29962975 semester iii assgn i disaster management

7/25/2019 29962975 Semester III Assgn I Disaster Management

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DISASTERMANAGEMENT

(5584)

MBA Executive

ZAHID NAZIR

Roll # AB52355

Se!e"te$ Autu!% 2&&'

AAMAIBA*+EN,NI-ERSIT./ ISAMABAD0


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,ESTI*N 1

Distinguish between Disaster Management anEmergency Response. Also explain the principle

of disaster mitigation and emergency response ?

(2


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DISASTER

A disaster (from Middle French desastre, from Old Italian disastro, from t

Greek pejorative prex dis- ad! " aster star!# is the impact of a nat$ral man-made ha%ards that ne&ativel' aects societ' or environment)

*he +ord disasters root is from astrolo&' this implies that +hen the stars are

a ad position, a ad event +ill happen) .isasters occ$r +hen ha%ards strike

v$lnerale areas) /a%ards that occ$r in areas +ith lo+ v$lnerailit' do not res

in a disaster0 as is the case in $ninhaited re&ions) It is often ar&$ed that

disasters are man-made, eca$se h$man actions efore the strike of the ha%a

can prevent it developin& into a disaster)

/a%ards are ro$tinel' divided into nat$ral or man-made, altho$&h compl

disasters, +here there is no sin&le root ca$se, are more common in developi

co$ntries) A specic disaster ma' spa+n a secondar' disaster that increases t

impact) A classic example is an earth1$ake that ca$ses a ts$nami, res$ltin&

coastal 2oodin&)

Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, los

destruction and devastation to life and property.

*he dama&e ca$sed ' disasters is immeas$rale and varies +ith t

&eo&raphical location, climate and the t'pe of the earth s$rface3de&ree

v$lnerailit') *his in2$ences the mental, socio-economic, political and c$lt$state of the aected area)

Generall', disaster has the follo+in& eects in the concerned areas

It completel' disr$pts the normal da' to da' life)

It ne&ativel' in2$ences the emer&enc' s'stems)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

4ormal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc) are aected a

deteriorate dependin& on the intensit' and severit' of the disaster)

It ma' also e termed as 5a serious disruption of the functioning of societ

causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed th

ability of the aected society to cope using its own resources.5 *h$s, a disast

ma' have the follo+in& main feat$res-

6npredictailit' 6nfamiliarit' 7peed

6r&enc' 6ncertaint' *hreat

*h$s, in simple terms +e can dene disaster as a ha%ard ca$sin& heav' loss

life, propert' and livelihood) 8)&) a c'clone killin& 9:,::: lives and a crop loss

one crore can e termed as disaster)

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster management is a process or strategy that is implemented when an

type of catastrophic event takes place. Sometimes referred to as disast

recoverymanagement, the process may be initiated when anything threate

to disrupt normal operations or puts the lives of human beings at risk.

Governments on all levels as +ell as man' $sinesses create some sort

disaster plan that make it possile to overcome the catastrophe and ret$rn

normal f$nction as 1$ickl' as possile)
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htm


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Di""te M%e!e%t i" te 6i"ci7li%e tt

.eals +ith and avoid risks and impact of a disaster)

Involves in preparin& for disaster efore it happens)

;esponds immediatel' to the o$tcome prior to and follo+in& a disaster)

.eals +ith the process of s$pportin& and re$ildin& societ' after a disast

Involves individ$als, &ro$ps and comm$nit' to mana&e ha%ards in t

sit$ation of an emer&enc')

mergency response is a term for a series of appropriate actions a

precautions in the event of a disaster.

4o matter the t'pe of catastrophe, proper emer&enc' response can prote

famil' memers and even save lives)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

a+are of the potential for earth1$akesnear', and if the' are likel', n$rt$re

asic $nderstandin& of +here the fa$lt lines r$n) Also e a+are of an' potent

so$rces of man-made disasters in the local area) =hemicalor n$clear plants c

oth ca$se prolems in the event of leaks or spills)

/avin& determined the likel' so$rces of a disaster, a &ood emer&enc' repa

plan can no+ e made) *ake pains to ens$re that residences are e1$ipped +

an' necessar' o$t$ildin&s that can provide protection d$rin& a disaster, s$

as tornadoshelters) Make ever' person in the ho$sehold a+are of +hat to

d$rin& and immediatel' after an emer&enc' occ$rs) Man' disasters ma' ca$

cell phones to fail, so choose a meetin& spot that is easil' accessile and can

$sed as a check-in point for missin& famil' memers)

A rst-aid kit is a vital part of an' emer&enc' response packa&e) hen possile, have ack-$p ottles of an' chronicall' need

medications in the rst aidkit)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

/a%ards are identied ' ca$se

4at$ral /a%ards

Geolo&ical @ earth 1$acks, landslides, sand d$st storms

Meteorolo&ical @ *ornados, ice storms, dro$&ht

Oceano&raphic @ h$rricanes, ts$namis

/'drolo&ical @ 2oodin&


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=ro+ds @ riots, demonstrations

In order to $nderstand the principles of disaster miti&ation it is important

clearl' $nderstand the disaster mana&ement c'cle i)e) miti&ation, preparedne

and mana&ement)

Fi& .isaster Mana&ement ='cle

+"e 1 $ Te +eve%tio% +"e

*he prevention phase +ork commences on

red$cin& the proailit' of likel' disasters and emer&encies occ$rrin&

red$cin& or limitin& their conse1$ences)

Makin& viale disaster plan to respond rapidl' and eectivel'

Assemlin& ade1$ate reso$rces

=ollectin& stocks of cons$male items

*rainin& of personnel

Brevention essentiall' involves fo$r asic actions

Breventin& ha%ards from occ$rrin& (onl' possile in person-ind$ced

iolo&ical ha%ards# ;ed$cin& risk


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

;ed$cin& impacts or conse1$ences .istri$tin& risks

+"e 2 $ Te +e7tio% SteBreparedness means minimi%in& the adverse eects of a ha%ard thro$

preca$tionar' actions and meas$res) It entails a series of actions to ens$

speed', eective and eCcient or&ani%ation and deliver' of relief and relat

responses follo+in& the onset of s$dden disaster)

Breparedness involves

=omm$nit' a+areness and ed$cation

Breparation of disasters mana&ement plans f

comm$nit'3school3individ$al

Mock drill, trainin& and practice

Inventor' of reso$rces oth material and h$man skill reso$rces

Broper +arnin& s'stem

M$t$al arran&ement

Identif'in& the v$lnerale &ro$ps

+"e 3$ Re"7o%"e +"e

;esponse involves

Meas$res taken immediatel' prior to and follo+in& disaster

Broper and timel' +arnin& $sin& media, rovin& lo$dspeakers etc)

.eplo'ment of skilled persons

;esc$e +ork

Medical care

.rinkin& +ater s$ppl'

;estore all sorts of comm$nication


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+"e 4$ Te Recove9 +"e

*he aim of the recover' phase is to temporaril' provide tolerale livi

conditions for people in distress and to commence +ork on re$ildin& societ'

to a level +here it can f$nction a&ain)

A+arin& comm$nit' on health and safet' meas$res)

;estorin& essential service-roads, comm$nication links

Brovidin& nancial s$pport, emplo'ment opport$nities

;econstr$ctin& $ildin&s

*he principles of disaster mana&ement +o$ld mean $ndertakin& all activities

dierent times so as to

;ed$ce risk to potential ha%ards efore disasters occ$r, ' developin& lo

term and short term policies and strate&ies) Ass$re prompt and appropriate assistance to comm$nities, d$rin& a

immediatel' after the disasters)

Achieve rapid and s$stained recover' and rehailitation after tocc$rrence of disasters)

References:

+++)>ise&eek)com3disaster

.isaster Mana&ement - AIO6
http://www.wisegeek.com/disasterhttp://www.wisegeek.com/disaster


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DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

,ESTI*N 2

"rite a detail note on Ris# $ommunication

"arning Dissemination and Alert &ystems.

(2


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!n interactive process of exchange of information and opinion amo

individuals, groups, and institutions" often involves multiple messages about th

nature of risk or expressing concerns, opinions, or reactions to risk messages

to legal and institutional arrangements for risk management.

.isaster mana&ement plannin& and disaster recover' plannin& is not j$st ao

settin& $p evac$ation shelters and providin& emer&enc' s$pplies) >itho$t rap

coordinated comm$nications, even the est disaster mana&ement plan

disaster recover' plan is virt$all' ineective)

EETI-E *MM,NIATI*N

Information is po+er and it is a catal'st to s$stainale development) .isast

red$ction takes man' forms) It ma' involve advisin& people ao$t the do!s a

don!ts of $ildin& and maintainin& infrastr$ct$re) /o+ever, most disast

prevention and miti&ation involves ass$rin& eective, reliale comm$nicatio;eachin& the +idest possile a$dience +ith the most $p-to-date, credi

information can save lives and propert', red$ce p$lic fears and anxiet', a

maintain the p$lic!s tr$st in the inte&rit' of Government oCcials) =iti%

preparedness is ke' and increased preparation is informed ' eecti

comm$nication) Individ$al action is ke' to implementin& prevention strate&i


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

as +ell as for s$rvival in disaster times) /o+ can +e help individ$alsE *ime

acc$rate and sensitive comm$nications in the face of nat$ral disasters a

demonstrated, cost-eective means of savin& lives, red$cin& propert' dama&

and increasin& p$lic $nderstandin&) =omm$nications is essential for ed$catin

+arnin&, informin& and empo+erin& people to take practical steps to prote

themselves from nat$ral disasters)

*o e fore+arned is to e forearmed and especiall' in times of disaster +arnin

are +ell appreciated) For example, +hen /$rricane Gilert hit amaica

7eptemer of 9HH, it +as a scar' time to sa' the least) /o+ever acc$ra

trackin& of the storm and the timel' and acc$rate dissemination of disast+arnin&s ens$red that amaicans ne+ +hich areas +ere at &reater risk, kne

ho+ to protect themselves and +ere ale to p$t meas$res in place to ens$

their personal safet') *he death toll +as m$ch lo+er than a similar h$rrican

+hich hit them in 99)

;ARNING DISSEMINATI*N

7$ccessf$l disaster prevention and preparedness re1$ires the $se

telecomm$nications, incl$din& roadcast services, for earl' +arnin&s) *echnic

a&encies m$st therefore contin$o$sl' strive for improved risk assessme

roader monitorin& and comm$nication of forecasts and +arnin&s and placi

hi&her priorit' on the compilation and exchan&e of information on nat$

disaster red$ction) *his is partic$larl' important at re&ional and s$ re&ion

levels)

*echnical comm$nications s'stems, s$ch as satellites, remote sensin& device

and comp$ter net+orks, and other technolo&'-ased comm$nication s'stem

research, predict, track, and provide earl' +arnin& of nat$ral ha%ards)


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7im$lated information is translated into common $nderstandale lan&$a&e f

dissemination the comm$nities thro$&h comm$nication channels s$ch

electronic media, roadcastin&, internet, ne+spapers, +ireless messa&es a

radio) *his is the most important sta&e of prediction, as this information has

e ver' precise, $nderstandale and timel') =omm$nication m$st e caref$

presented to avoid ca$sin& panic, $t at the same time sho$ld e s$Ccient f

1$ick action)

7$Ccient lead time is necessar' so that actions can e taken to save lives a

propert') *he critical information m$st e $nderstandale, in the lan&$a&e

the people +ho ma' e aected ' the ha%ard) For example, if a shicomm$nit' is +arned ao$t a c'clone, the lan&$a&e m$st e in the local diale

not in a lan&$a&e or +ith a voca$lar' the' never $se or hear)

ISS,ING A ;ARNING < AERT

First one receives +arnin&0 then the' p$t o$t an alert) *he +arnin& and ale

phase rid&es the &ap et+een $ncertaint' and realit') A =%i% can

s$tle as omino$s lack clo$ds, p$ttin& people on alert for a tornado0 or it c

e as direct as a phone call anno$ncin& that re &hters are on their +a'

evac$ate ever'one)

7ome disasters &ive little +arnin&0 others &ive +arnin& s$Ccientl' in advanc

*he lon&er the +arnin& period, the &reater the opport$nit' for red$cin& t

conse1$ences) For example, it is diCc$lt to predict exactl' +hen or +here

earth1$ake +ill strike eca$se the' &ive little or no +arnin&) /o+ever hi&h sno

packs and +armin& +eather trends can +arn emer&enc' planners of a possi

2ood +eeks in advance of the event)


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8mer&enc' planners m$st have eno$&h information to receive and $nderstand

+arnin&) *hen the' m$st comm$nicate the +arnin& to the correct peop

Finall', the people +ho receive the alert m$st elieve the information and kno

+hat to do)

An let can e comm$nicated ' vario$s means incl$din& sirens, rad

television, p$lic address s'stems, telephones and $llhorns) *he informati

comm$nicated and means of comm$nication ma' depend on the0 immediac'

the threat, characteristics of the tar&et pop$lation and the means of t

comm$nication so$rces availale)For example, +hen alert information comes ' telephone, it is often $ncle

from the call +hat the sit$ation is and +hat the s$se1$ent impact +ill e)

the rst task on the receivin& end of the call is to determine +hat exactl'

takin& place (or is ao$t to take place#) *he second task is to determine +h

needs to e done in response)

An alert s'stem sho$ld never e dependent on j$st one s'stem

comm$nication) If the $s$al method of comm$nicatin& information is

telephone, ens$re there is an alternative method to $se if the phone s'stem

not +orkin&) >hen there is a threat +ith a lon& +arnin& period, there is m$

more 2exiilit' and ailit' to comm$nicate the content of the alert) 4e+spape

ma&a%ines and ad campai&ns can all e $sed alon& +ith the electronic media)

*he +arnin& and alert phase is rst in an' disaster preparedness eo

*herefore, a thoro$&h $nderstandin& of detectin&, eval$atin&, respondin& a

implementin& decisions is cr$cial for savin& lives and critical assets)


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References:

.isaster Mana&ement AIO6

=omm$nicatin& 8ectivel' in a .isaster 7it$ation ' ;e&enie Fraser

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

,ESTI*N 3


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Explain the mitigation measures with specia

reference to flood% Earth 'uac#% and &liding an

Drought.

(2

8arth1$ake is one of the most destr$ctive nat$ral ha%ard) *he' ma' occ$r an' time of the 'ear, da' or ni&ht, +ith s$dden impact and little +arnin&) *h

can destro' $ildin&s and infrastr$ct$re in seconds, killin& or inj$rin& t

inhaitants) 8arth1$akes not onl' destro' the entire haitation $t ma' d

staili%e the &overnment, econom' and social str$ct$re of the co$ntr')


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#t is the sudden shaking of the earth crust. $he impact of an earth%uake

sudden and there is hardly any warning, making it impossible to predict.

A,SE * EARTH,A:

*he earth!s cr$st is a rock' la'er of var'in& thickness ran&in& from a depth

ao$t 9: kilometers $nder the sea to J kilometers $nder the continents) *

cr$st is not one piece $t consists of portions called plates! +hich var' in si

from a fe+ h$ndred to tho$sands of kilometers) *he theor' of plate tectonic

holds that the plates ride $p on the more moile mantle, and are driven

some 'et $nconrmedmechanisms, perhaps thermal convection c$rrents) >hen these plates conta

each other, stress arises in the cr$st)

*hese stresses can e classied accordin& to the t'pe of movement alon& t

plate!s o$ndaries

a# p$llin& a+a' from each other,

# p$shin& a&ainst one another and

c# slidin& side+a's relative to each other)

All these movements are associated +ith earth1$akes)

Di>ee%t t97e" o? 7lte !ove!e%t

i#) .iver&ent - +here ne+cr$st is &enerated as theplates p$ll a+a' from eachother)


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ii#) =onver&ent - +herecr$st is destro'ed as one

plate dives $nder another)

iii#) *ransformational - +herecr$st is neither prod$cednor destro'ed as the platesslide hori%ontall' past eachother)

Ge%el cctei"tic"

8arth1$ake virations occ$r in a variet' of fre1$encies and velocities) *

act$al r$pt$re process ma' last for a fe+ seconds to as lon& as one min$te fo

major earth1$ake) *he &ro$nd shakin& is ca$sed ' od' +aves! and s$rfa

+ave!)

Bo69 =ve"(B and 7 +aves# penetrate the od' of the earth, viratin& fast)

+aves travel ao$t J kilometers per ho$r and 7! +aves travel +ith a speed of

kilometers per ho$r)

Su?ce =ve" virate the &ro$nd hori%ontall' and verticall') *hese lo

period +aves ca$se s+a'in& of tall $ildin&s and sli&ht +aves motion in odi

of +ater even at &reat distances from the epicenter)

8arth1$akes can e of three t'pes ased on the focal depth

.eep- L:: to :: kms from the earth s$rface

Medi$m- J: to L:: kms

7hallo+ less than J: kms


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*he 6ee7 foc$s earth1$akes are rarel' destr$ctive eca$se ' the time t

+aves reach the s$rface the impact red$ces) Sllo=foc$s earth1$akes a

more common and are extremel' dama&in& eca$se of their proximit' to t

s$rface)

Me"ui% Et@ue"

8arth1$akes can e descried ' the $se of t+o distinctivel' dierent scales

meas$rement demonstratin& ma&nit$de and intensit') 8arth1$ake !%itu

or amo$nt of ener&' released is determined ' the $se of a "ei"!o7

+hich is an instr$ment that contin$o$sl' records &ro$nd viration) *he sca

+as developed ' a seismolo&ist named =harles ;ichter) An earth1$ake +ith

ma&nit$de ) on the ;ichter scale releases L: times the ener&' than one +

J) ma&nit$des) An earth1$ake of ma&nit$de L is the smallest normall' felt

h$mans) *he lar&est earth1$ake that has een recorded +ith this s'stem is )

(Alaska, 9J and =hile, 9J:#)

*he "eco%6 t97e of scale, the earth1$ake i%te%"it9 scale meas$res teects of an earth1$ake +here it occ$rs) *he most +idel' $sed scale of th

t'pe +as developed in 9:N ' Mercalli an Italian seismolo&ist) *he scale +

extended and modied to s$it the modern times) It is called the Mo6i

Meclli Scle, +hich expresses the intensit' of earth1$ake eect on peop

str$ct$re and the earth!s s$rface in val$es from I to II) >ith an intensit' of

and elo+ most of the people can feel the shake and there are cracks on t

+alls, $t +ith an intensit' of II there is &eneral panic +ith $ildin&s collapsi

totall' and there is a total disr$ption in normal life)


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+e6ictCilit9$Altho$&h some scientists claim ailit' to predict earth1$ake

the methods are controversial) Acc$rate and exact predictions of s$ch s$dd

incidents are still not possile)

MITIGATI*N MEAS,RES

o!!u%it9 7e7e6%e""$ =omm$nit' preparedness is vital for miti&ati

earth1$ake impact) *he most eective +a' to save 'o$ even in a sli&hte

shakin& is .;OB, =OP8; and /OQ.)

+l%%i%$*he


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

&et dama&ed even if the ma&nit$de of the earth1$ake is not 7tron&) 7imil

prolems persist in the $ildin&s constr$cted on the river anks +hich ha

all$vial soil)

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Flood is a state of hi&h +ater level alon& a river channel or on the coast th

leads to in$ndation of land, +hich is not $s$all' s$mer&ed) Floods ma' happ

&rad$all' and also ma' take ho$rs or even happen s$ddenl' +itho$t a

+arnin& d$e to reach in the emankment, spill over, heav' rains etc)

*here are dierent t'pes of 2oods namel' 2ash 2ood, riverine 2ood, $r

2ood, etc) l" oo6"can e dened as 2oods +hich occ$r +ithin six ho$rs

the e&innin& of heav' rainfall, and are $s$all' associated +ith clo$d $rs

storms and c'clones re1$irin& rapid locali%ed +arnin&s and immediate respon

to red$ce dama&e) >ireless net+ork and telephone connections are $sed

monitor 2ood conditions) In case of 2ash 2oods, +arnin&s for timel' evac$ati

ma' not al+a's e possile)

u"e"$

*here are several ca$ses of 2oods and dier from re&ion to re&ion) *he ca$s

ma' var' from a r$ral area to an $ran area) 7ome of the major ca$ses are

a# /eav' rainfall# /eav' siltation of the river ed red$ces the +ater carr'in& capacit'

rivers3stream)c#


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e# =onstr$ction of dams and reservoirsf# In areas prone to c'clone, stron& +inds accompanied ' heav' do+n po

alon& +ith storm s$r&e leads to 2oodin&)

;%i%$

Flood forecastin& and +arnin& has een hi&hl' developed in the past t+

decades) >ith the advancement of technolo&' s$ch as satellite and remot

sensin& e1$ipments 2ood +aves can e tracked as the +ater level rises) 8xce

for 2ash 2oods there is $s$all' a reasonale +arnin& period) /eav' precipitati

+ill &ive s$Ccient +arnin& of the comin& river 2ood) /i&h tides +ith hi&h +in

ma' indicate 2oodin& in the coastal areas) 8vac$ation is possile +ith s$ita

monitorin& and +arnin&) >arnin& is iss$ed ' the =entral >ater =ommissi

(=>=#, Irri&ation Flood =ontrol .epartment, and >ater ;eso$rc

.epartment) =>= maintains close liaison +ith the administrative and sta

en&ineerin& a&encies, local civil a$thorities to comm$nicate advance +arni

for appropriate miti&ation and preparedness meas$res)

Mititio% Me"ue"

M77i% o? te oo6 7o%e e"is a primar' step involved in red$cin& t

risk of the re&ion) /istorical records &ive the indication of the 2ood in$ndati

areas and the period of occ$rrence and the extent of the covera&e) >arnin& c

e iss$ed lookin& into the earlier marked hei&hts of the +ater levels in case

potential threat) In the coastal areas the tide levels and the land characteristi

+ill determine the s$mer&ence areas) Flood ha%ard mappin& +ill &ive t

proper indication of +ater 2o+ d$rin& 2oods)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

%6 u"e co%tol +ill red$ce dan&er of life and propert' +hen +aters in$nda

the 2oodplains and the coastal areas) *he n$mer of cas$alties is related to t

pop$lation in the area at risk) In areas +here people alread' have $ilt the

settlements, meas$res sho$ld e taken to relocate to etter sites so as

red$ce v$lnerailit') 4o major development sho$ld e permitted in the are

+hich are s$jected to hi&h 2oodin&) Important facilities like hospitals, schoo

sho$ld e $ilt in safe areas) In $ran areas, +ater holdin& areas can e creat

like ponds, lakes or lo+-l'in& areas)

o%"tuctio% o? e%i%eee6 "tuctue" in the 2ood plains and stren&theniof str$ct$res to +ithstand 2ood forces and seepa&e) *he $ildin&s sho$ld

constr$cted on an elevated area) If necessar' $ild on stilts or platform)

loo6 o%tol aims to red$ce 2ood dama&e) *his can e done ' decreasi

the amo$nt of r$no +ith the help of reforestation (to increase asorption co$

e a miti&ation strate&' in certain areas#, protection of ve&etation, clearin&

deris from streams and other +ater holdin& areas, conservation of ponds a

lakes etc) Flood .iversion incl$de levees, emankments, dams and chann

improvement) .ams can store +ater and can release +ater at a mana&ea

rate)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

the la$nchin& of 4ational Bro&ramme of Flood Mana&ement in 9K) .$rin& t

last KH 'ears, dierent methods of 2ood protection str$ct$ral as +ell

nonstr$ct$ral have een adopted in dierent states dependin& $pon the nat$

of the prolem and local conditions) 7tr$ct$ral meas$res incl$de stora

reservoirs, 2ood emankments, draina&e channels, antierosion +orks, chann

improvement +orks, detention asins etc) and non-str$ct$ral meas$res incl$

2ood forecastin&, 2ood plain %onin&, 2ood proon&, disaster preparedness et

*he 2ood mana&ement meas$res $ndertaken so far have provided

reasonale de&ree of protection to an area of 9)H9 million hectares thro$&h o

the co$ntr')

*he term! landslide! incl$des all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes a

can e dened as the do+n+ard and o$t+ard movement of slope formi

materials composed of rocks, soils, articial lls or comination of all the

materials alon& s$rfaces of separation ' fallin&, slidin& and 2o+in&, eith

slo+l' or 1$ickl' from one place to another) Altho$&h the landslides a

primaril' associated +ith mo$ntaino$s terrains, these can also occ$r in are

+here an activit' s$ch as s$rface excavations for hi&h+a's, $ildin&s and op

pit mines takes place) *he' often take place in conj$nction +ith earth1$ake2oods and volcanoes) At times, prolon&ed rainfall ca$sin& landslide ma' lo

the 2o+ of river for 1$ite some time) *he formation of river locks can ca$

havoc to the settlements do+nstream on its $rstin&)

u"e" o? %6"li6e


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

*here are several ca$ses of landslide) 7ome of the major ca$ses are as follo+s

Geoloicl ;e !teil >eakness in the composition and str$ct$re of ro

or soil ma' also ca$se landslides)

Eo"io%$8rosion of slope toe d$e to c$ttin& do+n of ve&etation, constr$ction

roads mi&ht increase the v$lnerailit' of the terrain to slide do+n)

I%te%"e i%?ll$ 7torms that prod$ce intense rainfall for periods as short

several ho$rs or have a more moderate intensit' lastin& several da's ha

tri&&ered a$ndant landslides) /eav' meltin& of sno+ in the hill' terrains al

res$lts in landslide)

Hu!% Excvtio% of slope and its toe, loadin& of slope3toe, dra+ do+n

reservoir, minin&, deforestation, irri&ation, viration3last, >ater leaka&e fro

services)

Et@ue "i% has tri&&ered landslides in man' dierent topo&raph

and &eolo&ic settin&s) ;ock falls, soil slides and rockslides

from steep slopes involvin& relativel' thin or shallo+ dis-a&&re&ated soils

rock, or oth have een the most a$ndant t'pes of landslides tri&&ered

historical earth1$akes)

-olc%ic eu7tio% .eposition of loose volcanic ash on hillsides commonl'follo+ed ' accelerated erosion and fre1$ent m$d or deris 2o+s tri&&ered

intense rainfall)

Mititio% Me"ue"


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

H6 !77i% locates areas prone to slope fail$res) *his +ill help to avo

$ildin& settlements in s$ch areas) *hese maps +ill also serve as a tool f

miti&ation plannin&)

%6 u"e 7ctice" "uc "$

Areas covered ' de&raded nat$ral ve&etation in $pper slopes are to

aorested +ith s$itale species) 8xistin& patches of nat$ral ve&etati

(forest and nat$ral &rass land# in &ood condition, sho$ld e preserved

An' developmental activit' initiated in the area sho$ld e taken $p on

after a detailed st$d' of the re&ion has een carried o$t)

In constr$ction of roads, irri&ation canals etc) proper care is to e taken

avoid locka&e of nat$ral draina&e

*otal avoidance of settlement in the risk %one sho$ld e made mandator'

;elocate settlements and infrastr$ct$re that fall in the possile path of t

landslide 4o constr$ction of $ildin&s in areas e'ond a certain de&ree of slope

Reti%i% ;ll" can e $ilt to stop land from slippin& (these +alls a

commonl' seen alon& roads in hill stations#) *hese are constr$cted to preve

smaller si%ed and secondar' landslides that often occ$r alon& the toe portion

the lar&er landslides)

Su?ce Di%e o%tol ;o" *he s$rface draina&e control +orks a

implemented to control the movement of landslides accompanied ' inltrati

of rain +ater and sprin& 2o+s)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

E%i%eee6 "tuctue" +ith stron& fo$ndations can +ithstand or take t

&ro$nd movement forces) 6nder&ro$nd installations (pipes, cales, etc)# sho$

e made 2exile to move in order to +ithstand

forces ca$sed ' the landslide

I%ce"i% veettio% cove is the cheapest and most eective +a'

arrestin& landslides) *his helps to ind the top la'er of the soil +ith la'e

elo+, +hile preventin& excessive r$n-o and soil erosion)

I%"u%ce +ill assist individ$als +hose homes are likel' to e dama&ed landslides or ' an' other nat$ral ha%ards)

.ro$&ht is either asence or decienc' of rainfall from its normal pattern in

re&ion for an extended period of time leadin& to &eneral s$erin& in the socie

It is interpla' et+een demand that people place on nat$ral s$ppl' of +ater a

nat$ral event that provides the +ater in a &iven &eo&raphical re&ion) *he mo


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

the imalance in s$ppl' the hi&her is the dro$&ht) *he follo+in& +ill he

explainin& this &eneral denition of the dro$&ht f$rther)

It is a slo+ on-set disaster and it is diCc$lt to demarcate the time of onset and the end)

An' $n$s$al dr' period +hich res$lts in a shorta&e of $sef$l +ater)

.ro$&ht is a normal, rec$rrent feat$re of climate) =limate is expected

sho+ some aerrations and dro$&ht is j$st a part of it) .ro$&ht can occ$r ' improper distri$tion of rain in time and space, a

not j$st ' its amo$nt) .ro$&ht is ne&ative alance et+een precipitation and +ater $se (thro$

evaporation, transpiration ' plants, domestic and ind$strial $ses etc# in

&eo&raphical re&ion)

*he eects of dro$&ht acc$m$late slo+l' over a considerale period of time)

Mititio% Me"ue"

*here are vario$s miti&ation strate&ies to cope $p +ith dro$&ht)

9) +uClic A=e%e"" %6 e6uctio%$ If the comm$nit' is a+are of the do

and don!ts, then half of the prolem is solved) *his incl$des a+areness on t

availailit' of safe drinkin& +ater, +ater conservation techni1$es, a&ric$lt$

dro$&ht mana&ement strate&ies like crop contin&enc' plans, constr$ction

rain +ater harvestin& str$ct$re) A+areness can e &enerated ' the pri

electronic and folk media)

20 Dout Mo%itoi% It is contin$o$s oservation of the rainfall sit$atio

availailit' of +ater in the reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc and comparin& +ith t

existin& +ater needs in vario$s sectors of the societ')


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

L) ;te "u77l9 u!e%ttio% %6 co%"evtio% thro$&h rain+ater

harvestin& in ho$ses and farmers! elds increases the content of +ater

availale) >ater harvestin& ' either allo+in& the r$no +ater from all the el

to a common point (e)&) Farm ponds, see the pict$re# or allo+in& it to inltra

into the soil +here it has fallen (in sit$# (e)&) conto$r $nds, conto$r c$ltivatio

raised ed plantin& etc# helps increase +ater availailit' for s$stain

a&ric$lt$ral prod$ction)

K) Ex7%"io% o? iitio% facilities red$ces the dro$&ht v$lnerailit') u"e ased on its capailit' helps in optim$m $se of land and +ater and c

avoid the $nd$e demand created d$e to their mis$se)

) ivelioo6 7l%%i% identies those livelihoods +hich are least aected

the dro$&ht) 7ome of s$ch livelihoods incl$de increased o-farm emplo'me

opport$nities, collection of non-timer forest prod$ce from the comm$n

forests, raisin& &oats, carpentr' etc)

J) Dout 7l%%i%$ the asic &oal of dro$&ht plannin& is to improve t

eectiveness of preparedness and response eorts ' enhancin&

monitorin&, miti&ation and response meas$res)

References:

http33dmc)kar)nic)in3defa$lt)htm+++)dro$&ht)$nl) 8d$http33+++)fema)&ov+++)imd)ernet)in
http://dmc.kar.nic.in/default.htmhttp://www.fema.gov/http://dmc.kar.nic.in/default.htmhttp://www.fema.gov/


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

,ESTI*N 4

Many natural and manmade ha)ards can b

predicted before their onset. *n most case+echnology now has made it possible to act befor

disaster stri#es. ,redicting different ha)ard


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

re-uires different methods% technologies% an

e-uipment% explain

(2

*here are three sta&es involved in the prediction of ha%ards

9) =ollectin& .ataN) Anal'%in& data o assess the ha%ardL) *ranslatin& data into a +arnin& and disseminatin& it to the &eneral

p$lic and the disaster task force)

Man' nat$ral and manmade ha%ards can e predicted efore their onset)

most cases, technolo&' no+ makes it possile to act efore disaster strike

Bredictin& dierent ha%ards re1$ires dierent methods, technolo&ies a

e1$ipment)

8ach co$ntr' has dierent or&ani%ations that poses e1$ipment and monitori

s'stems for dierent t'pes of ha%ards) Brediction is ased on the scientic da

and information collected from dierent so$rces, +hich is sim$lated thro$

vario$s models and nall' anal'%ed to determine the impacts that an identi

ha%ard can have)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

In fact, prediction is a means for ha%ard assessment, +arnin& and alert s'stem

Most nat$ral ha%ards are linked to atmospheric and climate chan&es, +hich a

predictale) >ithin ind$strial and commercial settin&s man' technolo&ic

ha%ards can also e predicted $sin& dierent alarm s'stems) For example, it

possile to predict the onset of major storms or torrential rains and 2oods +

fair acc$rac', often a fe+ da's in advance)

7ome +ell kno+n international so$rces of prediction and forecasts of nat$

ha%ards are

*he >orld >eather >atch (mainl' for tropical storms#

7eismolo&ical facilities in vario$s co$ntries (for monitorin& of ear

movements providin& &eo&raphical co-ordinates of the movements a

intensities# *he *s$namis =enter at the Bacic >arnin& =enter in /onol$l$ (f

*s$namis in the Bacic Ocean#

4ational so$rces for prediction ma' incl$de

4ational Meteorolo&ical 7ervices

4ational 7eismolo&ical 7ervices and Polcanolo&ical 7ervices

7ectoral Ministries and .epartments

.isaster Mana&ement focal points

For example, forecastin& +eather helps in predictin& ha%ards related to hi

+inds, storms, sea s$r&es, ts$namis, hi&h rainfall, 2oodin& and ice storm

Brediction of +ind ha%ards (tropical c'clones, h$rricanes, t'phoons# is ased


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

technolo&' and persistence) .ata is normall' collected is $pper +ind 2o

patterns at dierent hei&hts) 7$rface isoaric patterns, satellite clo$d ima&erie

and radar and radio oservations are the main tools $sed for +eath

forecastin&) orld Meteorolo&ical Or&ani%ati

the follo+in& oservations are made)

Su?ce *C"evtio%" >ind speed and direction, atmospheric press$

air temperat$re, clo$ds visiilit', rainfall, radiations, de+ po

temperat$re and &ro$nd temperat$re) Se *C"evtio%" 7ea s$rface temperat$re, +ave speed, directio

period and s+ell)

,77e Ai *C"evtio%" *emperat$re and h$midit' at dierent hei&h

and press$re levels)

*he so$rce of the majorit' of these oservations is normall' the meteorolo&ic

stations on land) 7ome oservations at sea can e made ' the merchant shi

and research vessels)

SATEITE IMAGES

Acc$rac' of +eather forecasts depends $pon the availailit' of hi&h resol$ti

satellite pict$res) *hese s'stems can also e $sed for identif'in& shi&ro$nds, detectin& forest res and monitorin& crop conditions)

;ATHER RADARS


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

7torm +armin& +eather radars are often $sed for trackin& c'clon

dist$rances, severe th$nderstorms and ad +eather phenomenon $p to

ran&e of K::km) *he video inte&rator processor of radar can displa' limit

levels of precipitation intensities)

7imilarl', 2ood forecastin& or prediction re1$ires information on climatic facto

like rainfall in the head+ater catchments) >henever there is a heav' rainfall

the $pstream area, time taken for the +ater to acc$m$late do+nstream is t

lead-time for the 2ood forecastin&) An' calirated rainfall-r$no model for loc

conditions- is a tool to provide information on expected +ater levels alon&river in advance)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

*he follo+in& tale lists common information needed for timel' prediction

forecastin& of some nat$ral ha%ards)

.isaster Information 4eeded9clo%e ='clone track and intensit'

*ime and location of landfall prediction

.issemination of +arnin&s

.ama&e assessment

Implementation of relief plans

Area aectedloo6" ;ainfall in catchments areas

>ater levels (stream3stora&e areas#

;$n-o predictions

*errain relief and slopes

8xtent of aected areas

.ama&e assessmentDout ;ainfall anomalies and ve&etale indices

Area aected

8stimate the dama&e assessment


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Et@ue Monitorin& scan acc$m$lation

7eismolo&ical net+orks

Areas aected ' earth1$akes

8stimation of dama&e%6"li6e" Modelin& landslide process

7lope and soil stailit' information

Monitorin& rainfall

8xtent of areas aected

.ama&e assessment

;eferences


+++)iris)ed$

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD


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,ESTI*N 5

Elaborate your concept about $ommunit

/rgani)ation and 0ormation of $ommunit

1roups.

(2


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

&ommunity is a contributor of resources and allies and provider of pitfalls an

opponents.

o!!u%it9 i" 7lce/ =ee

9) *he need for chan&e, N)*he eort to make that chan&e and L) *he resistan

to chan&e co-exists)

Tee =9" to 7eceive co!!u%it9

Berceivin& =omm$nit' as a comm$nit' =omponents of comm$nit' i)e) s

comm$nities Gro$ps dra+n to the arena of action

o!!u%it9

Geo&raphic area, dened o$ndaries

7hared interest and activities B$rposef$l &ro$pin& of individ$als in to a common +hole

A f$ndamental capacit' of o$r h$manness

A state of ein&

Manner of people relatin& to one another

T97e" o? o!!u%itie"

I%tee"t co!!u%it9$ =omm$nities +e need to kno+3 the people +ho a

involved in o$r partic$lar action)

Nee6 o Ce%et co!!u%it9$=onsists of people +ho c$rrentl' experience t

prolem or co$ld enet from its resol$tion)


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Actio% co!!u%it9$=onsists of people +ho reco&ni%e or co$ld easil' reco&n

that a prolem exists and are +illin& to +ork to resolve it)(chan&e a&ent#

Tet o e"7o%"e co!!u%it9$=onsists of people +hose policies, actions

inaction!s someho+ perpet$ate the prolem)

+ei7el co!!u%it9$*he +ider comm$nit'

7ome denition of =omm$nit' Or&ani%ation are

&ommunity organi'ation is the process of dealing with individuals and group

who are or may become concerned with social welfare services or ob(ective

for the purpose of in)uencing the volume of such services, improving t

%uality or distribution or furthering the attainment of such ob(ectives

&ommunity organi'ation is a techni%ue for obtaining a consensus concernin

both the values that are most important for the common welfare and the be

means of obtaining them.

&ommunity organi'ation is achieved whenever a group of citi'ens recogni'i

a need, band together to see that the need is met.

&ommunity organi'ation has been de*ned as the process of bringing abo

and maintaining a progressively more eective ad(ustment between soc


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

welfare resources and social welfare needs within a geographic area

functional *eld.

=omm$nit' or&ani%in& is a lon&-term approach +here the people aected '

iss$e are s$pported in identif'in& prolems and takin& action to achie

sol$tions) *he or&ani%er challen&es those he or she +orks +ith to chan&e t

+a' thin&s are, it is a means of achievin& social chan&e thro$&h collecti

action ' chan&in& the alance of po+er) *he tactics and strate&ies emplo'

' the or&ani%er are similar to the processes of leadership incl$din& timin& t

iss$e, delierate plannin&, &ettin& the attention of the pop$lace, framin& t

iss$e in terms of the desired sol$tion, and shapin& the terms of the decisio

makin& process)

;9 u"e co!!u%it9 o%ii%F

=omm$nit' or&ani%in& helps to rin& o$t man' voices to add collective po+

and stren&th to an iss$e) =omm$nit' or&ani%in& is a ke' part of an over

strate&' to make chan&es in a comm$nit' that are +idel' felt, and that re2e

the +ishes of the people +ho are directl' aected ' alcohol-related comm$n

prolems) *his re1$ires the or&ani%er to not onl' listen and e responsive to t

comm$nit', $t also to help comm$nit' residents develop the skills necessa

to address their o+n iss$es in an on&oin& +a')

At the heart of community organizing are inclusion, ownershirelationship building and leadership development.

=omm$nit' or&ani%in& looks at collective sol$tions T lar&e n$mers of peop

+ho en&a&e in sol$tions that impact even more people) *hese people $s$a

live in the same nei&horhood, to+n or lock) Man' traditional a&en

responses look at individual sol$tions) A&encies tend to foc$s on the individ$

as a means to solve p$lic health prolems)


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METH*DS * *MM,NIT. *RGANIZATI*N

Me%i% o? Gou7$*+o or more people +ho interact +ith and in2$ence ea

other to+ards a common p$rpose) (>ho interact +ith one anothe

ps'cholo&icall' a+are of one another0 +ho perceive themselves in a &ro$p#)

Gou7" i% te co%text o? o!!u%it9 *%itio%

*he +ork of the or&ani%ations is lar&el' the +ork of the &ro$ps) Most of the st

of comm$nit' or&ani%ation @ disc$ssin&, plannin&, and decision @makin& a

camaraderie occ$rs in &ro$ps)


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

40 +e?o!i% Ste

*he &ro$p concentrates on the tasks to e achieved)

50 A6ou%i% Ste

>hen the &ro$p completes its +ork, +hich res$lts in a chan&e in therelationship amon& its memers)

R*E * *MM,NIT. IN DISASTER +ANNING

4o amo$nt of disaster plannin& can e s$ccessf$l $nless comm$nities likel'

e aected participate in the process) An' disaster miti&ation plan is o$nd

fail +itho$t the involvement of the comm$nit' at ever' sta&e of its preparati

as +ell as implementation)

=omm$nit' ma' comprise of

A famil'

A nei&horhood 3 settlement

A school

An oCce

A cit'

A villa&e

;9 i" o!!u%it9 +tici7tio% E""e%til i% Di""te Mititio+l%%i%F

>hen a disaster strikes, the comm$nities are the rst to respond a

react) In the rst fe+ moments efore the desi&nated mana&ement tea

&ets into operation, maxim$m loss can occ$r +hen comm$nities panic

do not kno+ ho+ to react)=omm$nities are more familiar +ith the availale reso$rces3facilitie

social &ro$ps and the s$rro$ndin&s)=omm$nities +ith experience of past disasters have historical eviden

and information of the eects and the response needed) *he' ha


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

eno$&h lessons learnt in the past to e ale to s$pport miti&ati

plannin&)=omm$nities are familiar +ith the v$lnerailities of the areas and t

people in their vicinit') *he' ma' also kno+ as to +hat co$ld +ork eand the capailities +ithin the comm$nit' to take $p vario$s actio

re1$ired for miti&ation)=omm$nities also have the information of the demo&raphics a

topo&raphies to e ale to provide s$Ccient information for developi

ha%ards maps, risk assessment and miti&ation plans) *he' +o$ld also

ale to priorities their iss$es ased on their s$erin&s) =omm$nities c

&enerate political +ill and can form comm$nit' press$re &ro$ps to e a

to rin& in chan&e)=omm$nities have a t+o +a' link to the &overnments3a$thorities as +

as 4GO!s read' to help)

;eferences


+++)scrid)com

en)+ikipedia)or&3+iki3=omm$nit'Ror&ani%in&

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
http://www.scribd.com/http://www.scribd.com/

29962975 semester iii assgn i disaster management

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