CHAPTER 21 NOMENCLATURE.

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Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: First sort the functional groups according to preference when to call: Carboxylic acids Esters Amides Aldehydes Ketones Nitrile Spirits Amines Ethers Halogenated derivatives Unsaturated hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons Low to begin:

Hydrocarbons Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes 1. begin to count according to the closest radical. 2. counting from the stem longer. 3. Name the radicals in alphabetic order. 4. radicals end in termination-il. 5. be appointed the position of each radical before its name. 6. in alkenes, the double bonds are numbered just like before main chain. 7. main chain containing the double or triple links. 8. called the first time the triple and double bonds. 9. the e-ending double bonds, whereas the triple in -i. 10. methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane...are string names.

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11. if you have one or more double bonds, or even triple as we are called in the examples attached ( "Place-name of main chain ending in –e”[as if they have double bonds:-diè, -triè, you choose ...] followed by position triple link and –i). 12. prevails the chain with more links still unsaturated although it does not be the longest 13. has priority when the thread count, the more next tunsaturated radical links. Ex: C≡ CH CH2 = CH- C = C – CH = CH2 4-ethinyl, 3-(1 methyl propyl), (1,3,6) hexatrie. CH3- CH-CH2-CH3 CH2 = CH- C= C – CH = CH2 3-ethinyl, 4-(1-methylethyl), CH ≡C CH- CH3 (1,3,5)-hexatrie. CH3 CH= CH2 CH2 =CH- C≡ C-CH – C = CH- CH3 4-ethenyl, 3- (1.methylpropyl), 1,6- CH-CH2- CH3 octatrie, 3-i. CH3 Cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons: In aromatic hydrocarbons only talk about benzene; depends on the order of radicals can call them "ortho", "meta" or "para" (in Fig.66 and 66' are an example).

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Fig. 66: phenil benzil CH2 CH3 CH3 1-ethyl, 2-methyl ciclopenta CH3 CH3 (1,3)-dimethyl ciclobuta 1-ethyl, 2-methyl ciclohexane (1,3)-ciclohexadie

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Fig. 66’: Ortho-ethylmethylbenzene meta-ethylmethylbenzene Para-ethylmethylbenzene CH CH3 1-methyl, (2-(1-methyl ethyl) benzene CH3 Halogenated derivatives: In nomenclature halogens overcome, but not in the order of preference for unsaturated HC’s. CH3- CH = CH – CH- CH3 4-chloro, 2-pente Cl Éters: Ethylmethylether: CH3 – O – CH2- CH3 Radicals: methoxy, etoxi, fenoxi. No alcohol to excess when naming a priority; Ex: CH3- CH2- O –CH2 – CH –CH2 –OH O- CH3 Is called: 3-etoxi, 2-methoxy, 1-propanol

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CH3 –O- CH2- O-CH3 1,1-dimetoxi methane Amines: You have 1st Amines 2nd Amine 3rd Amine CH3 –NH- CH3 dimethylamine. CH3- CH2 –CH- N –CH3 N,N-dimethyl, 1-methylpropylamine CH3 CH3 Or it will count as radical and call them“-aza”. CH3- NH- CH2 –CH2 – NH- CH2- NH- CH3 2,4,7-triazaoctano. Alcohols: Alcohols have priority over insaturacions, ie called at the end. Species that have alcohol as a group functional priority end in-ol: CH≡ C- CH = CH- CH2- OH 2-penten, 4-i 1-ol. CH3 CH3 CH3- C – C – CH3 2,3-dimethyl, 2,3-butandiol OH OH When alcohol is not a priority in a compound has nomenclature "hydroxy".

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Ketones: Unlike aldehydes can only go in the middle of the string. If there is no other functional group ara named C = O “-ona”. As we know has no priority over aldehydes but on other below the initial list But when ∃ aldehyde or other functional groups over when its importance, is called “-oxo-“. CH3-CH2 O=C C- H H CH2 2-(2methylpropyl), 3-oxo, butanal CH- CH3 CH3 Aldehydes: They finished the ending in "-al". O= C- C = CH –CH2- CH –CH2-C= O 2,5-dimethyl, 2-hepten, dial H CH3 CH3 H

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CH2OH- CH-C= O 2,3-dihidroxypropanal. HO H Called “formyl” when describing a radical aldehyde. O= C- CH2- CH2- CH- C= O 2-formylpentanodial H O= C H H CH3 CH3- CH2- CH2 –CH-CH –C= O 3-ethyl, 2-methyl, hexanal CH3- CH2 H Carboxylic acids: oic”-ending. When you are carboxylic acids based radicals, the nomenclature is "carboxy-. Such functional group prevails over any other. O= C- CH2 –CH- CH2- CH2- C= O Acid 3-carboxy hexandioic OH COOH OH HOOC- CH= CH- CH2 –CH =CH –CH2 –COOH Acid 2,5-octadiendioic

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Salts and esters of acids: They are listed seconds according to preference. Termination through the “-oic” to “-oat”+ name of the radical. CH3- CH2- C= O Propanoat de methyl O- CH3 CH3 –C= O CH3 –C= O Ethanoat Ethanoat sodium O- ONa O= C – O –CH= CH2 Methanoat ethenyl H Amides: There are also 1º, 2º, 3º. When the amides are radical its name becomes "carbamoyl". CH3- CH2- C= O propanamide NH2 CH2= CH- CH2- CO- NH2 3-butenamide. CH3- CH2- CO- NH- CO- CH2- CH3 dipropanamida o Propanodiamida CH3-CO- N- CO- CH2- CH3 Butanoethanopropanotriamide. CO- CH2- CH2- CH3 In this last compound see how radicals are known by

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Alphabetic order as I said at the beginning of the chapter.

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Nomenclaturae of Inorganic Chemistry: Oxygen: a) metals:oxides and peroxides b)non metals:anhydride Binary compounds Hidrògen: a) metal b) non metal Sals: a) metal + non metal b) non metal + non metal Àcids: anhydride + water Ternary compounds Peròxids: oxides + water Table of the different valences: Recall that the valence ecual to charges that can adopt different elements. Metals:

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Chromium (Cr)...…...2, 3, 6. Manganese (Mn)........2, 3, 4, 6, 7. Aluminum (Al )….....3 Gold (Au)…………...1, 3. Iron (Fe)…………….2, 3. Cobalt (Co)...........…...“. Níckel (Ni)...........……“. Copper (Cu)…….…..1, 2. Mercury (Hg)…………“. Tin (Sn)…….......….2, 4. Lead (Pb)..…………....“. Platinum (Pt)................“. Iridium (Ir)...................“. The rest are alkaline, which have valence 1 and the alcalinoterrris [+ Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn)] with valence 2. Non metals: Hydrogen (H)........………....-1, 1. Fluoride (F)..........……..…..-1. Halogens: Chlorine (Cl)...…-1, 1, 3, 5, 7. Bromine (Br)…..…“. Iodine (I)….…..….“. Oxygen (O)…………..........-2. Sulphur (S)………………..-2, 2, 4, 6. Selenium (Se)...........................“. Teluri (Te)................................“. Nitrogen (N)......……..........-3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Phosphorus (P)..........…......-3, 1, 3, 5. Boron (B)............…...........-3, 3 Bismuth (Bi).....….............-3, 3, 5. Carbon (C)….…...………-4, 2, 4. Silicon (Si)…....................-4, 4. He first formulate the least electronegative atom (e.n.) or metal

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then the more e.n. or non metal. Let the valence of the metal as a subscript of non-metal while the subscript of the valence of the metal is in not metal. Nomenclature is called like this: There are 3 ways of naming inorganic compounds: Oxides a). Systematic: (IUPAC): we put prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-… at the beginning of each element of the compound. N2O5..........pentaoxid of dinitrogen

b). Nomenclature Stock: Li2O..........lithium oxide (I) Au2O3....…gold oxide (III) Au2O.........gold oxide (I).

c). Traditional nomenclature: Fe2O3……..ferrous oxide (-ous) lower valence FeO............ferric oxide (-ic) higher valence If we find that there are non metals over 2 (applied to the anhydride):

• with 3 valences:

SO……….anhydride hiposulphurous SO2……….anhydrid sulphurous SO3……… anhydrid sulphuric • with 4 valencies:

Cl2O............anhydrid hipoclorous Cl2O3...........anhydrid clorous Cl2O5...........anhydrid cloric Cl2O7...........anhydrid percloric

• In the case of non-metals with one valence, the

termination is-ic. In the case of compounds with hydrogen: 1- H+ metal hydrogen takes the suffix-ur:

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BeH2………………hydride Berilium 2-H+ non metal now is not the non metal the more e.n., therefore it is called first: H2S………………..sulphur of hydrogen or hydrosulfide acid HCl………………..hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid. In the case of complex salts: i) neutral salts (metal + non metal) containing sufixe-ur after the non metal: LiF……………..Florur Lithium CuBr…………..Bromide cupric CuBr2……….....Bromide cuprous K2S……………Sulphur. potassium ii) with respect to the nomenclature consisting of salts non metal+ is easy to understand: IBr3.......bromide iodine (III) CCl4.....carbon chloride (IV). For acids: Formulation: HaXbOc Where total charge is neutralized if no other countermand. Nomenclature: anhydride + H2O Example: Cl2O + H2O HClO hipoclorous acid Cl2O3+ H2O HClO2 clorous acid Cl2O5 + H2O HClO3 clòric acid Cl2O7 + H2O HClO4 percloric acid Have the same rules as the anhydride, but adding "acid" There is also the nomenclature "Stock", where the central atom is ending in –at followed by the valence adopts in brackets.

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HClO2………….dioxoclorat (I) hydrogen H2SO3…………..trioxosulfat (IV) hydrogen Apart from the “Traditional” one: H2SO4………… sulfat of hydrogen H2CO3………….carbonate of hydrogen HNO2………….. nitrite of hydrogen When it comes a cation instead of H is called as follows: K2SO3………….trioxosulphate (IV) potasium CaCO3………....trioxocarbonate (IV) calcium In the section on acids, also includes the number of water molecules that bind to anhydride: Meta……it adds 1 H2O Orto……3 H2O are added For example: P2O3 + H2O HPO2 metaphosphoros acid P2O3 + 3H2O H3PO3 ortophosporous acid Adds: Disulphuric acid: 2H2SO4 + 1H2O H2S2O7 Triphosphoric acid: 3H3PO4 + 2H2O H5P3O10 Hydroxides: Formulation: Fe (OH)2, Al(OH)3… Nomenclature: Ra (OH)2……….hydroxide radius Al (OH)3………..hydroxide aluminum Cu(OH)…………hydroxide cupric or hydroxide of Cu(I)

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