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Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010
Farming the waters for People and Food
22-25 September 2010, Phuket, Thailand
Disclaimer
This is an unedited presentation given at the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010. The Organising Committee do not guarantee the accuracy or authenticity of the contents.
Citations
Please use the following citation sequence with citing this document:
1. Author. 2. Title. 3. Presented at the Global Conference on Aquaculture 22-25 September 2010, Phuket, Thailand.
10/10/2010
1
Aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific region: Past, Present and Future
Sena S. De SilvaNetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
The area covered
10/10/2010
2
Why are we gathered here?
• Farming of the waters– Significant food production sectorSignificant food production sector– Provide many of millions of livelihood
opportunities– Contributes to: food security, nutrition,
poverty alleviation– Has a very long history
• Thought to originate in Chinag g• But new evidence (?) suggests south-west
Victoria, Australia: Farming of eels by the aboriginal communities
• Need to be revisited?
• We are here to:T k t k f th l t– Take stock of the last decade
– Evaluate how the sector could sustain in the next decade
– Ascertain how the sector ld b hcould contribute to the
Millennium Development Goals
10/10/2010
3
• Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a dayy
• Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
• Reduce by half theReduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
The task ahead of me
• To impress upon the importance of aquaculture p qto the Asia-Pacific (A-P) region– Its form and function – Its long-term sustainability– Its contribution to
• Food fish production• Nutrition of the rural poor• Nutrition of the rural poor• Rural livelihoods• Income generation• Food security
10/10/2010
4
Consumption & Needs
• Fish consumption has been on the risehas been on the rise– A-P accounts for
nearly 70% of global consumption
• Per caput– A-P: 43 kg/yearg/y
– Global: 22 kg/year
• Fish are consumed in many forms in the A-P
10/10/2010
5
Future Food Fish Needs
• Region population– Year 2050: 6.533*109
– Proportion of global population:– Proportion of global population: decline
– Based on current consumption (29 kg/caput/yr)
• By 2050: An extra 30 million tonnes needed
• Where does this “need” come from?
(Economist Nov 2009)
0123456789
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Pop
ulat
ion
(billi
on)
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Per
cent
Asi
a
Asia Rest % Asia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
A-P
Cap
ture
/ A-P
Cul
ture
/ A-P
Fis
hN
eeds
(106 t)
0500100015002000250030003500400045005000
Poul
atio
n (in
milli
ons)
A-P/Capture A-P/CultureFish needs Population
+ ~ 30 million t
(Economist, Nov. 2009)
The past decade
• A P dominatedYear Global (t) A-P (t)
• A-P dominated aquaculture globally– Accounts for 90% of
global production
1987 13,961,611 11,939,706 (85.5%)
1997 34,261,739 31,075,412 (90.7%)
2007 65,190,029 59,568,049 (91.4%)
10/10/2010
6
• PR China is the mainstay in the region
30
40
50
60
70
duct
ion
(106 t)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
ent
World Asia-P China %Asia-P % A-P -(China)
– Without PR China region’s contribution only 30%
0
10
20
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007
Prod
0
10
20
30
40 P
• Value of produce– Almost mirror image of
production trend50
60
70
80
90
100
(109 U
S$)
50
60
70
80
90
rcen
t
World Asia-P China %Asia-P % A-P -(China)
– Overall, accounts for about 80% value of global aquaculture
– China is the main contributor
– The rest accounts for
0
10
20
30
40
50
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007
Val
ue (
0
10
20
30
40 Per
30% of value of culture
10/10/2010
7
The dominance of PR China
40 45 50
06 t)60
70
80
na
China Rest-A/P TOTAL China %
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Prod
uctio
n (1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Perc
ent C
hin
China Rest-A/P TOTAL China %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Val
ue (1
06 US$
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Perc
ent C
hina
Country contribution in 2008
China68%
India6%
Japan2%
Thailand2%
Viet Nam4%
Philippines4%
Bangladesh2%
Korea, Republic of2%
Myanmar1%
Rest A-P3%
China66%
Rest A-P4%
Korea, Republic of2%
Viet Nam5%
Japan5%
Indonesia4%
Thailand3%
Bangladesh2%Philippines
2%
Myanmar1%
68%
Indonesia6%
India6%Production Value
10/10/2010
8
Commodities
• Finfish dominance
C t l t• Crustaceans least– But 2nd ranked in value
• Aquatic plants – 2nd ranked in volume but least in value
351990 1995 2000 2005 2008
50
1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Aquatic plants Molluscs Crustaceans Finfish Others
Pro
duct
ion
(106 t)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Aquatic plants Molluscs Crustaceans Finfish Others
Valu
e (1
09 US$
)
• Crustacean – volume only 7%, but
value 24%
• Finfish Aquatic plants,
15,738,351, 25%
Others, 618510, 1%
2008 production (t)
– volume 49%
– Value 55%
• Aquatic plants– Volume 22%
– Value 8%
Molluscs, 12,018,289.50,
19%Crustaceans, 4,469,244, 7%
Finfish, 29,774,795, 48%
Aquatic plants, Others
2008 value (103 US$)q p ,
7376345.7, 9%
Molluscs, 10476435.6, 12%
Crustaceans, 20404091, 24%
Finfish, 45406867.5, 52%
Others, 2373867.6, 3%
10/10/2010
9
Unit price• Almost all commodities in A-
P unit prices comparable• Significant difference
between crustaceans and others
• Unit price (farm gate) has declined/ remained static– Biggest change in crustaceans– Should this be so?– Does this trend match for– Does this trend match for
other food commodities– If not, WHY?
Relation to environment
• Predominantly fi fi h 30 94
Brackish MarineFreshw Fish A-P% Freshw of A-P fish % Fish A-P of Wld Fish
– finfish
– freshwater fish
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1980 1990 2000 2005 2007
Prod
uctio
n (1
06 t)
7476788082848688909294
Perc
ent
10/10/2010
10
Cultured species: Top 10 globally
• Only one temperate species in the rank 3
344
106 t)
1980 1990 2000 2008
species in the rank
• Seven cyprinids among the top 10– Feeding low in the
trophic chain
• Contribute nearly:
011223
Silver
carp
Grass c
arp
Common
carp
Nile til
apia
Bighea
d carp Catl
a
Crucian
carp
Atlanti
c salm
on
Panga
sius c
atfish
esRoh
u
Prod
uctio
n (
0.8%A-P % Global• Contribute nearly:
– 75% to production in the A-P
– 65% to global fish
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1980 1990 2000 2008
Per
cent
of t
op 9
spe
cies
in A
-P
The dominance of A-P countries over the years
10/10/2010
11
Lesser known entities: Farm size
• A-P aquaculture is small-scale
Freshwater Pond Culture
3.0
4.0
5.0
uctio
n
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
m S
ize
(ha)
Production/ farm (t) Production (t/ha) Avg. Farm Size (ha)
is small scale– Farmer
owned/leased, managed and operated
• Examples– Indonesia
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Prod
u
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Avg
. Far
m
Brackishwater Pond Culture
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Prod
uctio
n
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Avg
. Far
m S
ize
(ha)
Production/ farm (t) Production (t/ha) Avg. Farm Size (ha)
Indonesia• Freshwater
ponds: 0.14 ha• Increase in area
and productivity
0.0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
< 0.
1 ha
0.1-
0.3
ha
0.3-
0.5
ha
0.5-
1 ha
> 1
ha
< 2
ha
2-5
ha
5-10
ha
> 10
ha
Fw Ponds (517,266) Bw Ponds (182,713)Pe
rcen
t
Th il d
Coastal Pond- Finfish
3 0
4.0
5.0
on (t
)
0.81.0
1.2
m S
ize
(ha)
Production/ farm (t)Production (t/ha)Avg. farm size (ha)
– Thailand• Coastal pond:
0.8 ha
• Freshwater pond: 0.28 ha
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Prod
uctio
0.00.2
0.40.6
Ave
rage
Far
m
Fw Pond Culture
5 0 0 30
Production/ farm (t)Production (t/ha)Avg.size (ha)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Prod
uctio
n (t
)
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.30
Ave
rage
Far
m S
ize
(ha)
10/10/2010
12
– Vietnam catfish culture
• >55% under 4 ha
• But production per ha• But production per ha very high, average 350-400 t/ha/crop
• Still the great bulk are farmers own, manage and operate
Take home message (?)
• Great bulk small, farmers owned, managed and operatedg p
• No difference to the rest of the primary production sectors in the A-P– Rice:
• E.g. China – world biggest rice producer• 182.04*106 t (2006); 29% global production• Avg. farm size 0.93 ha/farm
– Dairy (RAP, 2008)• E g India – highest global producer• E.g. India – highest global producer• 210*106 cows and buffaloes• But owned by 70*106 households
• Aquaculture in Asia will remain small-scale– Development strategies have to “factor”
this in
10/10/2010
13
Notable developments
• Shrimp– Farmed shrimp to 70% of 1000
1200
1400
103 t) 90
100
utio
n
China India IndonesiaThailand Viet Nam % A-P% A-P to World
Viral Diseases on P.m
Introduction of L.vpshrimp sold on world markets in 2006
– Average annual growth in crustacean
• 1970-1990: 24%• 1990-2000: 9%• 2000-2006: 16%• 1970-2006: 18%
– Predominant productionA P
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Prod
uctio
n ( 1
50
60
70
80
Perc
ent C
ontr
ib
• A-P• Penaeus monodon
– Major disease outbreaks in 1980 and beyond
– Needed strategies to• Maintain the sector• Generate income• Provide livelihoods
• Shift to L. vannamei– In some nations
– Paid off:• Production increased
• Livelihoods safeguarded
• Income generation continued
– Lesson learntR ili f f• Resilience of farmers
• Adaptability
– Is the sector sustained?
10/10/2010
14
• Continue with P. monodon– Farmers determination– Successful through the adoption of
• Better Management PracticesPerhaps the best approach to:
• Better Management Practices (BMP)
• Cluster approach– Clusters already certified
– Marketability enhanced– Food quality standards met– The final story of P. monodon vs. L.
vannamei not over
• Attain sustainability• Develop markets• Attain food safety and quality
– In all possibility• Both will continue to exist• Thrive in the A-P
10/10/2010
15
• Striped catfish/Vietnam– Possibly the fastest growth in
any sector, globally, ever– Total area of farming (<7,000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Prod
uctio
n (1
03 t)
10
15
20
25
30
35
Perc
ent c
ontr
ibut
ion
Catfish
Totalaquaculture% catfish
ha)• 2007: 683*103 t (645*106
US$)• 2008: 835*103 t (800*106
US$, 1st seven months) – The fastest growth for any
aquaculture sector, in a nation, in a small area
• Over 200,000 employedBulk are women
0
500
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
5
0 1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Expo
rt v
olum
e (1
06 t)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Val
ue (1
09 US$
)
Export volume
Value
– Bulk are women
0
0.05
0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0
0.2
• Striped catfish (cont.)– Perhaps most importantly:
• Highest production per unit area for any primary production sector
– The sector has combated f ll ksuccessfully, major marketing
obstacles• E.g. US embargo on Vietnam catfish
imports to USA
– Put in perspectives• Catfish culture in ~7,000 ha produces
as much as 67% of all European aquaculture productionaquaculture production
10/10/2010
16
• Rohu culture in Myanmar– Labeo rohita: widely cultured in the
region
– Myanmar:• Developed a “niche” export marker• Developed a “niche” export marker
• 5-6 yr span (>US$ 90 million)
• Triggered– Production
– Employment
» Processing sector >100,000 women
– Niche markets for commodities that were considered “unexportable”
• Development and adoption of BMPs– BMPs were developed as a consequence
to solve disease problems in shrimp farming in India
– First step:• “International Principles for ResponsibleInternational Principles for Responsible
Shrimp Farming”– A consortium approach– World Bank Green Award 2006
– Carried further now• Shrimp farming• Striped catfish
– BMPs:• Ensure sustainability and higher production
I i i f ll l d• Increase competitiveness of small scale producers• Ensure food quality and safety• Facilitate market accessibility to small scale farmers• Facilitates environmental integrity• Increase harmony among farmers
10/10/2010
17
• Cluster approach and BMPs– Adoption of BMP in shrimp farming in India
• Significant results• Policy and governance changes
– Establishment of NaSCA
– Farmers in a cluster act as a unit• Increased income• Higher bargaining power• Quality produce• Self policing system in place• Enable to access niche markets• Enable to obtain “cluster certification”
Soon a regional strategy for– Soon a regional strategy for important commodities
• E.g. catfish in the Mekong Delta
– Gateway to food security/quality– Complying with mushrooming standards
• Preparing the small scale farmer to meet modern day challenges 8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Dow
nloa
ds p
er
nth
Unique visitors Downloads
challenges– Increasing use of web-
based information by farming community
– Bringing rural farmers to use modern ICT
• Obtain advice on day to
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Uni
que
visi
tors
/ D
Mon
day problems
• Market information
• Coordinating cluster activities
– Harvesting
– Operation of crop-calendars
10/10/2010
18
Issues relating to biodiversity
• All development should minimise impacts on pbiodiversity
• Aquaculture– Alleged too much
dependence on alien species
– Fact or fiction?• Fact: Alien species play a• Fact: Alien species play a
major role in A-P aquaculture
• Fiction: Probably no explicit evidence from the A-P region
Major challenges encountering the sector: An example of market forces
Economic viability at stake?
10/10/2010
19
ON
TRADE
D SETTING
CONSUMER
INFL
UEN
CE
ONS
TAN
DARD S
HOLDER
S
PRO(80
WHOLESA
PROCESSOR
MARKETDIALOGUE
MARKET COOPERATIONMUTUAL BENEFITS
STAKEHORODUCER
0% sm
all-scale
farmers)
ALER
RESTORING BALANCE
Unfounded negative publicity
• To discredit a product
Wh i d i thi
3. Pangas are not environmentally sustainable, a most unsustainable food you could possibly eat - 'Buy local' means creating the least amount of environmental harm as possible............
4. There's nothing natural about Pangas - They're fed dead fish remnants and bones, dried and ground into a flour, from
• Who is doing this– Competitive producers
who are losing market for striped catfish?
1. Pangas are teeming with high levels of poisons and bacteria. ( industrial effluents, arsenic, and toxic and hazardous by-products of the growing industrial sector, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), metal contaminants, chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) ). The reasons are that the Mekong River is one of the most polluted rivers on the planet and this is where pangas are farmed and industries along the river dump chemicals and industrial waste directly into it. To Note: a friend lab tests these fish and tells us to avoid eating them due to high amounts of contamination < http://www.whytraveltofrance.com/2007/08/03/buying-fish-in-france-
South America , manioc ( cassava ) and residue from soy and grains...........................................
5. Pangas are Injected with Hormones Derived from Urine - I don't know how someone came up with this one out but they've discovered that if they inject female Pangas with hormones made from the dehydrated urine of pregnant women........................but just consider the rest of the reasons to NOT eat it..
6. You get what you pay for - and then some. Don't be lured in by insanely cheap price of Pangas. Is it worth risking your health and the health of your family?
7. Buying Pangas supports unscrupulous, greedy evil corporations and food conglomerates that don't care about the health and well-being of human beings..............................
8 Pangas will make you sick - If ( for reasons in #1 above ) you don't get immediately ill with vomiting diarrhea and effectsg p y y ga-warning/ > . Regardless of the reports and recommendations against selling them, the supermarkets still sell them to the general public knowing they are contaminated. 2. They freeze Pangas in contaminated river water.
8. Pangas will make you sick - If ( for reasons in #1 above ) you don t get immediately ill with vomiting, diarrhea and effects from severe food poisoning, congratulations, you have an iron stomach! But you're still ingesting POISON not poisson.
Final important note: Because of the prodigious amount of availability of Pangas, ‘’’’’...............or eating out at cafes / food stalls by choosing fish-&-chips, think twice !!
You have been warned !!!
Are any of the above valid?Definitely not!!
10/10/2010
20
Climate change impacts
• A-P aquaculture spread from 43oS to 43oN– Major activities 23oS to 23oN
• Major impacts– Deltaic areas – hubs of activities
• Mekong Delta, Ganges, Brahmaputra– Sea level rise– Reduced water flows– Tidal/wave surges/ g– Extreme climatic events
• Need to develop suitable strategies/mitigating measures
Counteracting erroneous public perceptions
• Aquaculture in the forefront in the past three decades• An era of communication technology
I d bli d i ti– Increased public awareness and aspirations• Subjected to “more public policing”• Public perceptions:
– Impacts on policy– Development
• Aquaculture– Many erroneous public perceptions– Need to counteract these
P iti h t b hi hli ht d– Positives have to be highlighted– Profile enhanced
• How?– Later (Time, April 2009)
10/10/2010
21
Way forward…
Establishing a conducive climate for development
• Improve public perception on aquaculture– Conductive policy developmentsp y p
• Increase the profile of aquaculture– As a food source– Income generator– Contribute to food security– As an effective secondary user of water– Minimal environmental perturbation
Publicise positive impacts on– Publicise positive impacts on – biodiversity
• How?– Develop and publicise “Success Stories”
10/10/2010
22
Increase in production, profitability and economic viability
• Encourage development and adoption of science-based BMP– Associated with a cluster approach– Associated with a cluster approach
• BMPs– Empower small-scale farmers– Empower farming communities– Improve production
• Reduce disease occurrence• Increase production• Increase profitability• Reduce environmental impacts
f• Care for common property resources sharing
• Improve access to– Market– Credit– Government
Furthering communication & small-scale farmer education
• Small scale farming– Narrow profitability
Oft i d d t ng• Often induced to use– Untested, unproven
efficacies• Probiotics (indiscriminately)• Therapeutants,
feed additives etc.
• Comparable to what is recommended for humans
• Flog technologiesl
Book
on
Deb
unki
naq
uacu
lture
nons
ense
?
– Relevant or not– Needed or not– Proven or not
• Evidence that farmers could save up to 20% of recurrent costs
• Interactions between farmer groups– Intra- and inter-countries– Learn from each other
10/10/2010
23
New developments: Culture-based fisheries
• A-P region– 66,710,502 ha of small, non-perennial water bodies
(FAO 1999)(FAO, 1999)– Only <5% used for fish production
• Culture-based fisheries (CBF)– A secondary use of water
(non-consumptive)– On seed stocks as external input– Environmentally non-degradable– Very little capital inputs– Attractive to governments
• CBF increase– Income– Food fish– Communal harmony
Potential production of 8 to 10 million tonnes of fish by 2015
New developments:Use of large, static water bodies for cage culture
• Large resource in AsiaV i t– Very ancient
• >2,000 years old
• Linked to rice cultivation
• Centres of civilisation
– Modern age• E.g. China 86,000 since 1948!
A i hi h t i d t t• Asia – highest impoundment rate
– Controversies linger on• E.g. Mekong mainstream
damming
10/10/2010
24
• In some intensive cage culture– Alternative livelihood to “displaced persons”
• The cage culture potential in Asian reservoirs not adequately exploitedadequately exploited– Exception: Indonesia
• Ciratum watershed
• 3 reservoirs (~20,000 ha)
• 60-80*103 t/yr– ~3,000 kg/ha/yr
• Local, stable market,
• Development not without problems– Not insurmountable
Improvements to rice-fish culture
• A-P region– 137.5*106 ha of rice– 90% of world area of rice
cultivation• PR China
– Rice-fish traditional– New improvements
• Production increasedM k t bl
(Source: Weimin 2009)
• Marketable• Farmer livelihoods/income improved by 4-5 fold• 2.3*106 rural households impacted
– High possibility of adoption through the region • Bangladesh – already moving forward
10/10/2010
25
Expansion of mariculture• Fastest growing sub-sector
– Groupers, wrassesC t t l ti k t• Caters to lucrative markets– Live food fish restaurant trade– Growing trade
• Increasing dependence on hatchery produced seed stocks– E.g. mouse grouper– Many others developed
• To be commercialised
• Decreased dependence on wildDecreased dependence on wild caught fish– Lesser use of destructive gears– Fragile habitat preservation
• ++ impacts on biodiversity
Application of technologies
• Genetic improvement in major cultured commoditiescommodities
• Science-based broodstock management– Maintain and improve genetic quality of
broodstock– Minimise negative impacts on local populations
• Molecular screening for diseases• New strains to combat climate change
impacts– E.g. salinity tolerance catfish for the Mekong
Delta
10/10/2010
26
• Adapting SPF technology– Revival of P. monodon
– For backyard, small-scale hatcheriesSi l i• Simple construction
• Low cost
• Resilient
• Adaptable– Diversity possible
– Added income
• Easily transferred technology
• Independence from multi-nationals
– Thailand already taken a lead5th Generation SPF b-stock
Contribution to conserving stocks and providing food sources
• True?
Exaggerated?• Exaggerated?
• Over dramatized?
• Effective?
Reality
Advertisement - for one regional edition would cost around US$150,000
Reality
10/10/2010
27
• Same magazine selects 50/year– Scientific
– Global impacts (potential)S i ll• Socially
• Economically
• For 2009, ranked 2nd
innovation
TANK BRED TUNARegional innovation
- Oz
Best Course of Action?
Marry the Two
Increase research & development efforts
Conserved stocks; continued food source through
AQUACULTURE in the A-P & globally
Many years of sashimi on the table
10/10/2010
28
(Lord Buddha)
www.enaca.org