3-4: THE EARLY COLD WAR

1945-1963

AP LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• GEO 1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.

• WOR 2.0 Analyze the reasons for and results of U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.

• WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.

OVERVIEW

• U.S. in position of global leadership

• Cold War marked by:

• Direct confrontation

• Indirect confrontation

• Détente

• Debates over acceptable means for pursuing international goals

POST-WWII DIPLOMACY

• End of the war exposed ideological differences

• How do we view the world?

• West—capitalist democracies

• East—communism

• Beginnings of Cold War

• Decades-long power struggle between the U.S. and USSR

• USSR first nuclear test in 1949

CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE

• Soviet Satellite States, 1947• “Iron Curtain”

• Foreign policy designed to block Soviet expansion• Assumed USSR would back

down in face of opposition

• Truman Doctrine• U.S. would support “free

peoples who are resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE

• Marshall Plan

• Economic aid ($12 billion) to war-torn Europe

• Promote socio-economic recovery

• Limit communist influence (containment)

• In return, countries expected to be U.S. allies

• Aid to Greece (civil war) and Turkey (Soviet trade interference)

BEGINNINGS OF THE COLD WAR

• NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact

• Defensive military alliances

• U.S. breaking from isolationist tradition in favor of collective security

• Partition of Germany

• West Germany unified

• USSR cut access to West Berlin

• Berlin Airlift, 1947

U.S. PRESIDENCIES

• Harry S. Truman (D): 1945-1953

• Containment

• Chinese Revolution, Berlin Airlift, Marshall Plan, Korean War

• Dwight D. Eisenhower (R): 1953-1961

• Massive Retaliation

• Eastern European uprisings, Suez Crisis, Sputnik, NASA, U-2 incident, Cuban Revolution

• John F. Kennedy (D): 1961-1963

• Mutual Assured Destruction

• Berlin Wall, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis

THE COLD WAR IN ASIA

• China

• $2 billion in U.S. aid (like Marshall Plan)

• Communist Revolution and the rise of Mao

• Loss of nationalist China—defeat of containment

• U.S. non-recognition

• Continued anti-communist hysteria

THE COLD WAR IN ASIA

• Korean War, 1950-1953

• North Korean invasion of the South

• Unanimous UN condemnation of North Korea

• USSR absence—no veto power

• War fought with UN approval, unlike in Vietnam

• Containment extended to Asia

• After “loss” of China, Truman determined to defend South Korea

THE COLD WAR IN ASIA

• Korean War, 1950-1953

• UN support for South Koreans

• Limited war

• Chinese entry (Yalu River)

• General Douglas MacArthur

• Planned attack on China

• Relieved of command

• Peace Agreement

• Armistice (cease-fire)

• Pre-war boundaries

EISENHOWER AND THE COLD WAR

• Massive Retaliation (or brinksmanship)

• Rejected containment in favor of liberation

• If attacked, response would be massive

• Nuclear deterrent instead of conventional use of armed forces

• Hydrogen bombs tested (U.S. 1952, USSR, 1953)

• Vietnam and Domino Theory—SEATO

EISENHOWER AND THE COLD WAR

• Relations with the USSR

• Death of Stalin (1953)

• Replaced by Nikita Khrushchev

• “Peaceful coexistence”

• Polish and Hungarian uprisings quickly crushed, souring American-Soviet relations

• Sputnik (1957)

• Soviet satellite

• U.S. fear, creation of NASA

• U-2 Incident (1960)

• U.S. spy plane shot down

• Khrushchev cancels joint summit

EISENHOWER AND THE COLD WAR

• The Middle East

• Suez Crisis

• Eisenhower Doctrine

• OPEC and Oil

• Eisenhower’s Legacy

• Warned of dangers of “military-industrial complex”

KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR

• Alliance for Progress

• Bay of Pigs

• Cuban Missile Crisis

• Berlin Wall