21st Annual Conference

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Living with Lead:Environmental Management of Active Small Arms Ranges

Harley O’Hagan, NZ Defence Force

Penny Kneebone, Tonkin & Taylor Ltd

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• New Zealand Defence Force (Army, Navy, Air Force) – Joint Logistics & Support Organisation (JLSO)

• Property Group – Environmental Services (8 civilian staff)

• NZDF’s issues – 87,000ha estate – Sustainable land management – Services for Camps/Bases (water, waste, heat, etc) – Statutory planning – Consents & compliance – Environmental education

• Contaminated sites

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Small arms ranges

• Hand held firearms• Lead, copper, zinc, nickel,

antimony• Ongoing source of contamination

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Typical layout

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Contamination at Ranges

• Typical metal concentrations in stop butt sand (mg/kg)

Metal

Stop butt

concentrationsBackground

(ANZECC 1992)

Commercial (NEPM 1999)

Lead 2,000-30,000 <2-200 1,500

Copper 30-10,000 1-190 5,000

Zinc 60-1,000 2-180 35,000

Antimony 10-1,000 4-44 -

Nickel 10-20 2-400 3,000

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NZDF’s small arms ranges

• 29 ranges• Coastal to central plateau• Various types, environmental

settings

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Approach to management

• Range similarities: overarching guideline

• Differences: individual, site-specific plans

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Guideline document

   

• Review international best practice• Overview environmental issues and management practices

• Risk• Containment

dust

Leaching to groundwater

Transport in groundwater to wells or surface water

Erosion to surface water & sediment

aquatic organisms in surface water &

sediment

range users, maintenance workers

Vegetation, grazing animals

nearby residents

Ingestion & contact

STOP BUTT

GROUNDWATER

RANGE FLOOR

SURFACE WATER

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Containment

• Stop butts• Operational controls

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Erosion control

• Maintaining stable slopes• Minimising divots• Vegetated riparian buffer strips• Particle size distribution

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Stormwater and drainage

• Cut off drains• Sedimentation basins

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Source control

• Screening for safety• Small particles prone

to leaching and transport

• Best to contain source, rather than treat it

• On-site disposal in engineered cells

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Site specific plans

• Practical, user friendly, easy to read, minimise paperwork

• Non-scientific language• Photographs and pictures• Clear, prescriptive instructions• Use existing maintenance

systems• Consultation with users

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Home Valley Range upgrade

• Waiouru Stream• Safety concerns• Frost heave • High intensity use

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Solutions implemented

• Stop butts for containment• Free draining• Stormwater diversion• Collecting under-drainage• Capped stockpile• Culverting

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Conclusions

• Ongoing source of metals contamination

• Proactive approach - internal management Guidelines

• Stakeholder consultation• Integrate with existing

maintenance• Contain contamination,

minimise amount of material generated

• Environmentally sustainable design simplifies effective management of contamination

21st Annual Conference