3-1 design of uav systems uav conceptual design issuesc 2002 lm corporation objectives lesson...

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Design of UAV Systems

UAV Conceptual Design Issuesc 2002 LM Corporation

Objectives

Lesson objective - to discuss

UAV Conceptual Designincluding…

• What does it cover?• What are the issues?• Why are they important?

Expectations - • You will understand why early design

phases are so important and what kinds of issues are addressed

• By the end of the course, you will have enough understanding to be able to do your own conceptual UAV design studies

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Overview

Pre-concept design• The very early work that establishes the general concept,

what it should do and how it will be used• Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the

government) now done by customers and companies• The product is usually a set of initial requirements and

estimates of cost and scheduleKey technical issues addressed during this phase include:

• Overall needs and objectives• Concepts of operations • Potential design solutions• Initial cost and schedule• Effectiveness estimates• Analysis of alternatives

“Products” of the pre-concept design phase

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Overview

Key technical issues addressed during this phase include:• Substantiated needs and objectives• Refined concepts of operations • Preferred design solution • Refined cost and schedule• Refined effectiveness estimates• Refined analysis of alternatives

“Products” of the conceptual design phase

Conceptual design • The next phase that starts with initial requirements and

objectives and develops a preferred system concept and a plan to develop it

• The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design with enough technical, cost and risk information to convince your customer to select your concept

How do customers know what they need?

Does somebody tell them?

If so, who?

• Their boss?• The government?• The department of defense?• USAF?• Public documents?• Research institutes?• Contractors?• Think tanks?• Groups?• Individuals?• Others?

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Needs and objectives

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The answer is not UAV unique

How you find out what kind of UAVs your customers are interested in

• Read their documents• Talk to them about their needs• Help them discover needs they might not even know about

• Enabled by new technology• Enabled by new concepts• Enabled by new integration

This is how the most successful design teams

operate

If you wait for a customer to tell you his needs in a specification or request for proposal it may be too late• Somebody else may have already sold them on their solution!

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ConOps

Concept of operations (ConOps) definition(s)

1. How something is used or operated• Typically associated with military systems but

also applicable to commercial systems. 2. The name of a document used to describe how

a system should be operated, e.g.

…describes the approach to deployment, employment, and operation of a new or upgraded system or capability being advocated to meet identified tasks or missions. CONOPS are not limited to single systems but can rely on other systems and organizations, as required.

http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/afspc/i10_606.htm

We will use the first definition – determining how something is used or operated vs. a ConOps document

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CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR ENDURANCE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

3 Dec 1996 - Version 2

This Concept of Operations (CONOPS) describes the operational employment of various classes of Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This CONOPS will provide an overview of the principal endurance UAV components and organizations, the intended operational environment, and the primary command and control relationships and responsibilities. It also provides a framework for the development of theater-specific concepts of employment and operations planning documents.

www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/conops_uav/index.html

Example - ConOps document

Generally here are two ways to describe a product:

1. Physical description - what something looks like, a drawing or words that describe physical features such as lengths, weights, shapes, etc.

2. Functional description - how something operates, a block diagram, pictures or words that tell the reader how a product works and how it fits in with other products

A UAV ConOps is a functional description of the overall UAV system

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Another way to think about it

Customers should avoid the temptation to specifythe design solution during pre-concept design

• Customers usually get what they ask for• It may not be the best answer

During the pre-concept design, there is no need to develop a preferred design solution.

• This is what we do during conceptual design

During pre-concept design, it is only necessary to develop a reasonable design solution.

• It must be good enough to support technology readiness, cost, risk and schedule estimates

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Design solutions

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Cost and schedule

The technical work done during pre-concept and conceptual design establishes the initial cost and schedule estimate that the project will have to live with for the rest of its life

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Effectiveness

Effectiveness• A quantified measure of how well something works

• Typically associated with the field of Operations Analysis• Example -

This analysis was conducted to determine which of the systems concepts showed the greatest potential for enhancing space operations, and which of their embedded technologies have the highest leverage. The analytical expertise was provided by the Department of Operational Sciences at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT); technology assessments were done by the 2020 Technology Team and practical operational judgments were provided by Air War College and Air Command and Staff College faculty and students. A Value Model was developed based on Joint Space Doctrine to quantify and compare different systems' contributions to various space capabilities. The overall goal of operational analysis was to rank systems and their technologies in a way that was traceable. Thus, the model functioned as an aid to decision makers.

www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/ops-anal.htm

• Most engineers never even hear about “effectiveness” or “Operations Analysis” until their first day on the job.

• Then they find out how important it is and how it is used to make key technical and program decisions.

• Some engineers respond by finding out more about it and become successful systems engineers.

• Others conclude it is “black magic” or “funny numbers” and/or accept the results without challenge and never develop a system level perspective.

• Operational effectiveness assessments are key technical products produced during every design phase.

• Every good system level design engineer should understand and know how to apply them.

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A way think about effectiveness

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Analysis of alternatives

An objective assessment of other ways to do something besides the one you are proposing

• An analysis of the estimated costs and operational effectiveness of alternative systems to meet a mission need and the associated program for acquiring each alternative.

• Formerly known as cost and operational effectiveness analysis. A study conducted to provide support for acquisition decisions in the acquisition cycle. http://www.fas.org/news/reference/lexicon/dea.htm

Do UAVs always provide the best solution to meet customer needs for……?

• Intelligence collection• Surveillance• Reconnaissance• Communication relay• Strike• Combat support

Are they better than other ways of doing the job?• Satellites• Manned aircraft• Expendable systems

Careful analysis is required to answer the question

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UAV Alternatives

Lesson objective - to discuss

UAV Conceptual Designincluding…

• How is it different?• What are the issues?• Why are they important?

Expectations - • You will understand why early design

phases are so important and what kinds of issues are addressed

• By the end of the course, you will have enough understanding to be able to do your own conceptual UAV design studies

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Next subject

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Issues vary by element and…

Overall System • By User• By Application • By Autonomy Level• By System Architecture

Air Vehicle• By Category• By Takeoff & Landing Mode • By Propulsion Type• By Size

UAVs have a lot more concept design issues

Mission Control• By Level of Control• By Level of Autonomy• By Control Function• By Span of Control • By Control Location

Payload• Sensor• Support• Weapon

Support & Logistics• By Location• By Provider • By Function

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User categories

Military Civil

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

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Military Applications

Attack

Predator (Tier II)Reconnaissance

Combat Support

• Signals intelligence collection• Communications relay• Etc.

Flight Research

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm

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And target drones…

Military (cont’d)


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Civil Applications

Atmospheric Research

Flight Research

Communications

Mapping


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System autonomy

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm

Independent System

Requires no other systems to operate anywhere in the world

Dependent System

Requires Ku Band or UHF SATCOM to operate beyond the horizon

http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF

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System architecture

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/tbmcs.htm

Integrated

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/trojan.htm

Dedicated

Plus many other types and considerations

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Introduction to Conceptual Designc 2002 LM Corporation

System concept issues

Concept of operations• System autonomy• Span of control• Tactics• Performance requirements

Communication architecture• Type• Coverage

Cost• Development• Procurement• Operations and support

Effectiveness

Pre-concept design focus- Requirements- Representative concepts- Projected cost and

effectivenessConceptual design focus

- Requirements strategy- Preferred concept- Estimated cost and

effectiveness

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System autonomy

During early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand customer system autonomy requirements and rationale

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Span of Control

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm

Single site control

Multi-site control

During the early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand customer span of control requirements and rationale


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Tactics

Example - Global Hawk tactics for survivability


During the early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand and develop tactics that take advantage of the inherent characteristics of their preferred design approach

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Performance requirements


During the early phases winning teams work with customers to refine performance requirements to optimize cost, effectiveness and risk

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Communications issues

Type of communications • Military

• Dedicated• Shared• Relayed

• Commercial• Terrestrial• SATCOM

Frequency• HF• UHF• VHF• Ku band• Ka band

Format• Analog• Digital

Bandwidth• Narrow• Wide

• Continuous• On demand

Area coverage • Local • Line of sight• Over the horizon

Survivability• Probability of intercept• Redundancy

Not covered

Covered in detail in Lesson 9

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Example

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm

Over the horizon

Line of sight

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Life cycle cost

Development cost• The cost of developing a system• Considered a “non-recurring” cost

• Occurs only once (hopefully)

+ Procurement cost • The cost to buy a system once it is developed• Includes a lot of “recurring” cost

• Costs incurred every time a system is produced

+ Operations and support cost• The cost to maintain and operate a system after

purchase• Includes the cost of maintaining crew proficiency• Excludes the cost of combat operations

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Cost issues

Development cost• Customers want this to be as small as possible• New systems are expensive

• Most of the cost is associated with risk reduction, engineering and test

• Programs need “margin” to cover uncertainty

Procurement cost• This cost is sensitive to procurement quantity

• Repetitive tasks become more efficient• Also sensitive to the size and complexity

• Aircraft empty weight, speed and capability are the major cost drivers

Operations and support cost• Most of the life cycle cost of an aircraft is the “O&S”• O&S cost can be reduced by good up-front design

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UAV Types

Air Vehicle Types• By Category • By Takeoff and Land Mode • By Propulsion Type• By Size• By Other Characteristics

Mission Control Types• By Level of Control• By Level of Autonomy• By Control Function• By Span of Control • By Control Location

Payload Types• Sensor• Support• Weapon

Support & Logistics Types• By Location• By Provider • By Function

Overall System Types• By User/Application• By Mission Capability• By Autonomy Level• By Communication

Architecture

Issues vary by type

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Air Vehicle Categories

Tilt wing/rotor

Fixed wing

TailSitters

Rotarywing

Free wing


http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm

ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm

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Takeoff Modes

Short takeoff

Vertical takeoff

Conventional takeoff



http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm


Assisted takeoff

http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm

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Launch modes

Tube launched

Air launched

Rail launched

www:http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/coa/

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/F182.jpghttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm

UAVs

UAV

but

could be launched this way

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Landing modes

Conventional landing

Vertical landing

Arrested landing


http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htmLockheed Martin Aeronautics Company

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Propulsion types

Piston engineRotax 912

(GA Predator)

Turbojet/fanWilliams F121

(Tacit Rainbow)

Electric - solar(AeroVironment Helios)

Ram/Scramjet(NASA HyperX)

TurbopropAllison 250

(Bell Eagle Eye)

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…plus rockets

Pegasus

CL-289

Hunter

Scarab


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Sizes

Large

Micro

Medium




Small

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Survivability types

Stealth

Conventional


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Air vehicle concept issues

Weight

Configuration

Size

Manufacturing concept

Signature level

More on this subject in lessons 13 through 21

Subsystems concept




effectiveness

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Air Vehicle Types

• By Takeoff and Land Mode • By Propulsion Type• By Size




Architecture

Issues vary by type

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Levels of control

Level 1 -Receipt and transmission of secondary imagery or data.

Level 2 -Receipt of imagery or data directly from the UAV.

Level 3 -Control of the UAV payload.

Level 4 -Control of the UAV, less takeoff and landing.

Level 5 -Full function and control of the UAV to include takeoff and landing.

Source -http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm

UAV Tactical Control System (TCS) Definitions

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Levels of autonomy

Direct control Flight path controlhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/eagle-eye.htm

Supervised controlFully autonomous

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav_gcs.htm

UAV Annual Report FY 1997 DarkStar

Control stick

d/dt,dh/dt and dV/dt

Attack return etc.

…or Navigation Control

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Control Functions

Mission Planning

Mission and Payload Management Information Processing and Dissemination

Launch and Recovery


http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htmhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/afmss.htm

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Span of control

System Unique Multi-System

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htmhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/eagle-eye.htm

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Control Location

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm

Ground

Rear Area

ForwardArea

Sea

Air

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm

http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm



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Mission control concept issues

Manpower requirements

Weapon control concept

Overall size

Vehicle control concept

Payload control concept

Site requirements

Product exploitation concept

More on this subject in lesson 10




effectiveness

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Air Vehicle Types






Architecture

Issues vary by type

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Sensor and Support Payloads

Primary Types :Electro-OpticalRadarCommunications

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htmadar

TUAV

DarkStar

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/tesar.htm PredatorModular Payloads Preferred

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Payloads Cont’d


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Weapon Payloads

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart

Powered

JSOW

Small

Large

VerySmall

LOCASS

Air-to-Ground

Glide

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Weapons Payloads

Possible but not plannedhttp://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/vistas/vistas.htm

Air-to-Air

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Payload concept issues

Power and cooling requirements

Overall sizes

Sensor type(s)• Wide area• Spot• Targeting• Weather effects

Aperture requirements

Weapon type(s)• Unguided• Platform guided• Off board guided• Self guided




effectivenessMore on this subject in lesson 11

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UAV Types

Air Vehicle Types






Architecture

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Support Functions

Maintenance Fuel and Weapons Loading

Transport, Storage and Logistics

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/lgb-bomb.jpg

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart



Weapons

Airframe

Engine

Avionics


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Support Locations

Main Base

Forward Base

Emergency Base



Support Concept

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Support Concept

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/cl-327.htm

Contractor

Organic


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Support concept issues

Manpower requirements

Support equipment requirements

Maintenance concept• Repair vs. replace• Organic vs. contractor• Active duty vs. reserve

Deployability• Self deploy• Air transport• Surface transport

Peacetime Usage• Flown• Stored• Pre-positioned




effectivenessMore on this subject in lesson 12

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Why early phases are so important

Pre-concept design

Key technical issues addressed during this phase include:• Overall needs and objectives• Concepts of operation • Representative design concepts• Initial cost and schedule• Effectiveness estimates• Analysis of alternatives

The technical work done during the pre-concept design phase establishes the initial cost and schedule estimate that the project will have to live with for the rest of its life

• The product of this phase is a set of initial requirements and projected cost, risk and schedule

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Recommended readingDesign of UAV Systems


Raymer - Aircraft Design - A Conceptual Approach

• Chapter 1 (2 pages) : Design - A Separate Discipline1.1 - What is Design1.2 - Introduction to the Book

• Chapter 2 (11 pages) : Overview of the Design Process2.1 - Introduction2.2 - Phases of Aircraft Design2.3 - Aircraft Conceptual Design Process2.4 - Integrated Product Development and Aircraft

Design

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IntermissionDesign of UAV Systems


3-1 design of uav systems uav conceptual design issuesc 2002 lm corporation objectives lesson...

Documents

concept design phase3

preliminary design

conceptual uav design

early design phases

preferred system concept

estimates of cost

new concepts

general concept