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TU Bergakademie FreibergDepartment of Energy Process

Engineering and Chemical Engineering

Plenary Session

Clean Coal – Quo vadis?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Meyer

IGCC – Overview(Alexander)

Clean Coal CCS Routes

Source: “Carbon Capture and Storage”, IPCC, 2005

Source: GTC World Gasification Database (www.gasification.org) 2009

Gasification Capacity by Product

World's Gasification Plants on Coal Basis

1.484

4.882

6.678

10.049

27.477

0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000

CtL

Gaseous  Fuels

Power

Chemicals

FT Liquids

MW in operation

Development Expectationsof Coal based Gasifiers

Adapted from: Childress, Gasification Technology Council

reached!

Coal based IGCC Projects - USA

Source: A.Carpenter, “Polygeneration from Coal”, IEA 2008.

32 IGCCs proposed16 Cancelled6 On hold9 Feasability/ Permitting stage1 Construction

Coal based IGCC Projects - EU

Adapted from: A.Carpenter, “Polygeneration from Coal”, IEA 2008.

7 IGCCs proposed7 On hold

IGCC Projects - What is left

•

Only 2 IGCC projects

have been realized in the last years

Coal Preparation and Gasification, Edwardsport,

Duke Energy, Sept. 2009Source: “Edwardsport IGCC –

Moving Forward”, D. Zupan, 2009

Demonstration in Nakoso, MHISource: “Mitsubishi IGCC Project Updates”, K. Sakamoto, 2009

Edwardsport (U.S.) Nakoso (Japan)

IGCC Technology Drawbacks

Financial Issues• CAPEX• CoE• World financial crisis

Technological Issues•

Availability

•

H2

gas turbine (diffusion burner)•

CCS-efficiency

Legal Framework•

Unclear CCS legislature

•

Copenhagen Conference failed

•

Expected increase of emission reduction incentives was overrated

IGCC

CompetitorsPost Combustion & Oxyfuelprocess are technologicalcloser to existing plants thanIGCC

Only non carbon products are replaceable by Renewables!

Electricity(0 % C)

CombustionIGCCOxyfuel

Chemical Feedstock(0 wt.-% C)

HydrogenAmmonia

Carbon (C) Content in Coal Derived Products

?

?

CoalBiomass

Renewables

WindWaterSolarGeothermal

Polygeneration(IGCC+CtX)

Electricity(0 % C)

Fuels/ Chem. FS(40 – 90 wt.-% C)

Chemical Feedstock

(40 - 60 wt.-% C)

SNGMethanol

Chemical Feedstock

(60 - 90 wt.-% C)

ParaffinsOlefins

Synthetic Products

(> 60 wt.-% C)

Polymers…

Centralized

Decentralized

IndustryTransportation

Households

“…longer-term research should focus on energy-efficient and clean technologies for making use of gas and coal in chemical production.”Strategic Research Agenda, SusChem European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry 2005.

Statements on CtX

„There is a need to replace oil as most important source of carbon by other feedstock, especially coal, natural gas and biomass.“Press release DECHEMA Germany, 2010.

IGCC combined with CtX

IGCC + CtX

Grid Fluctuations due to Renewables

Reduction of CO2 Emissions

Low Grade CoalsBroadening CarbonFeedstock Spectrum

(3) Electricity Storage

(4) Load Flexibility (2) Biomass Co-Processing

(5) Max. Product Yield (1) 3rd GenerationGasification

1. IGCC and CtX – Suitable for Low Grade Coals

Ash rich coal reserves in:

AustraliaSouth AfricaIndiaChinaRussia

Conversion requirements become more challenging

3rd Generation Gasification Technologies

Challenges, e.g.:• No available technology for high ash fines processing

• Slagging processes not favorabledue to high oxygen consumption

• Limited application of slurry feeding

Need for newtechnologies

2. IGCC and XtX –Co-Gasification

GasifierIsland

Gas Conditioning Synthesis

CombinedCycle

Synthesis Product

Electricity

Biomass

Coal

• CO2 footprint of biomass co-gasification plantdecreased due to non-fossil carbon

• Altered ash properties

CCSNon-fossil CO2 to atmosphere

3. IGCC and CtX –Temporary Electricity Buffering

GasifierIsland

Gas Conditioning

CCSMethanol

Electricity

Coal MethanolStorage

CombinedCycle

Backup Fuel

• No additional backup fuel required• Up to 29% fuel cost reduction

Source: Lorenz, K.; Meyer, B.; Guhl, S.; Korobov, D.; Krzack, S.; Ogriseck, S.; Rauchfuss, H.

"IGCC with

CO2 separation

and maximum

availability

-

EURO FUELFLEX concept"

4. IGCC and CtX –Load Flexibility (1)

TendencyFluctuation in power grid due to renewables

PerspectiveCombined production of electricity and a chemical product

→ Polygeneration

Basic conceptsa) Parallel production of a chemical product and electricity

b) Combination of various processes with incomplete conversionc) Annex principle

In generala) Highly integrated concepts not favorable

b) Incomplete conversion advantageous, but still requiring many conversion units (economics)

Gasifier at constant load

Requires load flexible synthesis block e.g. liquid phase reactors

Power Block

Synthesis

GasifierPth

Peak Load Electricity Production

4. IGCC and CtX –Load Flexibility (2)

Synthesis block at constant load

• Because synthesis block is not loadflexible a gas phase reactor is favored

• Gasifier in part load operation

Dynamic

Simulation Tools

Extraction (super-critical

solvents)

Low temperature pyrolysis

HydrogenationCatalytic

depolymerization

Agglomeration, to new coal

products

Hightemperature

pyrolysis

CO2 - Storage

Gas processing, CO2 -separation

CO2 as feedstock, conversion

Chemicals Electricity Hydrogen

Synthesis gas

Low temperature conversion

High temperature conversion

Minimization of CO2 -emissions

Coal

Gasification

Chemicals

5. CtX Process Chainfor max. Product Yield

IGCC combined with CtX

IGCC + CtX

Grid Fluctuations due to Renewables

Reduction of CO2 Emissions

Low Grade CoalsBroadening CarbonFeedstock Spectrum

(3) Electricity Storage

(4) Load Flexibility (2) Biomass Co-Processing

(5) Max. Product Yield (1) 3rd GenerationGasification

Freiberg, Germany

Thank you for your attention!

bmeyer@iec.tu-freiberg.de