwarmatebulia.

komunikaciis xasiaTis mixedviT molaparakeba SeiZleba iyos:

saqmiani laparaki an situaciuri kontaqtis verbaluri (sityvieri) forma;

saubari – sagnobrivi, mowesrigebuli dialogi; ganxilva, gasaubreba – saubris nairsaxeoba sadiskusio

sakiTxebis gamoyenebiT; gancxadeba – erT-erTi mxaris gamonaTqvami raime

mtkicebulebis dasasabuTeblad; Setyobineba – gansazRvruli Temis Sesaxeb gancxadebaTa

sistema; kamaTi – sityvieri Sejibreba gansaxilveli sakiTxis

Sesaxeb, roca yoveli mxare Tavis mosazrebas, simarTles icavs.

polemika – SeuTanxmebeli azrebis kamaTi: diskusia – sadavo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb Tavisufali

sajaro ganxilva; debatebi, paeqrobebi – raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb azrTa

sajarod gacvla; disputi– sajaro kamaTi; molaparakebis monawileebs yovelTvis aqvT rogorc

saerTo, ise gansxvavebuli interesebi. es ukanaskneli aucileblad ar niSnavs urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. maT Soris SeiZleba gamoiyos rogorc urTierTgadamkveTi, ise paraleluri interesebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi viTareba met-naklebad gasagebia. Paraleluri interesebis dros erTi mxaris interesebis realizacia meore mxaris interesebs aranairad ar exeba.

mlaparakebis mniSvnelovani Tavisueburebaa isic, rom mxareTa interesebi, SesZloa, mawilobriv erTmaneTs emTxveodes. Swored interesTa Tanxvedra ganapirobebs mxareTa molaparakebas SesaZlebels, xolo gansxvavebuloba agulianebs, stimuls aZlevs molaparakebis Casatareblad.

partniorTa interesebis mxolod sruli Tanxvedris SemTxvevaSi, molaparakebis gziT sakiTxis ganxilva saWiro aRar xdeba. asset viTarebaSi, mxareebi erToblivad moqmedeben.

mlaparakebis procesSi Zalze mniSvnelovania adamianis molodini da imedebi, isini, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebulia miznis miRwevis motivaciasTan. mlaparakebis dargSi cnobili amerikeli specialistis, atkinsonis azriT, adamiani ori


urTierTsawinaaRmdego grZnobis – warmatebis miRwevis survili da damarcxebis SiSi – mudmivi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. idividi erTdroulad gansazRvravs ra Tavis miznebs, iTvaliswinebs misi ganxorcielebiT miRebul mosalodnel waxalisebas, amave dros, ar gamoricxavs marcxis saSiSroebasac, SesaZlebel sanqciebsac.

molaparakebis taqtika SeiZleba avirCioT: mkacri stili, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios rogorc

Zalian kargi, aseve Zalian cudi Sedegi; SeiZleba aRmoCndes saqmis kargad SeniRbuli dasawyisi; cudi aris xangrZlivi urTierTobebisaTvis da SeuZlia gamoiwvios partniorTa Soris undobloba.

rbili stili, romelsac sinamdvileSi aranairi stili ar aris, da amdenad araa rekomendirebuli.

TanamSromluri stili, romlis gamoyenebisas arasodes aRmoCndebiT CixSi. yuradReba gadatanilia interesebze, da ara poziciebze da amitom moiZebneba urTierTmisaRebi gamosavali, gamoiyeneba obieqturi kriteriumebi da miiRweva urTierTkmayofileba.

yvelaze gonivruli midgoma aris daicva urTierTTanamSromlobis xazi da miiyvano partniori iqamde, rom giTxras “diax”.

molaparakebis taqtika SeiZleba davyoT ra,denime kategoriad:

molaparakebebSi warmatebuli partnioris erT-erTi Zlieri xerxia iseTi kiTxvebis dasmis unari, romelic iZleva ara marto informaciis miRebis saSualebas, aramed xels uwyobs molaparakebebis warmarTvas. aRiarebulia, rom gamocdili partniori bevr dros uTmobs SekiTxvebis dasmas da pasuxebis yuradRebiT mosmenas.

kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis taqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa ubralod siCumis dacva. am SemTxvevaSi rogorc wesi, partniori ganagrZobs Tavisi poziciis warmoCenas. yuradRebiT davugdoT yuri: am dros SeiZleba gamomJRavndes namdvili pozicia.

daTmoba rogorc dilema, yovelTvis arsebobs orive mxarisaTvis. TiToeuls surs gansazRvros, rogor daTmobaze wavides, rodis da rogor gamoiyenos is Tavis sasargeblod. Tu garkveul daTmobaze wasvla aucilebelia, unda darwmunebuli iyoT, rom sanacvlod raRacas miiRebT.


garigeba arus igive urTierTgacvla: raimes miRma raimes sanacvlod. yvelaze kargia, ra Tqma unda, rodesac aris saSualeba SevTavazoT Zalian mciredi, sul umniSvnelo ram, da sanacvlod miviRoT bevri da mniSvnelovani.

saqmis iseTi warmarTva rogoricaa sasamarTloSi mimarTva, an angariSsworebaze uaris Tqma, gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom meore mxarem Secvalos dagegmili qmedeba da mixvdes, rom Cadenilma qmedebebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios arasasurveli Sedegi.

problema imaSia, rom garda eTikuri mosazrebebisa, SesaZlebelia partniori migvixvdes Cvens ganzraxvas, da Sedegad Cven davkargavT ndobas ara mxolod molaparakebebis dros, aramed SemdgomSic.

gabrazeba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas, rogorc niSani poziciis seriozulobisa. Man SeiZleba gamoiwvios meore mxaris daeWveba sakuTari poziciebis marTebulobaSi. meores mxriv, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios aseTive, an ufro Zlieri gabrazeba meore mxridan da es gaarTulebs SeTanxmebebis miRwevas.

SeiZleba gamoiwvios is, rom oponenti dauSvebs Secdomas da Tavs igrZnobs imdenad uxerxulad, rom ecdeba daasrulos molaparakebebi rac SeiZleba swrafad.

amas hqvia “mivaRwevT, magram frTxilad”. aseTi xerxi kargia, Tu oponenti gamoucdelia.

is rac cxadi da WeSmaritia, imis miwodeba xdeba Tavidanve, magram rCeba informacia, romelic mowodebul iqneba meore mxaris mier damatebebis saxiT. es saSiSi TamaSia.

“problemebis gadaWrisadmi erToblivi midgoma” xdeba maSin, rodesac Seswavlili gvaqvs ineresebi, vcdilobT erTdroulad gaiTvaliswinoT orive mxaris moTxovnebi. garda imisa, rom es teqnika aris yvelaze warmatebuli, rodesac mxareebi apireben gaagrZelon urTierToba, is SeiZleba iyos Sedegiani maSinac, roca mxareebi erTmaneTs emterebian.

rodesac molaparakebebSi monawile pirovneba Tmobs sakuTar poziciebs oponentis sasargeblod, igi “Tavs sdebs”. aseTi moTxovna an damcireba SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, Tu misi pozicia sustia da igig grZnobs, rom ar hyofnis Zalaufleba miiRos mciredi daTmoba meore, ufro Zlieri mxridan. amas, rogorc wesi,


aqvs ufro moraluri da eTikuri saxe. drois faqtors Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, Tu es mosdevs xangrZliv, cxare da warumatebel diskusiebs, es SeiZleba iyos metad dagvianebuli.

M molaparakebas QyovelTvis Tan axlavs garkveuli ganusazRvreloba. verasodes iqnebiT darwmunebuli, rom miaRwevT sasurvel daTmobas. SeTanxmebis miRweva drois ambavia. SeTanxmebis momenti aris Zalian saxifaTo molaparakebaSi monawileTaTvis. Aarsebobs winaswari eiforiac da daZabulobac, romelic vlindeba imaSi, rom SeTanxmebis miRweva moiazreba, rogorc raRac saSveli. SeTanxmeba SeiZleba iyos U”narkotiki”,romelic sruliad ususurad gaqcevT da aRar SegiZliaT winaaRmdegobis gaweva.

rogorc wesi, is ris Taobazec mimdinareobs molaparakeba, Seizleba Tanmimdevrulad Camoyalibdes werilobiT formaSi. arsebobs sxvadasxva meTodebi iseTi dokumentaciis momzadebisa, romelic moicavs miRweul SeTanxmebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es aris damatebiTi samuSao, sasurvelia Tqven iyoT is adamiani, romelic Camoayalibebs pirveladi xelSekrulebis teqsts.

zogadi wesia, rom urTierToba, zepiri Tu werilobiTi, romelsac adgili aqvs mxareTa molaparakebebis dros, da romelic Seicavs SeTavazebas davis gadaWris mizniT, ar SeiZleba miRebuli iyos, rogorc mtkicebuleba. Ees wesi saSualebas aZlevs monawile mxareebs SeuzRudavad miiRon monawileoba diskusiaSi da hqondeT mimowera, raTa miaRwion SeTanxmebas.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. jolia g., molaparakebis Teoria da praqtika, Tb.,

2004 2. WipaSvili h., etiketebi da diplomatiuri samsaxuri,

Tb., 2000 3. jolia g., molaparakebis xelovneba, Tb., 2004 4. qarTuli diplomatiuri leqsikoni, t. I da II Tb.,

1998 – 2000


Summary

Sophio Sturua

The idea, role and importance of negotiations

Negotiation is the way for the two sides to develop one common idea, an art of

victory under the social pressure.

Negations - is the process, when one side has an attempt to change another’s mind

or appositively.

Negotiations - is the process during which two or more sides have common interests, but can not agree in one opinion and are trying to reach agreement

regarding certain issues.

РЕЗЮМЕ

Софья Стуруа

Суть, роль и значение переговоров

Переговоры представляют собой разработку общего мнения двумя

сторонами, а также искусство победы под определённым воздействием.

Переговоры – это процесс, во время которого одна сторона пытается заставить другую сторону изменить, или наоборот, не изменить собственное

действие.

Переговоры – это процесс, во время которого две или более сторон, которые

имеют общие интересы, но не могут достичь единого мнения, пытаются

договориться по поводу определённых условий.


ori aTas welze metia, rac qarTuli ena warmoadgens qarTvelTa erovnuli erTianobisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis umniSvnelovanes kulturul faqtors. qarTuli ena iyo da aris Cveni progresis mamoZravebeli Zala. qarTveli xalxis umTavresi sulieri monapovari _ sasaubro da saliteraturo dedaena _ Tavisi zepiri da weriTi saxeebiT saukuneTa manZilze amyarebda adamianTa saarsebo urTierTkavSirs da amJamad Cveni eris sasicocxlo urTierTobis saSualebaa. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa mWevrmetyveleba da literatura, romelTagan pirveli zepiri metyvelebis saxea, xolo meore weriTi metyvelebis srulyofili forma.

qarTveli xalxis mier saukuneTa manZilze SemuSavebuli mdidari sulieri kulturis sferos miekuTvneba qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba.

oratoruli xelovnebis warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mWevrmetyvelebis kerebs. aseTi kera warmoadgens erTgvar centrs, sadac Tavs iyris mTqmelTa da msmenelTa mWidro koleqtivi, romelsac SeuZlia sajaro metyvelebis danergva da aRorZineba. am gziT maRldeba cocxali sityvis xelovneba, izrdeba misi gavlenis Zala da fardovdeba missive moqmedebis arena. zepiri sityvis adgilobrivi kerebi da maTi SemoqmedebiTi urTierTkavSiri qmnis im sarbiels, romelzedac warmatebiT viTardeba ama Tu im xalxis erovnuli mWevrmetyveleba. ase Seiqmna da damkvidrda istoriulad qarTuli oratoruli xelovneba, romlis winsvlas xels uwyobs Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi arsebuli kerebi.

upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs xalxuri mWevrmetyvelebis zogierTi kera, romelTac dRemde ar daukargavT TavianTi mniSvneloba da amJamadac sajaro metyvelebis tradiciul centrebad gvevlinebian. aseTi centrebia: qarTuli sufra da qarTuli samgloviaro rituali. isini uZvelesi eTnikuri wes-Cveulebania, romlebsac saukuneTa manZilze mtkiced inarCunebs xalxis yofa-cxovreba. qarTuli

gvanca gogiSvili

qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba


sufris wesi, Cveneburi glovis tradicia uxsovari droidan xels uwyobda sajaro sityvis danergvasa da ganviTarebas. am gziT aRmocenda CvenSi xalxuri mWevrmetyvelebis ori ZiriTadi dargi, romelTagan pirvelis Sinaarsi zeimiTa da mxiarulebiT isazRvreba, xolo meorisa – gloviTa da mwuxarebiT.

sasufro mWevrmetyvelebis uZvelesi nimuSebi SemorCenilia xalxuri sadRegrZeloebis saxiT. am saxis zepiri sityviereba uxvadaa wrmodgenili mTisa da baris poeziaSi. Cveni mdidari folklori inaxavs uamrav sufrul simReras, moswrebul gamoTqmas, dalocvasa da damwyalobebas, romelTa sityvieri masala dakavSirebulia qarTul sufrasTan da maCvenebelia mWevri metyvelebisa. sufris irgvliv Semokrebis ZvelTa Zveli Cveuleba, rac sagangebo wesrigiT dakanonda CvenSi, saukuneTa manZilze warmoadgenda ara marto Seqcevisa da mxiarulebis sababs, aramed saqmiani saubrisa da gonivruli garTobis wyarosac. gvaqvs safuZveli aRvniSnoT, rom istoriul warsulSi bevri didi mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo sakiTxis gadawyveta da saqmis mogvareba sufris maxloblad xdeboda. qarTuli sufra dRemde warmoadgens mowesrigebuli zeimis nimuSs, romelic Tavisi mwyobri agebulebiT xels uwyobs improvizaciuli mWevrmetyvelebis ganviTarebas da xalxuri oratoruli xelovnebis erT-erT kerad gvevlineba.

daaxloebiT aseTive mniSvneloba aqvs Cvenebur samgloviaro rituals. aq, uZvelesi wes-Cveulebebis Tanaxmad, miRebulia micvalebulis sityviT datireba. aseTi datirebis ramdenime saxeobas icnobs Cveni xalxuri Semoqmedeba. maTi saerTo niSani sityviT gamoTqmuli azria da ara tiriliT gamowveuli grZnoba. glovis ganwyobilebas aq qmnis damtireblis zepiri metyveleba. es garemoeba sityviT glovas amaRlebs oratorul xelonebamde.

aseTi datirebis uZvelesi werilobiTi teqsti daculia “qarTlis cxovrebis” furclebze, leonti mrovelis saistorio naSromSi, sadac moTxrobilia veragulad mokluli farsman mefis saxalxo glovis ambavi. didad sagulisxmoa, rom aq sityviT damtirebeli glovis mgosnad ixsenieba.

qarTuli klasikuri mWevrmetyvelebis adrindeli centri, damowmebuli werilobiTi dokumentiT, aris kolxidis ritorikuli skola. am skolis arsebobas adasturebs IV saukunis berZeni filosofosis Temistiosis XXVII sityva, mimarTuli erTi provincieli axalgazrdisadmi, romelsac oratori umaRlesi ganaTlebis sasurvel momniWeblad


usaxelebs kolxidis ritorikul skolas, romelSic filosofiuri ganaTleba miuRiaT rogorc Temistioss, ise mamamiss evgeniossac. xsenebul sityvaSi naTqvamia: “mec, Cemo kargo, ritorikis nayofni movwyvite gacilebiT uCinar adgilas, vidre es Cveni adgilia, ara wynarsa da elinur adgilas, aramed pontos boloSi, fasidis maxloblad... iq, sadac cnobilia Termodonti, amazonT saqmeebi da Temiskviri. da, ai, aseTi barbarosuli da pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem da saTnoebam gaxades elinuri da aqcies muzebis taZrad, im erTi kacis, romelic damkvidrda kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi da aswavlian ara isarT styorcnas da orolT srolas, an jiriTs, mezobel barbarosTa wesebisda mixedviT, aramed imas, Tu rogor gaiwvrTna ritorikul xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyinavde elinTa dReobebze... “(1)

ufro mogvianebiT qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis mniSvnelovan keras warmoadgenda kolxeTis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisi. am qalaqis maxloblad, “kavkasiis erT xeobaSi”, 554 wels kolxTa mravalricxovan krebaze sityviT gamovidnen qarTveli oratorebi aieti da fartazi. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom arqeopolisSi, 554 wels moewyo saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesi – gubaz mefis mkvlelTa gasamarTleba, romelzedac vrceli sabralmdeblo sityva warmoTqva kolxTa warmomadgenelma. es imis maCvenebelia, rom Zveli kolxeTis dedaqalaqi mWevrmetyvelebis did arenas warmoadgenda rogorc berZeni, ise qarTveli oratorebisaTvis.

XII saukunis dasawyisidan qarTuli ritorikuli ganaTlebis umTavres kerad gelaTis akademia gvevlineba, sadac danergili swavluleba vrceldeboda mTel saqarTveloSi rogorc zepirad, ise werilobiT.

gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe solomon lioniZe meTvramete saukunis qarTvelTa Soris cnobilia Tavisi didi da mravalmxrivi damsaxurebiT. is erekle meoris samefo karis doplomati, gavleniani mrCeveli da erTguli moamagea. saqarTvelos marTvisa da gamgeobis saTaveSi mas eWira msajulisa da mdivnis maRali Tanamdebobi. TanamedroveTa Soris is gamoirCeoda gamWriaxi gonebiT, farTo ganaTlebiTa da mgznebare patriotizmiT _ man saxeli gaiTqva WkuiT, codniT, gmirobiTa da mWevrmetyvelebiT.

solomon lioniZe, upirveles yovlisa, didi qarTveli mWevrmetyvelia. misi oratoruli xelovneba Cveni klasikuri mWevrmetyvelebis umaRlesi safexuria _ adrindeli axali cocxali sityvis gardamavali zRvaris istoriuli movlenaa.


s. lioniZe Zveli qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis ukanaskneli da, amasTanave, udidesi warmomadgenelia, romelmac saTave daudo da sarbieli gadauSala axal erovnul oratorul Semoqmedebas.

s. lioniZes piradi xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulda CvenSi bevri istoriuli mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo misia _ diplomatiuri molaparakeba, sadarbazo TaTbiri, bWoba-kamaTi da gamorCeva. am saqmeebiT saxelganTqmuli qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvawe, mwignobari da tribuni s. lioniZe TanamedroveTa Soris didi saxeliTa da pativiT sargeblobda. amas gvauwyebs Cvenamde moRweuli bevri saistorio wyaro. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa ioane batoniSvilis “kalmasoba” , sadac naTqvamia : “ese iyo gonebamaxvili, werilTa Sina gamocdili, sityvamarjve da saqmisa weraTa Sinaca kargi... “(11)

s. lioniZe qarTuli sadarbazo, sadResaswaulo da samgloviaro mWevrmetyvelebis warmomadgenelia. misi sityva, warmoTqmuli erekle meoris dakarZalvaze, Tavidanve Rirseulad daufasebiaT da misgan miRebuli waruSleli STabeWdileba sagangebod aRuniSnavT. amas gviCvenebs Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnoba, romelsac Seicavs misi “saqarTvelos istoria”. aq naTqvamia: “TumcaRa mravalTa itires gvami mefisa Sesabamisad, garna orni maT Soris aRematnes sxvaTa: erTi mdivani mefisa solomon msajuli, romelica iyo kaci ganswavluli da patiosani da meore qvrivi igi qiziyeli... “(4)

s. lioniZis mWevrmetyveleba gamoirCeva zegavlenis didi ZaliTa da Sesrulebis maRali ostatobiT. misi zepiri metyvelebis keTilxmovani JRera ubadloa qarTuli cocxali sityvis sarbielze da iSviaTia TviT msoflio mWevrmetyvelebis istoriaSi

s. leoniZis oratoruli sityvakazmulobis enobrivi forma arsebiTad axali qarTuli metyvelebaa. is warmoadgens XII_XVIII saukuneebis manZilze danergil saerTo-saxalxo metyvelebis literaturul formas, romelsac gverdi auqcevia bunebrivi ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli movlenebisaTvis, ar ganucdia maTi gavlena da Cveni klasikuri mwerlobis enobrivi tradiciebi daucavs da SeunarCunebia.

mWevrmetyveleba Zvelad presis movaleobas asrulebda. socialur-politikuri yoveldRiuroba presis uqonlobis an misi SeboWvis pirobebSi, Tavis axsna-gamovlenas zepir sajaro metyvelebaSi poulobda. mWevrmetyvelebis es funqcia sagrZnoblad farTovdeboda eris politikuri katastrofis periodebSi, magram aseT viTarebaSi ar izrdeboda cocxali


sityvis ganviTarebis pirobebi, radganac uaRresad SeboWili iyo misi winsvlis gzebi sawinaaRmdego ZalTa zegavleniT. am mxriv sainteresoa mecxramete saukunis qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi arsebobda presa, misi movaleobis SeTavseba mouxda cocxal sityvas, radganac es iyo presa eqsploatatoruli periodisa, roca adamianis Tavisufali azri SeboWili iyo mkacri da ukuRmarTi socialur-politikuri ZalmomreobiT. TviTpyrobeluri ruseTis batonobis xana saqarTveloSi, rac erovnuli gadagvarebis politikiT xasiaTdeba, usazRvrod zrdida Tavisi sawinaaRmdego iaraRis – cocxali sityvis mniSvnelobas, magram amasTanave xels uSlida mis ganviTarebas. miuxedavad amisa, mecxramete saukunis qarTuli kulturis organuli nawili – Cveni mWevrmetyveleba Tavisi ideuri SinaarsiTa da mxatvruli formiT ar CamorCeba imdroindel sityvakazmul xelovnebas, es iTqmis gansakuTrebiT im periodze, roca qarTul kulturas saTaveSi Caudgnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi. maT mier ena gamocxadebul iqna erovnebis burjad da misTvis brZola – umniSvnelovanes erovnul amocanad. maTi mamamTavari ilia WavWavaZe Caudga saTaveSi Cveni axali azrovnebis Seqmnas da warmatebiT aaSena didi qarTuli erovnuli kultura, romlis umTavres sferos sityvakazmuli mwerloba warmoadgenda. ilias mxatvrul Semoqmedebas amSvenebs da Tavisebur iers aniWebs mdidari oratoruli xelovneba.

ilia sixaruliT egebeboda qarTuli sityvis gamococxlebis yovelgvar niSans. saadgilmamulo bankis Taobaze gamarTul cxare kamaTTan dakavSirebiT, 1882 wels, is aRniSnavda: “... Cvens metyvelebas am bolo dros, da nametnavad wels, adamianuri feri da Rirseba daedva. amitomac Cvens sityvas Rone da Zliereba mieca da far-xmalad Seeqmna yovels saqveynod mimarTul moqmedebas. raki saqveyno sikeTisaTvis azri daiZra CvenSi, raki saqveynod mimarTuli azri gulSi gamogvekvanZa... sityva xmalzed ufro ukeT sWris da zarbazanzed ufro Zlier moqmedebs... “(6). amitom meurveobda didi ilia ase TavgamodebiT cocxal metyvelebas da icavda mas yovelgvari xelyofisagan.

ilia mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTisagan ar ansxvavebda oratorul metyvelebas da sityvakazmul mwerlobas. aq misTvis mxolod garegnuli sxvaoba iyo: “roca adamians surs Seityos Rirseba da dideba erisa, yovlT uwinares amas ikiTxavs, - ramdeni mTqmeli da mwerali hyavso... “ – ambobs ilia nikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis gamosvenebaze warmoTqul


sityvaSi(6). aq Tanabar simaRlezea dayenebuli mTqmeli da mwerali – zepirad metyveli da weriT Semoqmedi. aseTi rwmeniT moazrovne da moqmed mwerals zepiri metyvelebis didi unari da bunebrivi niWi gaaCnda, rac Rrma codnasa da energiasTan erTad ganapirobebda i. WavWavaZis oratorul Semoqmedebas.

i. WavWavaZe rogorc mWevrmetyveli, mxatvruli kiTxvis ostatobiT, paeqroba-kamaTis ZaliTa da sadResaswaulo sityvis xelovnebiT gamoirCeoda.

ilia misTvis Cveuli mzrunvelobiT epyroboda yvelafers, rac sajaro sityvas exeboda. “mefe liris” TargmanTan dakavSirebiT 1874 wels igi ase wers Tavis meuRles: “magas kai wakiTxva unda, rom kacma moiwonos... ai, roca me moval, me TviTon wagikiTxamT da maSin naxavT, rogori Targmania...”(5)

gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT ilia sakuTar nawarmoebebs kiTxulobda. cnobilia, rom iliam Tavisi prozauli Sedevri “oTaraanT qvrivi” gamoqveynebamde axlobelTa wreSi waikiTxa da iseTi xelovnebiT, rom mojadoebuli msmenelebi aRfrTovanebuli darCnen misi kiTxvis saocari momxibvlelobiT.

1889 wlis 25 marts TbilisSi gamarTul literaturul saRamoze ilias mxatvrul kiTxvas ase agviwers i. simoniZe: “saqme WavWavaZeze midga. igi gamovida dinjad, gaSala kaTedraze rveuli da daiwyo kiTxva. iseTi siCume Camovarda, rom darbazSi buzis frenas gaigonebda kaci. es yuradReba kiTxvis gaTavebamde ar Senelebula... marTalia ilia deklamatori ar aris, nafic mkiTxvelebis dass ar ekuTvnis, magram samagierod Semkulia bunebrivi mkiTxvelis RirsebiTa: xma aqvs musikaluri, kilo Sesaferi, logikuri xmis awev-daweva rigze mihyavs, gamometyveleba da moZraoba pirisaxisa Seesabameba wakiTxvis Sinaarssa da sazogadod misi xma mkafiod hxatavs yovels azrsa da grZnobas, romelsac ki ipyrobs sityvebi da frazebi...”(9) aseTi iyo ilia, rogorc mkiTxveli.

ilias sityva, Tqmuli n. baraTaSvilis neStis gadmosvenebaze Cveni oratoruli xelovnebis SesaniSnavi nawarmoebia, romelic iwyeba citatiT, mimarTvis gareSe, SemaRlebuli toniT: “TviTeuli cema gulis ZarRvisa gvWris da gvawylulebs Cven da Cveni sicocxle Wrilobidan sisxlis Seuwyveteli dena iqneboda, rom am qveyanaze poezia ar yofiliyo... da dRes Cven , Cvenda sasaxelod, movasveneT aq misi mtveri, misi neSti, rom dReis amas iqiT misma samSoblo cam


Tavisi nami cremlad zed adinos. misma samSoblo dedamiwam guli gadixsnas da misi mtveri miibaros, misda gansasveneblad da Cvenda salocavad...” (1)

ilia Tavis sajaro sityvas yovelTvis werilobiT amzadebda da Semdeg msmenelTa winaSe, msgavsad antikuri xanis oratorebisa, zepirad warmoTqvamda. ilias zepirad saTqmeli sityva winaswar kalmiT mzaddeboda da warmoTqmamde mexsierebis kuTvnilebad xdeboda. jer qaRaldze da Semdeg cnobierebaSi fiqsirebuli sityva Tavis droze zepirad warmoiTqmoda, magram ara zusti da Seucvleli formiT, aramed Sevsebuli da srulqmnili saxiT. am saboloo srulqmnaSi ixateboda ilias oratoruli gzneba, temperamenti, xasiaTi da mTeli SemoqmedebiTi procesi. tribunaze msmenelTa winaSe vlindeboda es SemoqmedebiTi procesi – maCvenebeli ilias oratoruli ostatobisa da oqropiruli mWevrmetyvelebisa.

akaki wereTeli tkbili qarTuli musaifisa da grZnobiT savse brZnuli sityvis xelovania. didi poetis maxvilgonieri da naTeli azrovneba Tanabari ZaliT brwyinavda werilobiTi da zepiri Semoqmedebis sferoebSi – literaturasa da mWevrmetyvelebisa. misi moswrebuli sityvebi, frTiani gamonaTqvamebi Rirseulad amSveneben Cvens mxatvrul memkvidreobas.

akakis sajaro leqciebi xSirad yofila cxoveli sja-baasisa da kamaTisa Tema, rogorc zepirad – msmenelTa Soris, ise werilobiT _ presis furclebze. amis maCvenebelia gazeT “droebaSi” moTavsebuli recenziebi, romlebic sakmao sisruliT gvisuraTeben akakis oratorul Semoqmedebas. 1881 wels, leqciebis uSualo STabeWdilebis qveS, gazeTi werda: “akaki wereTels oratoruli niWi, marTalia, ara aqvs, is gemusaifeba, gelaparakeba, TiTqo ambavs rasme giambobso, magram es laparaki da musaifi iseTi tkbilia, iseTi saamoa, rom ar SegiZliaT yuri moaSoroT...”(10)

daaxloebiT imasve imeorebs “droeba” erTi wlis Semdeg: “yvelam icis, visac ki SarSandeli leqciebi “vefxistyaosnis gmirebze” gaugoniaT akaki wereTlisa, Tu ra tkbil-moubaria is, ra Cinebulis qarTuliT, ra garkveviT da yvelasaTvis gasagonad laparakobs da ra mSvenieri, moxdenilis, maxvilis magaliTebiTa da epizodebis moyvaniT acxovelebs xolme is Tavis leqciebs...”(10)

akakis mWevri metyvelebis samagaliTo nimuSia sityva, Tqmuli i.QWavWavaZis dakrZalvaze. is warmoiTqva 1907 wlis 9 seqtembers, TbilisSi, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli


sazogadoebis Senobis aivnidan. am didebuli sityvis erTi adgili poetis leqsebis msgavsad SeiWra xalxis mexsierebaSi: “ Tu saqarTvelos sikvdili ar uweria, maSin imasTan erTad Senc ukvdavi iqnebi da Tu sasikvdiloa, rogorc zogierTebs surT da goniaT, maSin netavi Sen, rom mag Seni sikvdiliT winauswar mis sikvdils da TvaliT veRara naxav...”(1)

qarTuli klasikuri mWevrmetyvelebis maRali ganviTarebis maCvenebelia misi dargobrivi simdidre da Janrobrivi mravalferovneba. ar moipoveba oratoruli xelovnebis iseTi dargi, romelic Taviseburi da mkveTri saxiT ar Candes Cveni zepiri metyvelebis istoriul sarbielze. aq ama Tu im ieriT, RirsebiTa da siuxviT warmodgenilia yvela sfero, romelic ki SeiniSneba msoflio mWevrmetyvelebis istoriaSi. es sferoebi erTmaneTisagan ganirCevian TavianTi daniSnulebiT, warmatebiTa da mniSvnelobiT, isini met-naklebi sisruliTaa Cvenamde moRweuli, magram maTi arseboba TavisTavad metyvelebs Cveni oratoruli xelovnebis sasiqadulo istoriul monapovarze. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. “qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba”. gamomcemloba “ xelovneba”.

Tbilisi 1958 weli. 2. n. kandelaki “ qarTuli klasikuri mWevrmetyveleba”.

gamomcemloba “xelovneba”. Tbilisi 1961 weli. 3. cira barbaqaZe “qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis pragmatika”.

Tbilisi 2002 weli. 4. n.kandelaki “solomon lioniZe”. gamomcemloba “sabWoTa

mwerali”. Tbilisi 1962 weli. 5. n. kandelaki, werilebi, gamomcemloba “sabWoTa

saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi 1988 weli. 6. n. kandelaki “qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba”. gamomcemloba

“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi 1968 weli. 7. i. griSaSvili “ literaturuli narkvevebi”. Tbilisi

1957 weli. 8. i. WavWavaZe , werilebi. 9. “ iveria “. 1889 weli. 10. “ droeba “. 1881-1882 ww.

11. i. batoniSvili “kal masoba “. Tbilisi 1948 weli.


Summary

Gvantsa Gogishvili

Georgian oratory

Our classic oratory adorns the Georgian rich cultural treasure. Georgian

people has created and preserved the treasure of public oratory with other spheres

of spiritual creation. The fiction from immemorial time which has reached to us,

presented with enormous monuments of writing and folk-lore – represents

invaluable inheritance of our past. The one part of this national inheritance is folk-lore and the other – is writing. Both spheres include the oratory. The public oratory

is preserved in folk-lore, and the classic oratory – in writing. They represent the

national immortal spiritual achievement. The scientific establishment of their

origin, development, spreading and settlement has cleared the historical way of

Georgian oratory.

Резюме

Гванца Гогишвили

Грузинская риторика

Сокровища грузинской культуры украшает наша классическая

риторика. Рядом другими духовными отраслями грузинский народ создал и сохранил большой клад публичного ораторства. С незапамятных времён в

виде краскоречивых слов дошло до нас уима письменные и устные

памятники. Эти письменные и устные памятники представляют неоценимого

наследства нашей древности.

Одна сторона нашего национального наследия устная риторика,

другое письменное творчество. Обе стороны содержат ораторства. В устном

риторике защищено народное ораторство, в письменном – классическое

(ораторство). Они представляют достижением народной духовности,

происхождение – развитием и распространение – установлением которого

освещается исторический путь грузинского ораторского искуства.


`yoveli saidumlo amas enas Sina damarxul ars~..... ioane zosime

`ramdeni cocxalia mkvdar istoriaSi?~ guram rCeuliSvili – sruliad axalgazrda Semoqmedi, Zalian adre wavida wuTisoflidan da dagvitova uzarmazari sevda, mouSuSebeli Wriloba da Tavisi ganumeorebeli saTqmeli. rad Rirs Tundac `alaverdoba~, romelic nacnobi, Cveuli suraTis sruliad axlebur xedvas warmoadgens da amavdroulad maRalmxatvruli Semoqmedebis nimuSia. guram rCeuliSvili mxatvruli narkvevis Janris namdvili ostatia Tavisi poeturi xedviT, daxvewili mxatvruli ostatobiTa da saTqmelis lakonurad da lamazad Tqmis gamorCeuli unariT. axalgazrda Semoqmeds mosvenebas ar aZlevs Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis gmiruli warsuli, cdilobs gonebis TvaliT Caswvdes erisa da xalxis istorias maTi Znelbedobis Jams. swored es daasmevinebs `usaxelo ufliscixelSi~ maradiul kiTxvas: `ramdeni cocxalia mkvdar istoriaSi?~ - romelic upasuxod rCeba da mwerali cdilobs pasuxi mouZebnos Tavis mier dasmul kiTxvas... da ai, swored am pasuxis ZiebaSi moelandnen mas usaxur da sazarel qvemZromebad – jojoebad saqarTvelos mtrebi, romelTa `wyalobiTac~ ufliscixeSi Casuli, warsulis qarebs adevnebuli mwerlis Tvalwin `xrioki sofeli mosCans~ da iq, sadac uwin `didi dasaxlebuli adgili yofila, axla sofeli gadabugulia, sul ar gavs qvaxvrels~... mwerals eCveneba: `jojo iqiT midis, mere isev ukan modis da sxvebs aRviZebs. iqneb Semoseuli moZaladeebis STamomavlebi arian jojoebi, - fiqrobs is, - iqneb dapataravdnen da javSanSi gaxveulebi darbian~. da mainc, akviatebuli fiqri: `sainteresoa, ratom ar SemorCa istorias, ramdenime mTavris, Tu mefis saxelis garda, vinme gmiris saxeli, glexi gmiris~ da ai, mwerlis mdidari fantazia, warmosaxvis uzado unari gonebaSi nel-nela wamoativtivebs mtris maTavarsardlis ueno mzareulis, qarTveli glexis saxels, romelic TandaTan ufro mkafio da cocxali xdeba, dasrulebul mxatvrul saxed

daCi TaqTaqiSvili sami eqspromti

qarTuli sityvis sam mecixovnes


gamokristaldeba da, radgan mas ar SeiZleba erTi konkretuli adamianis iersaxe hqondes, erTi kacis saxeli erqvas, radganac igi im ubralo xalxis krebiTi da ganzogadebuli saxea, romelmac aqamde moiyvana saqarTvelo, radgan igi mTeli saqarTveloa, amitom mwerlis goneba ramdenime saxels uxmobs erTbaSad, magram yvelas Cveneburs, qarTuls: `albaT vaJa erqva, an ubralod wyaloba, an maxare, an qitesa~; qarTvelebs umetesad es saxelebi hqviaT. imasac es erqmeoda. `ho, ueWvelad romelime maTgania is~, - fiqrobs mwerali; is, romelic aumxedrda Tavis batons, dammonebels, gadamTiels; is, visac Tavisi fesvebi eZaxis, visac qvis filaqanze Svilebis gadasarCenad locvad muxlmoyrili qarTveli dedebi uxmoben, is vinc ver gaamxels Tavis vinaobas, radgan uenoa, ver dawers Tavis saxels, radgan wera ar icis, is, visac RamiT, qar-yinvaSi kldeze cocvisagan TiTebi gauxevda, magram gzaze dacema ar uweria, radgan eris gadarCenis misia akisria, Zneli da diadi misia, amitom ufleba ara aqvs sikvdilis, vidre mters ar daTrgunavs, vidre bavSvebs samSvidobos ar daigulebs, vidre ar aRasrulebs, rac Caifiqra, rac daisaxa! da ai, midis... uenoa da ver kvnesis, fexebi damzrali aqvs, `terfebi daxeTqili: lurji, wiTeli, Savi~... am terfebiT midis... ukvdavebas rom eziaros, erT saxed rom gamTliandes qarTveli usaxelo gmirebisa, midis, raTa ar gadaSendes qarTuli modgma, momZlavrdes fesvebi qarTuli da daisxas nayofi qarTuli - `norCi, axali~. midis... midis... kurTxeulia misi savali!

`rom Cems saflavze yayaCosaviT hyvaodes sityva, qarTuli sityva~

`me Sen getyvi – ar geyofa sityvis maragi~..... muxran maWavariani Tanamedrove qarTvel poetTagan muxran maWavarians qarTul poeziaSi Tavisi samkvidro da simaRle gaaCnia. misi omaxiani poeturi xma aTasTagan gamosarCevi da sacnauria; xma, romelsac sxva xmaSi ver garev! muxran maWavarianis WeSmaritad mamuliSvilur da mwerlur interesTa wreSi misi saqarTveloa amaRlebuli da gamorCeuli, saqarTvelo, romlis patronobac poetis samarTliani siamayis wyaros warmoadgens, ris gamoc TiTqos gulubryvilod kiTxulobs poeti erT-erT leqsSi: `me – patronma me – patronma amisTana zRvis,


me – patronma me – patronma amisTana cis, - Tu RmerTi gwams, Tu kaci xar – sxvas mivbaZo?! vis?!~ es gaoceba rom samarTliania, TiTqos amis dasturs warmoadgens leqsi - `Sen – sisxlo Cemo~. poeti TavgamodebiT cdilobs, rom sisxls, romlis `dineba vefxistyaosniT xSirad ugrZnia~ - Seuferebeli da saCoTiro sityva aSoros, Tavisi siwminde SeunarCunos. cdilobs da axerxebs kidec. `Tavidanve mqonda mizani, gamovdgomodi samSoblos Cemsas, - brZanebs poeti, - vidre pirSi suli midgas, vidre perangis zidva ZalmiZs, wyeulimc viyo, ukeTu am miznisaken mimavali gzidan mruded gadavdga fexi~. mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis manZilze am ficis erTgulad rCeba poeti, rogorc Seferis WeSmarit mamuliSvilsa da niWier madlmosil Semoqmeds. batoni muxranis xsenebul leqsSi - `Sen – sisxlo Cemo~ TiTqos marTla im qarTuli sisxlis mCqefare dineba ismis, romelmac `gamoiara rusTvelis guli, gamoiara vaxtangis guli, gamoiara Tamaris guli, gamoiara sulxanis guli~ (`viTarca mtkvari~) da dResac `nadidgorali da naSamqorali~ mZlavrad Cqefs samSoblos gmiruli warsuliT gaamayebuli da gulanTebuli poetis saocar striqonebSi: `Sen – sisxlo Cemo – Seni Rvawlia, ramac aqamdec ki moaRwia: sveticxoveli xanZTa... varZia da isic, - rac mters warutacnia~. poeti frTebSesxmulia imiT, rom yvelafris miuxedavad, es qarTuli `xnieri, daucxromeli da ucnauri sisxli sabednierod kidev xmaurobs~. sakuTar ZarRvebSi aboboqrebulma am sisxlma aTqmevina swored baton muxrans, - qarTuli sityvis mexotbesa da mecixovnes: `ra ginda rom aq ar iyos, ena ityvis ras! sityva ginda?!


marto wvimas aqvs saxeli cxra. me Sen getyvi – ar gveyofa sityvis maragi... ara! sxvisi misabaZi ra mWirs, - Tvara, - ki!~ wvimis cxra saxelis momxelTebels, batono muxran, ra Tqma unda `geyofaT sityvis maragi!~ Tqven civ niavs ar miakarebT Tqvens masuldgmulebel qarTul enas; Tqveni argveTuli imeruli dialeqtiT yovelTvis sacnauria poeturi sazrisiT gasxivosnebuli, ase lamazad da ubralod naTqvami sityvebi: `muxran, Zroxa gadaabi, dagenacvlos mamidao!~ Tqven xom leqsis weris gansakuTrebuli kultura SeqmeniT. am kulturis enaze Cven, axalgazrda qarTvelebsac gvesaubrebiT. leqsiT mkiTxvelebTan dialogis gamarTvis simbolo Zalian gavs musikis simboloebs, anu ganwyobileba (maJorulic da minorulic), emociebi, sulieri Rirebulebebi simboloTa sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli, harmoniuli JReradobiT iqmneba. amas ki, CemTvis, pianistisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. Tqven, qarTuli sityvis Rirseulma mcvelma da mecixovnem gagviasmageT mSobliuri enis siyvaruli, - Cvenken rom aseTi strofi `gamoisroleT~: `dRes bedi misi hkidia Cvenze! lari da xazi amas rad unda... Cven unda SevZloT da kidec SevZlebT! – kvlav iZlieros enam qarTulma!~ gpirdebiT, batono muxran!.... SegexidebiT axalgazrdebi, raTa maradiulad ismodes qarTuli leqsis musika!

`mxolod Sen uWknobs, Sen, xatad qceuls~ qarTuli ena! ena – uZvelesi, umdidresi, ulamazesi, keTilmJReri da amod sasmeni; xan peplis frTasaviT nazi da msubuqi, xanac cis quxiliviT mZlavri da omaxiani! ena rusTvelis, besikis, baraTaSvilis, iliasi, akakisa, vaJa-fSavelasi, galaktionis!.... vin moTvlis, sityvis ramden ostats udidebia, umdidrebia, ualmasebia, dauxvewavs da uelvarebia `xmaTa


xaverdebis da RmerTebis ena~ (lado asaTiani). vin moTvlis, ramden momxvdurs daupirebia misi `aRgva pirisagan miwisa~, ramdeni mteri da duSmani hyolia qarTul enas, am enaze metyvel xalxsa da maT samSoblos, magram keTils umZlavria mainc borotze, dro-Jamis qar-cecxlSi uvneblad gamoutarebia mravaltanjuli qarTuli ena, rameTu mtkiced uwamebia: `ra ena waxdes, eric daeces~... hoda, es `xeli-xel sagogmanebi margaliti~ wmindad Semounaxavs qarTvel kacs, eric dacemas gadaurCenia... saqarTveloSi qarTul enas mexotbes ra gamoulevs, magram iSviaTad Tu vinmes SeZlebia aRevlina mis mimarT aseTi lamazi sagalobeli: ` - o, enav Cemo, dedao enav, Sen, Cveno niWo, srbolav da frenav, Sen, Cveni sunTqvis dido alamo, Sen, WirTa CvenTa tkbilo malamo, Sen, kiro CvenTa qvaTa da kirTa, Sen erTi SemrCi samaris pirTan!~... didi winapris – SoTa rusTavelis kvals adevnebul mis STamomavals, irakli abaSiZes, Soreul palestinaSi rusTavelisave xmad CaeRvara gulsa da gonebaSi magiur musikasaviT aJRerebuli es striqonebi. am `xmas katamonTan~ yvelaze mZlavr da sanukvar siyvarulamde mivyavarT, - mSobliuri enis siyvarulamde, romlis gareSe arc poeti arsebobs da arc misi qmnileba, romlis gareSe arc rusTaveli eyoleboda mis ers da msoflios da verc gamorCeuli poeturi xmis mqone WeSmariti eriskaci irakli abaSiZe SeZlebda eTqva: `Tu ram mze mwamda, Tu ram mze mwvavda, utkbiles dReTa, utkbiles wamTa utkbesi Sen xar, enav dedao! Sen – mware lxino, tkbilo sevdao, Sen, yovlis mTqmelo, yovlis armTqmelo, Sen, gmirTa gmiro, brZeno qarTvelo, warsulis Zeglo, win gamxedavo. qvesknelSi mZromo, caSi mWvretelo, xan – funjo Cemo, xan – saWreTelo, Sen, akvnis himno, cremlo samaris... iberis enav, enav Tamaris.... Sen niWo Cemo, srbolav da frenav, dedao enav, dedao enav~! germaneli ganmanaTlebeli filosofosis – herderis Tqmisa ar iyos, SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT xalxi, romelsac ar eqneboda poeturi ena, magram eyoleboda didi poetebi, ar


eqneboda moqnili ena, magram eyoleboda udidesi prozaikosebi, ar eqneboda zusti ena, magram eyoleboda didi moazrovneebi. didi poetebis, prozaikosebis, moazrovneebis yola niSnavs didi poeziis, prozis, mecnierebis qonas. yovelive amas, rogorc sulieri kulturis formebs, qmnian ara marto poetebi, mwerlebi da mecnierebi, aramed poeturi, samwerlo da samecniero enebi. da marTlac, kurTxeulia is ena, romelzec aJRerda ukvdavi `vefxistyaosani~, `merani~, `yvarlis mTebs~, `ganTiadi~, `kai yma~, `lurja cxenebi~, `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~.... ewafebi am dauSretel Tavankara wyaros da Sens sulSic Rrmad idgams fesvebs poetis rwmena, rom SeiZleba yvelaferi warixocos da ganadgurdes, magram mas, ùkvdavs~, `xatadqceul~ qarTul enas verra Zala dascems verasdros! P.S. savalalod, minoruli akordiT unda davasrulo Cemi zeaRmatebuli intonacia, radgan dRes TiTze CamosaTvlelni darCnen `kargi moqarTuleni~ (RmerTma didxans gvicocxlos batoni muxrani!). mkiTxvels movubodiSeb kategoriuli tonisaTvis, magram mzaravs is realoba, rom dRiTidRe Canagdeba qarTuli ena. vfiqrob, amis mizezi skolebSi unda veZioT, sadac (momitevon TiToorola profesionalma gamonaklisebma!) gramatikosi praqtikulad ar arsebobs. aravin avalebs moswavleebs zmnis seriebisa da mwkrivebis, qcevis, kilos, aspeqtis, gardamavlobis codnas, sawyissa da mimReobaze xom (anu saxelzmnebze) laparakic zedmetia; zmnizedis daboloeba rom arsebiTi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis niSanSia aRreuli, amaze metyvelebs telearxebidan damSvidebuli sindisiT SemoTavazebuli gamoTqmebi: àrafrid~, `winad~, `lamazaT~, `karqaT~, da kidev, vin moTvlis, ra zomiTa da xarisxiT gaukuRmarTebuli qarTuli sityvebi. magaliTad: `meocdaTormete~, `macxovrebeli~, `dResdReisobiT~, èrTmaneTze dakavSirebuli~, `davedebatebi~ - àr davedebatebi~. ver getyviT, vin, vis, raze daedebateba, magram, vai, am batebis xelSi Cacvenil usaTuTesi qarTuli saunjis margalitebs, - qarTul sityvebs, romelTac gamonaklisis saxiT SemorCnen mecixovneni!!! afxazeTisa da samaCablos teritoriebis mitacebisas, samwuxarod, jer kidev mcirewlovani viyavi, magram wakiTxuls, mSoblebisa da maTi Taobis xalxisgan mosmenils, im saubeduro, magram erTaderT daskvnamde mivyavar, rom saqarTvelos ulamazesi kuTxe – afaqiZeebis, ServaSiZeebis,


CiCuebis, Ciqovanebis, emxvarebis, inaliSvilebis (afxazurad – inalifa), marRaniebis, marSaniebis afxazeTi, am teritoriaze qarTuli enis dakargvam dagvakargvina. rogorc amboben, afxazeTSi yvela enas gaigonebdiT: rusuls (upirveles yovlisa!), afxazurs, megruls, somxurs, berZnuls, CeCnurs... – garda qarTulisa!!! marTlac, `ra ena waxdes, eric daeces!~ RvTaebrivi saswaulis imediRa gvasuldgmulebs – iqneb Rirsni gavxdeT lazares xelmeored aRdginebisa! gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. guram rCeuliSvili, moTxrobebi, piesa, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1965w.

2. muxran maWavariani, `viTarca mtkvari~, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1987w; `mravalWirgadanaxadi~, gamomcemloba `merani~, Tbilisi 1989w.;

3. Sedevrebi (qarTuli poezia), gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~ `Cangi~, Tbilisi, 1994w.;

4. a.ZamaSvili, l.gvasalia, v.Wiaureli, `kulturologia~ (saxelmZRvanelo humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisaTvis), gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, 1999w., 2004w.


Summary

Dachi Taktakishvili

Three Improvisations – Three Guards of Georgian Word

In the following article is discussed the three masters of Georgian artistic

words like: Guram Rcheulishvili, Irakli Abashidze and Mukhran Machavariani.

Here is emphasized the specialty of their art and the merit which they carried in

Georgian prose and poetry.

Here is shown the author’s anxiety about the Georgian schools where the real defects in teaching of Georgian grammar exists. This fact disfigures Georgian

language. The author says it, because in everyday life we can encounter with the

stylistically incorrect phrases and grammar constructions on almost every channel

of Georgian TVs.

Резюме

Дачи Тактакишвили

Три экспромта – хранителям ценного клада грузинской словесности

В статье речь идет о трех таких мастерах грузинского слова, как Гурам

Рчеулишвили, Ираклий Абашидзе и Мухран Мачавариани. Подчеркнута

особенность их творчества и тот огромный вклад, который внесен ими

в грузинскую прозу и поэзию. В статье показана озабоченность автора о том, что в школах

сегодня реально существуют недостатки преподавания грамматики

грузинского языка и этим фактом обусловлено частое уродование

богатейшего грузинского языка. Все сказанное является основой того

факта, что по любым каналам грузинского телевидения можно

услышать неточные и стилистически неоправданные высказывания и

грамматические конструкции.


Sesavali bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad imata tyeebis degradaciis tempma, ris Sedegadac gaZlierda eroziuli procesebi, dazaralda niadagis resursebi da Seicvala wylis cirkulaciis reJimi. mravali eqsperti miuTiTebs pirdapir kavSirze erTis mxriv gaxSirebul gvalvebs, wyaldidobebsa da mewyerebs da meores mxriv, ukanasknel wlebSi satyeo resursebis gadametebul eqspluatacias Soris. gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda es procesebi 2004_2005 wlebSi, rodesac wvimebsa da mewyerebs moyva msxverpli da ngreva, ramac saqarTvelos sxva da sxva kuTxeSi aTasobiT adamiani usaxlkarod datova. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom warmoqmnilma energokrizisma aiZula saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili dabruneboda SeSis moxmarebas, rogorc gaTbobis, aseve saWmlis momzadebis mizniT. ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad merqnis, rogorc qveynis erT_erTi uiafesi saeqsporto resursis, udidesi nawilis aralegaluri gadineba TurqeTSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. oficialuri monacemebiT, saqarTvelos daaxloebiT 40% tyiT aris dafaruli, romlis 97,3% ganTavsebulia mTis ferdobebze da asrulebs wylis konservaciis, niadagis dacvis, eroziis sawinaaRmdego da klimatis maregulirebel funqciebs. satyeo seqtorSi wlobiT arsebuli korufcia konkretul saSiSroebas uqmnis garemosa da mosaxleobis, aseve momavali Taobebis interesebs. Tumca dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufciasTan brZola gaigivebulia mxolod represiul zomebTan (mag. korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis samsaxuridan daTxovna da/an pasuxisgebaSi micema) da saxelmwifo uwyebebis dausrulebel struqturul cvlilebebTan, romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo “xelisuflebis gamWvirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis gazrdasTan”. 2005 wlis 25 noembers saqarTvelom xeli moawera sankt_peterburgis memorandums, romliTac is valdebulebas iRebs xeli Seuwyos qvenenaSi “evropisa da CrdiloeT aziis tyis kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebisa da mmarTvelobis” (Europe and

North Asia Forest Law Enforcement and Governance, ENA FLEG) procesis

mariam lomiZe saqarTvelos satyeo seqtori


ganxorcielebas, Tumca satyeo seqtorSi mimdinare reformebis Sesabamisoba am procesTan saTuoa.

instituciuri mowyoba saqarTvelos tyeebis udidesi nawili dReisaTvis saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros gamgeblobaSia. maT Soris: satyeo meurneobis departamentis gamgeblobaSia saqarTvelos tyeebis _82% da daculi teritoriebis departamentis gamgeblobaSi _8%, xolo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs ekuTvnis _8%. garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministroSi satyeo sferos marTvasTan dakavSirebuli ufleba _ movaleobebi Semdegnairadaa ganawilebuli: saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro aris saqarTvelos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis samTavrobo dawesebuleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis, agreTve mosaxleobis ekologiuri usabrTxoebis sferoSi. saministros hyavs teritoriuli organoebi, romlebic Sesabamis administraciul _ teritoriul erTeulSi Tavisi amocanebis ganxorcielebisas warmoadgenen saministros. saministros daqvemdebarebaSi saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebulebis statusiT aseve Sedian yofili damoukidebeli departamentebi _ daculi teritoriebis da satyeo meurneobis. satyeo meurneobis depertamentis meSveobiT garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis ministro axorcielebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas satyeo meurneobis sferoSi. satyeo meurneobis departamentis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedian satyeo meurneobebi, xolo daculi teritoriebis departamentis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedian saqarTveloSi arsebuli daculi teritoriebi. satyeo sferoSi saxelmwifo kontrolis ganmaxorcielebelia garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba garemos dacvis inspeqcia (gdi). es garemos dacvis sferoSi saxelmwifo kontrolis erTiani centralizebuli organoa da misi ZiriTadi amocanebia bunebrivi resursebiT ukanono sargeblobis faqtebis gamovlena _ aRkveTa da saministros mier gacemuli licenziebis / nebarTvebis pirobebis Sesrulebis kontroli. dRes satyeo seqtorSi mwvave prolemad dgas am sferoSi dasaqmebul saxelmwifo moxeleTa kvalifikacia. mravali satyeo meurneobis xelmZRvaneli profesiiT Zalze Sors dgas


tyesTan da bunebasTan. aseT rTul sferoSi, romelic seriuzul Teoriul codnasa da praqtikol gamocdilebas moiTxovs, pasuxismgebel Tanamdebobaze moxvedrili gauTviTcnobierebeli adamiani ganwirulia Secdomis daSvebisaTvis.

kanonmdebloba saqarTvelos tyiT sargeblobisa da dacvis kanonmdebloba savsea koliziebiT. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg e.w. biznes _ garemos Seqmnisa da korufciis aRmofxvris egidiT adgili hqonda mTel rig sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs, ris Sedegadac “licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” kanonma praqtikulad gaauqma garemosdacviTi nebarTva, agreTve tyis kodeqsiT gansazRcruli mTeli rigi specialuri dokumentacia, romlebic gaicemoda tyiT sargeblobisas. garTulda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis saSeSe da samasale xis gacemis legaluri prucesi, praqtikulad dauregulirebelia aramerqnuli resursis komerciuli mizniT mopoveba. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis momzadebis procesi gamoirCeoda aragamWvirvalobiT. sakanonmdeblo koliziebs adgili aqvs satyeo seqtorTan dakavSireiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobasTan mimarTebaSic. “licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, tyiTsargeblobis licenziebi gaicema saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli sajaro administraciuli warmoebis wesiT. es wesi, marTalia garkveulwilad Sekvecili saxiT, magram mainc iTvaliswinebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobaze sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa uflebebis realizebis meqanizmebs. Tumca, amavdroulad, igive kanoni aZlevs sargeblobis licenziis mflobels uflebas, dayos, ijariT gasces an saerTod gaasxvisos licenzia. samwuxarod, am etapze, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis mxriv sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs araviTari uflebebi aRar gaaCniaT. zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxezea garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis cvlilebebi.

kompetenciaTa gadanawileba kompetenciaTa gadanawilebaSi arsebuli zogadi viTareba aRwerilia angariSis ZiriTad nawilSi. davamateb, rom sustia garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros winaSe angarisgeba tyis Wris sakiTxebSi. aRniSnuls provocirebas uwevs isic, rom SemoRebul iqna axali _ auqcionis sistema, romelic jer kidev realurad ar aris danergili qveynis


mTal teritoriaze. amdenad, aseT gardamaval periodSi, erTob garTulebulia garemoze da aralegalur Wrebze monitoringis, kontrolis daweseba da ganxorcieleba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia aralegaluri Wrebis suraTis dadgenis da maTi aRkveTis ramdenime gza:

(a) saqmianobis subieqtma TviTon unda awarmoos monitoringi tyis fondis im teritoriaze, romelic gadacemuli aqvs sargeblobisaTvis.

(b) garemos dacvis inspeqciis (gdi) meSveobiT kontrolis ganxorcieleba. es meqanizmi susti aRmoCnda, radgan gdi ar akontrolebs mdgomareobas qveynis mTel teritoriaze, is axdens reagirebas calkeul faqtebze an awyobs gegmiur Semowmebas. problemas qmnis is faqtic, rom jer kidev ar aris mkafiod Camoyalibebuli tyis kategoriebi da sazRrebi. amasTan, droulad ar iqna gadanawilebuli Sesabamis uwyebebze marTvis uflebamosilebebi sabWoTa sistemis rRvevis Semdeg darCenil yofil sakolmeurneo tyeebze. aRniSnulma viTarebam Siqmna is garemoeba, rom es tyeebi faqtobrivad moeqca erTze meti patronis xelSi, anu darCa upatronod da dRes TiTqmis pirwmindadaa gaCexili.

angariSvaldebuleba da gamWvirvaloba qveyanaSi ar arsebobs garemoze (maT Soris Wrebze) dakvirvebis saxelmwifo monitoringis sistema da Sesabamisad, dagegmvis procesi xorieldeba realuri situaciis analizis gareSe. sazogadoeba saxelmwifosgan ver iRebs sando informacias aralegaluri Wrebis Sesaxeb, rac Tavis mxriv, zRudavs sazogadoebrivi kontrolis an sxvagvari zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebs. Tavad arasamTavrobo garemosdacviTi organizaciebisa da calkeuli dainteresebuli pirebis mier Caterebul monitorings fragmentuli xasiaTi aqvs da maTi Sedegebi saxelmwifo struqturebis mier seriozulad ar aRiqmeba.

sakuTrebis ufleba saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, tyis mesakuTre SeiZleba iyos “saxelmwifo, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, agreTve fizikuri an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi.” Tumca, imisaTvis, rom moxdes saxelmwifo tyeebis gansaxelmwifoebrioba, amave kodeqsis Tanaxmad, saWiroa specialuri kanonis miReba. rogorc Tavad tyis kodeqsi, ise saqarTvelos tyeebis kerZo mflobalobaSi gadasvlis SesaZlebloba, warmoadgenda msoflio bankis mier


saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebadi “saqarTvelos tyis ganviTarebis proeqtis” erT_erT pirobas. saqarTvelos siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dokumentis mixedviT 2004_2015 wlebSi qveynis erT_erT mTavari prioriteti unda iyos saxelmwifo tyeebis privatizacia. dRes saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa mxridan sul ufro xSirad gaismis tyeebis daCqarebulad privatizaciis saWiroeba, rac maTi ganmartebiT, erTis mxriv, saxelmwifos saSualebas miscems upovnos tyes “patroni” da meores mxriv, Seamcirebs saxelmwifos tyis marTvisaTvis gasawev xarjebs. saqarTvelos mTavroba darwmunebulia, rom bazari Tavad daaregulirebs urTierTobebs da Semoitans “mdgrad ganviTarebas”, radganac kerZo saqtori uzrunvelyofs finansirebis axal wyaroebsa da specialistebis eqspertizas. yuradsaRebia, rom msoflio bankis mxardaWeriT mimdinare zemoaRniSnuli satyeo proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo tyeebis gansaxelmwifoebriobis Sesaxeb kanonis SemuSavebasac, xazs usvams, rom upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia, Camoyalibdes seqtorSi kargi mmarTvelobis modeli da rom satyeo seqtorSi kerZo seqtoris SemosvlasTan erTad, unda moxdes saxelmwifos mxridan kontrolis funqciis gaZliereba. aRsaniSnavia, isic rom, saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSi, satyeo seqtori adgilobrivi Temebis sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos ganuyofeli nawilia. “adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis tyis resursebis marTva TviTmmarTveli erTeulis eqskluziuri uflebamosilebaa da am teritoriaze arsebuli adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis tye TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sakuTrebaSia.

monawileobis ufleba samwuxarod, satyeo saqtorSi mkveTrad aris SezRuduli sazogadoebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. Seqmnili situaciis praqtikul magaliTad gamodgeba Tavad satyeo saqtorSi mimdinare reforma. sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi TiTqmis srul informaciul vakuumSi imyofebian sajaro uwyebebis mxridan satyeo seqtoris reformasTan dakavSirebul konkretul gagmebTan mimarTebaSi. is mciredi informacia, romelic sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTaTvis xelmisawvdomia, sakmaod winaaRmdegobriv STabeWdilebas tovebs. magaliTad, “saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis


saministros poziciaSi saxelmwifo tyeebis marTvisa da resursebiT sargeblobis reformirebasTan dakavSirebiT” Camoyalibebul satyeo marTvis principebs Tu gadavxedavT, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros sxva garemoebebTan erTad kargad aqvs gaazrebuli, rom aucilebelia informaciis sajaroobis uzrunvelyofa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis harmonizeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze nakisr valdebulebebTan, uzrunvelyofil iqnes adgilobrivi Temebis monawileoba tyiTsargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi da dainteresebuli organizaciebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis CarTva satyeo politikisa da kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis procesSi. amavdroulad, imave dokumentis SemuSavebisas saministrom gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da informaciis sajaroobis cnebebis ucnauri gageba gamoavlina. masSi aRniSnulia, “geremos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros mier ganxilul iqna saxelmwifo tyis fondis momavali marTvis ramodenime varianti. gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb Tu romeli varianti ufro Sesaferisia miRebul iqna saqarTvelos pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT”. anu, faqtiurad saqarTvelos tyeebis bedis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebis miReba saministrom “itvirTa”, xolo sazogadoebisaTvis aRniSnuli “marTvis ramodenime variantic” ki ar gamxdara xelmisawvdomi, rom araferi vTqvaT gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobaze.

bazari da finansebi satyeo sqtoris dafinanseba yovelTvis araprioritetulad ganixileboda saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier. saerTaSoriso institutebic nakleb interess gamoxatevdnen seqtoris mimarT, romelic kerZo interesebiT imarTeba. amavdroulad, Sesabamisi aRricxvisa da kontrolis Sedegad, Tundac aramdgradi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, tyeebis eqspluataciis xarjze saxelmwifos SeeZlo Teoriulad sakmaod didi mogeba mieRo. Tumca saqarTvelos MmTavroba ver umklavdeboda seqtorSi arsebul korufcias, ver akontrolebda sazRvrebze gadinebul xe_tyes, Wrebs da Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo biujetSi satyeo seqtoridan Semosavlebi praqtikulad umniSvneloa. saqarTveloSi arsebuli sabaJo da sagadasaxado sistema xels uwyobda xe_tyis eqsports, vinaidan sabaJo, aseve dRg_s gadasaxadis nulovani ganakveTiT ibegreboda. 2006 wlis 1 siqtembridan gauqmda importis gadasaxadi, ramac


garkveulwilad xeli unda Seuwyos qveyanaSi xe_tyis imports.

daskvna bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare reforma metnaklebad Seexo zemoT aRniSnul problemebs, Tumca, ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, araadeqvaturi da araefeqturia. erTi mimarTulebiT kanonmdeblobis gamartivebas, sxva mimarTulebebiT kanonmdeblobis kidev ufro garTuleba mohyva. marTalia, garkveulwilad gaumjobesda satyeo dargis dafinanseba da am dargSi dasaqmebul pirTa anazRaureba, magram rig SemTxvevebSi, es xdeboda Statebis Semcirebis xarjze, ramac SesaZloa, sxva saxis sirTuleebi gamoiwvios. rogorc vnaxeT, ukanasknel periodSi mniSvnelovnad gauaresda mdgomareoba gamWvirvaleobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, rac TavisTavad, korufciis winapirobas qmnis. kanonmdebloba savsea winaaRmdegobebiT da koliziebiT; unda moxdes tradiciuli tyiTsargeblobis meTodebis srulyofili gaTvaliswineba da samarTlebrivad daregulireba. sakmarisi yuradgeba unda mieqces sazogadoebis samarTlebriv da garemosdacviTi cnobierebis amaRlebas; aralegeluri WrebTan brZola “piar”_ze gaTvlili sadamsjelo operaciebiT ar unda Semoifarglebodes. korufciis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli brZolisaTvis pirvel rigSi aucilebelia problemis warmoSobis mizezebis zusti identificireba da Semdgom, maTi aRmofxvra.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1 privatizacia da garemos dacva: saqarTvelos tyeebis privatizacia _ nabiji gaurkvevlobasa Tu sabazro ekonomikisaken. mwvane alternativa. Tbilisi, 2006w. 2 garemosdacviTi mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi da evrokavSiris roli mis gaZlierebaSi mwvane alternativa. Tbilisi, 2006w. 3 “saqarTvelos satyeo seqtoris problemebi: ukanono qmedebebi da kanonTa Soris koliziebi” mwvane alternativa Tbilisi 2006w. 4 saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebis sainformacio saZiebo sistema (2006 wlis 15 ivlisis mdgomareobiT) 5 www. Parliament.ge 6 tyis ukanono WrasTan brZolisa da monitoringis meTodebi . i. i.maWaraSvili, n. gujaraiZe. Tbilisi, 2006.


Summary

Mariam Lomidze

Foustry sector of Georgia

The current reform, that has been aetual for the last 3 years, referrend more or

less to the problems existing in the wood field, though the changes which were

carried out, are in most cases inadequate and ineffective. Simplifing of legislation

in one direction was followed by its even more complication. Though it’s true that

to some extent the financing of wood field has improved and the same can be said

about the staff payment in this field, but in some cases this happened at the expense of making the staff redundant, which caased other difficultes.

In order to fight successfully against corruption, first of all it’s essential to

identify the caase of problems and only then to eradicate them.

Резюме

Мария Лимидзе

Лесной сектор в Грузии

В течении последних трех лет реформа более_ менее затронула в лесном

секторе существующие провлемы, хотя проведенные изменения, в ряде

случаев неодекватны и неефективны. В одном направлении упрощение

законодательства привело к еще большему усложнению в другом направлении. Правда значительно улучшелось финансирование лесного

хозяйства и лиш равотающих в данной сфере, однако в ряде случаев это

происходило за счет сокращения штатов, что создавало множество других

провлем.

Для успешной борьбы с корупцией, в первую очередь необходимо точно

установить и индифицировать причину ее происхождения, а затем ее

искоренение.


istoria da

istoriis politikur-

ekonomikuri

da

filosofiuri

gakveTilebi


Kkonfliqtebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Rvivdeba travmirebul sazogadoebaSi, kerZod im sazogadoebaSi, romelmac gadaitana totalitaruli reJimis wnexi. totalitarizmis Semdgomi periodis Sesustebuli represiuli zemoqmedebisagan sazogadoebaSi Tavs iCens gamZafrebuli ltolva Tavisuflebisaken, romelsac xSirad mosdevs destruqciuli, damangreveli tendenciebi. Ddestruqciuli tendenciebi vlindeba imaSi, rom Tavisuflebisaken moZraobis idea gadaizrdeba ideaSi ,,ganTavisufleba vinmesgan”, rac mTlianobaSi ver axdens TavisuflebisTvis moZraobis ideis mTavari principis Tavisuflebis pozitiuri arsis ,,miswrafeba Tavisuflebisaken” realizebas. amgvari tendenciebi mZvinvarebda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi. aseTi tipis tendenciebi SeiniSneboda afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis afxazur mosaxleobaSic. maT eSinodaT qarTul mosaxleobasTan asimilaciis. Aaqedan gamomdinare isini miiltvodnen rusebisaken (maTgan gansxvavebul xalxisken) raTa daecvaT da gadaerCinaT sakuTari meoba (identuroba), sadac garegnobis saxelebis da tradiciebis msgavseba gamoiricxeboda. Uufro metic isini fiqrobdnen, rom afxazeTi SeiZleboda damoukidebeli respublikac yofiliyo. magram ram ganapiroba qarTul mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcirericxovan afxazebSi amgvari azrovnebis Camoyalibeba? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es im mecnierebis damsaxurebacaa romlebic erTxmad acxadebdnen, rom afxazebi rogorc eTnosi afxazeTis teritoriaze Camosaxlebulia da rom am terotoriaze araferi esaqmebaT da a.S. samwuxarod aseTi Sinaarsis azri bevrma aitaca. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic rom ase fiqrobda saqarTvelos pirveli xelisuflebac da daZabulobis periodSi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi xmamaRla afiqsirebdnen Tavis pozicias, ramac kidev ufro gaamwvava situacia afxazeTSi. Aafxazebi Tavis Tavs

Ggiorgi aladaSvili

KafxazeTis konfliqtis mSvidobiani daregulirebis axali xedva


moixsenieben rogorc afsua. Cven unda vivaraudoT, rom es TviTsaxeli warmogvidgeba sityva afsarebisgan da isini swored afsarebis STamomavlebi arian. samwuxarod ver moxerxda istorikosebis (qarTvelebis da afxazebis) Sexvedra, rom damsxdariyven gamoekvliaT da daewerad erTi WeSmariti istoria. Aafxazebi adiReul-Cerqezul jgufs miekuTvnebian da kavkasiis mkvidri (avtoxtonuri) mosaxleebi arian, rogorc iberebi (qarTvelebi) da vainaxebi (CeCnebi). saqarTvelos teritoriaze kerZod sanapiroi zolze mravlad aris afxazuri toponimebi; afxazeTSi (bzifi, fsou, tuafse-afxazurad or wyaros niSnavs) guriaSi sofeli dvabze (dvabzu); aWaraSi mdinare Woroxis Zv. Ddasaxeleba afsarosi. toponimebze dayrdnobiT calsaxad Cans, rom afxazebi SeiZleba mcire raodenobiT mTel sanapiroze cxovrobdnen qarTvelebTan erTad da mWidro sanaTesao urTierTobebic hqondaT. rac Seexeba pirvel xelisuflebas Cven savsebiT viziarebT z. papaskiris mosazrebas imasTan dkavSirebiT, rom maT gaatares ukiduresad araefeqturi politika konfliqturi regionebisadmi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dawyebamde sanam jer kidev SeiZleboda situaciis daregulireba saxeldobr, ,,afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomed vladislav arZinbas ,,arCeviT” saqarTvelos axali xelmZRvaneloba da kerZod zviad gamsaxurdia cdilobdnen separatisti liderebis loialobis mopovebas da am gziT avtonomiur respublikaSi daZabulobis moxsnas, magram im qarTvelma politikosebma, romlebmac mxari dauWires afxaz separatistTa yvelaze odiozur warmomadgenlis kandidaturas, aSkarad ver Seafases jerovnad, erTi mxriv, misi kavSirebi moskovis yvelaze reaqciul imperiul ZalebTan, xolo meore mxriv, v. arZinbas piradi ambiciebi. z. gamsaxurdiam da misma garemocvam ver gaiTvaliswines, rom isini vinc zrunavda v. arZinbas politikur kariaraze moskovSi da uSvebdnen mas ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWodan ,,кто напутствовал его перед отъездом в

Сухуми.., чтобы возглавить большое и ответственное дело которое ждало его

в Абхазии”, sulac ar fiqrobdnen afxazeTSi Seqmnili krizisuli viTarebis ganmuxtvaze”. (1). aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom vladislav arZinbas daniSvnas uSuamdgomla m. gorbaCovma, romelmac piradaT daureka z. gamsaxurdias TxovniT raTa umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze swored arZinba daniSnuliyo.


1992 wels Cveni qmedeba afxazeTSi (jaris Seyvana) atarebda eTnikur xasiaTs. realurad Cven mivdiodiT ara wesrigis dasamyareblad regionSi afxazebTan erTad aramed maTTan saomrad. afxazebSi ufro gamZafrda winaaRmdegoba qarTvelebis mimarT. Cven vicodiT, rom es iyo provokacia inspirirebuli mesame Zalis mier. afxazeTis konfliqti Sida fsiqologiuri SinaarsiT Seesatyviseba politikur konfliqts gaferadebuls eTnikur ferebSi- politikuri miznebisaTvis, mowodebuls rogorc or eTnoss Soris dapirispireba. arsebiTad es aris eTnopolitikuri konfliqti. Kkonfliqti tragikulia rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis aseve afxazebisaTvis. Ddrom gviCvena, rom konfliqtis finali ufro tragikuli da damangreveli swored afxazebisaTvis aRmoCnda, konfliqtis SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis stadiaze. Oorive mxaris danakargebi TiTqmis Tanabaria gamomdinare iqidan, rom eTnikuri afxazebi ufro mcirericxovanni iyvnen vidre qarTvelebi, maTi genofondisTvis es udidesi dartymaa. rac Seeexeba damoukideblobas afxazeTs realurad swored is mesame Zala (ruseTi) marTavs, romelmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa afxazeTidan qarTvelebis gamodevnaSi. ruseTis interesebi afxazeTis mimarT carizmis droidan dRemde didad ar Secvlila. aRniSnuli interesebi iTvaliswinebda da iTvaliswinebs afxazeTis politikur rusifikacias, saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebas da perspeqtivaSi rusuli mosaxleobis afxazeTSi Camosaxlebas. AamasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtoris, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad ruseTma praqtikulad dakarga Savi zRvis zolis mniSvnelovani nawili, rac geostrategiuli TvalsazrisiT Zalzed wamgebiania ruseTisTvis. ruseTis destruqciulma poziciam afxazeTis konfliqtis dawyebisTanave iCina Tavi. ruseTma ver an ar Seasrula konfliqtis msvlelobis dros mxareebs Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebis garantiis dakisreba, ris gamoc afxazeTidan gamodevnili iqna daaxloebiTY300.000 adamiani (eTnikuri qarTvelebi). qarTuli mxarisaTvis afxazeTis konfliqtis daregulirebaSi ruseTis monawileobam gamoiRo mxolod uaryofiTi Sedegebi:

1. ar xdeba devnilebis dabruneba afxazeTis teritoriaze;

2. yvela doneze mTlianad blokirebulia molaparakebebi afxazeTis statusze;


3. araefeqturia d.s.T.-s koleqtiuri samSvidobo Zalebis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonaSi (faqtobrivad warmoadgens separatistuli reJimis sasazRvro dacvis Zalebs);

4. aqtiurad mimdinareobs afxazaTis ruseTis federaciaSi integraciis procesi;

5. ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli savizo reJimi ar vrceldeba afxazeTze;

6. afxazeTis mosaxleobas eniWeba ruseTis moqalaqeoba;

7. galis raionSi mosaxleobis dabrunebas aqvs spontanuri xasiaTi, romelic ar regulirdeba aranairi normebiT da Sesabamisad ar arsebobs maTi usafrTxoebis aranairi garantiebi.

Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, ruseTs ar awyobs afxazeTis konfliqtis farTomaStabiani daregulireba, radgan is dakargavs saqarTveloze zegavlenis mis xelT arsebul berketebs. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dasrulebidan 15 weli gavida. Aam drois ganmavlobaSi raime realuri nabijebi jerac ar gadadgmula konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis. qarTul-afxazuri molaparakebebi CixSia Sesuli. ismeba logikuri kiTxva, ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis rom konfliqti mSvodobianad gadawydes. amisaTvis saWiroa afxazebis gulis mogeba ekonomikuri da moraluri TvalsazrisiT. Ppirvel rigSi Cven unda davumtkicoT, rom Cven gvsurs maTTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba. unda iTqvas, rom afxazebs aqvT SurisZiebis SiSi da ar aqvT garantia, rom maTze devna ar ganxorcieldeba. Aamitom omis monawileebze orive mxridan unda ganxorcieldes sayovelTao amnistia, radgan vinc omobda afxazeTSi ar icoda, rom is iyo damnaSave. politolog ramaz klimiaSvilis ganmartebiT 1994 wels ruseT-saqarTvelos kabaluri xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, samSvidoboebis gayvana SeuZlebelia. masSi aRniSnulia, rom cisferCafxutianebs 15 km. radiusSi moqmedebis saSualeba eZlevaT da agreTve: vinc Cveni mxridan afxazeTis omSi ibrZoda, Tavis miwaze verasodes dabrundeboda. (2). saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ganacxada, rom ruseTis samSvidobo kontingentis konfliqtur zonebSi Semdgomi yofnis mizanSewonilobasTan dakavSirebiT mzadaa intensiuri molaparakebebi daiwyos saqarTvelos yvela megobar qveyansTan. Mman afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebas


sruli avtonomia SesTavaza. mixeil saakaSvilma konfliqtur zonebSi gaeros rolis gaZlierebis iniciativiT gamovida. saqarTvelom gaeroSi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakiTxSi dasavleTis qveynebis mniSvnelovani mxardaWera miiRo. Ggaeros uSiSroebis samma wevrma qveyanam –didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, aSS-m da germanium ruseTs mouwodes gaauqmos an ar Seasrulos prezident putinis 16 aprilis gadawyvetileba ,,afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTTan urTierTobis gaRrmavebis Sesaxeb”, ramac Tbilissa da moskovs Soris morigi daZabuloba gamoiwvia. amasTan dakavSirebiT gaavrceles specialuri komunike, romelmac ukiduresi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. ,,Cven maTi rekomendaciebi movismineT, magram afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan ufro mWidro urTierToba Cveni uflebaa. Kkosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg msoflio sxva traeqtoriiT wavida da ruseTmac sakuTari daskvnebi gamoitana. ruseTi Tavad gansazRvravs, visTan moswons urTierToba da visTan ara”. Aase gamoexmaura ruseTis zeda palatis Tavmjdomare sergei mironovi de faqto respublikebTan ruseTis urTierTobis Temaze inglisis, aSS-s, safrangeTisa da germaniis rekomenddaciebs. gaeros 15 aprilis rezoluciaSi afxazeTis ekonomikis aRorZinebazea saubari. Kkomunike Zalian mniSvnelovania da is calsaxad uWers mxars saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. calsaxad akritikebs gmobs ruseTis federaciis mier ukanasknel periodSi gadadgmul nabijebs d aim sahaero qmedebas, romelic ukanasknel xans iqna ganxorcielebuli. Aamave dros calsaxad aris gamoxatuli mxardaWera im iniciativebisa, romliTac gamovida saqarTvelos prezidenti konfliqtis mowesrigebasTan dakavSirebiT. Ees sami ZiriTadi komponenti imdenad cxadad da garkveviT aris aRniSnuli am kominikeSi, rom is SeiZleba aRviqvaT , rogorc seriozuli da samarTliani mxardaWera saqarTvelosi am sakmaod rTul viTarebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros bolo rezoluciaSi ,,qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti’’ Seicvala da Caiwera ,,konfliqti afxazeTSi’’ (saqarTvelo), rac misasalmebelia. Ees sakiTxi reintegraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministrma T. iakobaSvilma JenevaSi oTxmxrivi Sexvedraze daayena da rezoluiciaSi am formulirebis Cawera kategoriulad moiTxova.


aRsaniSnavia, rom yarabaRTan dakavSirebiT gaeros rezoluciaSi sagangebod weria, rom teritoriis aneqsia moxda da separatistuli xelisubleba iZebneba, rac yvela rezoluciaSi xasgasmiTaa Cawerili. CvenTan dakavSirebiT, gaeros rezoluciaSi afxazeTSi ekonomikis aRorZinebaze saubrobs. saWiroa aRiZras saqme da gamocxaddes Zebna im pirebze, vinc afxazeTSi danaSauli Caidina. Afnu unda daiwyos samarTleblivi Zebna separatistTa liderebis miT ufro, rom saakaSvilma gaeroSi afxazeTis sakiTxis ganxilvisas ganacxada, rom teritoriebs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobs. Eis ki samarTlebrivad unda iqnes damtkicebuli rom afxazeTSi moxda didi danaSauli. kosovos aRiarebiT Seiqmna precedenti rodesac separatistuli mxare mTel rig wamyvan qveynebma damoukideblad scnes. Tumca kosovos models afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi verasdros veravin gamoiyebes radgan kosovos gansxvavebiT afxazeTis regionidan iqna gamodevnili daaxloebiT 300.000 devnili. Cveni azriT konfliqtis mosagvareblad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda misces realuri garantiebi afxazebs, raTa afxazebs hqondeT sarezervo gegma, radgan ruseTma kargad daanaxa afxazebs Tu ra miznebi amoZravebT maT. GgavixsenoT vladimer Jirinovskis satelevizio interviu sadac man ganacxada, rom afxazebi mcirericxovani xalxia Cven maT monebaT gamoviyenebT. UaRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos prezidentis gamsvlebSi sadac is mimarTavs os da afxaz xalxs is arasdros ar akonkretebs Tu ra garantiebi unda SevuqmnaT afxazebs, rom maT qarTvelebis SurisZiebis SiSi gauqreT. kargi iqneba saqarTveloSi gaixsnas afxazuri kulturis centri vinaidan kultura yovelTvis iyo da iqneba yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba saxalxo diplomatiis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba, romelic mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs konfrontaciis ganeitralebaSi. Aiseve unda ganaxldes qarTul-afxazuri banakebi, rac qarTvel da afxaz axalgazrdebs daaxlovebs. Ees ki Zalian mniSvnelovania. saqarTvelos ekonomika unda ganviTardes dinamiurad. saxelmwifos ekonomikas unda Seswevdes unari, SesTavazos orive mxridan restitucia an fuladi anazRaureba. Aafxazebi unda darwmundnen, rom Cven maTTan gasayofi araferi gvaqvs. Cven unda movaxerxod afxazebTan SeTanxmebas ruseTis gverdis avliT. maT unda SevTavazoT afxazeTis


infrastruqturis erToblivi aRdgena, ekonomikuri proeqtebi. ganvaaxloT sportuli urTierTobebi, sportul saxeobebSi saqarTvelos CempionatebSi Cabma, farTo masStabiani humanitaruli daxmareba da a.S. U Cveni azriT yovelive es saSualebas mogvcems, raTa ganxorcieldes d.s.T-s kontingentis Canacvleba saerTaSoriso samSvidobo kontingentiT rac afxazebs da qarTvelebs miscems garantias ganaxldes CixSi Sesuli molaparakebebi, kerZod saubari devnilebis dabrunebaze da afxazeTis statusis gansazRvraze. afxazeTis konfliqtis mSvidobianad mogvarda saqarTvelos avtoritets saerTaSoriso maStabiT erTiorad gazrdis. msoflioSi Seiqmneba precedenti SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis, rac sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. Ggamoyenebuli literatra:

1. zurab papaskiri ,,narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan” nakveTi me-2б 1917-1993 gam. 2007w.

2. gaz. ,,alia” 2008 w. 26-28 aprili, # 50(2175).


Summary

Giorgi Aladashvili

New vision of a peaceful settlement of the Abkhazian conflict

Today, in the course of globalisation in the world, all to become a question on

settlements of ethnic and regional conflicts more actually. Conflicts arise in the

injured society which has transferred pressure of a totalitarian mode more often.

After disintegration of the Soviet union in Georgia there were inside ethnic

conflicts. The conflict in Abkhazia is tragic on either side of the conflict. After the termination of the armed opposition there have passed 15 years and the conflict is

not resolved to this day. The peace permission of the Abkhazian conflict will

promote growth of authority of Georgia on international scene. In the world to

appear precedent of a peaceful settlement of a confrontation.

Резюме

Георгий Аладашвили

Новое видение урегулирования Абхазского конфликта

Сегодня, в процессе глобализации в мире, все актуальнее становиться

вопрос о урегулирований этнических и региональных конфликтов.

Конфликты чаще всего возникают в травмированном обществе, которое перенесло давление тоталитарного режима. После распада советского союза

в Грузии возникли внутри этнические конфликты. Конфликт в Абхазии

трагичен по обе стороны конфликта. После окончания вооруженного

противостояния прошло 15 лет а конфликт по сей день не разрешен. Мирное

разрешение абхазского конфликта будет способствовать росту авторитета

Грузии на международной арене. В мире появиться прецедент мирного

урегулирования вооруженного конфликта.


U upireveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom mTiani yarabaRis gamo dawyebul somxur-azerbaijanuli konfliqts bevri ram aerTianebs qarTul-afxazur da qarTul-osur konfliqtebTan, magram Tavisi strategiuli da zogadregionaluri mniSvnelobiT is mainc gansxvavebulia maTgan. somxur-azerbaijanuli konfliqti erTaderTia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, romelic or damoukidebel saxelmwifos Soris warmoiSva. garda amisa, 90-iani wlebis bolos mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtma ganapiroba kavkasiaSi da mis garSemo saxelmwifoTa urTierTdapirispirebuli jgufebis Camoyalibeba. rogorc azerbaijanelebi, ise somxebi eyrdnobian sxvadasxva istoriul arguments mTian yarabaRze TavianTi pretenziebis argumentaciisaTvis. azerbaijanelebi amtkiceben, rom es regioni yovelTvis azerbaijanuli xelisuflebis iurisdiqciaSi iyo. somxebi acxadebdnen, rom mTian yarabaRSi yovelTvis TviTon cxovrobdnen, xolo azerbaijanuli mmarTveloba aralegitimuri iyo. Cemi azriT, warsuli gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri konfliqtis dros xdeba. dapirispirebuli mxareebi mas teritoriuli Tu sxva saxis politikuri pretenziebis dasakmayofileblad iyeneben. am dros istoria damokidebuli xdeba politikur koniunqturaze. rogorc ingliseli mecnieri p.berki aRniSnavs, istorikosebis Semoqmedeba sulac ar aris damaxsovrebis uwyinari aqti, is sxvebis mexsierebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa (2; 100-101). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom somxur-azerbaijanuli konfliqtis warmoSobaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored maTma gansxvavebulma istoriis aRqmam iTamaSa. F frangi sociologi moris halbvaksi pirveli iyo vinc damaxsovrebis procesSi socialuri faqtori gaiTvaliswina. mas ekuTvnis termini “koleqtiuri

nino melelaSvili warsulis gaazrebisa da mexsierebis

politikis roli konflituri identobis CamoyalibebaSi

(mTiani yarabaRis magaliTze)


mexsiereba”. misi gansazRvrebiT, koleqtiuri mexsiereba saerTo mexsiarebaa, romelic gadaicema da konstruirdeba jgufis mier. (2; 97-98) A amerikeli sociologis eviaTar zerubavelis azriT, koleqtiuri mexsiereba saerToa ojaxebisTvis, eTnikuri jgufebisTvis, naciebisaTvis da sxva mnemonikuri erTobebisTvis. koleqtiuri mexsiereba ar aris romelime erTobis wevrTa piradi mogonebebis ubralo erToblioba. is moicavs im mogonebebs, romelnic saerToa erTobis yvela wevrisTvis. (3;4) ramdenadac mexsierebis formirebaSi istorikosebis rolze vsaubrob, viTvaliswineb am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul koncefciebs. magaliTad: koleqtiuri mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi istorikosebis “damsaxurebaze” saintereso mosazrebas gvTavazobs j.veriCi, romelic ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva istoruli xasiaTis moTxrobebiT. A aseve saintereso gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs pier nora, romelic erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs koleqtiur da istoriul mexsierebas. misi azriT, “koleqtiuri mexsiereba” aris yvelaferi is, rac warsulidan aris SemorCenili, rogorc jgufebis mier miRebuli gamocdileba. koleqtiuri mexsiereba jgufebTan erTad viTardeba da SeiZleba gaxdes manipulirebis obieqti an Zalauflebis iaraRi. M mkvlevarebi warsulis damaxsovrebis da mexsierebis gadacemis sxvadasxva formas gamoyofen. magaliTad, beriki saubrobs xuT mediumze, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba mexsierebis gadacema. esenia zepiri tradiciuli istorikosebis Semoqmedeba; gamosaxulebiTi da fotografiuli xatebi; moqmedebebi, ritualebi da sxva; bolo mediumia sivrce, sadac xdeba mexsierebis “xatebis”

lokalizacia (burke 1980:100-101) A am CamonaTvalidan istorikosi da misi Semoqmedeba, albaT, erT-erTi mTavari mediumia warsulsa da awmyos Soris. istorikosebis gavlena sulac ar aris meorexarisxovani. swored istorikosebi arian mTavari msajulebi imisa, Tu ra CaiTvalos damaxsovrebis Rirsad da ra ara. somxur-azerbaijanul SeiaraRebul konfliqts win e.w. “istorikosebis omi” uZRoda warsulis gamoyenebiTa da paraleluri istoriebis “TxzviT qarTvelebisa da afxazebis msgavsad, somxebic da


azerbaijanelebic erTmaneTisTvis teritoriuli pretenziebis dasabuTebas cdilobdnen. yarabaRis istoriis somxuri da azerbaijanuli versiebi erTmaneTisgan imdenadaa dacilebuli, rom “istoriaTa omi” mogvianebiT realur samxedro konfliqtSi gadaizarda. somxebic da azerbaijanelebic TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad iyeneben istorias. isini warsulis dakavSirebas axdenen awmyosTan da is narativebi, romelTa meSveobiTac yovelive xorcieldeba, Tanamedrove istorikosebis mieraa Seqmnili. K konfliqtis dros dapirispirebuli mxareebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen da afaseben warsulis erTsa da imave periods. e.zerubaveli Tavis wignSi “drois rukebi, koleqtiuri mexsierebisa da warsulis socialuri saxe” am situacias e.w. “progresisa” da “daRmasvlis” narativis mixedviT aanalizebs. P progresis narativis safuZvelze, eTnosi sakuTar istorias srulyofili procesis saxiT warmoadgens, xolo “daRmasvlis” narativSi awmyo da momavali Sav ferebSia, xolo warsuli didebulad aris warmodgenili, romelic “saubedurod, samudamod wavida”(3;15-17) vfiqrob, axla droa mimovixiloT yarabaRis istoria, romelic uZveles droSi iRebs saTaves. Sevecdebi daveyrdno im istorikosTa wyaroebs, romelnic obieqturadaa miCneuli, imis gamo rom maT piradi gancdebi an interesebi ar gaaCndaT. vgulisxmob, Tundac qarTvel istorikosebs. dRevandeli yarabaRis teritoria (Zveli albanuri saxelwodebaa “arsaxa”) Cv.w.aR-mde IV saukunidan VIII saukunemde CrdiloeT azerbaijanis yvelaze Zveli albaneTis saxelmwifos erT-erTi olqi. albaneTis saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg yarabaRi sajidebis azerbaijanuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. X-XV saukuneebSi jer salaridebis, ara-yoinlusa da aR-yoinlus SemadgenlobaSi. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi yarabaRi, rogorc erT-erTi sabeglarbego Sedioda sefevidebis saxelmwifoSi SirvanTan, CexursadTan (erevnis) da azerbaijanis tebrizTan erTad. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan yarabaRis teritoria yarabaRis saxanos ekuTvnis da iranis daqvemdebarebaSia. (yarabaRis saxanos damaarsebeli iyo azerbaijaneli hanaxalixani,romelmac aagi cixe-simagre SuSa,romelic hanaxebad iwodeboda.)


yarabaRis mosaxleobas antikur periodSi Seadgendnen albanelebi, adre Sua saukuneebSi albanelebTan erTad Turqulenovani tomebi – barsidebi, savirebi, hunebi, yazarebi kompaqturad saxlobdnen. albanuri ena miekuTvneba Cr-aRmosavlur kavkasiur ojaxs. rac Seexeba somxebs, isini ar yofilan avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba arc mcire aziaSi da arc kavkasiaSi. armenologTa azriT, somxebi warmoiSvnen frigiis tomebisgan, romelic balkaneTze saxlobda.Mmas Semdeg, rac es teritoria kimerielebis mier iqna aTvisebuli, (Zv.w. VIII s) isini gansaxldnen aRmosavleTSi md.Eevfratamde. Ppirveli somxuri saxelmwifo mcire aziaSi Cv.w- aR-mde VI saukuneSi warmoiSva da arsebobda 428 wlamde. Tavisi statusiT is faqtiurad sparseTisa da romis imperiis provincia iyo. somxeTis samefos Seqmnis mcdeloba iyo IX-XI saukuneebSi, roca yarsisa da erzrumis raionebSi bagratunebis somxuri samefo aRmocenda. M mas Semdeg rac kaTolikuri centri 1441 wels kilikiidan (XII-XIV) gadmoitanes eCmiaZinSi, romelic erevnis siaxloves mdebareobs, swored eCmiaZini gaxda somxeTis politikuri centri da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gafantuli somxebis gamaerTianebeli rgoli. osmanTa imperiis warmoSobis Semdeg somxebma dakarges imedi TavianTi saxelmwifo CamoeyalibebinaT mcire aziaSi da gadawyvites istoriuli azerbaijanis teritoriis miTviseba. somexi istorikosebis mier Semotanil termin “aRmosavleT somxeTSi” swored is miwebi moiazreba, romelic XVI saukunidan azerbaijanis Semadgeneli nawilebiiyo.(yarabaRi, erevani, ganja da a.S) rogorc viciT, 1804 wlidan 1829 wlamde ruseTma iranidan da TurqeTidan brZolebis Sedegad amierkavkasiaSi xelT igdos miwebi romlebic dRes somxeTis an azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSia. yarabaRis saxanoc iranis nominaluri kontrolidan 1813 wlis giulistanis zaviT ruseTis gavlenis qveS moeqca. A am periodSi yarabaRis saxanoSi cxovrobda 90000 adamiani. 600 soflidan mxolod 150 iyo somxuri dasaxelebis. SuSaSi cxovrobda 1048 ojaxi. aqedan 474 iyo somxuri da danarCeni azerbaijaneli. TurqmainCais (1828) da adrianopilis (1829) zavebiT neba darTes, rom somxebi gadaesaxlebinaT saqarTvelosa


da azerbaijanSi. aqedan gaCnda pirveli kompaqturi dasaxlebani yarabaRSi. san-stefanos (1878w) zaviT da berlinis (1878w) kongresis gadawyvetilebiT TurqeTi valdebuli iyo gaetarebina reformebi vilaieTebSi, raTa somexi xalxis yofa gaeumjobesebina. XIX saukunis bolos mTian yarabaRSi demografiuli viTareba somxebis sasargeblod Seicvala. aq somxuri mosaxleoba Seadgenda 58%, xolo azerbaijanuli - 42%-s. 1905-1907wlebSi moxda pirveli seriozuli dapirispireba somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris. mRelvarebis epicentri baqo iyo, magram male SuSaSic gadmovida aRSfoTebis talRa, sadac sisxlian konfliqts 10000 kaci Seewira. sadavo teritoriebze somexTa koncentracia kvlav grZeldeboda.ruseTis monarqiis damxobis Semdeg, Seiqmna xelsayreli viTareba, rom saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da somxeTs damoukidebloba moepovebinaT. 1918 wlis 28 maiss azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg, misi mTavrobis pirveli iZulebiTi nabiji iyo 29 maiss q.erevnis daTmoba somxebisaTvis. azerbaijanelTa da somexTa Setakebebs adgili hqonda 1920 mart-ivlisSi yarabaRSi, SuSaSi, naxiCevanSi. 1920 wlis aprilSi azerbaijanma damoukidebloba dakarga. noemberSi somxeTma. brZola yarabaRisTvis arc sabWoTa periodSi Sewyvetila. sabWoTa xelisuflebam Taviseburad gadaWra es problema. 1920wels dekemberSi centraluri xelisuflebis zewoliT, sabWoTa azerbaijanis revkomma yarabaRi somxeTs gadasca, Tumca oTxi Tvis Semdeg kvlav azerbaijans daubruna. 1923 wlis 7 ivliss Seiqmna yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi azerbaijanis ssr SemadgenlobaSi, romlis dedaqalaqi gaxda SuSa. erTi Tvis Semdeg dedaqalaqi gadatanil iqna xankendSi, romelsac stefanakerti ewoda. mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna oficialurad gamocxadda 1924 wlis noemberSi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi somxeTi cdilobda, rom Tavis sasargeblod gadaewyvita yarabaRis sakiTxi, magram arsebulma viTarebam xeli ar Seuwyo mas.


1936 wels centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivans n.xruSCovs gaegzavna werili 2500 yarabaReli somxis xelmoweriT, romelnic aprotestebdnen azerbaijanis damokidebulebas yarabaRis olqisadmi, kerZod mas brals sdebdnen ekonomikur diskriminaciaSi. am qmedebas moskovis mxridan reagireba ar mohyolia. 1987 wlidan yarabaRSi mdgomareoba Zalian daiZaba. moskovis mxridan momdinareobda informacia, rom maT ugzavnidnen werilebs yarabaRis somxeTze gadacemis moTxovniT. 0987 wels somexi mecnierebi moiTxovdnen ara marto yarabaRis, aramed naxiCevanis gadmocemasac, romlis mosaxleobis 97% azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen. viTarebis gamwvavebas axali suli STabera Cardulis (Cr-das azerbaijanis) movlenebma. aq somxurma mosaxleobam ver aitana is , rom azerbaijaneli dainiSna meurneobis direqtorad. Cardulis movlenebis Semdeg somxebma daiwyes azerbaijanelTa gamodevna TavianTi respublikidan. 1988 wlis bolos gamoCnda devnilTa pirveli talRa, romelic baqos moawyda. 1988 wlis 11 Tebervlidan demonstraciebi daiwyo yarabaRSi. 20 Tebervals aq saolqo sabWom 110 xmiT moiTxova mTiani yarabaRis somxeTze gadacema. erevanSi Camoyalibda komiteti, e.w. “yarabaRi”, rogorc mimdinare movlenebisadmi xelmZRvaneli organizacia. K konfliqti gaRrmavda 1988 wlis 26 Tebervlidan, roca gavrcelda xmebi stefanakertSi somexTa mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi aqtebis Sesaxeb, rasac mohyva msxverpli. 1988 wlis noembridan baqosa da erevanSi isev ganaxlda mravalaTasiani mitingebi. erevanSi “yarabaRis” komitetma gaaerTiana sxva politikuri partiebi da Seiqmna somxeTis saerToO-erovnuli moZraoba lavon ter-petrozianis Tavmjdomare da 1989 wlis azerbaijanSi Camoyalibda saxalxo fronti abulavaz elCibeis meTaurobiT. 1989 wlis zafxulSi somxeTis mier naxiCevanis blokadis gamocxadebas azerbaijanmac adekvaturad upasuxa. situacia umarTavi xdeboda yarabaRSi. 1989wlis 28 noembers gauqmda olqis uSualod centrisadmi daqvemdebareba. amiT isargebla somxeTma da mTiani


yarabaRi sakuTari respublikis Semadgenel nawilad scno. Protestis niSnad 1990 wlis 13-14 ianvars baqoSi myopma azerbaijanelebma somxebi daarbies, rasac 88 adamiani emsxverpla. 1990 wlis 20 ianvars 29000- ze meti rusi jariskaci Sevida baqoSi, rasac mohyva msxverpli, sxvadasxva wyaroebiT 100-dan 500 kacamde. sagangebo mdgomareoba gamocxadda yarabaRSi, sadac ruseTis jarebi Sevida. 1988-1989 wlebSi azerbaijanelTa dapirispirebas mohyva 185000 azerbaijanelis da 11000 muslimi qurTis gamoZeveba somxeTidan. imave mizeziT daaxloebiT 300 000 somexi gandevnes azerbaijanidan. 1991 wlis 2 seqtembers yarabaRis erovnulma sabWom gamoacxada damoukidebeli mTiani yarabaRis respublikis Seqmna arsebuli olqisa da azerbaijanis Saumianis raionis teritoriis farglebSi, ramac axali biZgi misca SeiaraRebul konfliqts. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers yarabaRSi Catarda referendumi da raki azerbaijanelebma mas boikoti gamoucxades, monawileTa 99%-ma xma misca mTiani yarabaRis damoukideblobas. Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania, rom xma mieca damoukideblobas da ara somxeTTan SeerTebas. 1991 wlis 21 dekembers somxeTsa ruseTs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romelic isaxavda miznad –TanamSromlobasa da megobrobas. Faqtiurad, somxeTma ruseTisagan samxedro garantiebi miiRo. 1992 wels somxebma daikaves azerbaijanis dasaxlebuli punqtebi (agdabani, yarabaRi) rasac 99 adamiani Seewira, 140 kaci daiWra.27 Tebervals sasomxeTis jarebma ruseTis 366-e qveiTi polkis daxmarebiT daikaves q.xojali. am qalaqis aRebamde misi mosaxleoba 17 000 iyo. Setevis dawyebisTanave somxebma daxoces 623 kaci, maT Soris 106 qali da 83 bavSvi.56 kaci sastiki wamebiT iqna mokluli.( xojalis genocidi) 1992 wlis maisSi q. SuSac aiRes. male somxebma laCinic daikaves, riTac miiRes derefani, romelic somxeTs yarabaRtan akavSirebda. 1992 wlis zapxulSi azerbaijanulma mxarem ganaxorciela kontrSeteva da dakarguli raionebi daibruna, Tumca droebiT. . . 1993 wels martsa da aprilSi somxebma kelbajaris teritoriis okupacia moaxdines. maT aq eTnikuri wmenda


moawyves. Marto am raionSi miyenebulma zaralma 761 mln dolari Seadgina. (xojalis genocide) somxebis xelSi aRmoCnda kidev erTi azerbaijanuli dasaxleba fizuli da am warmatebis Semdgom 1993 wlis 13 aprils somxurma mxarem gamoacxada cecxlis Sewyveta, romelic maleve dairRva. 1993 wlis zafxulSi somxeTma q. agdami miwasTan gaaswora. agvistoSi q. fizulic daeca. 1994 wels azerbaijanulma mxarem warumatebeli kontrSeteva ganaxorciela. euTos damkvirvebelTa cnobiT 1994 wells saSualod dRESi 1 adamiani iRupeboda .ise, rom 199 wlis dasawyisSi daRupulTa raodenoba 1600-s aRwevda. 1995 wels somxeTsa da ruseTs Soris daido 25 wliani xelSekruleba. amgvaradsomxeTi gaxda ruseTis aqtiuri samxedro-politikuri mokavSire amierkavkasiaSi. samwuxarod, somxur-azerbaijanuli konfliqti dRemde gadauwyvetelia. azerbaijanis warumatebloba gamowveuli iyo araorganizebuli samxedro ZalebiT; azerbaijani saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi imyofeboda, roca somxeTi sistematurad mxardaWeras Rebulobda msoflio sazogadoebebisgan, raSic didi iyo somxuri diasporis wvlili. A am konfliqtis Sedegebi, vfiqrob, Zalian aRmaSfoTebelia somxeTis agresiis Sedegad Semcirda azerbaijanis teritoria da mkveTrad Seicvala demografiuli situacia azerbaijanelTa sazianod. mTiani yarabaRis dawyebamde , 1988 wels azerbaijanSi cxovrobda 390 aTasi somexi. 1989 wels aRweriT somxeTSi 85000 azerbaijaneli mosaxleobda. 1988-1994 wlebSi mimdinare konpliqtis “wyalobiT” 30 000 azerbaijaneli da 10 000 somexi daiRupa. K konfliqtis Sedegad azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mosaxleobis didma nawilma datova Tavisi qveyana arsebobis saSualebis Ziebis mizniT. A arsebul wyaroTa da moncemTa dayrdnobiT, SemiZlia vTqva, rom ruseTis wvlili didia am konfliqtSi. rogorc viciT, somxeTma ruseTisgan saidumlod miiRo 1994-1996 ww 1 miliardi dolaris sabrzolo iaraRi. A asea Tu ise, de-faqtod es teritoria (yarabaRi) mTlianad somxeTzea damokidebuli. 1992 wels somxeTma miiRo kanoni, rom is arcerTi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas ar cnobs, romelic yarabaRis azerbaijanis teritoriaze


moiazrebs .somxur mxares imis imedi aqvs rom samxedro warmatebebiT da yarabaRze de-faqto kontroliT miaRwevs Seqmnili viTarebis saerTaSoriso aRiarebas. A amgvarad, konfliqtis Sedegad azerbaijanis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili somexTa kontrols daeqvemdebara. maSin, roca somxeTi amtkicebs, rom konfliqti mxolod mTiani yarabaRis somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Sorisaa. somxeT-azerbaijanisSeiaraRebuli konfliqtis daregulireba xdeba e.w. euTos minskis procesis CarCoebSi. G gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo rezoluciebi, romlebSic somxeTs moTxova okupirebuli teritoriebis dabruneba.miuxedavad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisa, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom ver uzrunvelyo maTi ganxorcieleba. 2001 wlis dasawyisSi somex da azerbaijanel liderTa kivestis umaRlesi donis Sexvedris Semdeg samSvidobo molaparakebebi Sewyda. somxeTis mxaris argumentebi ar icvleba. isini acxadeben, rom :

1) im dros, roca damoukidebeli yarabaRi gaxda ssr kavSiris nawili, yarabaRi ar iyo mis iurisdiqciaSi, razec metyvelebs erTa ligis gadawyvetileba, romelSic azerbaijani ar miiRes imis gamo, rom mas pretenzia hqonda yarabaRze.

2) maT argumentad mihyavT azerbaijanis respublikis uari sabWoTa periodis samarTalmemkvidreobaze da a.S.

azerbaijani rasakvirvelia kategoriulad uaryofs somxeTis argumentebs da amas asabuTebs imiT rom: 1) im dros, roca erTa liga ixilavda azerbaijanis

miRebis sakiTxs, misi teritoria okupirebuli iyo, xolo mTavroba, romelmac ganacxadi gaakeTa am organizaciaSi gawevrianebaze. imave periodSi erTa ligam somxeTic ar cno saxelmwipod gamomdinare iqidan rom am gaerTianebas ar gaaCnda aRiarebuli sazRvrebi, ar hqonda statusi da konstitucia.

2) im periodisTvis, roca ssrk Sewyvita arseboba, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtma ,


1990wlis 3 aprils kanoni ar iyo gamoyenebuli da Sesabamisad ar gsaCnda iuridiuli Zala, radganac arce rTmokavSire respublikas ar gamouyenebia sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlas es procebura;

3) rac Seexeba arguments, rom damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (1918-1920) azerbaijans ar hqonda ufleba sabWoTa periods sazRvrebze pretenziisa, gabaTilebulia venis konvenciis me-11 muxliT, romliTac saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidreoba sazRvars ar exeba.

M minda giTxraT, rom somxeTis pretenziebi dResac grZeldeba ignorirebas ukeTebs ra saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, gaeros, euTos rezoluciebs, igi dResac ar aTavisuflebs azerbaijanis okupirebuli teritoriebs.

Ees konfliqtic, msgavsad qarTul_afxazurisa dRemde “gayinulia”. Mmisi gadawyveta ki momavlis saqmea....


1) dodo pertaia. ssr kavSiris daSla da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. Tb., 2007.

2) Peter Burke; Memory, History, Culture and thi Mind; 3) Zerubavel; I xxue; 2007. 4) Svante. E, Cornel Small nations and great powers. 2000.

5) www.azembassy.kz/data/fille/history conflict.pdf

6) www.conflicts.aznet.org.conflicts/konf/konf=k12.htm

7) www.agerbembassy.org.cn/rus/khojaly01.htm

http://www.azembassy.kz/data/fille/history%20conflict.pdf

http://www.conflicts.aznet.org.conflicts/konf/konf=k12.htm

http://www.agerbembassy.org.cn/rus/khojaly01.htm


Summary

Nino Melelashvili

About understanding of the past and the role of ''a historical enmity''

for the forming of conflict identity (on the sample of Nagorno-

Karabakh )

The topic deals with the conflict between the Armenians of Nagorno-

Karabakh and Azerbaijan. The focus of the paper is on the representations

of history within the Armenian and Azerbaijani nationalist discourses and on how these representations influence the perceptions of the conflict in the

Armenian and Azerbaijani societies. the paper challenges the simplifying

primordialist approaches which explain the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict

as a return of ''a historical enmity'', which has existed before the inclusion

of the two peoples into the Soviet Union. The paper argues that the role

played by history is much more complicated: the narratives pf history are

used to justify certain political demands and to mobilize societies around

them. Finally, the differences and similarities between the politics of history

in the Armenian and the Azerbaijanian cases are discussed.

Резюме

Нино Мелелашвили

Об осмыслении прошлого и роль политики памяти в

формировании конфликтной идентности (на примере Нагорного

Карабаха)

Тема касается ситуации, которая сложилась вокруг Горного (Нагорого)

Карабаха. Она вызвала конфликт между Азербайджаном и Арменией.

Я полностью ознакомилась с историей конфликта и сделала акцент на

том, что насколько огромное значение имеет «политика памяти» в

упомянутой ситуации. А как старались употребить исторические

факты в пользу себя, как армянские, так и азербайджанские историки и

политики. Они так интерпретировали факты, как требуют государственные интересы, а не объективно. А это препятствует

мирные переговоры и еще напрягает ситуацию.


henri kisinjeri Tavis naSromSi “diplomatia” ganixilavs axal msoflio wesrigs. misi azriT: yovel saukuneSi, TiTqosda raRac kanonzomierebiT, Cndeboda qveyana romelsac gaaCnda Zalaufleba, neba, inteleqtualuri da moraluri stimulebi, rac aucilebeli iyo imisaTvis rom mTeli saerTaSoriso sistema moiyvana Tavis faseulobebTan mimarTebaSi. XVII saukuneSi safrangeTma kardinal riSelies dros SemoiRo im periodisaTvis axali midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, sadac gvTavazobda nacionaluri interesebis pirvel planze wamowevas. XVIII saukuneSi didma britaneTma SeimuSava ZalTa Tanafardobis koncefcia, romelic Semdgomi 2 saukune mefobda evropaSi. XIX saukuneSi metenrixis avstriam aago “evropuli koncerti”. bismarkis germaniam ki daSala igi da aqcia evropuli diplomatia Zalismier da civsisxlian politikad. XX saukuneSi verc erTma saxelmwifom ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti gavlena saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze ise, rogorc es SeZlo amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma. arc erTi sazogadoeba ar uWerda ise mtkiced mxars mezobeli qveynebis Sinaur politikaSi Caurevlobas da arc erTi sxva qveyana ar yofila imdenad TavSekavebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi monawileobisas rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi im periodisaTvis. amerikas gaaCnda ori sruliad sapirispiro midgoma sagareo politikis sakiTxebTan. pirveli mdgomareobda imaSi, rom SeerTebuli Statebi amyarebda Tavis faseulobebs, qveyanaSi demokratiis gamyarebiT. meore ki is iyo, rom TviT es faseulobebi akisrebdnen amerikas, msoflio masStabiT ebrZola maTi ganmtkicebisaTvis. amerikis es ori midgoma iTavsebda globalur saerTaSoriso wesrigs, romlis sabaziso wertili iyo demokratia, vaWrobis Tavisufleba da saerTaSoriso

nino Ciqobava axali msoflio wesrigisa da geopolitikuri

tranzaciis sakiTxebi henri kisinjeris “diplomatiaSi”


samarTali. vinaidan Tavisufali sistema im dromde ar arsebula, misi warmoqmna iTvleboda utopiad. im periodidan rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gavida msoflio politikis arenaze (1917 wels), is im donemde iyo darwmunebuli Tavis ZalebSi da Tavisi ideebis samarTlianobaSi, rom XX saukunis umTavresi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi warmoadgendnen amerikuli faseulobebis xorcSesxmas, dawyebuli erTa ligidan da berlinis paqtidan damTavrebuli gaeros wesdebiTa da helsinkis TaTbiris Semajamebeli aqtiT. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam TiTqosda gaamarjveba moutana amerikul ideebs, magram amave dros amerika pirispir daayena iseT samyarosTan romlis gamoCenasac igi gaurboda mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze. warmoqmnili msoflio wesrigis CarCoebSi nacionalizzma kvlav wamohyo Tavi. erebi ufro xSirad metoqeobdnen vidre TanamSromlobdnen. sinamdvileSi siaxle axal msoflio wesrigSi aris is, rom amerikas ar SeuZlia arc gamoeyos msoflios da arc ibatonos masze. rodesac amerika gamovida saerTaSoriso arenaze is iyo mZlavri, axalgazrda da hqonda Zalaufleba imisa rom daemorCilebina da aeyoliebina msoflio saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis miseul xedvaSi. meore msoflio omis bolosaTvis 1945 wels amerikis SeerTebul Statebs gaaCnda imdeni Zalaufleba da gavlena rom SeeZlo gadaekeTebina msoflio Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr. jon kenedim darwmunebiT ganacxada 1961 wels, rom amerika sakmaod mZlavria “gadaixados nebismieri safasuri, gadaitanos nebismieri siZnele” imisaTvis rom warmatebiT ganaxorcielos Tavisuflebis ideebi. sami aTeuli wlis Semdeg amerikas ufro naklebi mtkicebiT SeeZlo ganecxadebina Tavisi ideebis da survilebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. amasobaSi sxva saxelmwifoebic moZlierdnen.amitomac amerikis SeerTebul Statebs uwevs Tavisi miznebis TanmimdevrobiT miRweva: yoveli safexuri warmoadgens amerikuli faseulobebisa da geopolitikuri moTxovnilebebis Serwymas. erT-erTi moTxovna iyo is, rom msoflio romelic moicavda sxva mZlavr saxelmwifoebsac unda daemyarebina Tavisi wesrigi ZalTa Tanafardobis koncefciaze, anu im ideebze sadac amerika diskomforts ganicdida. 1919 wels parizis msoflio konferenciaze erTmaneTs Seejaxa sagareo politikis amerikuli modeli da evropuli diplomatiuri tradiciebi. iq TvalnaTeli gaxda sxvaoba maT


istoriul gamocdilebaSi.evropeli liderebi cdilobdnen SeesworebinaT arsebuli sistema Cveuli meTodebiT. amerikas ki sjeroda rom didi omi iyo ara arsebuli geopolitikuri komfliqtebis mizezi, aramed evropisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli intrigebis brali. uilsonma anaxa evropelebs rom am periodidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema unda gamomdinareobdes ara ZalTa Tanafardobidan, aramed eTnikuri TviTgamorkvevis principebidan. rom maTi diplomatia ar unda iyos faruli aramed iyos damyarebuli Ria gadawyvetilebebze da molaparakebebze.uilsoni ara imdenad cdilobda omis damTavrebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas aramed ukve arsebuli sam saukunovani saerTaSoriso sistemis gardaqmnas. rodesac amerikelebi ganixilavdnen sagareo politikis sakiTxebs midiodnen im azramde,rom yvela siZnele romelic gadaitana evropam, Caisaxa ZalTa Tanafardobis sistemis meSveobiT. im droisaTvis rodesac evropa pirvelad gaxda iZulebuli gamoeCina interesi amerikuli sagareo politikisadmi, misi liderebi eWvisTvaliT uyurebdnen amerikis msoflio reformebs. amerikelebi dasaxldnen TiTqmis cariel kontinentze, romelic gamoyofili iyo sxva dampyrobeli saxelmwifoebisagan ori okeaniT. vinaidan amerika ar Sejaxebia arc erT did saxelmwifos, romlis ZalebTan mimarTebaSi mas dasWirdeboda Tanafardoba, raTqmaunda is ar dauWerda mars araviTar Tanafardobas. usafrTxoebis dilemebi romlebic stanjavda evropas aranair kavSirSi ar iyo da ar exeboda amerikas TiTqmis 150 weli. rodesac dilemebi amerikas Seexo amerikam 2-jer miiRo monawileoba msoflio omebSi, romlebic wamowyebuli iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebis mier. yoveli im momentisaTvis rodesac amerika CaTreul iqna omSi, ZalTa Tanafardobis principi ukve aRar moqmedebdnen. aqedan gamomdinareobda paradoqsaluri situacia: swored is ZalTa Tanafardoba, romelic uaryves amerikelebma, aRmoCnda rom uzrunvelyofda maT usafrTxoeba. swored am Tanafardobis daSlam gamoiwvia amerikis gamosvla saerTaSoriso politikis sferoSi. ZalTa Tanafardobis sistema ar gulisxmobda krizisebisa da omebis Tavidan acilebas, is ubralod zRudavda komfliqtebis masStabebs da erTi saxelmwifos batonobas meoreze. misi mizani iyo ara imdenad mSvidoba, ramdenadac stabiluroba.sinamdvileSi ki es sistema kacobriobis istoriaSi gvxvdeba Zalian iSviaTad.


arcerTxel Tavisi istoriis manZilze amerikas monawileoba ar miuRia ZalTa TanafardobaSi. msoflio omamde periodSi amerika sargeblobda ZalTa Tanafardobis principis funqcionirebiT da amave dros aranair monawileobas ar iRebda masSi. ,,civi omis’’ periodSi ki amerika CarTuli iqna sabWoTa kavSirTan ideologiur, politikur da strategiul brZolaSi. am periodSi ki msoflioSi aranairi ZalTa Tanafardoba ar moqmedebda. Widili midioda or zesaxelmwifos Soris. bipolarul samyaroSi TiTqosda konfliqti moitanda sayovelTao sargebels, magram, nebismieris mogeba niSnavda meoris wagebas. ,,civi omis’’ dasrulebis Semdeg, safrTxe aRar atarebda universalur xasiaTa da yoveli mxare afasebda da gamodioda Tavisi nacionaluri interesebidan. is sazogadoebebi romlebic imyofebodnen amerikis frTis qveS iZulebulebi iyvnen mieRoT ufro meti valdebulebebi TaviaanTi usafrTxoebisaTvis. XXI saukuneSi saxelmwifoTa urTierTobis doneze axali wesrigi, romelmac Secvala ,,civi omi’’ mogvagonebs evropuli saxelmwifoebis sistemas XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi. misi Semadgeneli nawilebi iqneba aSS, evropa, CineTi, iaponia, ruseTi da SeiZleba indoeTic. amasTanave bevri saSualo da patara saxelmwifoebi. im drosaTvis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi miiRebdnen globalur xasiaTs. arcerTi CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebidan, romelTac mouwevT axali msoflio wesrigis SemuSaveba ar gaaCniaT cotaodeni gamocdileba mravalsaxelmwifoebrivi sistemaSi. arasodes axali msoflio wesrigi ar yofila ase gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqone da aseTi globaluri maStabebiT. aqamde ar yofila wesrigi, romelic iTavsebda rogorc ZalTa Tanafardobas aseve msoflio demokratiul azrovnebas. henri kisinjeris azriT: iqneba Tu ara axali msoflio wesrigi stabiluri, rogorc venis kongresis Semdeg Tu arastabiluri rogorc vestfaliis mSvidobisa da versalis xelSekrulebis Semdgom, damokidebuli iqneba imaze Tu rogor da ra saxiT SeuTanxmeben es saxelmwifoebi am or princips da ras miiCneven marTebulad. axlad Seqmnili wesrigi unda daamyaron politikosebma da saxelmwifo moRvaweebma, romlebic sruliad sxvadasxa kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian. erTaderTi moqmedi modeli mravalsxelmwifoebrivi sistemisa Seqmnili iyo dasavluri sazogadoebebis mier, da bevrma saerTaSoriso wesrigis monawilem is SeiZleba uaryos ambobs kisinjeri Tavis naSromSi.


da mainc amaRleba da Sla manamdeli msoflio wesrigebisa vestfaliidan Cven dromde, aris erTaderTi gamocdilebis wyaro, romelsac SeiZleba daveyrdnoT. gamoyenebuli literatura:

Генри Киссинджер. Дипломатия. М.: 1997

Резюме

Нино Чикобава

Новый мировой порядок и геополитическая транзация по

“Дипломатии” Генри Киссинджера

По мнению Генри Киссинджера вознекающий сейчас порядок

должны будут строить государственные деятели, которые представляют

совершенно разные культуры. Они руководят бюрократическими системами

такой сложности, что зачастую енергия этих государственных деятелей в

большой степени уходит на привидение в действие административной

машины,а не на определение цели. Они добились высокого положения

блогадаря качествам, не всегда нужны для упровления, а еще менее годятся

для создания международного порядка. При этом единственная действующая

модель многогосударственной системы была создана западными

обществами, и многие из участников международного порядка ее могут

отвергнуть.

Summary

Nino Chikobava

Issues of New World Order and Geopolitical

Transation in Henry Kissinger “diplomacy”

Acocording to Kissinger, to the present day, order should be formulated by

state figures, who are reprezentatives of totally different cultures. They manage so

difficult bureaucratic systems that their energy is used mostly for putting in order

of administrative machine and not for distinct goals. In addition only one active

model of multi-state system was created by the western socities due do which it

may be rejected by many international order participants.


romis papebi mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze yovelTvis cdilobdnen msoflio Teokratiuli monarqiis Seqmnas, rac TavisTavad saero Zalauflebis daqvemdebarebasac gulisxmobda. am mizniT VIII saukuneSi maT Seqmnes yalbi dokumenti “konstantines naboZvari” rac papebs samarTlebrivad aZlevdaT “ori maxvilis” flobis uflebas. am dokumentis siyalbe mxolod XV saukuneSi daamtkica cnobilma italielma humanistma lorenco valam. manmade ki “konstantines naboZvarma” udidesi roli Seasrula aramarto evropis, aramed aRmosavleTis istoriaSic. papebi Tavs qristes moadgileebad Tvlidnen da vinaidan maT prerogativas warmoadgenda saero xelisufalTa koronacia. miaCndaT, rom kacobriobis miwieri da sulieri cxovrebis gankargvis sruli ufleba hqondaT. “papebis diqtati,” romelic papma grigolVII-m Seadgina, amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. masSi garkveviT weria: “yvela mefe da imperatori paps fexze unda hkocnideso”.

papebis politika ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSobda msoflioSi. maTi iniciativiT araerT politikur oms hqonia adgili istoriaSi. XI_XII s.s-Si papebi gvevlinebian jvarosnuli laSqrobebis mTavar sulisCamdgmelad. swored pap urban II-is iniciativiT daiwyo brZola qristes saflavis ganTavisuflebisTvis.

papebis politika umetesad iyo ambiciuri da naklebad iTvaliswinebda tolerantul-Semwynareblur dogmebs. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos romis papebis miswrafeba, vatikanis da kerZod romis kaTolikuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS moeqciaT marTlmadidebluri eklesia da sxva konfesiebi. amisaTvis ramodenime msoflio krebac ki moiwvies. ferara-florenciis krebaze ki bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatori aiZules, rom xeli moewera uniaze, rac Semdeg aRSfoTebulma bizantielebma uaryves. Ppapebis amave miznis nawils warmoadgenda moskovis didi mTavris ivane III-is daqorwineba sofio(zoia paleologosze), risTvisac moskovma III romis tituli miiRo. XVIIIs. rodesac pavle I-ma maltis ordenis didi magistroba miiRo da maltis jvari saxelmwifo atributikaSi Seitana, papma uari ganacxada mis aRiarebaze. pius VII-m pavle I-s SesTavaza romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiisa da berZnul-marTlmadidebluri

naTia firaniSvili, inga yuloSvili Ppapi benediqte XVI


eklesiis gaerTianeba, sanacvlod ki aRiarebas hpirdeboda. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom manmade papma pius II-m mehmed II-s werili gaugzavna da rjulis Secvlis sanacvlod erTiani msoflios gvirgvins sTavazobda. politikuri viTareba garkveulwilad Seicvala vatikanis II krebis Semdeg, rodesac papobam tolerantobis sakiTxi daayena dRis wesrigSi da msoflios religiaTa dialogi SesTavaza. papma ioane-pavle II-m Tavisi pontifikatis periodSi vatikanis kursi warmatebiT ganaxorciela. misi Sexvedrebi sxvadasxva konfesiebTan da Turqi teroristis Sewyalebam paps msoflio avtoriteti moupova. misi politikis gamgrZelebelia dRevandeli papi benediqte XVI.

2005wlis 19 aprils, konklavis mier arCeul iqna 265-e papi, germaneli kardinali ioseb aloiz ratcingeri. benediqte XVI aris yvelaze wlovani kardinali arCeuli papad kliment XII-is Semdeg da pirveli germaneli pontifikati viqtor II-is Semdeg (1055-1057w.w.) [7]

sityva “beneqti” netars niSnavs da ukanasknelad mas papi benediqt XV atarebda, romelic papis taxtze I msoflio omis dros iyo. igi msoflioSi mSvidobis uzrunvelyofas cdilobda da SesaZloa, XXI saukuneSi, masobrivi terorizmis epoqaSi arCeulma papma swored amitom aiRo mSvidobis matarebeli saxeli_”benediqti”.

benediqte XVI papad arCevamde mravalmxrivi saqmianobiT gamoirCeoda. is iTvleba Tavisi drois erT-erT saukeTeso Teologad, Seqmnili aqvs araerTi naSromi.

papad arCevamde ratcingeri iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani pirovneba romis kuriaSi, kardinalTa kolegiis dekani, pap ioane-pavle II-is uaxloesi megobari [6]. SesaZloa, swored aman ganapiroba misi arCeva papad. benediqte XVI aris pap ioane-pavle II-is kursis gamgrZelebeli. igi cdilobs SeinarCunos tolerantuli damokidebuleba sxvadasxva konfesiebis mimarT. kaTolikuri eklesiis mesaWe kaTolikobis poziciebis ganmtkicebas cdilobs mTels msoflioSi. misi pontifikatis mTavar prioritetad miiCneven urTierTobis gaumjobesebas qristianebs Soris, rac daadastura misma gamosvlam papad gaxdomisTanave, rodesac qristianebs gaerTianebisaken mouwoda.

papi benediqte XVI xSirad awarmoebs Sexvedrebs marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenlebTan. sainteresoa 2006 wels stambolSi papisa da konstantinopolis patriarq barTlomeos I-is Sexvedra, sadac konstantinopolis patriarqma sinanuli gamoTqva imis gamo, rom saukuneebis manZilze ver axerxebda marTlmadidebluri da kaTolikuri eklesia erTad


locvas da gaerTianebis erTgvari survili gamoTqva [10]. es faqti dasafiqrebelia, vinaidan saxezea gaerTianebis mcdeloba konstantinopolis eklesiasa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris da SesaZlo ganxeTqileba marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi ilia II uaryofiTad uyurebs religiaTa gaerTianebas. ilia II religiaTa dialogs SesaZleblad miiCnevs, oRond Tu ar SevexebiT dogmatikas, mrwamss, religiis arss. radgan kamaTma, Tu ras warmoadgens esa Tu is religia, SesaZloa konfliqti gamoiwvios.

papi benediqte XVI aqtiurad uWers mxars dapirispirebis aRmofxvras marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur eklesiebs Soris. mniSvnelovania papis politika ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT. aRsaniSnavia romis papis Sexvedra ruseTis prezident vladimer putinTan da sasuliero pirebTan. papma da prezidentma putinma ganixiles is gzebi romliTac moxdeba kaTolikuri eklesiisa da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris urTierTobis gaumjobeseba da daZabulobis moxsna. uTanxmoebis mizezi ki aris urTierTbraldebebi: ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia kaTolikur eklesias brals sdebs prozelitizmSi, im teritoriebze, romelic tradiciulad ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias ekuTvnis. vatikani uaryofs am braldebas da amtkicebs, rom is exmareba ruseTis mcire kaTolikur sazogadoebas, romelic daaxloebiT 600 000 adamians Seadgens. papis aseTi politika mimarTulia erTi mxriv, rusi kaTolikebis dacvisken, meore mxriv ki marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebTan da prezidentTan SexvedrebiT cdilobs urTierTobis gaumjobesebas ruseTis eklesiasTan, rasac cdilobda misi winamorbedi papi.

Ppapi benediqte XVI konservatiul pontifikatad iTvleba. is qadagebs humanur ideebs, gamodis socialuri problemebis winaaRmdeg. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa papis politika eTnikuri umciresobebisa da religiuri umciresobebis mimarT. religiebs mouwodebs dialogebisaken. metad mniSvnelovania papis politika evropis protestantuli qveynebisadmi. vatikanis politika SesaZloa mimarTuli iyos evropis protestantuli qveynebis kaTolikur mrwamsze moqcevisaken. SesaZloa amanac ganapiroba germaneli kardinalis arCeva papad. benediqte XVI papebis istoriaSi me-8 germaneli papia.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi vatikanma Tavisi politikiT uaryofiTad ganawyo protestantebi, marTlmadideblebi da muslimebi. pap ioane-pavle II-is msgavsad papi benediqte XVI cdilobs tolerantuli iyos sxvadasxva konfesiebis mimarT. dRevandel evropaSi aRmosavluri religiebis popularoba


dRiTidRe izrdeba. germaniaSi 44% dalailamas ufro met pativs scems, vidre romis paps [15]. SesaZloa amis gamoa papis xSiri vizitebi protestantul qveynebSi. vatikanidan igzavneba delegaciebi, romlebsac papi xSirad Tavadve xelmZRvanelobs. 2005 wlis agvistoSi, axlad arCeuli pontifiqsi gaemgzavra kiolnSi(germania), msoflios axalgazrda kaTolikeebis dResaswaulze. Sexvda kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebs, aseve gamarTa molaparakeba xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan, kancler gerhard SrioderTan. germaniaSi vizitis dros papma moinaxula sinagoga, Sexvda germanel protestantebs da muslimebs[12]. papi benediqte XVI aqtiurad agrZelebs urTierTobas axal kancler angela merkerTan. 2006 wels moxda maTi Sexvedra. aqtiuri SexvedrebiT papi cdilobs germaneli protestantebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas. amiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom papi apirebs germaneli reformatoris martin luTeris reabilitacias. benediqte XVI acxadebs, rom “martin luTeri cdilobda ara qristianuli eklesiis darRvevas, aramed surda misi gawmenda mavne Cvevebisagan” [13]. aseTi qmedebebiT SesaZlebelia dialogi Sedges protestantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris.

vatikanSi xSirad imarTeba safrangeTis kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebis vizitebi. uaxloes momavalSi papi Tavad gegmavs safrangeTSi Casvlas.

papi benediqte XVI aqtiurad awarmoebs Sexvedrebs sxvadasxva qveynis kaTolikebTan. papi sazafxulo rezidenciaSi Sexvda ukrainis laTin da berZen kaTolike episkoposebs da mouwoda gaerTianebisaken da misioneruli saqmianobis gaZlierebisaken ukrainaSi [14].

papi benediqte XVI awarmoebs aqtiur molaparakebas somex kaTolikebTan. mniSvnelovania papis damokidebuleba ebraelebTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom papma ioane-pavle II-m Tavisi pontifikatis dros, ebrael xalxs oficialurad mouxada bodiSi Sua saukuneebSi kaTolikuri inkviziciis mier ebraelebis devnis gamo. papi icavs qristianTa uflebebs israelSi. misi ZalisxmeviT erTgvari dialogi Sedga israelsa da vatikans Soris.

sayuradReboa papis politika da misi damokidebuleba aSS-s da laTinuri amerikis kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi. rogorc cnobilia, kaTolikeTa umravlesoba cxovrobs am qveynebSi. papi cdilobs frTxili politika awarmoos aRniSnuli qveynebis kaTolikebisadmi, raTa moipovos maTi ndoba rwmenis gamtkicebisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia 2007wlis maisSi papis viziti braziliaSi, sadac Sexvda rogorc


braziliel kaTolikebs, aseve luTeeranebs, reformatorebs, anglikanebs, muslimebs da iudevelebs. papma moaxdina brazilieli franciskaneli beris antonio di sant anna galvas (1739-1822w.w.) kanonizireba [13].

papis vizitebidan aSS-Si gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi viziti 2008 wlis aprilSi, roca Sexvda aSS-is prezident jorj buSs TeTr saxlSi. maT Soris gaimarTa saubrebi iseT Temebze, rogoricaa mSvidobis miRweva maxlobel aRmosavleTSi da sxva regionebSi, adamianis uflebebis da religiuri Tavisuflebis, urTierTobebis ganviTareba sxvadasxva konfesiebs Soris. papi benediqte XVI SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams erayis mosaxleobis gamo. kritikuladaa ganwyobili eraySi mimdinare saomar operaciebze. papi mouwodebs amerikas frTxili diplomatiiT moagvaros viTareba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. aSS-Si sxvadasxva konfesiebis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedraze benediqte XVI-m gaakritika aSS-is eklesiebSi gabatonebuli viTareba pedofilia, garyvniloba da dagmo amgvari faqtebis yovelgvari gamovlineba [15].

sainteresoa, rom aSS-s da vatikans Soris aris uTanxmoeba sikvdiliT dasjasTan dakavSirebiT, rac kanoniT daSvebulia aSS-Si. vatikanis meTauri Tvlis, rom adamianis sicocxle aris wminda, RvTiTboZebuli da mis xelyofas miiCnevs adamianuri Rirsebis Selaxvad [15].

aSS-Si vizitis dros papi Seexo iseT delikatur Temebs, rogoricaa aborti, kontraceptivebis moxmareba, erTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebi, klonireba. papma dagmo aRniSnuli faqtebi rac ewinaaRmdegeba aramarto qristianuli eklesiis, aramed saerTod yvela religiis dogmas.

aSS-Si yofnis dros papi oficialuri vizitiT ewvia gaeros Stabbinas, sadac sityviT gamovida. gaeros istoriaSi es aris me-4 SemTxveva, rodesac kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauri sityviT gamovida. ukanasknelad gaeroSi 1995 wels gamovida sityviT papi ioane-pavle II [16].

papma benediqte XVI-m gaeroSi gamosvlisas isaubra saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mogvarebaze, adamianis uflebebis da mSvidobis dacvaze, eklesiis rolze, romelsac SeuZlia moagvaros mwvave socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi. sityviT gamosvlis dros saubrobda “samarTlian wyobaze” romelmac unda mospos msoflios udidesi gamowveva_siRaribe.

2006 wels papma benediqte XVI-m CineTSi gagzavna delegacia kaTolikebis mxardasaWerad. am vizitis mizani iyo isev da isev Cineli kaTolikebis mxardaWera da mimarTulia kaTolicizmis gaZlierebisaken.


papis politikaSi udides yuradRebas ipyrobs damokidebuleba muslimebisadmi. rogorc aRvniSneT, papi tolerantulia religiebis mimarT, maT Soris muslimebis mimarTac. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom kaTolike papi aqtiurad uWers mxars muslimuri TurqeTis Sesvlas evrokavSirSi. 2006 wlis dekemberSi papi benediqte XVI oficialuri vizitiT ewvia ankaras, sadac Sexvda premier-ministr erdogans. Ppapma mas aRuTqva mxardaWera evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT. papi Sexvda TurqeTSi yvelaze gavlenian avtoritetul religiur moRvawes ali gardakohlus, romelic uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili papisadmi im faqtis gamo, rom amave wlis seqtemberSi, regensburgis universitetSi leqciis dros muhamedi gaakritika. Ppapma leqciisas moaxdina XIV saukunis bizantieli imperatoris manuel II paleologis sityvebis citireba: “maCveneT me ra moitana muhamedma da Tqven naxavT borotebisa da araadamianobis nivTmtkicebas, romelic qadagebda, rom xmliT davicvaT Cveni rwmenao” [6] [17]. aRniSnulma gancxadebam gamoiwvia muslimuri samyaros ukmayofileba da papis kritika. Turquli islamuri patiebi acxadebdnen, rom “paps surs aRadginos jvarosnuli laSqrobebis suli da igives imeorebs, rasac akeTebda hitleri da musolini” [17]. protestis niSnad, islamistebi imuqrebodnen vatikanze SeteviT. palestinaSi dawves ori qristianuli eklesia, erayelma muslimebma dawves benediqte XVI-is fituli [6]. papma sinanuli gamoTqva, rom misi naTqvami arasworad gaiges da rom man mxolod citireba moaxdina.

benediqte XVI-is TurqeTSi vizitma mSvidobianad Caiara. stambolis suliwmindis taZarSi wirvis Catarebis win papma caSi aafrina mSvidobis simbolo oTxi mtredi. Ggaxsna Tavisi erT-erTi winamorbedis ioane XXIII-is Zegli, romelsac Turqebi did pativs scemdnen. Ppapma moinaxula cisferi meCeTi. Ees istoriaSi meore SemTxvevaa_pirvelad damaskos meCeTSi papi ioane-pavle II Sevida 2001 wela [5].

TurqeTis mxardaWeriT papi cdilobs muslimebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas. Ppapis viziti TurqeTSi da premier-ministrTan Sexvedra da maTi mxardaWera pozitiur rols Seasrulebs TurqeTisTvis evrokavSiris gaerTianebis saqmeSi. Sainteresoa riTia ganpirobebuli papis mxardaWera muslimuri TurqeTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze. evrokavSiri aris globalizaciis erTerTi centri. Aaq gaerTianebuli qveynebi gvevlinebian sazRvrebs gareSe saxelmwifoebad da TurqeTis gawevrianebiT ufro advilad iqneba SesaZlebeli qristianuli mrwamsis gavrceleba. SesaZloa papis politikis mizezi iyos is,


rom TurqeTi aRmocenda qristianuli civilizaciis, bizantiis nangrevebze. TurqeTis teritoriaze aris uamravi Zegli, rac umniSvnelovanesia qristianobisaTvis.

Cnobilia, rom papi sargeblobs iezuituri ordenis finansuri daxmarebiT. Ees aris erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili sasuliero ordeni, romelic gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda da TamaSobs eklesiis da politikur cxovrebaSi. iezuituri ordeni Seiqmna 1539 wels espaneli fanatikosis egnate loiolas mier. Oordeni daamtkica papma pavle III-m 1540 wlis 27 seqtembers [18].

iezuituri ordeni Seiqmna protestantebisa da reformatorebis winaaRmdeg. iezuitebis mizani iyo, rom kaTolikur eklesias Tavisi saxe ar daekarga. iezuitebi aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars papis saqmianobas. maT xelSi iyo saSualo da umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebi dasavleT evropaSi [18]. iezuitebi masobrivad gandevnes XVIII saukuneSi, magram es ordeni aRadgina 1814 wels papma pius VII-m. maT daibrunes xelmZRvanelis roli kaTolikur samyaroSi. ordenis generali mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda papis arCevis da kuris politikis gansazRvraSi [2;9]. 1958 wlisTvis iezuituri ordenis kapitaldabandeba 5mlrd dolars iTvlida.

dRevandel msoflioSi udidesi Zalaufleba aqvs iezuitur ordens. mis xelSia msoflios cnobili universitetebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi, wignebi. papi sargeblobs ordenis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT.

amrigad, papi benediqte XVI gvevlineba Tavisi winamorbedis “mogzauri papis” kursis gamgrZeleblad. B benediqte XVI cdilobs gaamyaros urTierToba kaTolike qristianebTan da aqtiurad mouwodebs sxvadasxva religiebs dialogisaken. Ppapi qristianebs mouwodebs gaerTianebisaken da advili misaxvedria, rom surs Tavisi xelisuflebis gaZliereba da avtoritetis amaRleba. rogorc vxedavT, papi aqtiurad ereva msoflio politikaSi mimdinare procesebSi, magram mis sityvas iseTi Zala da gavlena aRar aqvs, rasac flobda saukuneebis win. Ppapi gvevlineba social-politikuri, ekonomikuri da saerTaSoriso konfliktebis mogvarebis iniciatorad. SesaZloa am moxuci papis humanuri politika aRmoCndes iluzia da es ubralod Sors gamiznuli nabiji iyos, TandaTanobiT moaxdinos religiaTa gaerTianeba da daupirispiros igi saero xelisuflebas. SesaZloa es varaudi xmamaRalia, magram is cxadia, rom papoba yvelanairad cdilobs daibrunos Zveli dideba da gaaZlieros Tavisi gavlena sazogadoebaze, miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis


Seuqcevad process erTian politikur da ekonomikur sistemasTan erTad erTiani kultura da monaTeizmi udevs safuZvlad.


1.М. В. Андреев, Таины Ватикана, 1961г.

2.О.А. Артуров, Ватикан и его политика, 1947г.

3.Гергей Е. История Папства, м.1999 г.

4. i.xubaSvili, veneciisa da florenciis diplomatia XIII_XVss, Tb.2004 5. gazeTi kviris palitra, N50, 2006 6. www.Wikipedia.org

7. www.patriarchia.ru 8. www.voanews.com 9. www.religion.ge 10. http://mamuli.net 11. http://forum.ge 12. www.rg.ru 13. www.ewangelia.ru 14. www.mk.ru 15. www.regions.ru 16. www.intelros.ru 17. www.exspert.ru 18. http://www.hrono.info/religia/katolik/iezuity.html

http://www.rg.ru/

http://www.ewangelia.ru/

http://www.mk.ru/

http://www.regions.ru/

http://www.intelros.ru/

http://www.exspert.ru/

http://www.hrono.info/religia/katolik/iezuity.html


Summary

Natia Piranishvili, Inga Quloshvili

Pope Benedict the XVI

During the whole history, the popes were trying to prove their manegment

advantages against the national management.

Throughout the time they have lost their prower and nowadays,the present

pope Benedict the XVI, as well as his predecessor pope John-Paull the II is trying

to restore the previous role in the frames of democracy. Becouse of tge above mentioned he is traveling in different foreign countries, has meetings with the

representatives of national government, provides negotiations about unification of

religion, and tries to take part in current political processes.

Резюме

Натиа Фиранишвили, Инга Кулошвили

Пап Бенедикт XVI

Римские папы всегда пыталисъ доказатъ свое преимушество над

националъным руководством.На протежение времени они потеряли свою власть. Современный пап Бенедикт XVI, как и предыдуший пап Иоан-Павел

II,пытается возвратить старий роль пап в рамке демократии, для этого он

часто путешесвует в разных странах мира, встречается с членами

правительство, ведет договоры об объединения религии, питается принять

участие в мировой политике.


saqrTvelo ruseTis politikuri da diplomatiuri urTierToba xuT saukuneze met xans iTvlis,. iwyeba aleqsandre I-is (1476-1511) mier 1483 moskovis didi mTavris ivane III_is (1476-1511) karze elCobis gagzavniT da grZeldeba dRemde. mTeli es periodi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis etapebad iyofa. I etapi: iwyeba ruseTSi kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre I-is elCobiT (1483 w) da grZeldeba ruseTis imperiasa da saqarTvelos Soris georgievskis traqtatis dadebamde. II etapi: iwyeba georgievskis traqtatis dadebidan da geZeldeba ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da qveynis dapyrobis momzadebamde (1801 w). III etapi: iwyeba ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebiT da grZeldeba ruseTis imperiis aRsasrulamde (1917 wlis Teberval martamde) IV etapi: moicavs periods amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mmarTvelobis damyarebidan (1917 wlis martidan) am mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde(1917 wlis oqtombramde). V etapi: saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis politikur ZalaTa mier sabWoTa ruseTTan saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiris gawyvetidan (1917 wlis noembridan) iwyeba da gvirgvindeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aRdgeniT. VI etapi: iwyeba iwyeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgeniT (1918 wlis maisi) da mTavrdeba sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobiT (1921 wlis Tebarvali marti). VII etapi: iwyeba sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobiT da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde grZeldeba (1991 wlis dekemberi). VIII etapi: iwyeba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan da grZeldeba dRemde. ruseTis mosvla amier kavkasiaSi da qarTuli samefo samTavroebis dapyroba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda,

irakli TedoraZe qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi georgievskis

traqtatamde


rogorc diplomatiuri aseve, samxedro strategiuli TvalsazrisiT. XV-XVI saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTvelos SigniT damRupveli procesebi ganviTarda kerZod: erTiani qarTuli monarqia samefo_samTavroebad daiSala, qarTull samefo_samTavroebs Soris daiwyo xangrZlivi dapirispireba da omebi, samefo samTavroebis SigniT daiwyo saTavadoebis warmoqmna gaZliereba, aseve iyo cdebi saqarTvelos eklesiis erTianobis darRvevisa, saqarTvelos politikurma daSlam didi ziani miayena erovnul cnobierebas. saqarTvelos Sida areulobas daerTo sagareo problemebic, kerZod: I. saqarTvelos samxreTiT warmoiSva ori Zlieri muslimanuri saxelmwifo osmaleTi (TurqeTi) da sparseTi (irani). 1453 wels osmalebma konstantinepoli aiRes, bizantiis imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. 1461 wels osmalebma qalaqi trapizoni daikaves, xolo 1475 wels CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTic daipyres. 1514 wels sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris daiwyo omi, romlis mizans warmoadgenda gabatoneba samxreT kavkasiaSi. 1555 wlis amasiis zavidan saqarTvelos teritoria ramdenjerme gadanawilda sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. sparseTma – kaspiis zRvispireTidan da osmaleTma – Savi zRvispireTidan iwyes saqarTvelos Seviwroveba da qarTul mosaxleobaSi islamis gavrceleba. qarTuli samTavroebi muslimanur rkalSi aRmoCndnen. evropis qveynebi kavkasiaSi ganviTarebul movlenebSi ver ereodnen, sparseTs antiosmaluri koaliciis wamyvan Zalad miiCnevdnen da saqarTvelos gamo iranTan urTierTobis gafuWebas eridebodnen. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelo evropisaganac ganwiruli iyo. or mowinaagmdegesTan uTanasworo brZolaSi saqarTvelom dakarga: War-belaqani (saingilo), kak-eniseli da samcxe saaTabago, aWara, afxazeTi, Savi zRvis sanapiro. aseTi rTuli mdgomareobis gamo qarTvelma diplomatebma gadawyvites am movlenebSi mesame Zalis ruseTis CarTva. prorusuli orientaciis Camoyalibeba aleqsandre I –is karze daiwyo. msgavsi nabijis gadasadgmelad mefes kargad unda hqonoda gaazrebuli, muslimanur saxelmwifoSi mimdinare movlenebi. aseve evropuli saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba samxreT-kavkasiis mimarT da Rrma rwmena unda hqonoda imisa, rom erTmorwmune ruseTis daxmarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda muslimanuri saxelmwifoebis agresiisagan Tavis dacva. axeTis mefis aleqsandre I-is rusi kolega ivane III, qveynis marTvas ruseTisaTvis Zalze rTul periodSi Seudga, am


periodSi oqros urdos xani ruseTis umaRles xelisuflad iTvleboda, marTalia ruseTi ganTavisuflda oqros urdos batonobisagan magram es ukanaskneli mainc realurad Zlier Zalas warmoadgenda, romelsac ruseTisaTvis didi zianis miyeneba SeeZlo. aseve ruseTi 1477-1479 wlebSi awarmoebda oms didi novgorodis SemoerTebisaTvis. didi novgorodis ruseTTan SeerTebas ewinaaRmdegeboda poloneT-litvis mefe kazimi IV. romelic cdilobda ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi oqros urdos xani ahmedi miemxro. didi novgorodi ruseTs 1479 wels SeuerTda, ramac ruseTSi monRolTa batonobas bolo mouRo. magram male tveris samTavros SemoerTebisaTvis mouwia brZola 1485 wels. aseve 1492-1494 wlebSi ruseTi litvasTan iyo omSi Cabmuli. msgavsi viTareba iyo ruseTSi 1483 wels, rodesac kaxeTis mefis elCebi Cavidnen daxmarebis saTxovnelad. magram ruseTis mTavars ivane III-es aramcTu samxedro aramed diplomatiuri Tanadgomis gawevac ar SeeZlo saqarTvelosaTvis, arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare. am periodSi ar SeiZleba arsebuliyo kavkasiaSi ruseTis Sesvlis monaxazic ki. radgan amas damatebiTi Seferxebebic erTvoda. kerZod: yirimis, yazanisa da astraxanis samTavroebi. am samTavroebis damorCilebis gareSe ruseTi ver SeZlebda Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiaSi realuri Zala gamxdariyo. qarTvelma diplomatebma ruseTTan mimarTebaSi Semdegi Secdoma dauSves, kerZod: maT ver gaTvale rom ruseTis mosvla kavkasiaSi iqneboda ruseT –sparseT-osmaleTis omebisdawyebis sawindari. aseve ruseTis gaZliereba ar awyobdaT mis mezoblebs: poloneTs, litvas, livoniis ordens, Svecias. zemoT xsenebul mizezTa gamo ruseTi ver SeZlebda ewarmoebina aqtiuri politika samxreTSi. ivane III_isa da vasili III_is politikurma kursma cvlilebebi ganicades ivane mrisxanes mefobis periodSi (1533-1584). ivane mrisxanes ruseTisaTvis umTavres amocanad miaCnda, baltiispireTSi sakuTari qveynis Zalebis ganmtkiceba, rac litvasTan da poloneTTan omis gareSe SeuZleblad miaCda. am misias emsaxureboda swored livoniis omi (1558-1583). ivane mrisxanem aseve SeZlo 1552 w yazanisa da 1556 w astraxanis saxanoebis damarcxeba. miuxedavad imisa rom ver SeZlo yirimis saxanos daufleba misi pozicia mainc xelsayreli iyo Crdilo kavkasiaSi. kaxeTis samefo karma kvlav gamoiCina iniciativa, kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebSi ruseTis CasarTavad. ivane mrisxcane dainteresebili iyo kavasiiT. igive viTareba iyo misi memkvidre


Tevdores (1584-1598) drosac. Tumca maTi interesTa sfero moicavda Crdilo da ara samxreT kavkasias. magram ruseTis livoniis brZolaSi damarcxebas misi Zlauflebis Sesusteba mohyva baltiispireTSi. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTi, sparseTisa da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Cabmas ver SeZlebda. Tu sparseTi da osmaleTi Crdilo kavkasiis barSi ruseTis SeRwevas Seeguebodnen qarTuli diplomatebis gagma mainc Znelad gansaxorcielebeli rCeboda. ruseTi samxreT kavkasiaSi mainc ararealur Zalad rCeboda. kaxeTis samefoSi mefe levanis (1518-1574) mefobis periodSi, ivane mrisxanemn mdinare Tergis xeobaSi cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba daiwyo. Tu ruseTi SeZlebda ekontrolebina gzebi, romelTa saSualebiTac kaxeTis samefoSi moxdeboda ruseTis jarebis Semoyvana maSin qarTvelo diplomatebis gegma ganxorcielebadi xdeboda. osmaleTma situacia sworad Seafasa da moaxloebuli safrTxis Tavisdan asacileblad yirimis xani ruseTis winaaRmdeg waaqeza. es ukanaskneli ruseTis sazRvrebSi SeiWra. am viTarebam ruseTi aiZula Tavi aeridebina sparseTsa da osmaleTTan situaciis garTulebas. ruseTma Tergis xeobaSi agebuli cixe-simagreebi gaanadgura da kaxeTSi myofi rusTa razmic Crdilo kavkasiaSi daabruna. qarTveli politikosebis kidev erTi strategiuli Secdoma SemdegSi mdgomareobda, kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II (1574-1605) sparseTisa da osmaleTis agresiis winaagmdeg kvlav ruseTis Zalis mimarTvas cdilobda. am dros ruseTs samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiac sparseT-osmaleTis gavlenis sferod hqonda aRiarebuli. am periodisaTvis, ruseTi dasustebuli iyo, livoniis omis Semdeg ruseT Sveicariis urTierTobebi gaurkveveli rCeboda da mimdinareobda mzadeba axali omisaTvis. 1586 wels 9 oqtombers ruseTis mefe Tevvdore ivanes Zem aleqsandre II_is elCobi: mRvdeli ioakime, beri kirile da Cerqezi yurSita moskovSi miiRo. ofocialur dokumentebSi aleqsnde II ara mefed aramed kaxeTis mTavrad iwodeboda. am dros ruseTis mefe xazs usvamda Tavis mefur Rirsebas: “Великий государ, царь и великий князь Федор Иванович”. mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi esmeboda xazi aleqsandre II-es mefur Rirsebas. ruseTis mefis karze Tvlidnen, rom kaxeTis mefe Tavisi RirsebiT utoldeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis mTavrebs. kaxeTis mefis elCebma ruseTis mefes aleqsande II_is Semdegi Sinaarsis Txovna gadasces: 1. mfarvelobaSi mieRo kaxeTis samefo. 2. daecva kaxeTis samefo mtrebisagan. mefe


aleqsandre xazs usvamda im faqts, rom rusebi da qarTvelebi erTmormuneni iyvnen, rom maT erTi religia qristianoba aerTianebdaT. Tevdore ivanes Zem kaxeTis mefis Txovna Seiwynara da mtrebisagan samxedro ZaliT dacvas dahpirda. qarTvel elCobas saqarTveloSi rusi elCebic gamohyvnen, Tavadi rodion birkini, petre pipovi da stefane poluxanovi. elCoba aleqsandre II_is samefo karze 1587 wlis 26 agvistos warsdga. 29 agvistos ki ruseTis elCebma kaxeTis mefes mefe Tevdores sigeli gadasces. sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom: 1. ruseTis mefem Seiwynara kaxeTis mefis Txovna. 2. kaxeTis samefomiRebul iqna ruseTis mfarvelobaSi. 3. ruseTi samxedro ZaliT daicavda saqarTvelos mtrebisagan. 1587 wlis 28 seqtembers kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m Tavisi memkvidreebis, samefo karis moxeleebis da ruseTis elCobis TandaswrebiT daifica Tevdore ivanes Zis erTgulebaze, daficebis Semdeg mefem sigels (“ficis wigni”) xeli moawera, sigels beWedi daesva da ruseTis mefis elCebs rodion birkins, petre pipovsa da stefane poluxanovs gadaeca. 1598 wels gardaicvala ruseTis mefe Tevdore, amis Semdeg ruseTSi daiwyo SinaaSliloba, didi socialuri amboxi da JeC-pospolitasa(poloneT-litvis) da Sveciis agresia ramac ruseTi Zlier daasusta. amiT isargebla sparseTis Sahma abas I-ma da 1605 wels aleqsande II_e da misi vaJi giorgi moakvlevina. didi socialuri amboxis, jeC-pospolitasa da Sveciis agresiisagan dasustebuli ruseTi welSi mefe aleqsis(1645-1676) dros gaimarTa da Zlier Zaladac iqca. am periodSi ruseTis mTavar amocanas ukrainidan JeC-pospolitas gandevna da Sveciis agresiis aRkveTa warmoadgenda. ukrainidan JeC-pospolitas gandevnas ruseTma am ukanasknelTan xangrZlivi omiT miaRwia romelic 1667 wels dasrulda. aranakleb mZime iyo omi SveciasTan 1656-1658 wlebSi. roseTma saboloo gamarjveba mainc ver moipova. kerZod ukraina srulad ver gaaTavisufla JeC-pospolitasagan xolo Svecias ver waarTva baltiis zRvis sanapiro. amavdroulad yirimis saxano isev did safrTxes uqmnida ruseTis samxreT regionebs. mefe aleqsis mefobis periodSi ruseTis samefo karze ar Seqmnila gegma Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiiT dainteresebis Sesaxeb, radgan ruseTs saamiso dro ar hqonda. aq qarTvelma diplomatema morigi Secdoma da marcxi iwvnies. 1606 wels Teimuraz I kaxeTiSi gamefda, xolo 1625 wels qarTlis taxtzec avida. magram Teimurazma qarTl kaxeTSi mxolod 8


weli imefa, 1633 wels man jer qarTlis mefoba dakarga, xolo 1648 wels ki kaxeTisa. mefoba dakarguli Teimuraz I_i 1648 wels moskovSi Cavida daxmarebis saTxovnelad, saidanac xelmocaruli dabrunda, ruseTs sakuTari problemebi awuxebda, erTis mxriv JeC-pospolitasTan mZime omi, xolo meores mxriv SveciasTan droebiTi zavi. prorusuli orientacia marcxis Sedegi iyo prosparsuli orientaciis gaRviveba. prosparsul orientacias adgendnen erekle I_i; daviT II_e; giorgi XI_e; orsaukunovnma prorusulma politikam Semdegi suraTi mogvca: qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi sparseTs darCa, imereTis samefo, guriis samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavroebi ki osmaleTs. qarTuli diplomatiis mier prorusuli orientaciis SemuSavebis axali etapi iwyeba XVIII s-is 10-iani wlebis bolodan. es periodi saqarTvelos janiSinis vaxtang VI-is (1703-1724) da ruseTis mefis petri I-is (1669-1725) saxelebs ukavSirdeba. vaxtang VI-e saqarTveloSi janiSinad (mmarTvelad) 1703 wels dainiSna. vaxtang VI_is winamorbedi mefeebi islamis aRmsruleblebi iyvnen. isini Sahis msaxurebas Seewirnen. giorgi XI_e (1709 w) xolo qaixosro(1711 w.). amis Semdeg mefobis realuri kandidati vaxtang VI –e gaxda. magram winamorbeTa msgavsad aucilebeli xdeboda qristianobis uaryofa da islamis aRiareba. 1712 wels vaxtang VI_e sparseTSi gaemgzavra. mefe rusuli orientaciis miRebaze ar fiqrobda, magram arc Tavisi winamorbedebis mefe giorgi XI_isa da mefe qaixosros prosparsuli kursis gagrZelebas apirebda. vaxtangs surda romis papisa da dasvleT evropis saxelmwifoebisagan miRebuli daxmarebiT Tavi daexsna sparseTis batonobisagan. vaxtang VI Semdegi arCevanis winaSe dadga: prosparsuli orientaciis SenarCuneba, prorusuli orientaciis miReba, prodasavluri orientaciis miReba. vaxtang mefes kargad fqonda gaazrebuli prorusuli orientaciis Sedegebi. ris naTel magaliTsac wina saukuneebidan iRebda. mefe aseve xedavda, rom sparseTi Zalze dauZlurebuli iyo da avRanelTa Semotevebs Zlivs igeriebda. yovelive aman ubiZga vaxtangs zurgi Seeqcia sparseTisaTvis. realobas moklebuli iyo vaxtang VI_is nabiji, roca man sulxan-saba orbelianis meTaurobiT dasavleT evropaSi diplomatiuri misia miavlina sparseTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebis saTxovnelad. magram, am dros evropa sparseTs osmaleTis winaaRmdeg umniSvnelovanes Zalad ganixilavdnen da qarTlis


samefos interesebisaTvis sparseTs dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebia ar gaanawyenebdnen. Sesabamisad 1715 wels sulxan-saba orbeliani evropidan xelmocaruli dabrunda samSobloSi. am marcxma vaxtang VI-e aiZula islami mieRo 1716 wels. Sahma vaxtangi qarTlis mefed daamtkica, magram 1719 wlamde sparseTSi datova. savaraudod Sahs unda scodnoda qarTvel despanTa voiaJis Sesaxeb evropaSi aseve Sahis karze mivlenili ruseTis despanis volinskisa da vaxtang VI-is saidumlo kontaqtebis Sesaxeb, rac sakmarisi aRmoCndaimisaTvis, rom Sahs daekarga qarTveli mefis ndoba. evropidan uimedod dabrunebulma delegeciam vaxtang VI_es saboolood gadaawyvetina prorusuli orientaciis miReba. aucilebeli xdeboda qarTlSi dabruneba da ruseTTan axali kavSirebis damyareba. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas vaxtang VI_is mier oTxwliani yoymanis Semdeg 1716 wels islamis miReba. amis Semdeg Sahs aRar unda hqonobda masSi eWvi Setanis safuZveli, magram es ukanaskneli mainc bolomde cdilobda mefis sparseTSi datovebas. 1719 wels vaxtang VI_e saqarTveloSi dabrunda da daiwyo mzadeba ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri urTierTobis dasamyareblad. vaxtang VI_is prorusuli orientacia iZulebiTi nabiji iyo. rac ganpirobebuli iyo mefis antisparsuli ganwyobiTa da evropisagan daxmarebaze uaris TqmiT. magram amas garda am saqciels mainc gaaCnda Tavisi safuZvlebi. pirveli: vaxtang VI_es miaCnda rom ruseTs SeeZlo samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiidan, qarTlidan da kaxeTidan, aseve azerbaijanidan sparseTis gandevna. meore: vaxtang VI ver gaiTvaliswina, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTis SeWras ar dauSvebda osmaleTi, da ruseTs sparseTis gavlenis sferoebis xelSi Cagdebis nebas ar miscemada. mesame: vaxtang VI verc is gaiTvaliswina, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sparseTi da osmaleTi aqtiurad gamoiyenebdnen Crdilo kavkasiel islamis aRmsarebel xalxs, rac sirTuleebs Seuqmnida samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWril ruseTs. meoTxe: am periodisaTvis ruseTs praqtikulad gadawyvetili hqonda Tavisi geostrategiuli amocana, baltiis zRvis sanapiros xelSi Cagdeba, magram samxreT kavkasiaSi gabatoneba jer kidev ar iyo misi ZiriTadi amocana. ruseTisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgenda Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi ganmtkiceba, duanispireTis xelSi Cagdeba da balkaneTSi SeWra. am miznebis ganxorcielebis sawyisi azovisa da yubanispireTidan osmaleTis gandevniT da yirimis saxanos dapyrobiT unda dawyebuliyo. es ukanaskneli


ki osmaleTTan omi winapirobas warmoadgenda. dunaispireTsa da balkaneTSi ruseTis SeWras aseve ewinaaRmdegebodnen dasavleT evropis qveynebi. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTi sparseTis winaaRmdeg did omSi ar Caebmeboda da qarTlis samefos mokavSired ar gaixdida. 1722 wels ruseTis imperatorma petre I-ma kaspiispireTSi laSqroba daiwyo da sparseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mokavSireoba mvaxtang VI-es SesTavaza. ruseTTan samxdro politikuri kavSiris winaaRmdegi iyo qarTlis samefo darbazis umravlesoba, aseve taxtis memkvidre baqari. baqari mamas urCevda sparseTs daxmareboda avRaneTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. magram vaxtang VI sabolood Tqva uari prosparsul orientaciaze da petre I _Tan SeTanxmebisamebr 40000 jari Sekriba da ganjasTan dabanakda. am dros avRanelebma ukve daikave saparseTis dedaqalaqi ispahani. sparseTi Zlier dasustda, igi ukve veRar SeZlebda saqarTvelo ruseTis koaliciuri Setevebis mogeriebas. situacia osmaloeTma sworad Seafasa. sparseTis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi mas ruseTis saxiT Zlieri konkurenti uCndeboda samxreT kavkasiaSi. amitom osmaleTi Seecada vaxtang mefis gadabirebas da mokavSireoba SesTavaza. qarTlis mefe sworad miuxvda osmaleTs ganzraxvas da uari ganacxada. magram es mainc ar iyo marTebuli nabiji, radgan: qarTlis bedi petre I-is mier sparseTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul laSqrobas daukavSirda, da ukan dasaxevi gza, sparseTTan da osmaleTTan morigebis Sansi aRar daitova. petre I-s kargad hqonda gaazrebuli yvela is garTuleba rac, kaspiispireTSi mis SeWras mohyveboda, 1722 wlis laSqrobas geostrategiuli miznebi arc hqonia, ase, rom SesaZlo SesaZlo garTulebebis danaxvis Tanave petre I-ma darubandis aRebis Semdeg laSqroba Sewyvita, saqarTvelo ki gaRizianebuli sparseTisa da osmaleTis winaSe marto darCa. 1724 wels vaxtang VI_e ruseTSi gadaixvewa. qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is prorusuli orientaciis wyalobiT gaCanagebuli qveyana kaxeTis samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebma Teimuraz II_isa da misi vaJis erekle II_s prosparsulma orientaciam ixsna. maTTvis vaxtang VI_is damRupveli politikis Sedegebi kargi gakveTili aRmoCnda. sparseTis Sahma nadirmac (1736-1747) swori daskvnebi gaakeTa, igi mixvda rom qarTvel mefeebs prorusuli orientaciisaken sparseTis autaneli politika ubiZgebdaT, sparseTisagan Seviwrovebuli qarTli iZulebuli iyo mfarveloba isev ruseTisaTvis eTxova. amoitom nadir-Sahi raRac daTmobebze


wavida, raTa qarTl kaxeTi isev prosparsul orientaciaze daeyenebina. am kompromisis farglebSi iyo Sahis mier 1744 weels qarTlis mefed Teimuraz II_isa da kaxeTis mefed erekle II_es samefo taxtze qristianuli wesiT. nadir Sahis mkvlelobis Semdeg sparseTSi SidaaSliloba daiwyo, ramac sparseTi Zlier daasusta. amiT kargad isargebles qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebma da TavianT gavlenas daumorCiles erevnis, ganjis, naxWevanisa da yarabaRis saxanoebi. es iyo didi warmateba. magram Teimurazma da ereklem ver SeZles uZvelesi qarTuli provinciis War-belaqanis (saingilo) damorCileba. War-belaqanSi gamagrebuli daRestnelebi sistematurad Tavs esxmodnen kaxeTs, itacebdnen mosaxleobas da did zians ayenebdnen qveyanas. War-belaqanis damorCiulebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m am ukanasknelis dasamorCileba ruseTis daxmarebiT scades da 1752 wels ruseTSi sagangebo elCoba miavlines. magram ruseTis samefo karma aramcTu samxedro aramed fulad daxmarebazec uari ganacxada, sparseTTan da osmaleTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. XVII_e saukunis 50-60 ian wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebSi Camoyalibeba daiwyo axalma prorusulma kursma, rasac Semdegi safuZvlebi hqonda: I-Teimurazica da ereklec grZnobdnen, rom nadir Sahisa da misi memkvidris qerim xanis pilitikac SeiZleboda nebismier momentSi Secvliliyo, da qarTl_kaxeTs Tavs isev sefianTa agresia datydomoda. II_mefeebi xvdebodnen rom sparseTs saerTod ar siamovnebda qarTlisa da kaxeTis diqtati sparsul saxanoebze(erevnis, ganjis, naxWevanisa, yarabaRi) mefeebi xvdebodnen, rom sparseTSi situaciis dalagebis SemTxvevaSi es saxanoebi qarTl_kaxeTisaTvis did safrTxed iqceodnen. III_ daRestnelTa amaoxrebeli Semosevebis mogerieba qarTl kaxeTis samefoebs, Tavisi ZalebiT ar SeeZloT. saWiro iyo War-belaqanis, kak-eniselis dakaveba da daRestnelTaTvis kaxeTSi SesaWreli xelsayreli placdarmis warTmeva. es ki ruseTis daxmarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. IV_ SidaaSlilobis Semdeg sparseTis xelisufleba Tu ver gaZlierdeboda, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi osmaleTis agresiis SemoWris safrTxe dgeboda. Teimuraz II sa da erekle II surdaT ruseTis daintereseba, raTa ruseTs kaspiiszRvispireTSi sparseTis adgili daekavebina, Tu ruseTi darubandidan baqomde kaspiis zRvis sanapiros daipyrobda qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi or mizans miaRwevdnen, kerZod: daRestnelTa TareSi samudamod


aRikveTeboda da sparselTa agresia saSiSi aRar iqneboda. sparsuli saxanoebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen proqarTuli orientacia eRiarebinaT. ruseTiT zurggamagrebuli qarTlisa da kaxeTis mimarT axalcixis faSac damTmobi unda gamxdariyo. am mizans emsaxureboda ruseTSi Teimuraz mefis viziti 1760-1762) wlebSi. magram am dros ruseTs sxva geostrategiuli amocanebi hqonda, inglisiT zurggamagrebul prusiasTan brZola (1757-1763ww), amavdroulad evropis didi saxelmwifoebi dasustebuli poloneTis dasapyrobad emzadebian. poloneTis sakiTxs ki seriozulad SeuZlia ruseT evropis qveynebis urTierTobaTa daZabva. aseve umniSvnelovanesi geostrategiuli pirobas ruseTisaTvis warmoadgens CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTidan (yirimi saxanos likvidacia), dunaispireTis xelSi Cagdeba da balkaneTSi SeWra. amrigad samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi damkvidreba XVIII_e saukunis 50-60 ian wlebSi ruseTis uaxloes geostrategiul amocanas ar warmoadgenda. amdenad Teimurazisa da erekles prorusulma politikam kraxi ganicada. rac Teimuraz mefem cxadad igrZno peterburgSi yofniisas. amjeradac ar gaamarTla prorusulma orientaciam, saqarTvelo isev marto rCeboda mtris winaaRmdeg. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. iase cincaZe. 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati. Tbilisi

1960. 2. v. maWaraZe. georgievskis traqtati. gamokvleva, dokumentebi,

fotopirebi. Tbilisi 1983. 3. saqarTvelos istoriuli narkvevebi rva tomad. tomi IV.

Tbilisi, 1973. 4. vaxtang guruli erTmorwmune ruseTi _. gamomcemloba

“universali” Tbilisi 2008. 5. vaxtang guruli merab vaCnaZe - ruseTTan erTad da

uruseTod. gamomcemloba artanuji Tbilisi 2007 weli.


Summary

Irakli Tedoradze

Georgian-Russian relations

Within the given period, the Georgian-Russian relations have always been

characterized with unilateral interests, notwithstanding the fact, that both Russia

and Georgia could direct the conditions in such way, that the relations between

those countries might be profitable for both of them. Common faith might be

discussed as the major bases of strengthening of their relations. Georgia has been the key of the Caucasus, the Caspian and the Black Sea Coastal Area for its

strategic location, the Persians and ottomans had to avoid the country supported by

Russia. The Russian-Georgian coalition could be formed as strong force against

the Muslim World. But the conditions developed otherwise.

Резюме

Ираклий Тедорадзе

Русско-Грузинские отношения до геогргиевского трактата

В данный период Русско-Грузинские отношения все время

характеризовались односторонними интересами, несмотря на то, что

как Россия так и Грузия могли так отрегулировать положение, что отношения между этими странами могли быть выгодными как для одной

так и для другой страны. Одинаковое вероисповедование могло быть главной

основой упрочения их взаимоотношений. Своим стратегическим

положением Грузия была ключом Кавказа, Каспийского и Черного морей , с

другой стороны с укрепленной со спины Россией страной не связалась бы и

Персидско-Османская империя. Грузинско-Русская коалиция могла

выродиться в мощную силу против мусульманского мира, но

обстоятельства развились по другому.


1944 wlis 15 noembers sabWoTa xelisuflebam samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze masStaburi da gasaidumloebuli operacia Caatara. operaciis mizani iyo regionSi mcxovrebi islamuri religiis mimdevarTa gadasaxleba Sua aziis teritoriaze. aRniSnuli operacia ssrk-s Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis 1944 wlis 31 ivlisis #6279-СС dadgenilebisa da imave wlis 20 seqtemris ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saministros #00117 brZanebis safuZvelze Catarda. es dokumentebi instruqcias iZleoda saqarTvelos sazRvrispira raionebidan Turqebis, qurTebis, azerbaijanelebis, xemSilebis, iezidebisa da TaTrebis deportaciis Taobaze. operacia sakmaod swrafad Catarada. aTasobiT adamiani eSelonebiT gauyenes Sua aziis gzas. maT ufleba misces Tan waeRoT sayofacxovrobo nivTebi, samosi, fuli da a.S. deportirebulTa nawilma ver gauZlo xangrZliv mgazavrobas da autanel pirobebs, ris Sedegadac mravali maTgani gzaSive daiRupa. gadarCenilebis umravlesoba uzbekeTSi, ferganaSi Caasaxles. deportacias ar daeqvebmedebaren mxolod zemodxsenebuli erovnebis is qalebi, romlebic kanonier qorwinebaSi imyofebobden sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebTan. (1)

rogor unda movixsenioT samxreT saqarTvelodan deportirebuli mosaxleoba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema dReisaTvis Zalzed problematur sakiTxad iqca. gadasaxlebuli mosaxleobis eTnikuri suraTi sakmaod Wrelia rac maTi erTi saxelis qveS gaerTianebis SesaZleblobas arTulebs. 70-iani wlebis sabWoTa presaSi maT moixseniebdnen terninebiT: “kavkasieli Turqebi,” “sabWoTa Turqebi,” “mesxeTeli Turqebi” da “Turqi mesxebi.” amaTgan farTo gavrceleba hpova ukanasknelma orma terminma. dReisaTvis ki maT yvelani “Turq mesxebad” moixsenieben. deportirebulTa is nawili romelic saqarTveloSi dabrunda sakuTar Tavs “mahmadian mesxebs” uwodebs. radganac erTiani pozicia am sakiTxis irgvliv jer kidev ar arsebobs, Cvenc Tavs uflebas mivcemT gamoviyenoT termini “Turqi mesxebi” da vimedovnebT, rom es sazogadoebis protestis safuZleveli ar gaxdeba.

daviT bragvaZe, giorgi goCaSvili “Turqi mesxebis” repatriaciis sakiTxis Sesaxeb


samomavlod ki miviCnevT, rom es termini unda Seicvalos, radgan dabrunebul mesxebSi is, xSir SemTxvevaSi, wyenisa da samarTliani aRSfoTebis mizezi xdeba. vinaidan deportirebuli mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas ori faqtori: religiuri kuTvnileba (islami) da Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis adgili (mesxeTi) aerTianebs, upriani iqneboda damkvidrebuliyo termini: “muslimi mesxebi” an “mahmadiani mesxebi.” dReisaTvis “Turqi mesxebis” repatriaciis sakiTxi Zalzed mwvaved dgas. samwuxarod ar arsebos sakmarisi literatura, imisaTvis rom dainteresebuli pirebi jerovnad gaecnon sakiTxs. Zalzed mwiri informaciaa ganTavsebuli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros oficielur veb-gverdzec. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga 2008 wels, rodesac konfliqtebisa da molaparakebebis saerTaSoriso kvleviTma centrma gamosca krebuli “umciresobebi saqarTveloSi: situaciuri analizi. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi, muslimi mesxebi, religiuri umciresobebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi.” masSi sakmaod didi addgili aqvs daTmobili “Turqi mesxebis” problemas. (2) 1944 wlis Semgeg deportirebulTa sakiTxi ramdenjerme dadga dRis wesrigSi. 1944 welsve ramdenime qarTvelma mecnierma werili miswera stalins maTi ukan dabrunebis TxovniT, rasac, bunebrivia, Sedegi ar mohyolia. saqarTveloSi dabrunebisaTvis aqtiur brZolas gadasaxlebulebi 1957 wels iwyeben, maT mxardaWeras ucxadebs qarTvel disidentTa garkveuli nawili, Tumca arc es mcdeloba dasrulda Sedegianad. maTi warmateba imiT Semoifargla, rom ufleba misces mezobel azerbaijanSi SeeqmnaT kompaqturi dasaxlebebi. mcdeloba saqarTveloSi damkvidrebisa, mesxebs 60-ian wlebSic hqondaT magram aseve uSedegod. 80-ani wlebSi agorda didi talRa maTi samSobloSi dabrunebis moTxovniT. am moTxovnas imdroindeli qarTveli disidentebi aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars. 1989 wels saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos Sesabamisi dadgenil;ebis safuZlvelze saqarTveloSi 300 mesxuri ojaxi Camosaxlda. “Turqi mesebis” mimararT ageresiulma damokidebulebam iCina Tavi 1989 wlis 23 maisis Semdeg. am dRes, uzbekeTSi, ferganas velze, ifeTqa sastikma represiebma mesxTa winaaRmdeg. es mdgomareoba 17 dRis manZilze gagrZelda da mxolod sajariso nawilebis Carevis Sedegad dasrulda. aman gamoiwvia “Turqi mesxebis” ltolvilTa nakadis Sesvla azerbaijanSi, ruseTsa da ukrainaSi. am movlenam saTanado asaxva hpova saqarTveloSic


da is Zalebi, romlebic adre mexsebis dabrunebis moTxovniT gamodiodnen, maTi repatriaciis pirvel mowinaaRmdegeebad iqcnen. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg ki dabrunebuli ojaxebis umravlesobamac datova qveynis teritoria. (3) rogori urTierToba hqondaT “Turq mesxebs” mesxeTis sxva mcxovreblebTan deportaciamde? alaqsandre fronelis wign “didebuli mesxeTi”-s mixedviT, romelic 1910 wels gamoica, “muslim qarTvelsa da qristian qarTvels Soris SuRli jer aravis gaugonia da axsovs.” (3) Tumca mogvianebiT situacia mZimdeba da 1918 wlidan “Turqi mesxebi” arnaxul sisastikes iCenen qristiani mosaxleobis mimarT. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania dReisaTvis samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi im adamianTa mogonebebi, romelTac kargad axsovT deportacia da misi wina periodi. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobisavis deportirebulebi ubralod “TaTrebi” arian da maT sxva saxeliT ar moixsenieben. CvenTan saubraSi aspinZis mcxovrebma, aw gardacvlilma SuSana maisuraZem mraval sayuredRebo detalze gaamaxvila yuradReba. is aRniSnavda, rom xSiri iyo “TaTrebis” mxridan qristianebisadmi gamoCenili gaumarTlebeli sisastikis SemTvevebi (konkretuli faqtebis moyvanasisagan Segnebulad vikavebT Tavs), Tumca isic aRniSna, rom isini gansakuTrebul simpaTias iCendne sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier devnili adamianebis mimarT da maT yovelTvis umarTavdnen xels. adgilobrivi mosaxlebis gansakuTrebuli SeSfoTebis sagani deportaciis Rames eSelonebisaken mimavali “TaTrebis” SeZaxilebi gamxdara. isini momxdarSi qarTvelebs adanaSaulebnen da momavalSi dabrunebiTa da SurisZiebiT imuqrebodnen. anlogiuri faqtebi daadastures aspinZis sxva mcxovreblebmac, romelTac kargad axsovT “Turqi mesxebis” regionSi cxovrebis periodic da maTi deportaciis dRec. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad Seesabamaba simarTles adgilobrivTa monayoli, Tumca maTi ignorireba dauSvebelia. “Turqi mesxebis” repatriaciis sakiTxi aqtiurad dadga dRis wesrigSi saqarTveloSi SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi. 1993 wlidan saqarTveloSi kvlav iwyeba mesxebis dabruneba. 1996 wlidan am problemiT interesdebian avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. maT Soris: euTo da gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati. 2000 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi 643 repatrianti cxovrobda, aqedan 64 studenti, romelTa ojaxebic sxva qveyanaSi binadrobdnen.3(3)


“Turqi mesxebis” repatriaciis sakiTxi yvelaze aqtiurad 1999 wels dadga. am wels saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWos wevri da aiRo valdebuleba 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seeqmna sakanonmdeblo baza maTi repatriaciisaTvis. 3 wlis Semdeg unda dawyebuliyo Camosaxlebis procesi da 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda dasrulebuliyo. dReisTvis cxadia, rom am vadebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta ver moxdeba. rac Seexeba sakanonmdeblo bazas. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa (“axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia,” “mesxeTeli”), ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros repatriaciis samsaxurisa da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis aparatis ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna kanonproeqti, romelic 2007 wels daamtkica saqarTvelos parlamentma. kanoni “yofili ssrk-s mier XX saukunis 40ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-dan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb” 2007 wlis 11 ivliss xelmoweril iqna saqarTvelos prezidentis mier. am kanonis miReba udavod win gadagmuli nabijia, riTac deportirebulTa repatriacias myari samarTlebrivi safuZveli Seeqmna. unda dabrundnen Tu ara “Turqi mesxebi” saqarTveloSi? es aris kiTxva, romelic ismis maTi deportaciis dRidan moyolebuli da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda bolo periodSi. am sakiTxis mimarT mesxeTis mosaxleobis umetesoba (yovelSemTvevaSi, is nawili, visTanac Cven gvqonda saubari) uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili da amis mTavari mizezi maTi qvecnobieri SiSia. SiSi imasa, rom “TaTrebi” qarTvelebze SurisZiebas ecdebian (ix. zemoT). qarTeul sazogadoebaSi ori radikalurad gansavebuli damokidebulebaa gabatonebuli. erTni kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian maT dabrunebas. miaCniaT, rom mesxebi safrTxea dRevandeli qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis da maTi dabruneba qveyanas kargs arafers uqadis. meoreni ki piriqiT, maT upirobo dabrunebas uWeren mxars. unda aRiniSnos, rom orive mosazreba radikaluria da xSir SemTvevaSi orive maTgans aklia saTanado argumentacia. Cveni azriT, “Turqi mesxebis” saqarTveloSi dabruneba istoriuli samarTlianobis sakiTxia da adre Tu gvian es problema unda gadaiWras. aqedan gamomdinare mxars vuWerT maT repatriacias, Tumca vfiqrobT, rom am sakiTxis naCqarevad gadawyveta dauSvebelia. aucilebelia yuradReba gamaxvildes mraval sakiTxze, maT Soris ar SeiZleba mesxeTis dRevandeli mosaxleobis ganwyobaTa ignorireba. aucilebelia Semzaddes niadagi, rom repatriaciam axali problemebi ar warmoSvas. asave mniSvnelovania isic, Tu deportirebulTa ra nawilis


dabruneba unda moxdes saqarTveloSi. pirvel rigSi unda moxdes im kategoriis Camosaxleba, visac Tavi qarTvelebad da qarTuli saxelmwifos Svilebad miaCnia. saWiroa moxdes TiToeuli, Tundac erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo detalis siRrmiseuli gaazreba. bunebrivia deportilebulTa Soris kidev SemorCnen adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs qarTvelebad Tvlian da maT nawils SenarCunebuli aqvs qarTuli ena. swored esaa is kategoria, romlebic pirvel rigSi unda dabrundnen istoriul samSobloSi. Aarsebobs kategoria, romelic Tavs Tvlis qarTvelad, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, maTSi waiSala is tradiciebi, romlebsac saqarTveloSi atarebdnen. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mTavari maTi proqarTuli ganwyobaa da isinic aucilblad unda dabrundnen. arsebobs kategoria, romelic Tavs Tvilis Turqad, magram yvelanairad cdilobs saqarTveloSi dabrunebas. es deportirebulTa swored is nawilia, romlisac yvelaze metad eSinia mesxeTis dRevandel mosaxlebas da zogadad qarTul sazogadoebaSi repatriaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa kategorias. deportirebulTa erT nawils saqarTveloSi dabrunebis survili saerTod ar gaaCnia. auclilebladaa gasaTvaliswinebeli repatriaciis ekonomikuri mxare. bunbrivia, deportirebulTa dabruneba ubralod ver moxdeba. maT sWirdebaT garkveuli kompensacia da socialuri dacvis myari garantiebi, raTa maT qarTuli sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrebad igrZnon Tavi. dRevandel qarTul saxelmwifos ar aqvs imis ekonomikuri SesaZlebloba, rom dabrunebuli mesxebis Rirseuli cxovreba uzrunvelhyos. im viTarebaSi, rodesac qveyanis moqalaqeTa didi nawili siRaribeSi da siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs gaumarTlebelia masobrivi repatiacia. es tvirTad daawveba saqarTvelos isedac mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobas da amave dros xels SeuSlis “Turqi mesxebis” Rirseul dabrunebas. aqedan gamomdinare, uaxloes momavalSi am sakiTxis mogvareba gadauWrel amocanad gvesaxeba. Tumca saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paralelurad mesxebis etapobrivi dabruneba sruliad SesaZlebelia. rogor unda moxdes “Turqi mesxebis” gansaxleba maTi dabrunebis Semdeg? es erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli Temaa, romlis ignorirebac sasurvel Sedegamde namdvilad ver migviyvans. deportirebulTa umravlesobas dabruneba surs im miwaze, romlidanac isini iZulebiT ayares. Tumca dasawyisSic aRvniSneT, rom adgilobrivi mosaxlebis damokidebuleba maT mimarT amis saSualebas ar iZleva. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom


maT mier datovebul miwebs dRes sxva amuSavebs. bunebrivia, maTi dRevandeli mflobeli Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebul mawas ar daTmobs, Sesyidva ki Zalian did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT migvaCnia, rom mesxebis masiurad Casaxleba im teritoriaze, romlidanac isini gadaasaxles, SeuZlebalia. kidev erTi detali maTi kompaqturad Tu arakompaqturad Casaxlebis sakiTxia. sabednierod, Cven ukve gvaqvs imis magaliTi, Tu romeli maTgania umjobesi. “Turqi mesxebi” kompaqturi dasaxleba arsebobs imereTSi, sofel ianeTSi. aq repatriantTa integraciis procesi Senebulia, maTi Temi Caketilia da faqtiurad ar aqvs kontaqti danarCen mosaxleobasTan, mZime problemad rCeba enis arcodnis sakiTxi, rac maT integracias sagrZnoblad anelebs. guriis regionSi ki mesxebi arakompaqturad arian Casaxlebulebi. aq maTi integracia swrafi tempiT mimdinareobs. ixsneba enis barieri, gasakuTrebiT axal TaobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom repatriantTa Casaxleba unda moxdes arakompaqturad. es umjobesia qarTuli saxelmwifosTvisac da Tavad “Turqi mesxebisTvisac,” radgan intgraciis gareSe maTi samSobloSi dabruneba mxolod formalobaa da meti araferi. qarTul sazogadoebasTan sruli integrirebis gareSe, mesxebi ver SeZleben am sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrebad Camoyalibebas da sakuTari adgilis povnas Tanamedrove qarTul realobaSi. arsebuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare miviCnevT, rom kompaqturad Casaxlebuli “Turqi mesxebi” ganwirulni iqnebian sazogadoebisagan izolirebisaTvis. dasaruls kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom “Turqi mesxebis” saqarTveloSi dabruneba istoriuli samarTlianobis sakiTxia da adre Tu gvian es sakiTxi unda gadaiWras. Tumca Rirseuli dabruneba ver moxdeba manam sanam qveyana ar moagvarebs mis winaSe mdgar sxva amocanebs. pirvel rigSi es exeba ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesabas, rac aucilebelia repatriantTa myari socialuri garantiebis SeqmnisaTvis. viziarebT batoni Teimuraz lomsaZis mosazrebas, romelic aRniSnavs rom: “dRes saqarTvelos ufro sWirdeba mesxebi, vidre mesxebs saqarTvelo.” (3) am sityvebis mniSvneloba sakmaod didia. migvaCnia, rom “Turqi mesxebis” repatriaciis sakiTxi aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi gamowveva Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis. visurvebdiT, rom male gvecxovra im saqarTveloSi, romelic jerovnad gadaWrida am problemas. samwuxarod vTvliT, rom uaxloes momavalSi sakiTxis srulad gadawyveta zemoT CamoTvlili


mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo SeuZlebelia, Tumca am mimarTulebiT RonisZiebaTa gaaqtiureba aqedanvea aucilebeli. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. konfliqtebisa da molaparakebebis saerTaSoriso kvleviTi centris krebuli: “umciresobebi saqarTveloSi: situaciuri analizi. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi, muslimi mesxebi, religiuri umciresobebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi.” Tb. 2008 2. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros oficialuri veb-gverdis monacemebi “Turqi mesxebis” Sesaxeb. http://archive.security.gov.ge/meskhebi.html 3. kanoni “yofili ssrk-s mier XX saukunis 40ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-dan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb.” http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=69&kan_det=det&ka

n_id=2700

Summary

David Bragvadze, Giorgi Gochashvili

About the Matter of “Turk Meskhs” Repatriation

This paper is about the matter of “Turk Meskhs” repatriation, deported from south

side of Georgia 40-s years of XX century. We are tasking about the history of

repatriation and accommodation of “Turk Meskhs.” We think that Georgia must

settle its economical and social problems before the starting of repatriation. In our

opinion repatriation of deported Meskhs is question of historical fairness and we

hope that Georgia will find the ways to settle this problem in the future.

Резюме

Давид Брагвадзе, Гиорги Гочашвили

К Вопросу Репатряции «Турков Месхетинцев»

Данная тема касается к вопросу репатряции «Турков месхетинцев», депортированных из Южной Грузии 40-ых годов ХХ века. Рассмотрени

вопросы истории депортации и расселения «Турков Месхетинцев».

Высказано предположения, что прежде чем решат проблеми связани к

процесу репатряции, должо решится ряд многочисленных экономических и

социальных проблем, стоиашие перед Грузинского государства. По нашему

мнению, репатряция «Турков Месхетинцев» вопрос историчесской

справедливости и надеемся, что Грузия наедёт пути решению этой

проблемы.

http://archive.security.gov.ge/meskhebi.html

http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=69&kan_det=det&kan_id=2700

http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=69&kan_det=det&kan_id=2700


CONTENTS

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF POLITICS, LAW

Georgi Astamadze 7

The concept of political realism

Irma Khycishvili, Tereza Djaparidze

Political paradigms in the creativity Nicolo Machiavelli and Francesco

Guicciardini 16

Shalva Kikalishvili

To The Sources Of The Informational War. 28

Ksenia Gelovani The intellectual property right 39

Teona Lavrelashvili

The future state model in west philosophy sence

(Thomas Hobbes and John Locke) 43

Nino Rodonaia

The news media and democracy 54

Tinatin Diakonidze

The nationalism and pan national events 59

Natalia Aprilashvili

The meaning of the international relations for the modern state 73

Tamar Dalakishvili

Gender balance in electoral campaigns 80

Oliko Gozalishvili

Some matters of the technology of running a political campaign 84

Nutsa Javakhishvili

Visual components of image ( Non-verbal communications) 92

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY

Nino Murgulia

The Best Educational System in the World – What We Learn from

Finnish Experience 99

Maria Geliashvili, Maia Geliashvili Science and religion 114

Natia Kakulia

Labor ethics in the public service 124

Irakli Kheladze

European Institutions and Integration of Georgia in Europe 133

Shorena Chigladze

Constitutional management of state institutions in Georgia 141

Ramin Siradze

OSCE and Georgian Early Presidential Elections

January 05.2008 151


Nino Pagava

PR and marketing 160

Sophio Sturua The idea, role and importance of negotiations 166

Gvantsa Gogishvili

Georgian oratory 172

Dachi Taktakishvili

Three Improvisations – Three Guards of Georgian Word 181

Mariam Lomidze Forestry sector of Georgia 189

Zurab Girgvliani

Theories of Public Administration 197

HISTORY AND POLITICAL-ECONOMIC AND PHILOSOPHY

LESSONS OF HISTORY

Giorgi Aladashvili

New vision of a peaceful settlement of the Abkhazian conflict 205

Nino Melelashvili

About understanding of the past and the role of ''a historical enmity'' for the forming of conflict identity (on the sample of Nagorno-Karabakh ) 213

Nino Chikobava

Issues of New World Order and Geopolitical 224

Transation in Henry Kissinger “diplomacy”

Irakli Tedoradze

Georgian-Russian relations 229

Natia Piranishvili, Inga Quloshvili

Pope Benedict the XVI 238

David Bragvadze, Giorgi Gochashvili

About the Matter of “Turk Meskhs” Repatriation 249


СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПОЛИТИКИ, ПРАВО

Георгий Астамадзе

Суть политического реализма

Ирма Хуцишвили, Тереза Джапаридзе

Политические парадигмы в творчестве Николло Макиавелли и Франческо

Гвичардини

Шалва Кикалишвили

К источникам информационной войны.

Ксения Геловани

Право интеллектуальной собственности

Теона Лаврелашвили

Государственные модели будущего в западной филлоссофии

(Томас Гоббс и Джон Локк)

Нино Родоная

Современное демократическое государство и средства массовой

информации

Тинатин Диаконидзе

Национализм и паннациональные события Наталья Априлашвили

Значение международных отношений для современного государства

Тамара Далакишвили

Гендерный вопрос в избирательных компаниях

Олико Гозалишвили

Некоторые вопросы технологии ведения политической компании

Нуца Джавахишвили

Внешние компоненты имиджа (невербальные коммуникации)

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ

И ПУБЛИЧНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА

Зураб Гиргвлиани

Теория государственного управления

Нино Мургулия

Лучшая система образования в мире – чему мы учимся на финском

опыте

Маиа Гелиашвили, Мариам Гелиашвили

Вопрос взаимослияния знания и веры---------------------------------

Натия Какулия

Трудовая этика в государственной службе

Ираклий Хеладзе Европейские институты и интеграция Грузии в Европу


Шорена Чигладзе

Конституционное управление государственными учереждениями в Грузии

Рамин Сирадзе

ОБСЕ и грузинские внеочередные президентские выборы 5 января 2008 г..

Нино Пагава PR и маркетинг

Софья Стуруа Суть, роль и значение переговоров

Гванца Гогишвили Грузинская риторика

Дачи Тактакишвили

Три экспромта хранителям ценного клада грузинской словесности

Мария Лимидзе

Лесной сектор в Грузии

ИСТОРИЯ И ПОЛИТИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ

И ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ УРОКИ ИСТОРИИ

Георгий Аладашвили

Новое видение урегулирования Абхазского конфликта

Нино Мелелашвили

Об осмыслении прошлого и роль политики памяти в формировании конфликтной идентности (на примере Нагорного Карабаха)

Нино Чикобава

Новый мировой порядок и геополитическая транзация по

“Дипломатии” Генри Киссинджера

Натиа Фиранишвили, Инга Кулошвили

Римский папа Бенедикт XVI

Ираклий Тедорадзе

Русско-грузинские отношения до Геогргиевского трактата

Давид Брагвадзе, Георгий Гочашвили

К вопросу о репатриации «турков-месхетинцев


avtorebi

giorgi aladaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis magistranti

Tamar anTaZe _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis asistent profesori

natalia aprilaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


giorgi astamaZe _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis diplomatiisa da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis istoriis studenti

daviT bragvaZe _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti

nani gelovani _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesori

Tengiz grigolia _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli

profesori

maia geliaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


mariam geliaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


zurab girgvliani _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


gvanca gogiSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


giorgi goCaSvili _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti

qsenia gelovani _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis studenti

oliko gozaliSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


TinaTin diakoniZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis magistranti N

Tamar dalaqiSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


irakli TedoraZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


daCi TaqTaqiSvili _ vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis

konservatoriis magistranti

naTia kakulia _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis



Salva kikaliSvili _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis, humanitaruli

fakultetis studenti

Teona lavrelaSvili _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis

studenti

mariam lomiZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-

socialuri fakultetis magistranti

nino murRulia _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-


nino melelaSvili _ ivane javaxiSvlis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis studenti

nino rodonaia _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


ramin siraZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


sofiko sturua _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


nino Ciqobava _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-


irakli xelaZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-


nino faRava _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-


naTia firaniSvili _ ivane javaxiSvlis saxelobis Tbilisis


inga yuloSvili _ ivane javaxiSvlis saxelobis Tbilisis


Sorena WiRlaZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-


nuca javaxiSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis


tereza jafariZe _ ivane javaxiSvlis saxelobis Tbilisis


irma xuciSvili _ ivane javaxiSvlis saxelobis Tbilisis



Jurnalis redkolegia

rudiger andreseni – berlinis universitetis profesori ekonomikis

dargSi, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

sapatio doqtori

nana avaliani – saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros

sagangebo davalebaTa elCi, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

meufe abraami (garmelia) _ dasavleT evropis mitropoliti

evgeni baraTaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori,

ekonomikisa da biznesis marTvis departamentis

xelmZRvaneli

giorgi baRaTuria _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

oTar baRaTuria _ pasuxismgebeli mdivani, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis doqtoranti

vaxtang guruli – ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesori

SoTa doRonaZe _ mTavari redaqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis profesori, saxelmwifo marTvis

mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli

harald vertci – sorbonas universitetis `pari-8~-is profesori

informatikis dargSi

genadi iaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

Temur Todua _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

roin metreveli _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi

qeTi qoqraSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori,

administraciis xelmZRvaneli

oTar qoCoraZe _ mTavari redaqtoris moadgile, saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universitetis profesori

rusudan quTaTelaZe – saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori,

humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis dekani

maia CxeiZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori,

ucxo enebisa da komunikaciebis departamentis

xelmZRvaneli


EDITORIAL BOARD

RUDIGER ANDRESEN – Professor of Economics of Berlin University,

Doctor of Honour of Georgian Technical

University NANA AVALIANI – Ambassador at large, PhD of History His Eminence ABRAHAM (GARMELIA) – Metropolitan of Western Europe

EVGENI BARATASHVILI – Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Head of Department of Economics and

Business Management GIORGI BAGATURIA – Professor of Georgian Technical University OTAR BAGATURIA – Responsible Editor, Georgian Technical

University, Doctoral Candidate TEMUR TODUA – Professor of Georgian Technical University VAKHTANG GURULI – Professor of Ivane .Javakhishvili Tbilisi State

University SHOTA DOGONADZE – Chief Editor, Professor of Georgian Technical

University, Head of Public Admimstration

Department GENADI IASHVILI – Professor of Georgian Technical University ROIN METREVELI – Academician of the Academy of Science of

Georgia KETI KOKRASHVILI – Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Head of the Administration OTAR KOCHORADZE – Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Professor of Georgian

Technical University RUSUDAN KUTATELADZE – Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Dean of Humanitarian-Social faculty MAIA CHKHEIDZE – Professor of Georgian Technical University,

Head of the Department of Foreign Languages

and Communication HARALD WERTZ – Professor of Informatics of Sorbona University

”Pari-8”


РЕДКОЛЛЕГИЯ

НАНА АВАЛИАНИ – Посол по особым поручениям, доктор

исторических наук Владыко АВРААМ (ГАРМЕЛИЯ) – Митрополит Западной Европы РУДИГЕР АНДРЕСЕН – профессор экономики Берлинского

университета, почетный доктор Грузинского

технического университета ГЕОРГИЙ БАГАТУРИЯ – профессор Грузинского технического

университета ОТАР БАГАТУРИЯ – ответственный секретарь, докторант

Грузинского технического университета ЕВГЕНИЙ БАРАТАШВИЛИ – профессор Грузинского технического

университета, руководитель департаменгта

экономики и управления бизнесом ХАРOЛЬД ВЕРТЦ – профессор информатики Сорбонского

университетета «Пари-8» ВАХТАНГ ГУРУЛИ – профессор Тбилисского государственного

унивесритета им. Ив.Джавахишвили ШОТА ДОГОНАДЗЕ – главный редактор, профессор Грузинского

технического университета, руководитель

направления государственного управления КЕТЕВАН КОКРАШВИЛИ – профессор Грузинского технического

университета, глава администрации

университета ОТАР КОЧОРАДЗЕ – заместитель главного редактора, профессор

Грузинского технического университета РУСУДАН КУТАТЕЛАДЗЕ – профессор Грузинского технического

университета, декан гуманитарно-

социального факультета РОИН МЕТРЕВЕЛИ – академик АН Грузии ТЕМУР ТОДУА – профессор Грузинского технического

университета МАЙА ЧХЕИДЗЕ – профессор Грузинского технического

университета, руководитель департамента

иностранных языков и коммуникации ГЕННАДИЙ ЯШВИЛИ – профессор Грузинского технического

университета

(3) 7, tomi ii 2008 - iverieli:...

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