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LECTURE2

A. LexicalvsFunctionalCategoriesB. TypesofMorphemesC. BoundaryTypesD. (Operations)

A. LexicalvsFunctionalCategories

LexicalCategories

- opensets- morphologicallyorphonologicallyindependent- s-selectionproperties- c-selectionproperties- havedescriptivecontent

FunctionalCategories

- closedsets- morphologicallyorphonologicallydependent(chthedefinitearticlein

Romanian,whichisanaffix)- uniquemorpho-syntacticbehaviorcannotbedifferentiatedfromwach

otheronlybydescriptivesemanticfeatures

- havetobelearnedindividually- semanticallyabstract,theylackdescriptivecontent- lacks-selectionproperties,(auxiliariescombinewithanylexicalverbinE)

B.TypesofMorphemes

1. Free Morphemes : Morphemes which can be used as a word on its own (without the

need for further elements, i.e. affixes)

Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy.

2. Bound Morphemes: Morphemes which cannot occur on its own as an independent

(or separate) word.

Affixes(prefix,suffix,infixandcircumfix)areallboundmorphemes.

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Prefixes Suffixes InfixesCircumfixes(discontinuous

morpheme)

Bound

morphemeswhichoccur

onlybefore

othermorphemes.

Examples:un-(uncover,

undo)dis-(displeased,

disconnect),

pre-(predetermine,

prejudge)

Bound

morphemeswhichoccur

following

othermorphemes.

Examples:-er(singer,

performer)-ist(typist,

pianist)

-ly(manly,friendly)

Boundmorphemes

whichareinsertedintoother

morphemes.

Example:

fikas"strong"

fumikas"tobestrong"

(BontocLanguage)

Boundmorphemesthatareattachedtoarootorstemmorphemebothinitially

andfinally.

Example:(Dutch)

bergmountainge+berg+te

"mountains

3. Root vs. Stem

Root Stem

Non-affixlexicalcontentmorphemesthatcannotbeanalyzedintosmaller

parts

(ex.)cran(asincranberry),act,beauty,system,etc..

FreeRootMorpheme:runbottle,phone,etc.

BoundRootMorpheme:receive,remit,nonchalant,etc.

Whenarootmorphemeiscombinedwithaffixmorphemes,

itformsastem.

Otheraffixescanbeaddedtoastemtoformamorecomplex

stem.

Root believe (verb)Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)

Word un + believe + able (prefix + verb + suffix)

Root system (noun)Stem system + atic (noun + suffix)

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Stem un + system + atic (prefix + noun + suffix)Stem un + system + atic + al (prefix + noun + suffix + suffix)

Word un + system + atic + al + ly prefix + noun + suffix + suffix + suffix

4. Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional Morphemes (Bound morphemes)

DerivationalMorphemes InflectionalMorphemes

1.Derivationalmorphemes

deriveanewwordbybeingattachedtorootmorphemesor

stems.

1.Inflectionalmorphemessignalgrammatical

informationsuchasnumber(plural),tense,possessionandsoon.Theyarethusoftencalled

boundgrammaticalmorphemes

2.Theycanbebothsuffixes

andprefixesinEnglish.

Examples:beautiful,exactly,unhappy,impossible,recover

2.TheyareonlyfoundinsuffixesinEnglish.

Examples:boys,Marys,walked

3.ChangeofMeaning

Examples:un+do(the

oppositemeaningofdo)sing+er(deriving

anewwordwiththemeaningofapersonwhosings).

3.NochangeofMeaning

Examples:walkvs.walks

toyvs.toys

4.Changeofthesyntacticcategory(optionally)

i) Change of category

Noun to Adjective

boy (N) + ish ----> boyish (A)Elizabeth (N) + an -->

Elizabethan (A)Affection (N) + ate -

>affectionate (A)

Verb to Noun

sing (V) + er ----> singer (noun)predict (Verb) + ion ---->

prediction (noun)

4.Neverchangethesyntacticcategoryofthewordsormorphemetotheywhichtheyareattached.

Theyarealwaysattachedtocompletedwords

Examples: walk vs. walked or walks (V--> V)

boy vs. boys (N --> N)eat vs. eating (progressive) (V-->V)

InEnglish,inflectionalmorphemestypicallyfollowderivationalmorphemes

Examples:unlikelihood,unlikelihoods(not

*unlikeslihood)

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Adjective to Adverb

exact (A) + ly ---> exactly (adv)quiet (adj) + ly ----> quietly

(adv.)

Noun to Verb

moral (noun) + ize ---->

moralize (verb)

Adjective to Noun

specific (Adj.) + ity ---->specificity (noun)

ii) No change of category

friend+ship (Noun --> Noun)

pink+ish (Adjective -->Adjective)

re+print (Verb --> Verb)

5.EnglishInflectionalMorphemesExamples-sthirdpersonsingularpresent

-edpasttense

-ingprogressive-enpastparticiple

-splural-spossessive

-ercomparative

-estsuperlative

C.BoundaryTypes

(i)Wordboundary#-wordinitialandwordfinalpositionEx.#boy#

- phonologically:stresspatternneverchanges,eventhoughtheyare

embeddedinlargerstructures/#boy#ish#/

- morphologically:thecomplexwordisacomplexsign

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(ii)Formativeboundary+indicatestheexistenceofamorphemicsegment

- phonologically:permitsshiftinthestresspattern

Ex./inform/-/inform+ation/

(iii)Formativeboundary=-morphologicallycomplexwords

Ex.Straw=berry,re=fer,per=mit,re=sume

- morphemesareneversigns,- atmostpartialdegreeofindependence