2nd ass ans

8/7/2019 2nd ass ans

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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITYHOME WORK: #2

CSE302: Analysis and design of Information SystemArchitecture

Part- A

Que :- 1 Define and explain the procedure for

cost/benefit determination?

Ans: - Cost-Benefit Analysis: - Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the

weighing-scale approach for decision-making. All the positive elements

(cash-flows and other intangible benefits) are put on one side of the

balance and all the negative elements (the costs and disadvantages)

are put on the other. Whichever weighs the heavier wins.

Example of a Cost-Benefit Analysis

A company that would like to buy Business Intelligence software toimprove its business might use a CBA to make up its mind.

On the minus (cost) side would be:- the price of the software,- the cost of consultants to install and implement the software, and- the cost of training for the users of the software.However on the plus (benefits) side would be:- improved business processes (leading to an annual cost decrease),- due to better available information, the company will be able to take

better decisions (leading to additional cash-flows), and- increased staff moral, due to using these modern tools to support thebusiness.
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Mistakes and Problems with Cost-Benefit Analysis

A frequently made mistake in the CBA method is to use non-discounted amounts for calculating the costs and benefits. Amethod like NPV or Economic Value Added or CFROI is strongly

recommended, because all of these account for the time value ofmoney.

A frequent problem with CBA is that typically the costs aretangible, hard and financial, while the benefits are hard andtangible, but also soft and intangible. Caution should be takenhere against people who claim that "if you can't measure it doesnot exist / it has no value".

Especially in more strategic investments, frequently theintangible benefits clearly outweigh the financial benefits.

Risk must often be considered as a factor in making the decision.
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Part-B

Que: 4 Explain in detail SDLC?

Ans:- System Development Life Cycle

The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model


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used in project management that describes the stages involved in aninformation system development project from an initial feasibilitystudy through maintenance of the completed application. VariousSDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processesinvolved including the waterfall model (the original SDLC method),

rapid application development (RAD), joint application development(JAD), the fountain model and the spiral model. Mostly, several modelsare combined into some sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation iscrucial regardless of the type of model chosen or devised for anyapplication, and is usually done in parallel with the developmentprocess. Some methods work better for specific types of projects, butin the final analysis, the most important factor for the success of aproject may be how closely particular plan was followed.

The image below is the classic Waterfall model methodology, which isthe first SDLC method and it describes the various phases involved in

development.

Briefly on different Phases:

Feasibility

The feasibility study is used to determine if the project should get thego-ahead. If the project is to proceed, the feasibility study will producea project plan and budget estimates for the future stages ofdevelopment.

Requirement Analysis and Design


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Analysis gathers the requirements for the system. This stage includesa detailed study of the business needs of the organization. Options forchanging the business process may be considered. Design focuses onhigh level design like, what programs are needed and how are theygoing to interact, low-level design (how the individual programs are

going to work), interface design (what are the interfaces going to looklike) and data design (what data will be required). During thesephases, the software's overall structure is defined. Analysis and Designare very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in thedesign phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of thesoftware development. Much care is taken during this phase. Thelogical system of the product is developed in this phase.

Implementation

In this phase the designs are translated into code. Computer programs

are written using a conventional programming language or anapplication generator. Programming tools like Compilers, Interpreters,Debuggers are used to generate the code. Different high levelprogramming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java are used for coding.With respect to the type of application, the right programminglanguage is chosen.

Testing

In this phase the system is tested. Normally programs are written as aseries of individual modules, these subject to separate and detailed

test. The system is then tested as a whole. The separate modules arebrought together and tested as a complete system. The system istested to ensure that interfaces between modules work (integrationtesting), the system works on the intended platform and with theexpected volume of data (volume testing) and that the system doeswhat the user requires (acceptance/beta testing).

Maintenance

Inevitably the system will need maintenance. Software will definitelyundergo change once it is delivered to the customer. There are many

reasons for the change. Change could happen because of someunexpected input values into the system. In addition, the changes inthe system could directly affect the software operations. The softwareshould be developed to accommodate changes that could happenduring the post implementation period.


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Que: 5 How are institutional and end-user

applications different? Why is this difference

significant to the organization? To project selection

committees.

Ans:- END USER: The objectives of the SO3 assessment areto measure and promote awareness about the Internet andits uses for development among USAID's partners, and toappraise Internet service provision to gain an accuratepicture of the availability of the Internet in the country.

Assessment reports recommend next steps for USAID andthe Leland Initiative to support the introduction orheightened use of the Internet in African institutions.

By focusing on current USAID partners for this assessment,the recommendations made fit well within each USAIDmission's current Country Strategy Plan and establishedpriorities. The Leland team relies on the mission's SO teamsto identify their partners, and provides the following six

criteria as guidelines to select organizations and individualsto be interviewed during the assessment process:

Partner organizations that are key implementinginstitutions within each SO

Organizations that would benefit from effective use ofinformation on a local, regional, and international level

Organizations or individuals that could shareinformation, ideas, and collaborative working methods

Donors committing resources in the telecommunication

and electronic networking arena Major collectors or producers of information in-country,

such as libraries or research centers Private sector organizations making effective use of

modern communication technologies, such as satellites,electronic networks, or the Internet


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Initial Indicators of Readiness for Effective Use of the

Internet

Once the assessment interviews are completed, eachorganization is ranked according to the following indicators,designed to measure an institution's readiness for effectiveuse of the Internet.

Institutional Information and Communication Strategy: Thisindicator evaluates an institution's ability to report itsmission and main objectives. The institution is measured onits ability to articulate what role communication andinformation play in the organization.

Que: 6 What is infeasible project. How are infeasible

project are handled?

Ans:- feasible project.A project for which parameters have been set that are internallyinconsistent. There is no program of work that would allow theparameters to be achievedand so the project cannot succeed.

Infeasibility is revealed in either/both of two constraints:

Costs/outlays/resources.Timeframe

Handling infeasible projects-

The following steps should be carried out first

1. identify, characterize, and assess threats2. assess the vulnerability of project3. determine the risk (i.e. the expected consequences of specific

types of attacks on specific assets)


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4. identify ways to reduce those risks5. prioritize risk reduction measures based on a strategy

then following steps should be carried out

1. Identification of risk in a selected domain of interest2. Planning the remainder of the process.

3. Defining a frameworkfor the activity and an agenda for identification.

4. Developing an analysis of risks involved in the project .5. Mitigation or Solution of risks using available technological, human and

organizational resources.

Then project should be carried out !

2nd ass ans

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