2a. rocks, resources and scenery.ppt

8/10/2019 2a. Rocks, Resources and Scenery.ppt

1/101


2/101


3/101

Scientists believe that the earth

is 4,600 million years old. For

much of that time the earth was

cooling and forming a basic

atmosphere.

Life on earth only became

abundant 542 million years ago. It

is from that time that geologists

have divided time into erasandperiodsto form the geological

timescale.

The boundaries between the

different periods representcritical stages in the earths

history, such as periods of

mountain building or widespread

sea level change.


4/101

If the whole of the

geological timescale

were to be

represented by a

single calendar year,

humans started to

walk in the earth at 1minute to midnight on

31stDecember.


5/101


6/101

ordinarilycarefully,

perhaps their creak though?

Cambrian Ordovician Silurian CarboniferousDevonian

TertiaryCretaceousJurassicTriassicPermian Quaternary


7/101

The distribution of rocks

reflects the geological

history of the UK.

The west of

Britain is

dominated by

old hard rocks,

mainly igneous

andmetamorphic.

Hard rocks

have resisted

erosion and

therefore formthe highland

parts of the UK.

In the east of

Britain the

geology is

dominated

by youngersedimentary

rock.

These rocks

erode more

easilyleading to

much low

lying and flat

land.


8/101

metamorphic rock


9/101

- rocksformed from

cooling magmae.g. granite

- rocksformed from sediments

and shells on the sea bede.g. limestone and chalk

- rocks which are

changed by heat and

pressure e.g. limestone

becomes marble

Intrusive =

below groundExtrusive =

above ground


10/101


11/101

The rock cycle is

the process by

which rocks are

made and

destroyed.

Rocks are constantly being recycled


12/101


13/101


14/101


15/101


16/101

The rocks are broken down in situ,

which means that no movement is

involved, unlike erosion which is caused

by the movement of water, wind and ice.


17/101


18/101


19/101

( Frostshattering )

Freeze-thaw is most

common in cold climates.

The more the temperature

fluctuates above andbelow freezing point, the

more effective freeze-

thaw is at breaking off

pieces of rock.


20/101

Scree


21/101


22/101


23/101

Some rocks such as deposits of rock

salt will dissolve in pure water, just as

sugar dissolves in tea. This dissolvingprocess is known as SOLUTION.

Chemical weatheringhappens when the minerals of which therock is composed are changed, leading to the disintegration of the

rock.


24/101


25/101

Rainwater mixes with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

to form a weak acidcarbonic acid.

The weak acid reacts with rocks which

contain calcium carbonate such as

limestone and chalk.

The limestone is slowly dissolvedand is removed in solution by

running water.


26/101


27/101


28/101

. in the garden

Tree roots are

cracking the wall


29/101


30/101

Granite


31/101

Granite

Sedimentary rocks

Metamorphic

rocks


32/101

Sedimentary rocks

eroded away over

time

Granite cracks as

pressure of overlying

rocks is released

Granite now

exposed & opento attack by

weathering


33/101

Hard resistant granite tors

stand out on hilltops

Joints and cracksin granite attacked

by freeze-thaw

weathering

Surrounding area covered in

scree

Army training


34/101

Army training

Quarrying

Sheep farming Prison

Tourism


35/101


36/101


37/101

Dartmoor is an Environmentally

Sensitive Area and farmers enter into

management agreements in order to

conserve the upland landscape and

wildlife habitats. Farmers are paid to

maintain dry stone walls andhedgerows. They must reduce the

number of livestock grazing in sensitive

areas, and must restrict the use of

fertilizers and pesticides.


38/101


39/101


40/101

New granite seating along

Weston seafront

Hi h Ti 2006


41/101

Higher Tier 2006

Describe the physical features of Sheeps Tor shown in grid square 5668

(3 marks)


42/101

Explain why the land uses shown in Figure 7 are typical of an area of

granite. (4 marks)


43/101


44/101

Limestone deposits


45/101


46/101


47/101

Name one surface and one underground feature of limestone scenery (2 mark s)

Surface feature

Underground feature

Descr ibe the character ist ics of on e of these features and expla in how it was form ed

.

( 6 marks)


48/101


49/101


50/101

1. Water drops hang from the roof of a cave.

2. A tiny amount of water is evaporated.

3. As the water evaporates it leaves behind

a minute amount of calcium carbonate.

4. The calcium carbonate deposits build up

very slowly to form a stalactite.

5. The water drips to the floor and builds up

a stalagmite in the same way.


51/101

Stalactite

Stalagmite


52/101

A pillar

1. 2.Impermeablerock

Limestone pavement10.


53/101

1

Joints impermeable rock (x2) resurgence

stalagmite cavern swallow hole bedding planes

limestone pavement stalactite

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

rock Swallow hole

Bedding plane

Joints

Resurgence

Stalactite

Stalagmite Cavern

Impermeablerock


54/101


55/101


56/101

Tourism


57/101

Farmingsheep

Quarrying

Tourism

walking..

and caving


58/101

Stone for building

less popular nowadays due

to acid rain

Lime to

neutralise

acidic soils

Used to make cement


59/101


60/101

CHEDDAR GORGE - a

case study of a rock

type providing unique

scenery for tourism


61/101


62/101


63/101


64/101

Opportunities for tourism The benefits of tourism for

th Ch dd G


65/101

the Cheddar Gorge area

The problems caused by

tourists at Cheddar Gorge

Possible solutions

walking

visiting the limestone caves

gorge bus tour

outdoor pursuits e.g. rock climbingand caving

Tourism brings money into the area

which is spent in shops, the caves, cafes

and gift shops.

Many local people benefitfrom job opportunities e.g.

acting as guides.

Local craft industries and

farms also benefit from

tourists e.g. cheese making

Additional traffic leads to overcrowding,

traffic congestion and pollution.

People leave litter which spoils the area

and can be harmful to wildlife.

Possible vandalism in the caves

Damage to rock face by rock climbers

and people abseiling .

Thoughtful and sustainable

management ideas e.g.

free shuttle bus from car park to reduce

traffic in the gorge.

notice boards to educate tourists

about the unique and fragile

landscape..

Higher Tier 2006


66/101

(6 marks)

g


67/101


68/101

In many places in England, chalk and clay outcrop next to each other.

Together they form a distinctive but contrasting landscape of chalk

escarpment and clay vale.

Chalk escarpment

Clay vale


69/101

Chalk deposits


70/101

Chalk and clay are both

sedimentary rocks, and

only outcrop in lowland

Britain. They have little

else in common.


71/101

Example areaThe

South Downs


72/101


73/101

Dip slopeScarp slope


74/101

Dip slopeScarp slope

Spring line settlement


75/101

Cement works close to

Westbury in Wiltshire.


76/101

Quarry

located on

the chalk

escarpment

Cement

works

located on

flat land on

clay


77/101

The London

aquifer -a case

study of an aquifer

used for watersupply


78/101

For hundreds of years this aquifer has supplied London with its water. The aquifer is

carefully managed by the Environment Agency to ensure that its use is sustainable. In the1960s, industrial use caused the water table to drop to 88m below seal level, which

resulted in some seawater contamination. Following careful management and reduced

demand from industry since the 1990s, the water table has risen by as much as 3m per

year.


79/101

..... is an underground

store of water inpermeable rock.

How an aquifer works


80/101

1. Rain falls on permeable

chalk hills.

2. Water soaks down

through the porouschalk and build up an

underground reservoir.3. The water table marks

the top of the saturated

chalk.

4. The impermeable clay

below the chalk prevents the

water seeping downwards.

5. Settlements such as London

tap into the underground water

supplies by sinking down pipes.


81/101

Land uses -farmingsheep (scarp slope)

crops (dip slope)

quarrying

Economic uses -

lime for soils

cement

Land uses -dairy farming

quarrying

Economic uses -

clay is used in

making pottery,bricks and roof

tiles.

flint for building

Aquifers water storage

cement works

What two rock types are found in this area?


82/101

What is the evidence for your choices?


83/101


84/101


85/101


86/101


87/101

Noise from blasting

and machines

Lorries and dirt

on roads

Danger

Visual pollution


88/101

Embankment with

treesTransport rock

by train

Danger signs

Wash wheels before

leaving quarry

Explosions only once a day at a

fixed time e.g. 3pm

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES


89/101

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

creates 104 jobs for local people e.g.

explosives experts, truck drivers,office staff.

it creates the multiplier effect &

brings more money into the area.

less unemployment

possibly more services in local area

due to multiplier effect.

new habitats created e.g. based on

rock faces.

potential for new environments once

the quarrying is completed.

valued of property in the area

fallscost of double glazing (if not

provided by quarry company)

people disturbed by noise,

especially blasting at 3.30pm eachday.

may be stressful e.g. worry about

the danger of children in the area.

visual, air and noise pollution

extra lorries on roads

dirt on roads

loss of habitats


90/101

The Eden Project Shopping centres e.g.Blue Water in Kent.


91/101

Theme Parks e.g.

Thorpe Park in Surrey

Water park e.g.

Cotswolds Water

Park

Council rubbish

tip


92/101

A case study of a quarry

attempting to reduce itsimpact

Located on the

Gloucestershire /

Wiltshire border


93/101

The Cotswold Water Park covers an area of 40

square miles. It includes 150 lakesall of which


94/101

are old quarries.

There are still 8 working

quarries with 50 years

worth of gravel still to be

extracted.

The first lakes were created in theearly 20thcentury, when small fields

were sold for sand and gravel

extraction. Any holes deeper than

1metre quickly fill up with water

forming lakes.

Many of the lakes, or old

quarries, have been

restored and are now used

for different purposes

including:

fishing

nature reserves

an inland beach

sailing, windsurfing and

water skiing

Cotswold Water Park is easily accessible for tourists, between M4

and M5


95/101

and M5


96/101

Lakes formed in old gravel pits

WATERMARKis an example of one use of the old quarries to createluxury lakeside holiday homes.


97/101

The layout of holiday homes around one lake


98/101


99/101

Opportunities

within theCotswold Water

Park

The eight working quarries are operated by several different companies,

including Hanson ( who own Whatley Quarry). They extract just under 2

illi f d d l h M f i i d i


100/101

million tonnes of sand and gravel each year. Most of it is used in

construction locally in places such as Gloucester and Swindon.

2005


101/101

Using Figure 7, suggest what the economic and environmental impacts of

a quarry such as this will be. (6 marks)

2a. rocks, resources and scenery.ppt

Documents