· 2019. 5. 16. · abbreviations (n) = noun; (v) = verb; (adj) = adjective; (adv) = adverb;...

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FCEFCEPractice Tests

10

First

10 complete Practice Tests for the

Cambridge English

NEW 2015

Format

Successful FCE 2015 - Glossary-greek-edition 27/11/2014 4:28 µµ Page 1

Abbreviations(n) = noun; (v) = verb; (adj) = adjective; (adv) = adverb; (prep) = preposition; (conj) = conjunction; sth = somethingsb = someone, somebody

TEST 1p. 64, Paper 1, Part 1royal (adj) = belonging or connected to a king or the queen ora member of their family *βασιλικόςvenue (n) = the place where a public event or meeting hap-pens *τόπος συνάντησηςresidence (n) = a person’s home *κατοικίαsituation (n) = a set of circumstances in which one finds one-self, a state of affairs *κατάστασηoccupation (n) = a person’s job *ασχολία, επάγγελμαsovereign (n) = the highest ruler, especially a monarch, suchas a king or queen *άρχοντας, ηγεμόναςher Majesty = form of address for the Queen *Μεγαλειότηταextensively (adv) = largely, a lot *εκτεταμένα, πολύceremony (n) = a formal act or a series of formal acts per-formed on a religious or public occasion *τελετήofficial (adj) = agreed to or arranged by people in positions ofauthority *επίσημοςsuccessive (adj) = happening one after the other without anybreak *διαδοχικόςconception (n) = the forming of a plan or idea *σύλληψη(ιδέας)create (v) = to make sth new *δημιουργώexplore (v) = to search and discover *εξερευνώproduce (v) = to make sth or bring sth into existence *πα-ράγωdisplay (v) = to put sth in a place in order to be seen *εκθέτωinstruct (v) = to teach sb how to do sth especially a skill *εκ-παιδεύωintend (v) = to have as a plan *σκοπεύωperform (v) = to entertain people by dancing, acting, singingor playing music *ερμηνεύω, εκτελώguard (v) = to protect sb or sth from being attacked or stolen*φρουρώreflect (v) = to show, to express or to be a sign of sth *αντα-νακλώfeature (n) = an interesting or important part, quality or abil-ity etc. *χαρακτηριστικόlocation (n) = place *τοποθεσίαdestination (n) = the place where sb or sth is going *προορι-σμόςappearance (n) = the way sb or sth looks *εμφάνισηinevitably (adv) = when sth is certain to happen *αναπόφευ-κταdepending (adj) = to be decided by sth or sb *εξαρτώμενοςcircumstances (n) = events or conditions that make a situa-tion the way it is *περιστάσειςsuccessor (n) = sb or sth that comes after another person orthing *διάδοχοςsalary (n) = money paid for a year’s work, usually paid everymonth *μισθόςbudget (n) = the money you have available to spend *προ-ϋπολογισμόςincome (n) = money that sb gets from working or investingmoney *εισόδημαwages (n) = money earned every day or every week *μεροκά-ματοremainder (n) = what is left *υπόλοιποfund (v) = to give the money to pay for an event, activity ororganisation *χρηματοδοτώ

restore (v) = to return sth to an earlier good condition *επι-σκευάζωdestroyed (adj) = damaged so badly that it cannot be used*κατεστραμμένοςruined (adj) = totally destroyed, either physically, morally, so-cially or economically *κατεστραμμένοςdamaged (adj) = when sth is harmed physically so it is spoiledor broken *έχει υποστεί ζημιάcollapsed (adj) = when sth has fallen down suddenly *έχει κα-ταρρεύσει

p. 64, Paper 1, Part 2extraordinary (adj) = very unusual, special and surprising*ασυνήθιστος, εξαιρετικόςrelative (n) = a member of your family *συγγενήςwander (v) = if your mind wanders, you start thinking aboutother things *περιπλανώμαιhurried (adj) = done very or too quickly *βιαστικός

p. 65, Paper 1, Part 3refute (v) = to say or prove that a person or opinion is wrongor false *διαψεύδω, αντικρούωfool (n) = a person who behaves in a silly way without think-ing *ανόητοςalter (v) = to change sth *μεταβάλλωappreciate (v) = to recognise how good sb or sth is *εκτιμώadapt (v)= to change sth so that it will be better for a new sit-uation *προσαρμόζω

p. 65, Paper 1, Part 4respect (n) = admiration for sb because of their personal qual-ities, or their status *σεβασμόςmood (n) = the way sb is feeling, e.g. if they are happy, sad orangry *διάθεσηunfairly (adv) = not equally or fairly; not in a right way *άδικαdeserve (v) = if you deserve sth, it is right that you get it*αξίζω, δικαιούμαιproposal (n) = a plan or a suggestion that people have tothink about *πρότασηexception (n) = sb or sth that is not included in a rule or in agroup *εξαίρεσηapart from (prep) = except for *εκτός από

p. 66-67 Paper 1, Part 5sweep out (v) = move in a confident way *περπατώ καμα-ρωτάdrawing-room (n) = a comfortable room in a large house usedfor entertaining guests or relaxing *σαλόνιstride (n) = a long step when walking or running *(μεγάλο)βήμαhurriedly (adv) = done very or too quickly *βιαστικάlimp (v) = to walk slowly or with difficulty because of a prob-lem with one’s leg *κουτσαίνωshift for oneself = to manage on your own *τα καταφέρνωμόνος μουvast (adj) = very large *απέραντοςlawn (n) = grass *γρασίδιdisconsolately (adv) = in a way that shows that sb is ex-tremely sad and disappointed *απαρηγόρηταgravel (n) = very small stones *χαλίκιbully (v) = to frighten or hurt sb who is smaller than you*απειλώ, εκφοβίζωglare (v) = to look at sb in an unfriendly way *αγριοκοιτάζωamicably (adv) = in a peaceful and friendly way *φιλικά, ειρη-νικάroar (n) = loud, deep sound or cry, as of an angry person

SUCCESSFUL FCE – 2015 – 10 PRACTICE TESTS COMPANION

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*βρυχηθμός, βουητόguffaw (n) = a loud laugh *ηχηρό γέλιοawkwardness (n) = an embarrassing or not comfortable posi-tion *αμηχανίαfacetiousness (n) = when sb is not serious about a subject be-cause he tries to be funny *κωμική διάθεσηindignantly (adv) = in a way that shows anger because sth iswrong or not fair *με αγανάκτησηcrow (v)= to talk proudly of oneself *κομπάζω, περηφανεύο-μαιinstinctively (adv) = done without thinking because of a natu-ral tendency or ability *ενστικτωδώςwithdraw (v) = move sth away *αποσύρωclub foot (n)= a foot twisted to one side as a result of a med-ical condition *δυσμορφία στο πόδιshin (n) = the lower front part of your leg, between your kneeand your ankle *καλάμι ποδιούgasp (v) = to take a short quick breath through the mouth be-cause of pain or surprise *μου κόβεται η ανάσαtormentor (n) = a person who makes sb suffer *βασανιστήςwillingly (adv)= with pleasure or enthusiasm *πρόθυμαredden (v) = to become red *κοκκινίζωunseemly (adj)= not socially suitable or polite *απρεπήςbroom (n) = a brush with a long handle used for cleaning thefloor *σκούπαleap (n) = a large jump or sudden movement *άλμαstep (n) = a short movement made by putting one foot infront of the other *βήμαyell (n) = a loud noise you make because you are excited,angry or in pain *κραυγήcramped (adj) = not having enough space or time *στριμωγ-μένοςembarrassed (adj) = feeling ashamed or shy *αμήχανοςcurious (adj) = interested in learning about people or thingsaround you *περίεργοςsympathetic (adj) = understanding how people feel whenthey have a problem and being kind to them *συμπονετικόςdisgusted (adj) = feeling extreme dislike of sth *αηδιασμένος

p. 68-69, Paper 1, Part 6element (n) = a small amount of an emotion or quality *στοι-χείοtight (adj) = strict *αυστηρόςregulation (n) = rule *κανονισμόςrequirement (n) = what is needed *προϋπόθεσηmandate (v) = to order sb to do sth *υποχρεώνωparachuting (n) = jumping from an aircraft using a parachute*αλεξιπτωτισμόςensure (v) = to make sure *σιγουρεύομαιcease (v) = to stop *παύω, σταματώsubsequent (adj) = happening after sth else *επόμενοςfade (v) = to lose colour, brightness or strength gradually*εξασθενώdim (adj) = not clear in the mind, weak *αμυδρόςrecollection (n) =the ability to remember past events, mem-ory *ανάμνηση, θύμησηaccustomed to (adj) = when you get used to sth *εξοικειωμέ-νος, συνηθισμένοςcommence (v) = to start *αρχίζωdeploy (v) = to use sth in an effective way *χρησιμοποιώripcord (n) = the string you use to open a parachute *σκοινίανοίγματος αλεξίπτωτουaltimeter (n) = sth that tells you the height of the aircraftabove sea level *όργανο μετρήσεως υψομέτρουtumble (v) = to fall suddenly, usually awkwardly *πέφτω, σω-ριάζομαι

velocity (n) = speed *ταχύτηταadopt (v) = to start to use sth new *υιοθετώstable (adj) = fixed, not moving *σταθερόςoccur (v) = to happen *συμβαίνωdesperation (n) = the state in which you have lost all hope*απόγνωσηdisentangle (v) = to separate things which have becomejoined or confused *ξεμπερδεύωpeninsula (n) = a long piece of land that sticks out from alarger area of land into the sea or into a lake *χερσόνησοςcanopy (n) = the part of the parachute that looks like an um-brella *πάνω μέρος αλεξίπτωτουaltitude (n) = the height of a thing above a chosen level, usu-ally above sea level *υψόμετρο

p. 70-71, Paper 1, Part 7receive (v) = to get or be given sth *λαμβάνωtake part (v) = to be involved in an activity with other people*παίρνω μέροςinitially (adv) = at first *αρχικάovercome (v) = to succeed in dealing with or controlling aproblem *ξεπερνώconfront (v) = to face, meet or deal with a difficult situation ora problem *αντιμετωπίζωfear (n) = the feeling that you have when you are frightenedor scared *φόβοςface (v) =to try to control a difficult situation or a problem*αντιμετωπίζωchallenge (n) = a test of sb’s strength and abilities *πρόκλησηdeal with (v) = to try to control a difficult situation or a prob-lem *έχω να κάνω με, αντιμετωπίζωceiling (n) = the surface that is above you in a room *ταβάνιsurvive (v) = to live or exist after being in danger *επιβιώνωtolerant (adj) = accepting sb’s behaviour or beliefs even if youdisagree with them *ανεκτικόςtrekking (n) = the activity of walking long distances on foot forpleasure *πεζοπορίαconsider (v) = to believe sth or sb to be *θεωρώin retrospect = thinking now about sth in the past *εκ τωνυστέρωνapparently (adv) = as far as one knows or can see *προφανώςeventually (adv) = finally *τελικάdecline (v)= to say politely that you will not accept sth *αρ-νούμαιterrified (adj) = extremely frightened *τρομοκρατημένοςconvince (v)= to make sb believe that sth is true *πείθωcareless (adj) = not careful *απρόσεκτοςassignment (n) = work you must do as part of your study*(σχολική) εργασίαattitude (n) = the way you behave towards sth *στάση, συμ-περιφοράstrength (n) = strong point, positive characteristic *δυνατόσημείοweakness (n) = your weak (not strong) point *αδύνατο ση-μείοaffect (v) = to influence or change how sb thinks, behaves ordevelops *επηρεάζωparticularly (adv) = especially or more than usual *ιδιαιτέ-ρως, συγκεκριμέναbeneath (prep) = below *κάτω απόnauseous (adj) = making you feel sick *που προκαλεί ναυτίαexposure (n) = the experience of sth *έκθεσηexhilarating (adj) = very exciting *συναρπαστικός, απολαυστι-κόςdesire (n) = a wish, sth that you want to happen *επιθυμία


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p. 72, Paper 2obesity (n) = being extremely fat *παχυσαρκίαcontest (n) = competition *διαγωνισμόςseek (v)= to try to find *ψάχνωconference (n) = a formal meeting of people with a shared in-terest *διάσκεψη, σύσκεψηsculpture (n) = an object that an artist makes by shapingstone, metal or wood *γλυπτό

p. 73-75, Paper 3lecture (n) = a talk to a group of people about a subject espe-cially at a college or university *διάλεξηaddicted (adj) = unable to stop doing sth as a habit *εθισμέ-νοςdelay (n) = a period of time by which sth is late *καθυστέ-ρησηtreatment (n) = medical care given to a patient *θεραπείαsurgical (adj) = used for medical operations *χειρουργικόςmaintenance (n) = the work needed to keep sth e.g. a build-ing or a machine in good condition *συντήρησηmental (adj) = relating to the mind *διανοητικός, πνευματι-κόςadmit (v) = to agree that sth is true *παραδέχομαιdeny (v) = to say that sth is not true *αρνούμαιwhether (conj) = if or not *εάν, κατά πόσο

TEST 2p. 76, Paper 1, Part 1county (n) = a large area in the UK that has its own local gov-ernment *κομητείαcouncil (n) = a group of people who are elected to govern aplace *συμβούλιοstrategy (n) = a plan or method for doing or achieving sth*στρατηγικήadvantage (n) = sth that makes one person or thing betterthan others *πλεονέκτημαincome (n) = money that sb gets from working or investingmoney *εισόδημαbenefit (n) = sth positive or an advantage you get from a situ-ation *όφελοςpriority (n) = sth important that needs to be done first *προ-τεραιότηταintend (v) = to have a plan in your mind to do sth *σκοπεύωconvenient (adj) = easy to do or to use, without causing prob-lems *βολικόςshortcut (n) = a path or route that is quicker than the usualway *συντομότερος δρόμος, παράκαμψηproportion (n) = the quantity of sth that is a part of a whole*αναλογίαprovision (n) = the act of providing sth that sb needs *πρό-βλεψη, πρόνοιαproposal (n) = a formal plan or suggestion that one has tothink about *πρότασηutility (n) = the state of being useful *ωφελιμότηταpurpose (n) = the aim or the goal that sb wants to achieve*σκοπόςrecreational (adj) = done or used for enjoyment *ψυχαγωγι-κόςuseless (adj) = of no use, not good *άχρηστοςsufficient (adj) = as much as it is needed *επαρκήςpromotional (adj) = relating to a promotion of a product, or-ganisation or event *προωθητικόςcarry out (v) = to do or complete sth *διεξάγωin conjunction with = working together with *σε συνεργασίαμε

body (n) = a group of people working together for an organi-sation or the government *σωματείοabnormal (adj) = not usual or typical, especially in a way thatshows there may be sth wrong *αντικανονικόςproper (adj) = suitable, correct *κατάλληλος, σωστόςconsult (v) = to ask for advice or discuss sth with sb beforemaking a decision *συμβουλεύομαιimplement (v) = to start using a plan or a system *εφαρμόζωimprove (v) = to (cause sth to) get better *βελτιώνωensure (v)= to make sth certain to happen *εξασφαλίζωassert (v) = to state firmly that sth is true *ισχυρίζομαιmaintain (v) = to make sth stay the same *διατηρώ, συντηρώobjective (n) = aim, target *στόχοςleaflet (n) = a piece of paper that gives you information or ad-vertises sth *φυλλάδιο

p. 77, Paper 1, Part 3temper (n) = a person’s state of mind, being angry or calm*ψυχική διάθεσηchaotic (adj) = happening in a confused way and without anyorder or organisation *χαοτικόςbear (v) = to accept a bad or difficult situation without com-plaining *ανέχομαιtempt (v) = to make sb want to have or do sth, especially sththat is unnecessary or wrong *δελεάζωreceive (v) =to get or to be given sth *λαμβάνωhindrance (n) = sth that makes it more difficult for you to dosth or for sth to develop *εμπόδιο

p. 78-79, Paper 1, Part 5fascinating (adj) = extremely interesting *συναρπαστικόςaside (adv) = on or to one side *στην άκρηhunk (n) = a large piece *μεγάλο κομμάτιdefinite edition (n) = complete and final edition *οριστική,τελική έκδοσηobsolete (adj) = not in use anymore *απαρχαιωμένοςbite (v) = to use your teeth to cut into sth *δαγκώνωswallow (v) = to cause food or drink to come from yourmouth into your stomach *καταπίνωmouthful (n) = amount of food or drink that you put in yourmouth at one time *μπουκιάpedant (n) = sb who gives too much importance to details andformal rules, especially of grammar *σχολαστικόςanimate (v) = to make sb or sth more lively or active *ζωη-ρεύωmocking (adj) = showing that sth or sb is stupid *κοροϊδευτι-κόςdestruction (n) = the action of causing so much damage to sththat it cannot be fixed *καταστροφήwastage (n) = the amount that is wasted *απώλεια, σπατάληget rid of (v) = to remove or throw away sth unwanted *ξε-φορτώνομαιjustification (n) = a good reason or explanation of sth *αιτιο-λόγησηafterthought (n) = sth that you think or say after you have fin-ished speaking *μεταγενέστερη σκέψηvapid (adj) = showing no sign of intelligence or imagination,boring *ανούσιοςeagerness (n) = enthusiasm to do or have sth *προθυμίαstick to (v) = to continue to do or use sth and not change it fora period of time *μένω πιστός, εμμένωvagueness (n) = when sth is not clear *ασάφειαgrasp (v) = to take and hold sth or sb very tightly *αρπάζωchew (v) = to use your teeth to bite food in your mouth intosmall pieces so that you can swallow it *μασάωliterally (adv) = used for showing that what you are saying is


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really true *κυριολεκτικάconcept (n) = an idea of sth that exists *έννοιαrigidly (adv) = in a strict way and not changed easily *αυ-στηράsubsidiary (adj) = sth less important than sth else with whichit is connected *δευτερεύωνrub out (v) = to remove sth *σβήνωconsciousness (n) = a sense of one’s identity, including atti-tudes and beliefs *συνείδησηcommit (v) = to do (sth wrong) *διαπράττωmerely (adv) = just, only *απλάself-discipline (n) = the ability to control yourself *εγκράτεια,πειθαρχείαrevolution (n) = a very important change in the way peopledo things *επανάστασηoccur to (v) = if an idea occurs to you, it comes into your mind*έρχομαι στου νουeagerly (adv) = with enthusiasm *διακαώςoutspokenly (adv) = clearly, completely *καθαρά, εντελώςreconstruct (v) = to build or create sth again *ξανακατα-σκευάζωprevent (v) = to stop sth from happening or sb from doing sth*εμποδίζωcitizen (n) = sb who has the right to live permanently in acountry *πολίτηςoppressive (adj) = treating people unfairly or in a cruel way*καταπιεστικόςviolent (adj) = using physical force to hurt or kill *βίαιοςeffectively (adv) = successfully, achieving the result you want*αποτελεσματικά

p. 80-81, Paper 1, Part 6menacing (adj) = frightening, threatening sb *απειλητικόςthreaten (v) = to be likely to cause harm to sb *απειλώshred (v) = to cut sth into thin strips *κομματιάζωsurface (n) = the top part of sth *επιφάνειαuneven (adj) = not equal *ανώμαλοςsolid (adj) = hard or firm, without any holes or spaces *συμ-παγής, στέρεοςtreacherous (adj) = extremely dangerous *υπερβολικά επικίν-δυνοςboulder (n) = a very large rock *μεγάλη πέτρα, ογκόλιθοςrubble (n)= small pieces of stone or rock *χαλίκιαdense (adj) = thick *πυκνόςthicket (n) = an area of trees and bushes growing closely to-gether *συστάδα δέντρων, θαμνώναςfurnace (n) = a container that is heated to a very hot temper-ature so that everything inside will melt *φούρνος, κλίβανοςabsorb (v) = to take sth in, especially gradually *απορροφώhostile (adj) = extremely unfriendly *εχθρικόςsteep (adj) = rising quickly and therefore being difficult toclimb *απότομοςwilderness (n) = an area of land where people do not live orgrow crops *ερημιά, αγριότοποςon the doorstep = very close to sth *κοντάmagnificent (adj) = extremely beautiful or impressive *μεγα-λοπρεπήςmosaic (n) = a colourful pattern; a picture produced by ar-ranging together small pieces of stone, glass, tile etc. *μω-σαϊκόtortuous (adj) = twisting and turning *ελικοειδήςscramble (v) = to climb or move with difficulty *σκαρφαλώνω,κινούμαι με δυσκολίαscrubby (adj) = full of short trees and bushes *γεμάτος απόκοντά δέντρα και θάμνουςimpenetrable (adj) = impossible to get into or get through

*αδιαπέραστοςadjacent (adj) =next to or near sth else *συνεχόμενος, γειτο-νικόςpersistent (adj) = continuing to do sth in a determined way*επίμονοςyelping (n) = a sudden loud barking *δυνατό γάβγισμαthundering (adj) = very loud *βροντερός, εκκωφαντικόςsandy (adj) = full of sand *αμμώδηςjolt (v)= to shake or shock sb *τραντάζωfamiliar (adj) = well-known or easily recognized *οικείοςpenetrate (v) = to move into or through sth *διαπερνώstench (n) = a bad smell *δυσωδία, δυσάρεστη οσμήpungent (adj) = a pungent smell is very strong and sharp*πολύ δυνατός, έντονοςsuffocating (adj) = making you feel uncomfortably hot or un-able to breathe *αποπνικτικόςodour (n) = a smell, often one that is unpleasant *οσμήsulphur (n) = a yellow chemical element that has a strongsmell, used for making medicines and explosives *θειάφιdrag (v) = to pull with difficulty *σέρνωshoal (n) = a lot of fish together *κοπάδι ψαριώνwade into (v) = to attack forcefully *επιτίθεμαι ορμητικάshallows (n) = an area of the sea, lake or river where thewater is not deep *ρηχά νεράblast (v) = to move very quickly in a specified direction *εκτο-ξεύομαιroiling (adj) = moving quickly in a twisting circular movement*που κινείται γρήγορα και κυκλικάfootprint (n) = the mark made by a person’s or animal’s foot*πατημασιά, αποτύπωμαprod (v) = to push sth with a pointed object *καρφώνωfoolhardy (adj) = brave in a silly way, taking unnecessary risks*παράτολμοςlure (v) = to persuade sb to do sth or go somewhere by offer-ing them sth exciting *δελεάζωretrieve (v) = to find sth and bring it back *ανακτώinhabit (v) = to live in a place *κατοικώcliff (n) = a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on acoast *γκρεμόςeruption (n) = the explosion of a volcano *έκρηξηpreserve (v) =to keep sth as it is, especially in order to pre-vent it from being harmed or destroyed *διατηρώash (n) = the grey powder that remains after sth has burnt*στάχτηspew (v) = to flow out in large amounts *εκτοξεύω, ξερνώpaddle (v) = to push a pole with a wide end through thewater to make a boat move *κωπηλατώabrasive (adj) = having an annoyingly rough surface *ενοχλη-τικά τραχύςscatter (n)= the amount or number of things that have movedin different directions *σκόρπισμαpall (n) = a dark cloud of steam *σύννεφο ατμούstrobe (v) = to flash on and off *φωτίζομαιlightning (n) = the bright flash of light that you see in a skyduring a storm *αστραπήferocious (adj) = violent and able to cause serious damage orinjury *θηριώδηςfiery (adj) = burning or full of fire *φλογερόςonset (n) = the beginning of sth, especially sth bad *ξεκίνημα

p. 82-83, Paper 1, Part 7appreciate (v) = to recognize how good sth is and to value it*εκτιμώcontemporary (adj) = relating to the present time *σύγχρονοςput off (v) = make sb not want or like sth *αποτρέπω


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investment (n) = the act of putting money into sth in order tomake a profit *επένδυσηpersuade (v) = convince, to make sb do or believe sth by giv-ing them a good reason *πείθωgrown-up (n) = adult *ενήλικοςprecious (adj) = of great value because of being rare, expen-sive or important *πολύτιμοςhanker after (v) = to have a strong wish for sth, especially ifyou cannot have it *λαχταρώera (n) = a period of time that has a particular quality or char-acter *εποχή, περίοδοςchop off (v) = to cut *κόβωpetticoat (n) = a piece of women’s underwear that is like athin loose dress without sleeves *μεσοφόριcorset (n) = a piece of underwear worn by women to maketheir waists look thinner *κορσέςmedical (adj) = related to the treatment of illness and injuries*ιατρικόςenormous (adj) = very big *τεράστιοςdenounce (v) = to accuse sb publicly of being sth that is bador wrong *καταγγέλλωtorture (v) = to make sb suffer *βασανίζωquarter (v) = to divide into four parts *διαιρώ στα τέσσεραstake (n) = (in the past) a wooden post to which a person wastied before being burnt as a punishment *πάσσαλοςartefact (n) = an object that was made a long time ago and ishistorically important, e.g. a tool or weapon *τεχνούργημαprimitive (adj) = at a very simple stage of development, be-fore modern technology *πρωτόγονοςbeast (n) = an animal, especially a strange or dangerous one*κτήνοςprevent (v) = to stop sth from happening *εμποδίζωelection (n) = a time when people vote in order to choose sbfor a political spot *εκλογήincentive (n) = sth that encourages a person to do sth *κίνη-τροparadox (n) = sth that is difficult to understand because itcontains two opposite facts or characteristics *παράδοξοmerchant navy (n) = a country’s ships that carry goods, notsoldiers and weapons *εμπορικό ναυτικόunique (adj) = very special, not the same as anything else*μοναδικόςsteer clear (v) = to avoid *αποφεύγω

p. 84, Paper 2impact (n) = an effect or an influence *επίδρασηillegal (adj) = doing things that are against the law *παράνο-μοςlung (n) = one of the two organs in your chest that fill with airwhen you breathe *πνεύμοναςcancer (n) = a serious disease that is caused when cells in thebody grow in a way that is uncontrolled, killing normal cellsand often causing death *καρκίνοςresponse (n) = a reply, an answer *απάντησηelicit (v) = to manage to get information or an answer from sb*εκμαιεύω, αποσπώrecommend (v) = to advise sb that they should do sth *συνι-στώ

p. 85-87, Paper 3urgently (adv) = in a way that needs attention very soon be-cause it is important *επειγόντωςsurgery (n) = a place where people can visit a doctor or a den-tist (in the UK) *ιατρείοnearby (adj) = a nearby place is not far away *γειτονικόςoverhear (v) = to hear what other people are saying withoutintending to and without their knowledge *ακούω τυχαία

habit (n) = sth that you do often or regularly, often withoutthinking about it *συνήθειαemployee (n) = sb who is paid to work for sb else *εργαζόμε-νοςexceptionally (adv) = to a greater degree than normal; ex-traordinarily *εξαιρετικάmasterpiece (n) = a work of art that is excellent and madewith great skill *αριστούργημαinfluence (n) = effect *επιρροήdeceive (v) = to make sb believe that sth false is the truth orto keep the truth hidden from sb *εξαπατώsue (v) = to take legal action against sb *μηνύω, κάνω αγωγήdisapprove (v) = to feel that sb or sth is bad or wrong *απο-δοκιμάζω

TEST 3p. 88, Paper 1, Part 1 major (adj) = important, serious, large or great *σημαντικός,μείζωνfrequent (adj) = happening often *συχνόςsimilar (adj) = looking or being almost, but not exactly, thesame *παρόμοιοςvarious (adj) = many different *ποικίλοιwonder (n) = an object that causes a feeling of great surpriseand admiration *θαύμαbarrier (n) = a fence or other obstacle that prevents move-ment or access *φράγμαdefence (n) = protection or support *άμυναscheme (n) = an officially organized plan or system *σχέδιοembankment (n) = an artificial slope made of earth and/orstones *ανάχωμαadditional (adj) = extra *πρόσθετοςspan (v) = to cover; to extend from side to side *καλύπτωconsist (v) = to be made up of *αποτελούμαιinclude (v) = to contain sb or sth as part of a whole *συμπερι-λαμβάνωinvolve (v) = to include of affect sb in an important way *εμ-πλέκω, συμπεριλαμβάνωcontain (v) = to have sth inside or include sth as a part *πε-ριέχωseparate (adj) = different not together *ξεχωριστόςpivot (v) = to cause to turn *περιστρέφωconcrete (adj) = made of concrete: a very hard material madeby mixing together cement, sand, small stones and water*τσιμεντένιοςhouse (v) = to provide space for, contain or accommodate*στεγάζωadjacent (adj) = very near, next to *γειτονικόςcalculate (v) = to discover a number or amount using mathe-matics *υπολογίζωweigh (v) = to measure how heavy sth or sb is, to have a par-ticular weight * ζυγίζωoperation (n) = when sth is working *λειτουργίαsurgery (n) = a place where you go to see a doctor or a dentist(in the UK) *ιατρείοvocation (n) = a job you do because you feel it is your purposein life and for which you have special skills *επάγγελμα, τέχνηprofession (n) = a job that you need special skills and qualifi-cations to do, especially one of high status *επάγγελμαspectacular (adj) = extremely impressive *θεαματικόςmemorable (adj) = worth remembering because of being spe-cial in some way *αξέχαστοςforgetful (adj) = sb who cannot remember things *ξεχασιάρηςmemorise (v) = to learn sth so that you remember it perfectly*απομνημονεύω


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p. 88, Paper 1, Part 2accept (v) = to agree to take sth *δέχομαιan army of = a group of *μια στρατιά απόduty (n) = sth you have to do *καθήκονpile (n) = a lot of objects, one on top of the other *σωρόςcentimetre (n) = 0.01 of a metre *εκατοστό

p. 89, Paper 1, Part 3challenge (n) = sth difficult, a test of one’s abilities *πρόκλησηcottage (n) = a small house, usually in a village or in the coun-tryside *μικρό εξοχικό σπίτιinvite (v) = to ask sb to come to see you or spend time withyou *προσκαλώemploy (v) = to pay sb to do a job for you *προσλαμβάνωextend (v) = to add to sth to make sth else bigger or longer*επεκτείνω, παρατείνωpossess (v) = to have *κατέχωrequirements (n) = what is needed in order to do sth *απαι-τήσειςarrange (v) = to plan, prepare for, or organize sth *κανονίζωtransform (v) = to change sth *μετατρέπωworth the effort = you will not waste your time; worthwhile*αξίζει την προσπάθεια

p. 89, Paper 1, Part 4supervise (v) = to watch a person or an activity to make surethat everything is done correctly , safely, etc. *επιβλέπωresponsible (adj) = being in charge of sb and making sure thatthey do the right thing *εργαζόμενοςdeny (v) = to say that you did not do sth wrong (that you havebeen accused of) *αρνούμαι μια κατηγορίαpurse (n) = a small case in which women carry money *πορ-τοφόλι

p. 90, Paper 1, Part 5stoop (v) = to bend the top half of your body downwards*σκύβωhastily (adv) = quickly, sometimes without the necessary careor thought *βιαστικάkneel (v) = to go down in a position where your knees are onthe ground *γονατίζωelbow (n)= the part in the middle of the arm where it bends*αγκώναςas a last resource = the last thing that could be done *ως τε-λευταία λύσηchimney (n) = a tube or a passage that takes smoke from afire up and then out of a building *καμινάδαeffect (n) = result *αποτέλεσμαcurious (adj) = strange *περίεργοςfancy (v) = to want to have or do sth *μ’ αρέσειsorrowful (adj) = sad *θλιμμένοςfoolish (adj) = silly, stupid *ανόητοςpattering (n) = a repeated light sound *ελαφρύς ήχοςtremble (v) =to shake because you are nervous, afraid or ex-cited *τρέμωattempt (n) = the act of trying to do sth, especially sth difficult*προσπάθειαspread (v) = to stretch *απλώνωsnatch (n) = the act of taking sth away quickly *αρπαγήgoose (n) = a silly person *κουτορνίθι

p. 92-93, Paper 1, Part 6lucid (adj) = showing or telling sth in a clear way *καθαρός δι-αυγήςgaze (v) = to look at sb or sth for a long time, especially in sur-

prise or admiration or because you are thinking of sth else*ατενίζωpeer (v) = to look carefully or with difficulty *κοιτάζω ερευνη-τικάstare (v) = to look for a long time with the eyes open, espe-cially when surprised, frightened or thinking *κοιτάζω επί-μοναidentical (adj) = exactly the same or very similar *πανομοι-ότυποςponder (v) = to think carefully about sth for a long time be-fore reaching a decision *μελετώabruptly (adv) = suddenly and unexpectedly *απότομαin a mundane fashion = in an ordinary and boring way *βα-ρετάblurt out (v)= to say sth suddenly and without thinking *λέωκάτι απερίσκεπταyell (v) = to shout sth or make a loud noise, usually when youare angry, in pain or excited *φωνάζω δυνατάself-conscious (adj) = aware of who you are, what you do orhow you feel *έχων συνείδησηannounce (v) = to make sth known or tell people about sth of-ficially *ανακοινώνωfloat (v) = to move in the air *επιπλέωfear (n) = what you feel when you are frightened or worried*φόβοςdoubt (n) = a feeling of not being certain *αμφιβολίαsink (v) = to go down *βουλιάζωland (v) = to come down through the air and rest on theground or another surface *προσγειώνομαιthud (n) = a dull heavy sound *βαρύς χτύποςperception (n) = the ability to see, hear or become aware ofsth through the senses *αντίληψηspontaneously (adv) = in a natural way, not planned or forced*αυθόρμηταinduce (v) = to cause to happen *προκαλώ, επιφέρωalert (v) = to warn sb of a possibly dangerous situation *θέτωσε επιφυλακήduplicate (v) = to make an exact copy of sth *αντιγράφω, δι-πλασιάζωpioneer (n) = a person who is one of the first people to do sth* πρωτοπόροςthrilling (adj) = very exciting *συγκλονιστικόςstartled (adj) = suddenly frightened or surprised by sth *αιφ-νιδιασμένοςperplexed (adj) = confused because you cannot understandsth *σαστισμένος, μπερδεμένοςtip off (v) = to give sb a warning or secret information aboutsth *προειδοποιώconscious (adj) = noticing things around you *έχοντας επί-γνωση

p. 94-95, Paper 1, Part 7participate (v) = to take part in *συμμετέχωproximity (n) = being near *εγγύτητα, κοντινή απόστασηappreciate (v) = to recognise the importance of sth and valueit *εκτιμώworship (n) = the activity of showing respect and love for agod, e.g. by praying *λατρεία, προσκύνημαmanta ray (n)= a very large, flat sea fish *είδος ψαριούmassive (adj) = very big *τεράστιοςoutstretched (adj) = reaching out as far as possible *τεντωμέ-νοςfin (n) = a thin flat part of a fish’s body that sticks out *πτερύ-γιοrubberized (adj) = covered with rubber, latex *καλυμμένος μεκαουτσούκmurky (adj) = dark and dirty or difficult to see through *θολός


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caution (n) = great care and attention *προσοχήmaintain (v) = to keep at the same level *κρατώ, διατηρώcontent (adj) = easy to say yes, willing *ευχαριστημένοςshadow (n) = an area of darkness that is created when sthblocks light *σκιάcapture (v) = to attract sb and make them very interested*αιχμαλωτίζωpure (adj) = clean, not polluted *αγνόςslide (v) = to move smoothly along a surface *γλιστρώremarkable (adj) = unusual or special and worth mentioning*αξιοσημείωτοςchameleon (n) = a small lizard that changes skin colour tomatch the colours around it *χαμαιλέονταςbeckon (v) = to attract *ελκύω, τραβάωvault (n) =a curved place like an arch *θόλοςeel (n) = a fish that looks like a snake *χέλιgape (v) = to look at sb or sth showing you are very surprised*κοιτάζω έκπληκτοςunfold (v) = τo develop or become clear*ξεδιπλώνω, ανα-πτύσσωconvert (v) =to change sth from one form to another *μετα-τρέπωvivid (adj) = producing strong, clear images in the mind *ζωη-ρόςexpat (expatriate) (n) = a person who lives outside their na-tive country *εκπατρισμένοςpulse (n) = the central point of energy *σφυγμόςfrenzied (adj) = uncontrolled and excited, sometimes violent*ξέφρενοςpound (v) = to hit sth repeatedly and with a lot of force*χτυπώ βίαιαbumpy (adj) = not smooth, uncomfortable *ανώμαλοςarid (adj) = dry and without many plants *ξερόςrelentless (adj) = continuing in a severe or extreme way*αμείλικτοςlagoon (n) = an area of sea water separated from the sea *λι-μνοθάλασσαharmless (adj) = not causing any harm, not dangerous *ακίν-δυνοςthreatened (adj) = feeling in danger *που απειλείταιhabitat (n) = the natural environment in which an animal orplant usually lives *φυσικό περιβάλλονsurround (v) = to be everywhere around sth *περιτριγυρίζωhyena (n) = a wild animal from Africa and Asia that looks likea dog and hunts in groups *ύαιναsociable (adj) = sb who likes to meet and spend time withother people *κοινωνικόςreasonably (adv) = in a fair manner, not too highly *λογικά

p. 96, Paper 2overcome (v) = to succeed in controlling a problem *ξεπερνώaddiction (n) = a strong need to spend as much time as possi-ble doing a particular activity *εθισμόςexceptional (adj) = extremely good or impressive *εξαιρετι-κόςlocation (n) = a place *τοποθεσίαoccasion (n) = a time at which sth happens *περίστασηrecommend (v) = to say to others that sth is good and worthtrying *συνιστώcontribute (v) = to write articles for a newspaper, magazine,or book, to add sth in order to help *συνεισφέρω

p. 97-99, Paper 3butcher (n) = a person who sells meat *κρεοπώληςoverhear (v) = to hear what other people are saying withoutintending to and without their knowledge *ακούω τυχαία

charge (v) = to ask an amount of money for sth *χρεώνωelsewhere (adv) = somewhere else *κάπου αλλούhouseholder (n) = a person who has a house of his own orrents one *νοικοκυριόregular (adj) = happening or doing sth often *τακτικόςfamiliar (adj) = when you know sth well *οικείοςmemorial (n) = an object, often large and made of stone,which has been built to honour a famous person or event*μνημείοbee (n) = a yellow and black flying insect that makes honey*μέλισσαprimate (n) = a member of the most developed and intelli-gent group of mammals, including humans and monkeys*πρωτεύον θηλαστικόvowel (n) = a sound that you make when you speak withoutclosing your mouth; the vowels in English are: a, e, o, i, u*φωνήενaccurately (adv) = exactly, without any mistakes *με ακρίβειαimitate (v) = to copy the speech or behaviour *μιμούμαιdemonstrate (v) = to show *δείχνωcontain (v) = to have sth inside or include as a part *περιέχωunique (adj) = being the only existing one of its type, or veryunusual or special in some way *μοναδικόςarise (v) = to appear *εμφανίζομαιdue to = because of *εξ’ αιτίαςdevelop (v) = to cause sth to grow or change into a strongeror more advanced form *αναπτύσσωdivorced (adj) = sb who was married in the past but now isnot married *χωρισμένοςparticularly (adv) = very much *ιδιαίτεραlottery (n) = a game in which tickets are sold to people whohope that they will win a prize if their numbers are chosen*λαχείοcharity (n) = a system of giving money, food or help free tothose who are in need *φιλανθρωπικό έργοovertime (n) = the extra hours sb does at work * υπερωρία


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TEST 4p. 100, Paper 1, Part 1wonder (v) = to ask yourself questions or express a wish toknow sth *αναρωτιέμαιclaim (v) = to say that sth is true even though there is noproof *ισχυρίζομαιbranch (n) = part of an organisation *παράρτημαoverdraw (v) = to take more money from your account thanthe money the account contains *αποσύρω περισσότεραχρήματα απ’όσα δικαιούμαιprovide (v) = to give *παρέχωemployment (n) = work that you are paid regularly to do for aperson or company *εργασίαperformance (n) = the way sth, like a machine, works *από-δοσηimprovement (n) = the state of being better than before*βελτίωσηguidance (n) = advice about what you should do or how youshould behave *καθοδήγησηdemand (v) = to ask for sth forcefully, in a way that showsthat you do not expect to be refused *απαιτώrange (n) = a number of different things *σειράstock (n) = a supply of sth for use or sale *απόθεμαforecast (n) = a prediction *πρόβλεψηrate (n) = the number of times sth happens *αναλογίαroughly (adv) = used for showing that the amount, number,time, etc. is not exact *πρόχειρα, χοντρικάfrankly (adv) = honestly *ειλικρινάimmediately (adv) = very quickly and without delay *αμέσωςsmoothly (adv) = without problems *ομαλάwhether (conj) = expressing a choice between alternatives*είτεhowever (adv) = used to introduce a statement that contrastssth *ωστόσοalthough (conj) = even though, expressing contrast *παρόλοπουcourse (n) = a set of classes or a plan of study on a particularsubject, usually leading to an exam or qualification *σειράμαθημάτωνsubject (n) = sth that you learn at school, e.g. English, Mathsetc. *μάθημαchapter (n) = one of the sections into which a book is divided*κεφάλαιο βιβλίου

p. 100, Paper 1, Part 2Christmas Eve (n) = the day before Christmas Day *ΠαραμονήΧριστουγέννωνeffort (n) = mental or physical activity needed to achieve sth*προσπάθειαexpense (n) = money that you spend in order to buy or do sth*έξοδοsteadily (adv) = gradually *σταθεράfortune (n) = a large amount of money, goods or property*περιουσίαremove (v) = to take away *αφαιρώgenerous (adj) = giving money, help, etc., especially morethan is expected *γενναιόδωρος

p. 101, Paper 1, Part 3advance (n) = improvement or development *πρόοδοςexpertise (n) = a high level of knowledge or skill *εξειδίκευσηamong (prep) = within a group *ανάμεσαbound (adj) = certain *σίγουροςcatch (v) = arrest *συλλαμβάνωcaution (n) = great care and attention *προσοχήensure (v) = make sure *σιγουρεύω

belongings (n) = the things that a person has, especially thosethat can be carried *υπάρχονταidentify (v) = to recognize sth *αναγνωρίζωtreasure (n) = a collection of valuable things *θησαυρός

p. 101, Paper 1, Part 4prohibited (adj) = forbidden, banned, not allowed *απαγο-ρευμένοςcarelessness (n) = when you are not careful * απροσεξίαit’s a pity = used for saying that you are disappointed aboutsth *είναι κρίμα

p. 102-103, Paper 1, Part 5bend (v) = to move the top part of your body forwards anddownwards *σκύβωfaint (adj) = not strong or clear *αδύναμος, σιγανόςrespond (v) = to reply or answer *απαντώsalutation (n) = a word or phrase used for saying hello to sb*χαιρετισμόςhaggard (adj) = looking very tired, worried or ill *καταβεβλη-μένοςdrop (v) = to move downwards *ρίχνωgaze (n) = a long look *βλέμμαbear (v) = to accept or tolerate, especially sth unpleasant*ανέχομαιvacant (adj) = showing no interest *χωρίς ενδιαφέρονbroad (adj) = wide *πλατύςray (n) = a line of light that comes from the sun *ακτίναlap (n) = the top half of your legs above your knees when yousit down *γόνατα, ‘ποδιά’labour (n) = work *εργασίαcommon (adj) = ordinary *κοινόςtool (n) = it’s an object that you use with your hands to repairsth *εργαλείοscrap (n) = a small piece of sth such as paper or cloth *κομμα-τάκιleather (n) = a strong material made from animal skin that isused for making shoes, bags etc. *δέρμαbench (n) = a long table used by sb working with tools *πάγ-κος εργασίαςbeard (n) = hair that grows on a man’s chin and cheeks *γε-νειάδαraggedly (adv) = not nicely *ακανόνισταhollow (adj) = it seems to have sunk because you are thin,tired, or ill *’ριγμένος’exceedingly (adv) = extremely *υπερβολικάremind (v) = to make sb remember or think of sth they haveforgotten or might have forgotten *υπενθυμίζωforward (adv) = towards the direction that is in front of you*προς τα μπροστάoccupy (v) = to keep sb busy *απασχολώglance (v) = to give a quick short look *ρίχνω μια ματιάknuckle (n)= one of the joints in the hand where your fingersbend *άρθρωση δακτύλουhollow (n) = an enclosed space within sth *κοιλότηταintermission (n) = a break *διάλλειμαassuredly (adv) = certainly *βεβαίωςlack (v) = to not have enough of sth *στερούμαιdistinctive (adj) = easy to recognize because of being different*διακριτικόςfeature (n) = one of the parts of sb’s face *χαρακτηριστικόashamed (adj) = feeling embarrassed or guilty because youhave done sth wrong *ντροπιασμένοςeager (adj) = when you really want to do sth *πρόθυμοςpride (n) = when you are proud of sb or sth *περηφάνια


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evasive (adj) = not direct or clear *ασαφήςhostile (adj) = not friendly at all *εχθρικόςpainfully (adv) = very *πολύindifferent (adj) = not interested *αδιάφοροςunused (adj) = not familiar *ασυνήθιστος

p. 104-105, Paper 1, Part 6poverty (n) = the state of being very poor *φτώχειαowe (v) = if you have borrowed money, you owe it and youneed to pay it back *χρωστώmortgage (n) = an agreement that allows you to borrowmoney from the bank in order to buy a house *δάνειο απότράπεζαenable (v) = to make sb able to do sth *καθιστώ ικανόotherwise (adv) = under different circumstances; when theconditions are different *διαφορετικάrepay (v) = pay back *εξοφλώinterest (n) = money that is charged by a bank for borrowingmoney *τόκοςcommitment (n) = a promise to do sth *δέσμευσηdeeply (adv) = a lot *πολύindebted (adj) = when you owe money *χρεωμένοςwrite off (v) = to remove sth *διαγράφωpurpose (n) = reason *σκοπόςlarge-scale (adj) = large in size *μεγάλης κλίμακαςinfrastructure (n) = the basic systems and services of a coun-try such as transport and power supplies *υποδομήbankruptcy (n) = the situation when a business, for example,has no money so it cannot pay back the money it owes *χρεο-κοπίαdivert (v) = to use sth for a purpose that is different from itsoriginal or main purpose *εκτρέπωsatisfy (v) = to please sb by giving them what they want *ικα-νοποιώlender (n) = a person or a bank that lends money *δανειστήςon average = typically or usually *κατά μέσο όροgovernment (n) = the group of people who control a country*κυβέρνησηstep in (ν) = to become involved in order to help *παρεμ-βαίνωaim (n) = target *στόχος, σκοπόςimpose (v) = to force a rule or a system *επιβάλλωalter (v) = to change sth a little *αλλάζωstrict (adj) = strict rules must be obeyed completely *αυστη-ρόςmeasure (n) = action to achieve sth *μέτροhard currency (n) = money that is valuable and can be ex-changed easily because it comes from a powerful country*ισχυρό νόμισμαexport (n) = the business of selling goods to another country;a product that is sold to another country *εξαγωγήreduce (v) = to make sth smaller or less in size, amount etc.*μειώνωimport (n) = the process of buying and bringing in productsfrom other countries; a product from another country that isbought with money from your country *εισαγωγήcash crop (n) = a crop that is grown in order to be sold *σο-δειά προς πώλησηprocessed (adj) = food that has had some industrial or chemi-cal treatment in order to preserve it, improve its taste, etc.*βιομηχανικά επεξεργασμένοςgoods (n) = things for sale *αγαθάcostly (adj) = expensive *ακριβόςstruggle (v) = to try hard to do sth that you find difficult *αγω-νίζομαιsurvive (v) = to manage to deal with sth difficult or unpleas-

ant *επιβιώνωlaunch (v) = to start a major activity *λανσάρωrelief (n) = the right not to pay in full *ανακούφισηinitiative (n) = an important action that is intended to solve aproblem *πρωτοβουλίαreduction (n) = making sth less *μείωσηexternal (adj) = involving other countries *εξωτερικόςofficial (adj) = done by people in authority *επίσημοςdonor (n) = sb who gives money or goods to an organisation,especially one that helps people *δωρητήςfulfil (v) = to satisfy the requirements of sb or sth *εκπληρώcancellation (n) = a decision to stop sth *ακύρωσηcorrupt (adj) = sb who does dishonest things to gain money orpower *διεφθαρμένοςaccumulate (v) = to gradually increase in number or amount*συσσωρευμένοςdecline (n) = when sth becomes less *ύφεση, πτώσηdeepen (v) = to make sth increase or become more serious*βαθαίνω, αυξάνω

p. 106 -107, Paper 1, Part 7former (adj) = the one before the present time *προηγούμε-νοςinsight (n) = a clear deep understanding *διορατικότητα,βαθιά γνώσηdecade (n) = a period of ten years *δεκαετίαinfluence (v) = to affect *επηρεάζωspecific (adj) = clear and exact *συγκεκριμένοςevolve (v) = to develop gradually *αναπτύσσομαιstartle (v) = to do sth unexpectedly that surprises and some-times worries a person *ξαφνιάζω, αιφνιδιάζωset out (v) = to start an activity with an aim *ξεκινώwield (v) = to have power or influence over a lot of powerover people *ασκώ, κατέχωindustrialized (adj) = with developed industry *εκβιομηχανι-σμένοςin the midst of = in the middle of *στη μέσηmonetary (adj) = relating to a country’s money *νομισματικόςpolicy (n) = a set of plans or ideas agreed by a business, a gov-ernment etc. *πολιτικήintertwine (v) = to be closely connected with sth else *συνδέ-ομαι στενάstaff (n) = the people who work for a particular company*προσωπικόperspective (n) = a way of thinking about sth *άποψη, προ-οπτικήdemise (n) = the time when sth stops existing *τέλος, ‘θάνα-τος’clarity (n) = when sth is clear *σαφήνειαcooperation (n) = when people or organizations work to-gether to achieve sth *συνεργασίαelect (v) = to choose sb by voting *εκλέγωattempt (n) = when you try to do sth *απόπειραshape (v) = to create; change the form of sth *διαμορφώνωfinance (n) = the management of large amounts of money, es-pecially by governments or large companies *οικονομικάcontext (n) = the general situation in which sth happens,which helps to explain it *γενικό πλαίσιοinnovative (adj) = new, original and advanced *καινοτόμοςfield (n) = an area of activity or interest *τομέαςsignificant (adj) = important *σημαντικόςadvanced (adj) = developed *προχωρημένοςcontribution (n) = sth that you do that is useful *συνεισφοράfinancial (adj) = involving money *οικονομικόςdeserve (v) = if you deserve sth, it is right that you get it, es-


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pecially because of the way you have behaved *αξίζωaudience (n) = the people who watch or listen to a televisionor radio programme, or read a book *ακροατήριο

p. 108, Paper 2extinct (adj) = not existing now *εξαφανισμένος, που έχειεκλείψειwildlife (n) = animals and birds that live in natural conditions*άγρια ζώα και πουλιάspecies (n) = a set of animals or plants that have similar char-acteristics *είδος, γένοςendangered (adj) = those who are in danger *σε κίνδυνο(προς εξαφάνιση)hunt (v) = to chase and try to catch and kill animals for foodor sport *κυνηγώpublish (v) = to make information available to people, espe-cially in a book, magazine or newspaper *δημοσιεύωissue (n) = a problem *πρόβλημα, ζήτημαtestimonial (n) = a statement about the character or qualitiesof sb or sth *μαρτυρία

p. 109 -111, Paper 3recovery (n) = getting better after being ill *ανάρρωσηluggage (n) = the bags or cases that you take with you whenyou travel *αποσκευέςregion (n) = a large area of land whose politics or geography isdifferent from others *περιοχήoffice supplies (n) = things that you use in an office *είδηγραφείουnewsagent’s (n) = a shop that sells magazines, newspapers,etc. *μαγαζί με εφημερίδες, περιοδικά κλπ.conspirator (n) = sb who secretly makes a plan with anotherperson or group to do sth bad or illegal *συνωμότηςbasement (n) = the part of the building that is partly or com-pletely below the level of the ground *υπόγειοbarrel (n) = a round wooden, metal, or plastic container witha flat top or bottom, used for storing liquids *βαρέλιkeep a look-out (v)= to watch carefully for sth or sb in orderto avoid danger *φυλάω τσίλιεςwell-known (adj) = known by many people *διάσημοςget along (v) = if two or more people get along, they like eachother and are friendly to each other *τα πάω καλάcelebration (n) = a special social event, e.g. a party *εορτα-σμός, γιορτήvegetarian (n) = a person who does not eat meat *χορτοφά-γοςingredient (n) = one of the foods or liquids that are used tomake a dish *συστατικόancient (adj) = relating to sth that existed thousands of yearsago *αρχαίοςground (adj) = when sth is made into very small pieces orpowder by crashing it *αλεσμένοςalmond (n) = a type of nut *αμύγδαλοreception (n) = the quality of picture or sound that you get ona television, on a phone, etc. *λήψηvalid (adj) = legally accepted *έγκυρος

TEST 5p. 112, Paper 1, Part 1argue (v) = to speak angrily to sb, telling that person that youdisagree with them *τσακώνομαι, διαφωνώface (v) = to deal with *αντιμετωπίζωcompete (v) = to try to be more successful than sb else *συ-ναγωνίζομαιnamely (adv) = used when you want to give more detail or bemore exact about sth you have just said *δηλαδή

cloakroom (n) = a room in a public building where people canleave their coats *καρνταρόμπαdisabled (adj) = sb who cannot use part of their body becauseof injury or disease *ανάπηροςin addition = also, besides *επιπροσθέτωςaccess (v) = to enter or to get *έχω πρόσβασηsuggest (v) = to mention an idea or a plan for other people tothink about *προτείνωdisplay (n) = a collection of objects or pictures for people tolook at *επίδειξηshelf (n) = a long flat board fixed against a wall or inside acupboard so that objects can be stored on it *ράφιcase (n) = a container or box for storing things in *θήκηsolution (n) = the answer to a problem *λύση

p. 112, Paper 1, Part 2delightful (adj) = very pleasant *πολύ ευχάριστοςtowering (adj) = very tall *πανύψηλοςoak tree (n) = a type of tree *βελανιδιάcharming (adj) = pleasant and attractive *γοητευτικόςshady (adj) = not having direct light from the sun *σκιερόςwoods (n) = an area of land covered with trees *δάσοςbrook (n) = a very small river *ρυάκιwooden (adj) = made of wood *ξύλινοςpleasant (adj) = friendly, likeable *ευχάριστοςscenery (n) = the general appearance of the natural environ-ment, especially when it is beautiful *τοπίοacquire (v) = to get sth *αποκτώconfess (v) = to admit sth about yourself that you would notnormally tell people *εξομολογούμαιunwilling (adj) = if you are unwilling to do sth, you do notwant to do it *απρόθυμοςrefuse (v) = to say that you will not accept sth or sb *αρνού-μαι

p. 113, Paper 1, Part 3province (n) = one of the many areas into which some coun-tries are divided *επαρχίαrepresentative (n) = sb who has been chosen to represent sbelse, a group of people, their country, etc. *αντιπρόσωποςobsess (v) = to think about sth all the time *απορροφώμαι,απασχολούμαι αποκλειστικάdread (v) = to feel very worried about sth that might happen*φοβάμαι, ‘τρέμω’applause (n) = the sound of people clapping their hands toshow that they enjoyed sth *χειροκρότημαcommercialise (v) = to organise sth to make a profit *εμπο-ρευματοποιώwealthy (adj) = rich *πλούσιοςinnocent (adj) = having no knowledge of the unpleasant andevil things in life *αθώοςdestroy (v) = to ruin sth *καταστρέφω

p. 113, Paper 1, Part 4trainers (n) = a type of light and comfortable shoes for playingsports *αθλητικά παπούτσιαgenuine (adj) = real, not pretended or false *γνήσιοςtake care of (v) = to look after sb or sth *φροντίζω

p. 114-115, Paper 1, Part 5deck (n) = the outside top part of a ship that you walk on *κα-τάστρωμαintensity (n) = strength *σφοδρότηταchill (n) = a feeling of cold *ψύχραcrown jewel (n) = the most important thing *το πιο πολύτιμο,


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σπουδαίο πράγμαlodge (n) = a small house in the country used by people whogo there on holiday or do sports *κατάλυμαlandmark (n) = a famous place that is easily recognized *ορό-σημοwilds (n) = an area where people do not live or cannot live*άγρια, έρημη γηpin sb down (v) = to force sb to stay somewhere because it isdifficult to leave *δεσμεύω, ακινητοποιώchase (v) = to force sb to do sth *’κυνηγώ’backcountry (n) = a mountainous area away from a city *ερη-μιά των βουνώνundulating (adj) = moving gently up and down *κυματιστόςtinged (adj) = containing a small amount of sth, e.g. colour*χρωματισμένος ελαφράsubtle (adj) = not bright or obvious *διακριτικός, απαλόςripple (v) = to move in small waves *σχηματίζω μικρά κύματαvary (v) = to be different *διαφέρωsubdued (adj) = not very bright *χαμηλός (για φωτισμό)outrageously (adv) = in an extremely unusual manner, shock-ingly *εξωφρενικάintense (adj) = very strong *έντονος, σφοδρόςsurge (n) = a sudden movement of sth; a sudden increase ofsth *μεγάλο ‘κύμα’ghostly (adj) = faint, pale *αμυδρός, αχνόςexpanse (n) = a large area of land, water or sky *έκτασηaccentuate (v) = to emphasize sth *τονίζωmind-blowing (adj) = fantastic, excellent *συναρπαστικόςspectacle (n) = sth that is exciting to watch *θέαμαshiver (v) = to shake because you feel cold, ill or frightened*τρέμωbundled up (adj) = wearing many warm clothes *τυλιγμένοςgear (n) = clothes *ρούχαmesmerizing (adj) = very attractive, in a mysterious way, mak-ing you want to keep looking *μαγικός, που υπνωτίζειsprawl (v) = to cover a large area *απλώνομαιperennial (adj) = lasting a very long time or happening all thetime *αιώνιος, μόνιμοςpatch (n) = a small area that is different from the area aroundit *κομμάτιvalley (n) = a low area of land between mountains or hills,often with a river running through it *κοιλάδαelaborate (adj) = detailed in design and planning *περίτεχνος,εξεζητημένοςinfrastructure (n) = the basic systems and services, such astransport and power supplies, that a country or an organisa-tion uses in order to work effectively *υποδομήprime (adj) = the best or the most important *εξαίρετοςvantage point (n) = a position from which you can see thingswell *πλεονεκτική θέσηheavenly (adj) = relating to the sky, the moon, the stars *ου-ράνιοglean (v) = to collect information in small amounts *μαζεύωπληροφορίεςfamiliar (adj) = well-known to you or easily recognised by you*οικείοςdistract (v) = to make sb stop giving their attention to sth*αποσπώawe (n) = a feeling of great respect sometimes mixed withfear or surprise *δέοςnearby (adv) = not far away *κοντάprimitive (adj) = basic, unpleasant and uncomfortable *πρω-τόγονοςworthwhile (adj) = very good, useful and good enough for themoney or time spent *που αξίζει τον κόπο

p. 116-117, Paper 1, Part 6dwindling (v) = becoming smaller in size or amount, or fewerin number *φθίνωνdecrease (v) = to become less *μειώνομαιhumpback whale (n) = a whale with a hump *είδος φάλαιναςμε καμπούραissue (v) = to give sth out officiallly *εκδίδωpermit (n) = an official document that allows you to do sth*άδεια από αρχέςforbid (v) = not to allow sth *απαγορεύωsustainable (adj) = causing little or no damage to the environ-ment *βιώσιμοςincidental (adj) = accidentally happening as a result of an ac-tivity *τυχαίοςlethal (adj) = causing death *θανατηφόροςcontentious (adj) = causing people to argue, controversial*επίμαχοςopponent (n) = sb who disagrees with an idea or a plan andtries to change it *αντίπαλος, αντίλογοςpurportedly (adv) = it is said to be real or true, but not proved*σύμφωνα με τις αναφορέςdispute (v) = to disagree with sth that sb says *αμφισβητώillegal (adj) = not allowed by law *παράνομοςauthorities (n) = a group of people with legal power to dothings or make decisions *αρχέςcriminal (n) = related to crime *εγκληματίαςproceedings (n) = legal action used to solve a problem*αγωγή, μήνυσηsequencing (n) = a process in Biology where the DNA is exam-ined *διαδικασία ανάλυσης DNAforensics (n) = scientific and medical work that is related tocriminal investigations*εγκληματολογική έρευναpresumably (adv) = used to say that what you think is thelikely situation *πιθανώςtransparent (adj) = obvious, manifest, easy to see *διαφανής,ολοφάνεροςrobust (adj) = strong and successful *ισχυρόςlifespan (n) = the time a person or animal lives or is expectedto live *διάρκεια ζωήςmoratorium (n) = an official agreement to stop an activitytemporarily *αναστολή δραστηριότητας

p. 118-119, Paper 1, Part 7incorporation (n) = adding sth as a part of sth else *ενσωμά-τωσηdome (n) = a roof shaped like the top half of a ball *θόλοςmausoleum (n) = a large impressive tomb *μαυσωλείοmirror (v) = to show a reflection of sth *κατοπτρίζωburial (n) = the act of putting a dead body into the ground*ταφήstainless steel (n) = a type of steel containing chromium thatis not damaged by air or water and does not change its colour*ανοξείδωτο ατσάλιscrape (v) = to remove the top layer of sth *ξύνω, αφαιρώmasonry (n) = stonework; the brick or stones that make abuilding or a wall *λιθοδομήimprisoned (adj) = kept in prison *φυλακισμένοςenslaved (adj) = having become a slave *υπόδουλοςcondemn (v) = to criticize strongly *καταδικάζωsterile (adj) = having no imagination or new ideas *στείροςconventional (adj) = traditional and ordinary *συμβατικόςreject (v) = not to accept sth or not to believe in sth *απορρί-πτωrationalism (n) = the belief that actions should be based onreasons and not on emotions *ορθολογισμόςfunctional (adj) = practical and useful *λειτουργικός


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inaudible (adj) = unable to be heard *που δεν ακούγεται

p. 120, Paper 2agricultural (adj) = related to farming *γεωργικόςcommercial (adj) = related to buying and selling things *εμπο-ρικόςregenerate (v) = to grow again *αναγεννώcontribute (v) = to help to cause *συνεισφέρωgreenhouse effect (n) = the process in which heat is unable toescape from the atmosphere and causes the temperature ofthe earth to rise *φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίουsatisfied (adj) = happy with sth *ικανοποιημένοςenvironmental (adj) = related to the environment or the nat-ural world *περιβαλλοντικόςassociate with (v) = to connect with, or relate to *σχετίζομαιμε, συνδέομαιresponsible (adj) = sth that is controlled so that it does notcause problems *υπεύθυνοςmeans of transport (n) = the vehicles you use to get from oneplace to another, e.g. cars, buses etc. *μέσα μεταφοράς

p. 121-123, Paper 3bride (n) = the woman who is getting married *νύφηgroom (n) = the man who is getting married *γαμπρόςcomplain (v) = to say that you are not happy about sth or sb*παραπονούμαιdominate (v) = to have control; to be the largest *επικρατώtortoise (n) = an animal with a thick hard shell that can moveits head and legs into for protection and moves slowly *χε-λώναcanary (n) = a small yellow bird that is well known for itssinging *καναρίνιdisturb (v) = to interrupt *ενοχλώ, ταράζωagreeable (adj) = pleasing *ευχάριστος

TEST 6p. 124, Paper 1, Part 1essential (adj) = absolutely necessary *απαραίτητοςclue (n) = a sign, evidence of sth *ένδειξηconservation area (n) = an area protected by law against un-desirable changes *προστατευμένη περιοχήmaintenance (n) = the work needed to keep sth, such as abuilding, in good condition *συντήρησηrefresh (v) = to make sb less hot or tired *ανανεώνω, φρε-σκάρωrecall (v) = to bring the memory of a past event into yourmind *ανακαλώrestore (v) = to return sth to an earlier good condition *απο-καθιστώremind (v) = to make sb think of sth they have forgotten*υπενθυμίζωglory (n) = great beauty *δόξαreliable (adj) = easy to trust *αξιόπιστοςannual (adj) = happening once every year *ετήσιοςexcitable (adj) = easily and often becoming excited *ευερέθι-στοςnotable (adj) = important and deserving attention *αξιοση-μείωτος

p. 124, Paper 1, Part 2rather (adv) = quite, to a slight degree *κάπως, μάλλονfoolish (adj) = unwise, stupid *ανόητοςawkward (adj) = embarrassed or nervous *άβολος, αμήχανοςwave (v) = to say hello or goodbye by moving your hand *χαι-

ρετώ κουνώντας το χέριknock down (v) = to hit sb with a vehicle *χτυπάω, ρίχνωκάτω

p. 125, Paper 1, Part 3frustrate (v) = to make sb feel annoyed and less confident be-cause they cannot achieve what they want *απογοητεύωanticipate (v) = expect *προσδοκώ, περιμένωspoil (v) = to destroy the pleasure or the beauty of sth*χαλάω, καταστρέφωmake a reservation = to book sth such as a hotel *κάνω κρά-τησηconfidence (n) = the belief that you are able to do things well*αυτοπεποίθησηavoid (v) = to try to prevent sth from happening *αποφεύγωloneliness (n) = when you feel sad because you are alone,without friends or family *μοναξιάhomesick (adj) = when you miss your home *νοσταλγός

p. 126-127, Paper 1, Part 5notion (n) = idea *ιδέαfuel (v) = to make sth stronger *τροφοδοτώshift (n) = a change *αλλαγήusher in (v) = to introduce, to cause to come *αναγγέλλωera (n) = a period of time that has a particular character*εποχήassistant professor (n) = a professor’s assistant *βοηθός κα-θηγητήpave the way = to create a situation that makes it possible oreasier for sth to happen *ετοιμάζω τον δρόμοattitude (n) = your behaviour towards sth *στάση, συμπερι-φοράsurveillance (n) = watching a person or place *επίβλεψη, πα-ρακολούθησηconsumer (n) = sb who buys and uses goods and services *κα-ταναλωτήςparticipant (n) = sb who takes part in sth *συμμετέχωνproductive (adj) = resulting in a large amount of sth; havingpositive results *παραγωγικόςinitially (adv) = firstly *αρχικάseveral (adj) = a number of *μερικοίqueue (n) = a line of people waiting for sth *ουράsnake (v) = to have the shape of a snake *έχω το σχήμα φι-διού, σχηματίζω καμπέςreconfigure (v) = to change the structure or arrangement ofsth *αλλάζωgather (v) = to collect *συγκεντρώνωdissolve (v) = to end sth *διαλύωpervasive (adj) = present or noticeable in every part of a thingor a place *εκτεταμένος, επίμονοςcast (n) = the people in a film, play or show *(εδώ) παίχτεςconstantly (adv) = all the time or often *συνεχώςconnote (v) = to suggest, imply *σημαίνω, υποδηλώνωhonesty (n) = being honest and truthful *ειλικρίνειαwithstand (v) = to bear, to be able to deal with sth *αντέχω,ανέχομαιclamour (v) = to make a loud complaint or demand *διαμαρ-τύρομαιencourage (v) = to make sb more likely to do sth *ενθαρρύνωsurface (adj) = what you can see, which is not always thetruth *επιφανειακόςglamour (n) = the special, exciting and attractive quality of aperson, place or activity *μεγαλείο, αίγληconvey (v) = to communicate ideas or feelings indirectly *με-ταφέρω, επικοινωνώreflect (v) = to show sth *αντανακλώ, αντικατοπτρίζω


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cultural (adj) = related to culture *πολιτισμικόςtrend (n) = a fashion; a general direction in which sth ischanging *τάσηinspect (v) = to look at sth carefully in order to discover infor-mation *επιθεωρώharmless (adj) = causing no problems or no harm *αβλαβήςconcern (n) = worry *ανησυχίαunavoidable (adj) = you cannot avoid it *αναπόφευκτος

p. 128-129, Paper 1, Part 6notorious (adj) = famous for sth bad *διαβόητοςserial killer (n) = sb who kills several people one after theother often in the same way *μανιακός δολοφόνοςcatapult (v) = to throw with great force *εκτοξεύωsplash (v) = to show *δείχνωsociological (adj) = about the way the society is organized andhow people behave *κοινωνιολογικόςrapid (adj) = fast *πολύ γρήγοροςsignificant (adj) = important *σημαντικόςmilestone (n) = an important event in the history of sth or insb’s life *ορόσημοcontemporary (adj) = existing or happening now *σύγχρονοςcelebrity (n) = sb who is famous or the state of being famous*διασημότηταplunge (v) = to become lower in value or level suddenly andquickly *‘βυθίζομαι’obscurity (n) = the state of not being known to many people*σκοτάδι, αφάνειαmagnitude (n) = the large size or importance of sth *μέγεθος,σημασίαdebut (n) = when sb performs or presents sth to the public forthe first time *ντεμπούτοsensation (n) = excitement *αίσθηση, εντύπωσηspiral (v) = to increase faster and faster *σημειώνω βαθμιαίαάνοδοpique the interest = to make sb interested in *κεντρίζω το εν-διαφέρονsuperficiality (n) = when you do not think about things thatare serious or important *επιπολαιότηταimpose (v) = to force sb to accept sth *επιβάλλωaesthetically (adv) = related to beauty *αισθητικάdubious (adj) = not certain *αμφίβολοςvocalist (n) = a singer *τραγουδιστήςlip-synch (v) = to pretend that you are singing but in fact youare only moving your lips *προσποιούμαι ότι τραγουδώ κου-νώντας τα χείλιαubiquitous (adj) = seeming to be everywhere *πανταχούπαρώνfrumpy (adj) = old-fashioned and not attractive *άσχημος,ντεμοντέlure (v) = to make sb believe sth that is not true based on firstimpressions *παρασύρωutterly (adv) = completely *εντελώςconfound (v) = to confuse and surprise sb, so that they areunable to explain a situation *ανατρέπω, ταράζωsoaring (adj) = rising *υψούμενοςtriumph (v) = to have a great success *θριαμβεύωunderdog (n) = sb with less power; the weakest one *ασθενέ-στεροςchurn out (v) = to produce large amounts of sth quickly, usu-ally sth of low quality *παράγω μαζικάprolific (adj) = producing a great number or amount of sth*παραγωγικόςinspire (v) = to make sb have a particular strong feeling *εμ-πνέωhorror (n) = a strong feeling of fear *τρόμος

gruesome (adj) = extremely unpleasant and shocking *φρι-κτόςspawn (v) = to produce *παράγωcountless (adj) = too many to be counted *αμέτρηταmerchandise (n) = goods that are bought and sold *εμπορεύ-ματα(much) sought after (adj) = wanted by many people *περιζή-τητοςprofound (adj) = deep, extreme *βαθύςinstantaneous (adj) = happening instantly *στιγμιαίος, ακαρι-αίοςpursue (v) = follow; try to get *ακολουθώspree (n) = a short period of time, doing a specific activity*περίοδοςacute (adj) = very serious or severe *έντονοςthrust (v) = to push suddenly and strongly *σπρώχνωlimelight (n) = public attention and interest *δημοσιότηταconvince (v) = to persuade sb or make sb certain *πείθωlucrative (adj) = producing a lot of money *επικερδήςinglorious (adj) = causing shame; not famous *άδοξοςpioneer (n) = a person who is one of the first people to do sth*πρωτοπόροςurban (adj) = of or in a city or town *αστικόςtroupe (n) = a group of performers who work and travel to-gether *θίασοςamid (prep) = in the middle of or surrounded by *ανάμεσαrumour (n) = unofficial information that might not be true*φήμηbackstage (n) = behind the stage in a theatre or in the roomswhere actors change clothes *παρασκήνιαmeltdown (n) = when you lose control and cannot deal with asituation *κατάρρευση

p. 130 -131, Paper 1, Part 7commercialism (n) = the attitude that emphasizes money*εμπορευματοποίησηindicate (v) = to show *δείχνωrelease (n) = first time a film is shown in cinemas *κυκλοφο-ρίαcomment (v) = to make comments, to express your opinion*σχολιάζωirresponsible (adj) = not thinking enough or not worryingabout the possible results of what you do *επιπόλαιοςessential (adj) = absolutely necessary *απαραίτητοςbrief (adj) = lasting only a short time *σύντομοςoff-handedly (adv) = without previous thought or preparation*πρόχειραthrowaway (n) = sth that sb says without thinking carefullyand is not intended to be serious *κάτι που λέγεται δήθενστην τύχηencounter (n) = a meeting, especially one that happens bychance *συνάντησηboggle (v) = to have difficulty imagining or understanding sth*μπερδεύομαι, σαστίζωblink (v) = to close and then open your eyes quickly once orseveral times *ανοιγοκλείνω τα βλέφαραperversely = in a strange way and not in a way that most peo-ple would expect *περίεργαmoving (adj) = causing strong feelings of sadness or sympathy*συγκινητικόςblatantly (adv) = in an obvious way, openly, without feelingashamed *ολοφάνερα, κατάφωραviolate (v) = to break a law, an agreement, etc. *παραβιάζωtherefore (adv) = for that reason *άρα, επομένωςwarped (adj) = strange or frightening *διαστρεβλωμένοςprecariously (adv) = in an uncertain way; it will possibly


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change *αβέβαια, επισφαλώςcollapse (v) = to become unable to work correctly *καταρρέωbetrayal (n) = when you are not loyal to your country or to aperson and you do sth that helps the enemy *προδοσίαself-destruction (n) = when you do sth to harm yourself *αυ-τοκαταστροφήcontemporary (adj) = existing or happening now *σύγχρονοςfairy tale (n) = a traditional story for children *παραμύθιaspect (n) = one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.*άποψη, διάστασηsnappy (adj) = clever *έξυπνος, ‘πετυχημένος’bleach out (v) = to remove sth *απομακρύνωimplication (n) = the effect, the result of an action *επίπτωσηgreed (n) = a strong wish to have more money, things, orpower than you really need *απληστίαbeyond the scope = outside the limits of sth *πέρα από τηναρμοδιότηταsharpen (v) = to make sth stronger *οξύνωironic (adj) = showing that you really mean the opposite ofwhat you are saying *ειρωνικόςsatirical (adj) = criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way*σατιρικόςbleak (adj) = sad and without hope *θλιβερός, σκοτεινόςacknowledge (v) = to accept that sth is true or exists *ανα-γνωρίζωreinforce (v) = to make sth stronger *ενισχύωepic (adj) = amazing *καταπληκτικόςvisual (adj) = related to seeing *οπτικόςoverall (adj) = considering everything and everyone *γενικόςimpeccable (adj) = perfect, without bad parts *άψογοςflawless (adj) = perfect, without mistakes *άψογοςignorance (n) = a lack of knowledge of sth *άγνοιαtarnished (adj) = when sth, especially metal, has become lessbright or has changed colour *ξεθωριασμένοςno trespassing = not allowed to enter the place *απαγορεύε-ται η είσοδοςelectrifying (adj) = extremely exciting *συναρπαστικόςstunning (adj) = very impressive or beautiful *καταπληκτικόςriveted (adj) = not being able to stop looking at sth because itis so interesting or frightening *καθηλωμένοςexuberant (adj) = very energetic *ενθουσιώδης, ενεργητικόςbristle with (v) = to have a lot of *είμαι γεμάτος μεspontaneity (n) = behaviour that is natural and not plannedor thought about *αυθορμητισμόςerect (v) = to build or put up a structure; to create a system ortheory *ανυψώνωintimate (adj) = close, personal *οικείος, πολύ στενός

p. 132, Paper 2out-dated (adj) = old and no longer useful or correct *ξεπερα-σμένοςperspective (n) = the way you think about sth *οπτικήterrific (adj) = excellent *εξαιρετικόςuser (n) = the person who uses sth *χρήστης

TEST 7p. 136, Paper 1, Part 1retrospective (adj) = relating to or thinking about the past*αναδρομικόςchildishness (n) = when sb behaves like a child *παιδαριώδηςσυμπεριφοράkindergarten (n) = the school for children under five *νηπια-γωγείοchildhood (n) = the part of your life when you are a child

*παιδική ηλικίαinfantry (n) = the part of an army that fights on foot *πεζικόtexture (n) = the way that sth feels when you touch it *υφήpure (adj) = not mixed with anything else *σκέτοςabstraction (n) = a form of art that does not show the physi-cal appearance of things *αφηρημένο σχέδιοprobably (adv) = very likely *πιθανώςintensely (adv) = very much *έντοναrarely (adv) = not often *σπάνιαdirectly (adv) = with nobody else or nothing else between*απευθείαςlikely (adj) = probably going to happen or probably true *πι-θανός, ενδεχόμενοςtimely (adj) = happening at the most suitable time *έγκαιρος,επίκαιροςcommercially (adv) = in a way that is related to profit; inorder to be sold *εμπορικά

p. 136, Paper 1, Part 2rush (v) = to move quickly towards sb, especially in order toattack them *ορμώdesperate (adj) = done because you can think of no other way*απελπισμένοςrevolver (n) = a small gun that holds several bullets *περί-στροφοceremony (n) = formal polite behaviour *επισημότηταwound (n) = a damaged area of the body such as a cut or ahole in the skin *πληγήbullet (n) = a small metal object that is shot from a gun*σφαίραsword (n) = a weapon with a long metal blade that looks like avery big knife, used especially in the past *σπαθί

p. 137, Paper 1, Part 3retirement (n) = when you stop working because you are old*συνταξιοδότησηopt for (v) = to choose sth *επιλέγωobjection (n) = when you do not agree with sth *αντίρρηση

p. 138 -139, Paper 1, Part 5treble (adj) = three times greater in amount, number, or size*τριπλάσιοςdecade (n) = the period of ten years *δεκαετίαintertwine (v) = to be twisted together or to be connected soas to be difficult to separate *περιπλέκωmatter (v) = to be important *έχω σημασίαstretch (v) = to cover a large area *εκτείνομαι, απλώνομαιdawning (n) = the beginning of sth *ξεκίνημα, ‘αυγή’conflict (n) = disagreement or fighting *σύγκρουσηlessen (v) = to make sth less *μειώνωaffairs (n) = matters of public interest *ζήτημα, υπόθεσηfound (v) = to start an organisation, a company, etc. *ιδρύωcontinent (n) = one of the seven main areas of land on theEarth, such as Africa, Asia or Europe *ήπειροςinternal (adj) = existing or happening within a country *εσω-τερικόςprosperous (adj) = rich and successful *επιτυχημένος, εύπο-ροςcurrency (n) = the system of money used in a country *νόμι-σμαtake place (v) = to happen *συμβαίνωrevolution (n) = a sudden or major change, especially in ideasor methods *επανάστασηgap (n) = a large difference between two groups of people*κενό, χάσμα


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faraway (adj) = very distant; remote *μακρινόςmeaningful (adj) = useful, serious and important *ουσιαστι-κός, σημαντικόςcritical (adj) = expressing an opinion when you think that sbor sth is wrong *επικριτικόςpessimistic (adj) = thinking that the worst thing will happen inevery situation *απαισιόδοξος

p. 140-141, Paper 1, Part 6hopeless (adj) = very *υπερβολικά πολύassociate with (v) = to relate two things or people in yourmind *σχετίζω, συνδέωthaw (n) = a period of warm weather that turns snow or iceinto water *καλοκαιρίαset in (v) = to start happening and having an effect, not likelyto stop for a long time *αρχίζω για τα καλά, επικρατώgale (n) = a very strong wind *δυνατός άνεμοςblizzard (n) = a storm with a lot of snow and strong winds*χιονοθύελλαblast (v) = to destroy *’καταστρέφω’, συντρίβωexpectant (adj) = thinking that sth pleasant or exciting isgoing to happen *αναμένωνhopeful (n) = a person hoping to succeed *αισιόδοξοςextreme (n) = one of two things which are as different as pos-sible *άκραfolk (also folks) (n) = people *άνθρωποιloyalty (n) = faithfulness towards sb or sth *πίστη, αφοσίωσηoptimism (n) = being positive about the future *αισιοδοξίαbound (n) = limit *όριοaccumulated (adj) = gradually increased in number or amount*συσσωρευμένοςblazing (adj) = very hot *καυτόςbulging (adj) = larger or fuller than normal *φουσκωμένοςhumble (adj) = low in importance, status or condition *ταπει-νόςinfectious (adj) = making other people feel the same or be-have in the same way *κολλητικόςpassion (n) = a very strong feeling about sth *πάθος, ενθου-σιασμόςspell (v) = have as a result *έχω σαν συνέπειαresist (v) = to stop yourself from doing sth that you wouldvery much like to do *αντικέστομαιurge (n) = a strong desire *ορμή, λαχτάραcapacity (n) = the amount that a container or building canhold *χωρητικότηταoverflow (v) = to be filled, more than can be handled *ξεχει-λίζωfreak (n, used as a modifier here) = sth that is very unusualand unexpected *ασυνήθιστοςsaddened (adj) = sad and unhappy *λυπημένοςsled (n) = sth you use to travel on snow *έλκηθροtoboggan (n) = a type of sled *είδος ελκήθρουcontent (n) = the state of being happy

· 2019. 5. 16. · abbreviations (n) = noun; (v) = verb; (adj) = adjective; (adv) = adverb;...

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