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2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report

June 2017

Independent Statistics & Analysis

www.eia.gov

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report i

This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department of Energy or other Federal agencies.

U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report ii

Contacts This report was prepared by the staff of the Power and Uranium Operations Team, Office of Electricity, Renewables, and Uranium Statistics. Questions about the preparation and content of this report may be directed to [email protected].

mailto:[email protected]

U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report iii

Preface The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports detailed data spanning 2012 through 2016 and summary data back to 1994 on uranium marketing activities in the United States in this report, 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report.

Data in this report are based on information reported on Form EIA-858, “Uranium Marketing Annual Survey.” Form EIA-858 survey collects data on contracts, deliveries (during the report year and projected for the next ten years), enrichment services purchased, inventories, use in fuel assemblies, feed deliveries to enrichers (during the report year and projected for the next ten years), and unfilled market requirements for the next ten years.

Prior editions of this report may be found on the EIA website at http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/reports.cfm.

Definitions for terms used in this report can be found in EIA’s Energy Glossary: http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/.

http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/reports.cfm

http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/

U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report iv

Contents Contacts ........................................................................................................................................................ ii

Preface .................................................................................................................................................... iii

Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ v

Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... vii

Uranium purchases and prices ................................................................................................................ 1

New and future uranium contracts ......................................................................................................... 1

Uranium feed, enrichment services, uranium loaded ............................................................................. 2

Uranium foreign purchases/sales and inventories .................................................................................. 2

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U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report v

Tables Table S1a. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Table S1b. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016....................................................................................................... 6 Table S2. Uranium feed deliveries, enrichment services, and uranium loaded by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 .............................................................. 8 Table S3a. Foreign purchases, foreign sales, and uranium inventories owned by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 ........................................ 11 Table S3b. Weighted-average price of foreign purchases and foreign sales by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 ........................................ 13

Table 1. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by supplier and delivery year, 2012-16 .................................................................................................... 15 Table 2. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16 ........................................................................................................ 18 Table 3. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin country and delivery year, 2012-16 ........................................................................................... 21 Table 4. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and material type, 2016 deliveries ............................................................................................ 23 Table 5. Average price and quantity for uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by pricing mechanisms and delivery year, 2015-16 ...................................... 25 Table 6a. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors ranked by price and distributed by quantity, 2014-16 deliveries ........................................................ 27 Table 6b. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors ranked by price and distributed by purchaser, 2014-16 deliveries ..................................................... 28 Table 7. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by contract type and material type, 2016 deliveries ................................................................................ 29 Table 8. Contracts signed in 2016 by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by contract type ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Table 9. Contracted purchases of uranium by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, signed in 2015, by delivery year, 2017-26 ............................................................................ 31 Table 10. Contracted purchases of uranium from suppliers by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, in effect at the end of 2016, by delivery year, 2017-26 ............................... 33 Table 11. Unfilled uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2016-26...................................................................................................................... 35 Table 12. Maximum anticipated uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2017-26, as of December 31, 2016 .................................................. 37 Table 13. Deliveries of uranium feed by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by enrichment country and delivery year, 2014-16 ............................................................................ 39

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U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report vi

Table 14. Deliveries of uranium feed for enrichment by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin country and delivery year, 2014-16 ............................................................ 41 Table 15. Shipments of uranium feed by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors to domestic and foreign enrichment suppliers, 2016-25 ...................................................... 43 Table 16. Purchases of enrichment services by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin country and year, 2012-16 ..................................................................................... 45 Table 17. Purchases of enrichment services by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by contract type in delivery year, 2016 ................................................................................. 47 Table 18. Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by year, 2012-16 ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 Table 19. Foreign purchases of uranium by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by delivery year, 2012-16 .............................................................................. 50 Table 20. U.S. broker and trader purchases of uranium by origin, supplier, and delivery year, 2012-16 ............................................................................................................................................................. 52 Table 21. Foreign sales of uranium from U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16 ............................................................. 54 Table 22. Inventories of natural and enriched uranium by material type as of end of year, 2012-16 56 Table 23. Inventories of uranium by owner as of end of year, 2012-16 ............................................. 59 Table 24. Uranium sellers to owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2014-16 ............................................................................................................................................................. 61 Table 25. Enrichment service sellers to owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2014-16 ................................................................................................................................................ 62

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U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report vii

Figures Figure S1. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 deliveries .............................................................................................................................. 5 Figure S2. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 deliveries ...................................................................................... 7 Figure S3. Uranium loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 ................................ 9 Figure S4. Uranium enrichment services purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 ................................................................................................................. 10 Figure S5. Total commercial uranium inventories of U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 ........................................................................................ 12 Figure S6. Weighted-average price of foreign purchases and foreign sales of uranium, 1994-2016 . 14 Figure 1. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by supplier and delivery year, 2012-16 .................................................................................................... 16 Figure 2. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by supplier and delivery year, 2012-16 ......................................................... 17 Figure 3. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16 ........................................................................................................ 19 Figure 4. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16 ............................................................. 20 Figure 5. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by selected origin country and delivery year, 2012-16 ............................................................................ 22 Figure 6. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by material type, 2016 deliveries ............................................................................................................. 24 Figure 7. Average price for uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by pricing mechanisms and delivery year, 2015-16 ................................................... 26 Figure 8. Contracted purchases of uranium by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, signed in in 2015, by delivery year, 2017-22 ........................................................................ 32 Figure 9. Maximum contracted purchases of uranium from suppliers by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, in effect at the end of 2015, by delivery year, 2017-24 ............ 34 Figure 10. Annual unfilled uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, as of 12/31/2015 and 12/31/2016 ............................................................... 36 Figure 11. Maximum anticipated uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2016-25, as of December 31, 2015 .................................................. 38 Figure 12. Deliveries of uranium feed for U.S. and foreign enrichment by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by delivery year, 2014-16 ........................................................... 40 Figure 13. Deliveries of uranium feed for enrichment by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by selected origin country of feed and delivery year, 2014-16 ..................... 42 Figure 14. Shipments of uranium feed by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors to domestic and foreign enrichment suppliers, 2017-25 ...................................................... 44 Figure 15. Purchases of enrichment services by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by selected origin country and year, 2012-16 ....................................................................... 46

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U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report viii

Figure 16. Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by year, 2012-16 ......................................................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 17. Foreign purchases of uranium by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by delivery year, 2012-16 .............................................................................. 51 Figure 18. U.S. broker and trader purchases of uranium by delivery year, 2012-16 ........................... 53 Figure 19. Foreign sales of uranium from U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16 ............................................................. 55 Figure 20. Commercial inventories of natural and enriched uranium as of end of year, 2012-16 ..... 57 Figure 21. Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors inventories by material type as of end of year, 2012-16 ................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 22. Commercial inventories of uranium by owner as of end of year, 2012-16 ........................ 60

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U.S. Energy Information Administration | 2016 Uranium Marketing Annual Report 1

Uranium purchases and prices

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors (“civilian owner/operators” or “COOs”) purchased a total of 50.6 million pounds U3O8e (equivalent1) of deliveries from U.S. suppliers and foreign suppliers during 2016, at a weighted-average price of $42.43 per pound U3O8e. The 2016 total of 50.6 million pounds U3O8e decreased 10% compared with the 2015 total of 56.5 million pounds U3O8e. The 2016 weighted-average price of $42.43 per pound U3O8e decreased 4% compared with the 2015 weighted-average price of $44.13 per pound U3O8e (Table 1).

Eleven percent of the 50.6 million pounds U3O8e delivered in 2016 was U.S.-origin uranium at a weighted-average price of $43.92 per pound. Foreign-origin uranium accounted for the remaining 89% of deliveries at a weighted-average price of $42.26 per pound (Table 2). Uranium originating in Kazakhstan, Russia and Uzbekistan accounted for 38% of the 50.6 million pounds. Australian-origin and Canadian-origin uranium together accounted for 40%. The remaining 22% originated from Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, South Africa and Ukraine (Table 3).

COOs purchased uranium of three material types for 2016 deliveries from 36 sellers, the same number of sellers as in 2015 (Table 4, Table 24). Uranium concentrate was 54% of the 50.6 million pounds U3O8e delivered in 2016. Natural UF6 was 29% and enriched UF6 was 17% (Table 4). During 2016, 22% of the uranium delivered was purchased under spot contracts at a weighted-average price of $29.62 per pound. The remaining 78% was purchased under long-term contracts at a weighted-average price of $46.11 per pound (Table 7). Spot contracts are contracts with a one-time uranium delivery (usually) for the entire contract and the delivery typically occurs within one year of contract execution (signed date). Long-term contracts are contracts with one or more uranium deliveries to occur after a year following the contract execution (signed date) and as such may reflect some agreements of short and medium terms as well as longer term.

New and future uranium contracts

In 2016, COOs signed 50 new purchase contracts with deliveries in 2016 of 8.7 million pounds U3O8e at a weighted-average price of $24.86 per pound. Five new contracts were long-term contracts with 28% of the 2016 deliveries and 45 new contracts were spot contracts with 72% of the deliveries in 2016 (Table 8).

COOs report minimum and maximum quantities of future deliveries under contract, to allow for the option of either decreasing or increasing quantities. As of the end of 2016, the maximum uranium deliveries for 2017 through 2026 under existing purchase contracts for COOs totaled 175 million pounds U3O8e (Table 10). Also as of the end of 2016, unfilled uranium market requirements for 2017 through 2026 totaled 233 million pounds U3O8e (Table 11). These contracted deliveries and unfilled market requirements combined represent the maximum anticipated market requirements of 408 million pounds U3O8e over the ten-year period for COOs.

1Uranium quantities are expressed in the unit of measure U3O8e (equivalent). U3O8e is uranium oxide (or uranium concentrate) and the equivalent uranium-component of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) and enriched uranium.

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Uranium feed, enrichment services, uranium loaded

In 2016, COOs delivered 43 million pounds U3O8e of natural uranium feed to U.S. and foreign enrichers. Fifty three percent of the feed was delivered to U.S. enrichment suppliers and the remaining 47% was delivered to foreign enrichment suppliers (Table 13). Fourteen million separative work units (SWU)2 were purchased under enrichment services contracts from 12 sellers in 2016, the same number of sellers as in 2015 (Table 16, Table 25). The average price paid by the COOs for the 14 million SWU was $131 per SWU in 2016, compared with the 2015 average price of $136.88 per SWU. In 2016, the U.S.-origin SWU share was 33% and foreign-origin SWU accounted for the remaining 67%. Russian-origin SWU was 22% of the total, 18% from the Netherlands, 11% from Germany and 7% from the United Kingdom (Table 16).

Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors during 2016 contained 43 million pounds U3O8e, compared with 47 million pounds U3O8e loaded during 2015. Eight percent of the uranium loaded during 2016 was U.S.-origin uranium, and 92% was foreign-origin uranium (Table 18).

Uranium foreign purchases/sales and inventories U.S. suppliers (brokers, converters, enrichers, fabricators, producers, and traders) and COOs purchase uranium each year from foreign suppliers. Together, foreign purchases totaled 51 million pounds U3O8e in 2016, and the weighted-average price was $40.45 per pound U3O8e (Table 19). Also, U.S. suppliers and COOs sold uranium to foreign suppliers. Together, foreign sales totaled 17 million pounds U3O8e in 2016, and the weighted-average price was $33.66 per pound U3O8e (Table 21).

Year-end commercial uranium inventories represent ownership of uranium in different stages of the nuclear fuel cycle (in-process for conversion, enrichment, or fabrication) at domestic or foreign nuclear fuel facilities. Total U.S. commercial inventories (including inventories owned by COOs, U.S. brokers, converter, enrichers, fabricators, producers, and traders) was 144 million pounds U3O8e as of the end of 2016. Commercial uranium inventories owned at the end of 2016 by COOs totaled 129 million pounds U3O8e, an increase of 6% from year-end 2015. Uranium inventories owned by U.S. brokers and traders were 8 million pounds U3O8e. U.S. converter, enrichers, fabricators and producers owned 8 million pounds U3O8e of inventories at the end of 2016 (Table 22).

2 Separative work unit (SWU): The standard measure of enrichment services. The effort expended in separating a mass F of feed of assay xf into a mass P of product assay xp and waste of mass W and assay xw is expressed in terms of the number of separative work units needed, given by the expression SWU = WV(xw) + PV(xp) - FV(xf), where V(x) is the "value function," defined as V(x) = (1 - 2x) 1n((1 - x)/x).

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Table S1a. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016

Delivery year Total purchased

Purchased from U.S. producers

Purchased from U.S. brokers and

traders

Purchased from other owners and operators of U.S. civilian

nuclear power reactors, other U.S. suppliers, (and U.S.

government for 2007) 1Purchased from

foreign suppliersU.S.-origin

uraniumForeign-origin

uranium Spot contracts 2

Short, medium, and long-term

contracts 3

1994 38.3 5.4 15.3 1.1 16.5 7.7 30.6 8.5 29.8

1995 43.4 5.3 16.2 0.6 21.4 5.2 38.2 13.6 29.8

1996 47.3 5.8 13.3 1.9 26.4 8.3 39.0 9.1 38.3

1997 42.0 5.7 9.9 3.0 23.4 8.1 33.9 5.5 36.5

1998 42.7 6.5 10.5 4.5 21.3 7.2 35.6 7.8 34.9

1999 47.9 5.2 10.4 5.6 26.8 11.4 36.5 8.0 40.0

2000 51.8 3.6 9.1 8.8 30.4 13.3 38.6 10.4 39.1

2001 55.4 2.3 11.7 11.4 30.0 13.2 42.2 14.4 40.0

2002 52.7 1.5 13.4 5.7 32.2 6.2 46.5 8.6 41.4

2003 56.6 0.6 10.5 8.3 37.2 10.2 46.4 8.2 46.7

2004 64.1 0 13.2 12.2 38.7 12.3 51.8 9.2 53.3

2005 65.7 W 10.4 W 39.4 11.0 54.7 6.9 58.8

2006 66.5 0 13.9 12.6 40.0 10.8 55.7 6.3 59.4

2007 51.0 0 9.8 7.6 33.5 4.0 47.0 6.6 43.7

2008 53.4 0.6 9.4 6.3 37.2 7.7 45.6 8.7 42.8

2009 49.8 W 11.1 W 36.8 7.1 42.8 8.1 41.0

2010 46.6 0.4 11.7 1.9 32.6 3.7 42.9 8.2 37.9

2011 54.8 0.6 14.8 1.1 38.4 5.2 49.6 12.0 42.3

2012 57.5 W 11.5 W 37.6 9.8 47.7 8.1 48.9

2013 57.4 W 12.8 W 37.4 9.5 47.9 11.3 46.1

2014 53.3 W 17.1 W 34.4 3.3 50.0 14.5 38.8

2015 56.5 W 13.9 W 38.2 3.4 53.1 11.3 43.22016 50.6 W 7.9 W 39.5 5.4 45.2 10.6 37.0

1 Includes purchases between owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors along with purchases from other U.S. suppliers which are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators.2 Spot Contract: A one-time delivery (usually) of the entire contract to occur within one year of contract execution (signed date).3 Short, Medium, and Long-Term Contracts: One or more deliveries to occur after a year following contract execution (signed date).

Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual, Tables 10, 11 and 16. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

mi l l ion pounds U3O8 equiva lent

- - = Not applicable. W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available.

Notes: "Other U.S. Suppliers" are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

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Figure S1. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 deliveries

million pounds U3O8 equivalent

1 Includes purchases between owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors along with purchases from other U.S. suppliers which are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators. Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual reports. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Data withheld to avoid disclosure

Purchased from foreign suppliers

Purchased from other owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, other U.S. suppliers, (and U.S. government for 2007) 1

Purchased from U.S. brokers and traders


Total purchased

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Table S1b. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016

Delivery year

Total purchased (weighted-

average price)Purchased from

U.S. producers

Purchased from U.S. brokers and

traders

Purchased from other owners and operators of U.S. civilian

nuclear power reactors, other U.S. suppliers, (and U.S.

government for 2007) 1Purchased from

foreign suppliers

U.S.-origin uranium

(weighted-average price)

Foreign-origin uranium


Spot contracts 2


Short, medium, and long-term

contracts 3


1994 10.40 13.72 9.34 8.04 10.43 12.08 9.97 9.01 NA

1995 11.25 14.84 9.83 12.52 11.40 14.20 10.84 10.30 NA

1996 14.12 14.20 13.36 14.98 14.45 14.62 14.02 14.22 NA

1997 12.88 13.60 12.31 W 12.91 13.36 12.78 11.61 NA

1998 12.14 13.61 11.95 W 11.97 13.37 11.90 10.56 NA

1999 11.63 13.93 11.54 W 11.47 12.24 11.47 9.52 NA

2000 11.04 14.81 11.28 10.45 10.65 11.52 10.88 8.54 11.70

2001 10.15 13.26 10.44 9.98 9.86 10.50 10.05 7.92 10.96

2002 10.36 13.03 10.21 W 10.37 10.89 10.29 9.29 10.58

2003 10.81 14.17 11.05 10.16 10.82 10.81 10.81 10.10 10.94

2004 12.61 - - 12.08 11.30 13.15 11.87 12.76 14.77 12.24

2005 14.36 W 13.76 W 14.70 15.11 14.21 20.04 13.70

2006 18.61 - - 20.49 W 18.62 17.85 18.75 39.48 16.38

2007 32.78 - - 34.10 W 32.36 28.89 33.05 88.25 24.45

2008 45.88 75.16 39.62 W 48.49 59.55 43.47 66.95 41.59

2009 45.86 W 41.88 W 46.68 48.92 45.35 46.45 45.74

2010 49.29 47.13 44.98 42.24 51.30 45.25 49.64 43.99 50.43

2011 55.64 58.12 53.29 52.50 56.60 52.12 55.98 54.69 55.90

2012 54.99 W 54.44 W 54.40 59.44 54.07 51.04 55.65

2013 51.99 W 50.44 W 51.93 56.37 51.13 43.83 54.00

2014 46.16 W 42.90 W 47.62 48.11 46.03 36.64 49.73

2015 44.13 52.35 44.67 W 44.66 43.86 44.14 36.80 46.042016 42.43 48.86 50.56 W 44.85 43.92 42.26 29.62 46.11

1 Includes purchases between owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors along with purchases from other U.S. suppliers which are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators.2 Spot Contract: A one-time delivery (usually) of the entire contract to occur within one year of contract execution (signed date).3 Short, Medium, and Long-Term Contracts: One or more deliveries to occur after a year following contract execution (signed date).

Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual, Tables 10, 11 and 16. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

dol lars per pound U3O8 equiva lent

- - = Not applicable. W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. NA = Not available.

Notes: "Other U.S. Suppliers" are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.

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Figure S2. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016 deliveries

dollars per pound U3O8 equivalent

$0.00

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual reports. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

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Table S2. Uranium feed deliveries, enrichment services, and uranium loaded by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016

Year

Feed deliveries by owners and

operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors

Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded

into U.S. civilian nuclear power

reactors

U.S.-origin enrichment services

purchased

Foreign-origin enrichment services

purchasedTotal purchased

enrichment servicesAverage price (US$

per SWU)

1994 37.6 40.4 7.5 1.7 9.2 -

1995 44.3 51.1 6.7 2.8 9.5 -

1996 49.1 46.2 8.0 3.2 11.2 -

1997 40.3 48.2 6.0 2.9 8.9 -

1998 40.6 38.2 5.7 4.4 10.1 -

1999 43.9 58.8 4.6 5.4 10.0 -

2000 47.8 51.5 5.2 6.6 11.8 -

2001 47.3 52.7 1.3 9.1 10.4 -

2002 54.7 57.2 1.7 9.8 11.5 -

2003 49.3 62.3 1.7 10.3 12.0 -

2004 53.4 50.1 1.4 10.4 11.8 -

2005 52.9 58.3 1.1 10.3 11.4 -

2006 56.6 51.7 1.6 11.8 13.4 106.57

2007 49.0 45.5 1.5 12.7 14.2 114.58

2008 43.4 51.3 1.9 10.7 12.6 121.33

2009 51.9 49.4 4.1 13.1 17.2 130.78

2010 45.5 44.3 2.3 11.5 13.8 136.14

2011 51.3 50.9 2.4 12.4 14.8 136.12

2012 52.1 49.5 3.3 12.3 15.6 141.36

2013 47.4 42.6 3.9 8.5 12.3 142.22

2014 41.9 50.5 3.8 9.2 12.9 140.75

2015 41.4 47.4 4.1 8.8 12.9 136.88 2016 43.1 42.5 4.8 9.5 14.3 131.00

Million pounds U3O8 equivalent Million separative work units (SWU)

Notes : Tota ls may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Average prices are not adjusted for inflation.Sources : U.S. Energy Information Adminis tration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual , Tables 22, 23, 25, and 27. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

- = No data reported.

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Figure S3. Uranium loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016


Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors

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Figure S4. Uranium enrichment services purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016

million separative work units (SWU)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


U.S.-origin enrichment services purchased Foreign-origin enrichment services purchased

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Table S3a. Foreign purchases, foreign sales, and uranium inventories owned by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016

Delivery year

Foreign purchases by U.S. suppliers

Foreign purchases by owners and

operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors

Total foreign purchases

U.S. broker and trader purchases

from foreign suppliers Foreign sales

U.S. supplier owned uranium inventories

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors owned

uranium inventoriesTotal commercial

uranium inventories

1994 21.1 15.5 36.6 22.3 17.7 21.5 65.4 86.9

1995 20.2 21.1 41.3 18.3 9.8 13.7 58.7 72.5

1996 21.7 23.7 45.4 17.8 11.5 13.9 66.1 80.0

1997 20.4 22.5 43.0 15.7 17.0 40.4 65.9 106.2

1998 22.6 21.1 43.7 21.7 15.1 70.7 65.8 136.5

1999 21.0 26.6 47.6 19.2 8.5 68.8 58.3 127.1

2000 17.4 27.5 44.9 15.8 13.6 56.5 54.8 111.3

2001 18.7 28.0 46.7 18.3 11.7 48.1 55.6 103.8

2002 22.7 30.0 52.7 18.6 15.4 48.7 53.5 102.1

2003 18.2 34.9 53.0 15.8 13.2 39.9 45.6 85.5

2004 30.2 35.9 66.1 26.4 13.2 37.5 57.7 95.2

2005 27.0 38.5 65.5 24.0 20.5 29.1 64.7 93.8

2006 26.1 38.7 64.8 24.0 18.7 29.1 77.5 106.6

2007 21.6 32.5 54.1 18.9 14.8 31.2 81.2 112.4

2008 24.1 32.9 57.1 21.3 17.2 27.0 83.0 110.0

2009 26.7 32.2 58.9 26.8 23.5 26.8 84.8 111.5

2010 25.0 30.4 55.3 24.7 23.1 24.7 86.5 111.3

2011 19.3 35.1 54.4 19.6 16.7 22.3 89.8 112.1

2012 20.2 36.0 56.2 20.2 18.0 23.3 97.6 120.9

2013 23.2 34.1 57.3 W 18.9 21.3 113.1 134.4

2014 24.2 34.4 58.6 W 20.0 18.7 114.0 135.5

2015 27.2 36.9 64.1 26.1 25.7 14.3 121.1 135.52016 22.1 28.5 50.7 22.1 17.2 15.3 128.6 143.9

Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual, Tables 28, 29, 30 and 31. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

mi l l ion pounds U3O8 equiva lent

W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Foreign purchase: A uranium purchase of foreign-origin uranium from a firm located outside the United States. Foreign sale: A uranium sale to a firm located outside the United States.

June 2017


Figure S5. Total commercial uranium inventories of U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Sources: Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual reports. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" .

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors owned uranium inventoriesU.S. supplier owned uranium inventories

June 2017


Table S3b. Weighted-average price of foreign purchases and foreign sales by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 1994-2016

Delivery year

Foreign purchases by U.S. suppliers

Foreign purchases by owners and operators

of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors

Total foreign purchases (weighted-average

price)

U.S. broker and trader purchases from foreign

suppliers (weighted-average price)

Foreign sales (weighted-average price)

1994 7.78 10.53 8.95 7.87 11.34

1995 8.96 11.39 10.20 9.02 13.48

1996 11.78 14.41 13.15 11.78 14.20

1997 10.61 12.89 11.81 10.71 12.39

1998 10.50 11.96 11.19 10.77 12.05

1999 9.42 11.45 10.55 9.60 11.97

2000 8.45 10.68 9.84 8.61 8.48

2001 8.98 9.87 9.51 8.87 8.79

2002 9.65 10.37 10.05 9.59 10.04

2003 10.19 10.79 10.59 10.19 10.39

2004 11.21 13.13 12.25 11.15 12.63

2005 15.11 14.63 14.83 15.68 20.70

2006 20.28 18.66 19.31 21.61 32.87

2007 36.59 32.58 34.18 39.88 55.47

2008 33.30 47.46 41.30 35.39 45.62

2009 34.80 46.55 41.23 34.88 41.48

2010 41.30 51.69 47.01 41.23 42.78

2011 48.80 56.87 54.00 49.27 49.05

2012 46.80 54.08 51.44 47.08 47.57

2013 43.25 51.64 48.24 W 42.75

2014 39.13 47.62 44.11 W 35.69

2015 40.68 44.70 42.96 40.77 35.692016 36.03 44.08 40.45 36.09 33.66

dol lars per pound U3O8 equiva lent


Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration: 1994-2002-Uranium Industry Annual, Tables 28, 29, 30 and 31. 2003-16-Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey".

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Foreign purchase: A uranium purchase of foreign-origin uranium from a firm located outside the United States. Foreign sale: A uranium sale to a firm located outside the United States. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.

June 2017


Figure S6. Weighted-average price of foreign purchases and foreign sales of uranium, 1994-2016


$0.00

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


Total foreign purchases (weighted-average price)Foreign sales (weighted-average price)

June 2017


Table 1. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by supplier and delivery year, 2012-16

thousand pounds U3O8 equivalent; dollars per pound U3O8 equivalent

Deliveries 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


Purchases of U.S.-origin and foreign-origin uranium W W W 1,455 2,169

Weighted-average price W W W 52.35 48.86

Purchased from U.S. brokers and traders

Purchases of U.S.-origin and foreign-origin uranium 11,545 12,835 17,111 13,852 7,862

Weighted-average price 54.44 50.44 42.90 44.67 50.56

Purchased from other owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors

Purchases 0 0 0 W W

Weighted-average price -- -- -- W W

Purchased from other U.S. suppliers

Purchases of U.S.-origin and foreign-origin uranium W W W W W

Weighted-average price W W W W W

Purchased from foreign suppliers

Purchases of U.S.-origin and foreign-origin uranium 37,624 37,405 34,404 38,184 39,469


Total purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors Purchases of U.S.-origin and foreign-origin uranium 57,520 57,403 53,349 56,524 50,595

Weighted-average price 54.99 51.99 46.16 44.13 42.43 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

-- = Not applicable.

Notes: "Other U.S. Suppliers" are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2012-16).

June 2017


Figure 1. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by supplier and delivery year, 2012-16

thousand pounds U3O8 equivalent

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

Purchased from U.S. brokers and traders Purchased from foreign suppliers

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2012-16).

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

June 2017


Figure 2. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by supplier and delivery year, 2012-16


$0.00

$5.00

$10.00

$15.00

$20.00

$25.00

$30.00

$35.00

$40.00

$45.00

$50.00

$55.00

$60.00

Purchased from U.S. brokers and traders Purchased from foreign suppliers


2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

June 2017


Table 2. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16


Deliveries 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

U.S.-origin uranium Purchases 9,807 9,484 3,316 3,419 5,424 Weighted-average price 59.44 56.37 48.11 43.86 43.92 Foreign-origin uranium Purchases 47,713 47,919 50,033 53,106 45,171 Weighted-average price 54.07 51.13 46.03 44.14 42.26 Total Purchases 57,520 57,403 53,349 56,524 50,595 Weighted-average price 54.99 51.99 46.16 44.13 42.43 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.


June 2017


Figure 3. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

U.S.-origin uranium Foreign-origin uranium Total


2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

June 2017


Figure 4. Weighted-average price of uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16


$0.00

$5.00

$10.00

$15.00

$20.00

$25.00

$30.00

$35.00

$40.00

$45.00

$50.00

$55.00

$60.00

$65.00

U.S.-origin uranium Foreign-origin uranium Total


2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

June 2017


Table 3. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin country and delivery year, 2012-16


Origin country

Deliveries in 2012 Deliveries in 2013 Deliveries in 2014 Deliveries in 2015 Deliveries in 2016

Purchases

Weighted-average

price Purchases

Weighted-average

price Purchases

Weighted-average

price Purchases

Weighted-average

price Purchases

Weighted-average

price

Australia 6,724 51.17 10,741 49.92 10,511 48.03 9,678 44.16 8,963 43.05 Brazil W W W W W W 0 -- W W Bulgaria 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- W W W W Canada 13,584 56.75 7,808 52.61 9,789 45.87 16,876 45.84 11,119 43.22 China W W W W W W 0 -- W W Czech Republic 0 -- W W W W W W W W Germany 0 -- W W 0 -- 0 -- W W Hungary 0 -- W W 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- Kazakhstan 6,234 51.69 6,454 46.73 12,032 44.47 10,723 42.82 10,806 39.91 Malawi W W 1,277 59.89 1,514 44.94 W W 519 41.38 Namibia 5,986 54.56 5,677 49.78 4,603 45.54 3,456 48.57 1,993 44.30 Niger 2,133 50.45 1,666 51.26 1,316 42.86 922 39.74 1,032 44.12 Portugal 0 -- W W 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- Russia 7,643 54.40 10,580 53.73 6,859 45.65 9,063 40.87 6,539 43.85 South Africa 1,243 56.45 186 46.72 938 43.71 826 37.64 1,169 43.75 Ukraine W W 0 -- W W 0 -- W W United Kingdom 0 -- 0 -- W W 0 -- 0 -- Uzbekistan 2,576 52.80 3,064 50.02 1,779 46.84 1,040 47.90 2,030 39.18 unknown 0 -- W W W W W W W W Foreign Total 47,713 54.07 47,919 51.13 50,033 46.03 53,106 44.14 45,171 42.26 United States 9,807 59.44 9,484 56.37 3,316 48.11 3,419 43.86 5,424 43.92 Total Purchases 57,520 54.99 57,403 51.99 53,349 46.16 56,524 44.13 50,595 42.43 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. -- = Not applicable. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2012-16).

June 2017


Figure 5. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by selected origin country and delivery year, 2012-16



0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Australia Canada Kazakhstan Namibia Niger Russia South Africa UnitedStates

Uzbekistan

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

June 2017


Table 4. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and material type, 2016 deliveries


Deliveries Uranium

concentrate Natural UF6 Enriched UF6 Natural UF6 and

Enriched UF6 Total

U.S.-origin uranium

Purchases 2,454 W W 2,970 5,424

Weighted-average price 44.71 W W 43.15 43.92


Purchases 24,975 W W 20,195 45,171

Weighted-average price 40.44 W W 44.72 42.26

Total

Purchases 27,430 14,628 8,537 23,165 50,595

Weighted-average price 40.82 44.91 43.88 44.53 42.43 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation. Natural UF6 is uranium hexafluoride. The natural UF6 and enriched UF6 quantity represents only the U3O8 equivalent uranium-component quantity specified in the contract for each delivery of natural UF6 and enriched UF6. The natural UF6 and enriched UF6 weighted-average price represent only the U3O8 equivalent uranium-component price specified in the contract for each delivery of natural UF6 and enriched UF6, and does not include the conversion service and enrichment service components.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2016).

June 2017


Figure 6. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by material type, 2016 deliveries


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2016).

Uranium concentrate Natural UF6 Enriched UF6

June 2017


Table 5. Average price and quantity for uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by pricing mechanisms and delivery year, 2015-16

dollars per pound U3O8 equivalent; thousand pounds U3O8 equivalent

Pricing mechanisms

Domestic purchases 1 Foreign purchases 2 Total purchases

2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016

Contract-specified (fixed and base-escalated) pricing

Weighted-average price 40.34 39.82 44.93 47.09 42.88 42.78

Quantity with reported price 13,862 13,917 17,241 14,439 31,104 30,344

Spot-market pricing


Quantity with reported price 876 871 3,881 3,064 4,756 4,448

Other pricing



All pricing mechanisms



Total quantity 19,612 18,797 36,912 28,512 56,524 50,595 1 A uranium purchase of both U.S.-origin uranium or from a firm located in the United States.

2 A uranium purchase of foreign-origin uranium from a firm located outside of the United States. Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding or a unique procurement method using multiple or unknown sources. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.


June 2017


Figure 7. Average price for uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by pricing mechanisms and delivery year, 2015-16


$0.00

$10.00

$20.00

$30.00

$40.00

$50.00

$60.00

2015 2016


Contract-specified (fixed and base-escalated) pricingSpot-market pricingOther pricing

June 2017


Table 6a. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors ranked by price and distributed by quantity, 2014-16 deliveries


Quantity distribution 1

Deliveries in 2014 Deliveries in 2015 Deliveries in 2016

Quantity with reported price

Weighted-average price





First 6,665 30.26 6,807 29.68 5,956 21.64

Second 6,665 35.11 6,807 36.03 5,956 28.18

Third 6,665 39.29 6,807 38.63 5,956 34.60

Fourth 6,665 43.36 6,807 41.80 5,956 39.41

Fifth 6,665 46.74 6,807 44.63 5,956 42.82

Sixth 6,665 50.65 6,807 47.84 5,956 47.59

Seventh 6,665 55.49 6,807 52.69 5,956 54.68

Eighth 6,665 68.37 6,807 61.70 5,956 70.52

Total 53,323 46.16 54,457 44.13 47,650 42.43 1 Distribution divides total quantity of uranium delivered (with a price) into eight distributions by price (sorted from lowest to highest) and provides the quantity-weighted average price for each distribution.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2014-16).

June 2017


Table 6b. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors ranked by price and distributed by purchaser, 2014-16 deliveries


Distribution of purchasers


Number of purchasers

Quantity with

reported price

Weighted-average

price Number of purchasers

Quantity with

reported price

Weighted-average

price Number of purchasers

Quantity with

reported price

Weighted-average

price First 8 11,681 37.64 8 11,864 39.35 7 9,736 34.43 Second 7 8,493 42.68 7 22,481 43.16 7 7,195 39.70 Third 7 21,805 48.04 7 10,889 46.47 7 20,508 42.87 Fourth 7 11,344 53.91 7 9,222 49.86 6 10,212 51.10 Total 29 53,323 46.16 29 54,457 44.13 27 47,650 42.43 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2014-16).

June 2017


Table 7. Uranium purchased by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by contract type and material type, 2016 deliveries


Material Type

Spot Contracts 1 Long-Term Contracts 2 Total







U3O8 7,822 31.07 19,595 44.71 27,417 40.82

Natural UF6 W W W W 14,367 44.91

Enriched UF6 W W W W 5,866 43.88

Total 10,636 29.62 37,014 46.11 47,650 42.43

1 A one-time delivery (usually) of the entire contract to occur within one year of contract execution (signed date). 2 One or more deliveries to occur after a year following contract execution (signed date). Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation. UF6 is uranium hexafluoride. The natural UF6 and enriched UF6 quantity represents only the U3O8 equivalent uranium-component quantity specified in the contract for each delivery of natural UF6 and enriched UF6. The natural UF6 and enriched UF6 weighted-average price represent only the U3O8 equivalent uranium-component price specified in the contract for each delivery of natural UF6 and enriched UF6, and does not include the conversion service and enrichment service components.


June 2017


Table 8. Contracts signed in 2016 by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by contract type


Purchase contract type (Signed in 2016)

Quantity of deliveries received in 2016 Weighted-average price

Number of purchase contracts for

deliveries in 2016

Spot 6,280 24.59 45

Long-term 2,385 25.94 5

Total 8,665 24.86 50

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.


June 2017


Table 9. Contracted purchases of uranium by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, signed in 2015, by delivery year, 2017-26


Year of delivery Minimum Maximum

2017 4,617 4,959

2018 5,196 5,952

2019 3,819 4,290

2020 2,940 3,446

2021 1,750 2,318

2022 836 994

2023 1,347 2,483

2024 W 2,063

2025 W W

2026 0 W

Total 21,942 28,172 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.


June 2017


Figure 8. Contracted purchases of uranium by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, signed in in 2015, by delivery year, 2017-22


0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022


Maximum

June 2017


Table 10. Contracted purchases of uranium from suppliers by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, in effect at the end of 2016, by delivery year, 2017-26


Year of delivery

Contracted purchases from U.S. suppliers

Contracted purchases from foreign suppliers

Contracted purchases from all suppliers

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

2017 7,931 9,182 28,906 30,911 36,837 40,093

2018 7,081 7,619 25,678 28,180 32,759 35,799

2019 7,903 8,694 17,735 19,880 25,638 28,574

2020 4,429 6,234 13,637 16,040 18,066 22,274

2021 3,915 5,691 8,675 9,710 12,590 15,401

2022 1,718 2,238 6,554 7,037 8,272 9,274

2023 1,741 2,267 5,859 7,319 7,600 9,586

2024 W 1,352 W 6,178 W 7,530

2025 W 1,642 W 3,428 W 5,069

2026 0 0 W 1,153 W 1,153

Total 36,885 44,917 115,231 129,836 152,115 174,753 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2016).

June 2017


Figure 9. Maximum contracted purchases of uranium from suppliers by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, in effect at the end of 2015, by delivery year, 2017-24


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024


Contracted purchases from foreign suppliers Contracted purchases from U.S. suppliers

June 2017


Table 11. Unfilled uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2016-26


Year

As of December 31, 2015 As of December 31, 2016

Annual Cumulative Annual Cumulative

2016 3,152 3,152 - --

2017 4,656 7,807 3,290 3,290

2018 9,943 17,750 6,255 9,544

2019 12,204 29,954 8,330 17,874

2020 21,404 51,358 10,662 28,536

2021 35,154 86,513 18,895 47,430

2022 41,497 128,010 32,171 79,601

2023 40,790 168,799 33,634 113,235

2024 47,313 216,112 38,125 151,360

2025 42,750 258,862 41,243 192,603

2026 - -- 40,691 233,294 - = No data reported. -- = Not applicable.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2015-16).

June 2017


Figure 10. Annual unfilled uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, as of 12/31/2015 and 12/31/2016


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

+1 Year +2 Years +3 Years +4 Years +5 Years +6 Years +7 Years +8 Years +9 Years +10Years

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2015-16).

As of December 31, 2015 As of December 31, 2016

June 2017


Table 12. Maximum anticipated uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2017-26, as of December 31, 2016


Year Maximum under

purchase contracts Unfilled market

requirements Maximum anticipated market requirements

Enrichment feed deliveries

2017 40,093 3,290 43,383 45,591

2018 35,799 6,255 42,053 47,193

2019 28,574 8,330 36,904 44,489

2020 22,274 10,662 32,936 47,127

2021 15,401 18,895 34,295 46,208

2022 9,274 32,171 41,445 46,690

2023 9,586 33,634 43,219 44,110

2024 7,530 38,125 45,655 48,108

2025 5,069 41,243 46,312 45,514

2026 1,153 40,691 41,844 42,228

Total 174,753 233,294 408,047 457,259 Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2016).

June 2017


Figure 11. Maximum anticipated uranium market requirements of owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2016-25, as of December 31, 2015


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026


Unfilled market requirementsMaximum under purchase contractsMaximum anticipated market requirementsEnrichment feed deliveries

June 2017


Table 13. Deliveries of uranium feed by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by enrichment country and delivery year, 2014-16


Enrichment country

Feed deliveries in 2014 Feed deliveries in 2015 Feed deliveries in 2016

U.S.-origin

Foreign-origin Total

U.S.-origin


U.S.-origin


China W W W 0 W W 0 0 -

France 0 3,055 3,055 W W 3,299 W W

2,555

Germany W W 2140 W W W W W W

Netherlands 0 3,115 3,115 W W 4,180

666

2,832

3,498

Russia 0 W W 0 2089 2089 W W

3,974

United Kingdom W W 2,975 W W 3,460 0 W W

Europe 1 W W 6,750 0 8297 8,297 721

7,773

8,494

unknown 2 0 0 0 0 W W 0 0 -

Foreign total 826 21,248 22,074 1,056 22,437 23,493

2,334

18,106

20,440

United States 1,893 17,961 19,854 1,485 16,407 17,892

2,463

20,207

22,670

Total 2,719 39,209 41,928 2,541 38,844 41,385

4,798

38,313

43,110 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

1 Specific country in Europe was not reported. 2 Specific country was not reported. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2014-16).

June 2017


Figure 12. Deliveries of uranium feed for U.S. and foreign enrichment by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by delivery year, 2014-16


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Feed Deliveries in 2014 Feed Deliveries in 2015 Feed Deliveries in 2016


United States Foreign total

June 2017


Table 14. Deliveries of uranium feed for enrichment by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin country and delivery year, 2014-16


Origin country of feed


U.S. enrichment

Foreign enrichment Total

U.S. enrichment


U.S. enrichment


Australia 910 4,467 5,377 1,673 3,797 5,470 6,524 3,098 9,622

Brazil 0 W W 0 W W W W W

Canada 5,424 4,315 9,738 6,212 9,698 15,910 6,635 6,912 13,546

China 0 W W 0 W W 0 0 0

Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 W W W W W

Kazakhstan W W 3,868 3,490 4,173 7,662 2,658 5,027 7,685

Malawi W W 745 W W 347 W W W

Namibia 1,143 1,798 2,941 963 1,588 2,551 1,033 698 1,731

Niger W W 1,322 0 W W W W W

Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Russia 8,313 4,174 12,486 4,019 1,490 5,509 W W 4,163

South Africa 109 322 431 W W 445 W W 296

Ukraine 0 W W 0 0 0 0 0 0

United Kingdom W 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 0

Uzbekistan W W 823 W W 108 W W 581

unknown 0 0 0 0 W W W W W

Foreign total 17,961 21,248 39,209 16,407 22,437 38,844 20,207 18,106 38,313

United States 1,893 826 2,719 1,485 1,056 2,541 2,463 2,334 4,798

Total 19,854 22,074 41,928 17,892 23,493 41,385 22,670 20,440 43,110 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2013-16).

June 2017


Figure 13. Deliveries of uranium feed for enrichment by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by selected origin country of feed and delivery year, 2014-16 thousand pounds U3O8 equivalent

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

Australia Canada Kazakhstan Namibia Russia South Africa United States Uzbekistan


Feed Deliveries in 2014 Feed Deliveries in 2015 Feed Deliveries in 2016

June 2017


Table 15. Shipments of uranium feed by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors to domestic and foreign enrichment suppliers, 2016-25


Year of shipment

Amount of feed to be shipped Change from 2015 to 2016 As of As of

Annual Cumulative December 31, 2015 December 31, 2016

2017 43,576 45,591 2,015 2,015

2018 41,579 47,193 5,614 7,629

2019 40,326 44,489 4,163 11,792

2020 45,243 47,127 1,884 13,676

2021 47,024 46,208 -816 12,860

2022 47,139 46,690 -449 12,411

2023 45,242 44,110 -1,132 11,279

2024 51,712 48,108 -3,604 7,675

2025 45,224 45,514 290 7,965

2026 - 42,228 -- -- - = No data reported. -- = Not applicable.



June 2017


Figure 14. Shipments of uranium feed by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors to domestic and foreign enrichment suppliers, 2017-25


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025


December 31, 2015 December 31, 2016

June 2017


Table 16. Purchases of enrichment services by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin country and year, 2012-16

thousand separative work units (SWU)

Country of enrichment service (SWU-origin) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

China W W 636 W W

France 0 0 0 0 0

Germany 1,075 753 1,005 1,281 1,636

Netherlands 1,496 2,112 1,801 2,385 2,546

Russia 6,560 2,491 3,083 2,234 3,188

United Kingdom 2,648 2,674 2,435 2,522 1,003

Europe 1 W 0 W 0 W

Other 2 W W W W 501

Foreign total 12,330 8,464 9,165 8,769 9,524

United States 3,261 3,867 3,773 4,146 4,756

Total 15,590 12,331 12,939 12,914 14,280

Average price (US$ per SWU)

141.36

142.22

140.75

136.88

131.00 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

1 Specific country in Europe was not reported. 2 Specific country was not reported.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Average prices are not adjusted for inflation. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2012-16).

June 2017


Figure 15. Purchases of enrichment services by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by selected origin country and year, 2012-16


0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

Germany Netherlands Russia United Kingdom United States


2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

June 2017


Table 17. Purchases of enrichment services by owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by contract type in delivery year, 2016


Enrichment service contract type U.S. enrichment


Spot W W 116

Long-term W W 14,164

Total 4,756 9,524 14,280 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2016).

June 2017


Table 18. Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by year, 2012-16


Origin of uranium 2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

Domestic-origin uranium 4,825 3,643 3,251 4,050 3,204

Foreign-origin uranium 44,657 39,000 47,281 43,381 39,291

Total 49,483 42,642 50,532 47,431 42,495 P = Preliminary data. Final 2015 fuel assembly data reported in the 2016 survey.

Notes: Includes only unirradiated uranium in new fuel assemblies loaded into reactors during the year. Does not include uranium removed from reactors that subsequently will be reloaded. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.


June 2017


Figure 16. Uranium in fuel assemblies loaded into U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by year, 2012-16


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

P = Preliminary data. Final 2014 fuel assembly data reported in the 2015 survey.Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2013-16).

Domestic-origin uranium Foreign-origin uranium

June 2017


Table 19. Foreign purchases of uranium by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by delivery year, 2012-16


Deliveries 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

U.S. suppliers

Foreign purchases 20,196 23,233 23,684 27,233 22,138


Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors



Total


Weighted-average price 51.44 48.27 44.03 42.95 40.45 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Foreign Purchase: A uranium purchase of foreign-origin uranium from a firm located outside of the United States. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.


June 2017


Figure 17. Foreign purchases of uranium by U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by delivery year, 2012-16


0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


U.S. suppliers

June 2017


Table 20. U.S. broker and trader purchases of uranium by origin, supplier, and delivery year, 2012-16


Deliveries 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Received U.S.-origin uranium

Purchases 1,194 W 410 2,702 3,266

Weighted-average price 51.78 W 33.55 35.04 26.31

Received foreign-origin uranium

Purchases 24,606 W 28,743 33,014 34,046

Weighted-average price 47.75 W 38.42 39.58 32.71

Total received by U.S. brokers and traders

Purchases 25,800 30,191 29,153 35,716 37,312


Received from foreign suppliers

Purchases 20,243 W W 26,069 22,088

Weighted-average price 47.08 W W 41 36.09 W = Data withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.


June 2017


Figure 18. U.S. broker and trader purchases of uranium by delivery year, 2012-16


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


Total received by U.S. brokers and traders

June 2017


Table 21. Foreign sales of uranium from U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16


Deliveries to foreign suppliers and utilities 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

U.S.-origin uranium

Foreign sales 4,798 4,148 4,210 4,258 3,142



Foreign sales 13,185 14,717 15,794 21,465 14,034


Total sent:

Foreign sales 17,982 18,864 20,004 25,723 17,176


From owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, U.S. producers, and other U.S. suppliers

Foreign sales 3,699 4,177 4,493 6,022 3,153


From U.S. brokers and traders

Foreign sales 14,284 14,687 15,511 19,700 14,023

Weighted-average price 47.65 42.26 35.47 39.45 34.43 Notes: "Other U.S. Suppliers" are U.S. converters, enrichers, and fabricators. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Foreign sale: A uranium sale to a firm located outside the United States. Weighted-average prices are not adjusted for inflation.


June 2017


Figure 19. Foreign sales of uranium from U.S. suppliers and owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors by origin and delivery year, 2012-16


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


U.S.-origin uranium Foreign-origin uranium

June 2017


Table 22. Inventories of natural and enriched uranium by material type as of end of year, 2012-16


Type of Uranium Inventory Owned by

Inventories at the end of the year

2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors inventories 97,647 113,077 114,046 121,131 128,554

Uranium concentrate (U3O8) 15,963 18,131 19,060 20,635 20,790

Natural UF6 29,084 38,332 40,803 48,136 54,231

Enriched UF6 38,428 40,841 43,382 41,557 43,704

Fabricated fuel (not inserted into a reactor) 14,173 15,773 10,802 10,803 9,829

U.S. supplier inventories 23,289 21,342 18,682 14,340 15,310

Uranium concentrate (U3O8) W 7,658 6,170 6,289 7,184

Natural UF6 W W W W W

Enriched UF6 W W W W W

Fabricated fuel (not inserted into a reactor) 0 0 0 0 0

Total Commercial Inventories 120,936 134,418 132,728 135,471 143,864 P = Preliminary data. Final 2015 inventory data reported in the 2016 survey.




June 2017


Figure 20. Commercial inventories of natural and enriched uranium as of end of year, 2012-16


0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

P = Preliminary data. Final 2015 inventory data reported in the 2016 survey.Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2013-16).

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors inventories U.S. supplier inventories

June 2017


Figure 21. Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors inventories by material type as of end of year, 2012-16 thousand pounds U3O8 equivalent

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

P = Preliminary data. Final 2015 inventory data reported in the 2016 survey.Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2013-16).

Fabricated fuel (not inserted into a reactor)Enriched UF6Natural UF6Uranium concentrate (U3O8)

June 2017


Table 23. Inventories of uranium by owner as of end of year, 2012-16


Owner of uranium inventory

Inventories at the End of Year

2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors 97,647 113,007 114,046 121,131 128,554

U.S. brokers and traders 5,677 7,926 5,916 5,678 7,554

U.S. converter, enrichers, fabricators, and producers 17,611 13,416 12,766 8,662 7,756

Total commercial inventories 120,936 134,418 132,728 135,471 143,864 P = Preliminary data. Final 2015 inventory data reported in the 2016 survey.



June 2017


Figure 22. Commercial inventories of uranium by owner as of end of year, 2012-16


010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000

100,000110,000120,000130,000140,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 P2016

P=Preliminary data. Final 2014 inventory data reported in the 2015 survey.Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2013-16).

U.S. brokers and traders

U.S. converter, enrichers, fabricators, and producers

Owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors

June 2017


Table 24. Uranium sellers to owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2014-16

2014 2015 2016

Advance Uranium Asset Management Ltd. AREVA / AREVA NC, Inc. AREVA / AREVA NC, Inc.

AREVA / AREVA NC, Inc. ARMZ (AtomRedMetZoloto) ARMZ (AtomRedMetZoloto)

ARMZ (AtomRedMetZoloto) BHP Bi l l i ton Olympic Dam Corporation Pty Ltd BHP Bi l l i ton Olympic Dam Corporation Pty Ltd

BHP Bi l l i ton Olympic Dam Corporation Pty Ltd CAMECO CAMECO

CAMECO CGN Global Uranium Limited CGN Global Uranium Limited

Deutsche Bank ConverDyn ConverDyn

Energy Fuels Resources Deutsche Bank Deutsche Bank

Energy Resources of Austra l ia Ltd. Duke Energy Florida, Inc. Duke Energy Florida, Inc.

Energy USA, Inc. Energy Fuels Resources Energy Fuels Resources

Itochu Corporation / Itochu International Energy Resources of Austra l ia Ltd. Energy Resources of Austra l ia Ltd.

J. Aron & Company Energy USA, Inc. Energy USA, Inc.

Kazatomprom Itochu Corporation / Itochu International Itochu Corporation / Itochu International

Langer Heinrich Uranium Ltd (Pa ladin Energy) Kazatomprom Kazatomprom

Mestena Uranium LLC Langer Heinrich Uranium Ltd (Pa ladin Energy) Langer Heinrich Uranium Ltd (Pa ladin Energy)

MTM Trading, LLC Macquarie Bank Macquarie Bank

Nufcor International Limited Mitsui & Co. Mitsui & Co.

NUKEM, Inc. MTM Trading, LLC MTM Trading, LLC

NYNCO Trading, Ltd. Nufcor International Limited Nufcor International Limited

Paladin Resources Limited / Pa ladin Energy NUKEM, Inc. NUKEM, Inc. / RWE Nukem

PPL Energy Plus LLC NYNCO Trading, Ltd. NYNCO Trading, Ltd.

Rio Tinto Uranium Limited Paladin Resources Limited / Pa ladin Energy Paladin Resources Limited / Pa ladin Energy

Ross ing Uranium Limited Rio Tinto Uranium Limited Rio Tinto Uranium LimitedSOPAMIN (Société de Patrimoine des Mines du Niger "Heri tage Society of Mines in Niger") Ross ing Uranium Limited Ross ing Uranium Limited

TENAM CorporationSOPAMIN (Société de Patrimoine des Mines du Niger "Heri tage Society of Mines in Niger")

SOPAMIN (Société de Patrimoine des Mines du Niger "Heri tage Society of Mines in Niger")

TENEX (Techsnabexport) Southern Cross Resources Austra l ia Pty. Ltd. Southern Cross Resources Austra l ia Pty. Ltd.

Traxys North America , LLC TENAM Corporation TENAM Corporation

UG U.S.A., Inc. TENEX (Techsnabexport) TENEX (Techsnabexport)

Uranerz Energy Corporation Traxys North America , LLC Traxys North America , LLC

Uranium One UG U.S.A., Inc. UG U.S.A., Inc.

UrAs ia Energy Ltd. Uranerz Energy Corporation Uranerz Energy Corporation

URENCO, Inc. Uranium One Uranium One

Ur-Energy / Ur-Energy USA Inc UrAs ia Energy Ltd. UrAs ia Energy Ltd.

USEC, Inc. (United States Enrichment Corporation) URENCO, Inc. URENCO, Inc.

Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC Ur-Energy / Ur-Energy USA Inc Ur-Energy / Ur-Energy USA Inc

USEC, Inc. (United States Enrichment Corporation) USEC, Inc. (United States Enrichment Corporation)

Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC

Source: U.S. Energy Information Adminis tration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2014-16).

June 2017


Table 25. Enrichment service sellers to owners and operators of U.S. civilian nuclear power reactors, 2014-16

2014 2015 2016

AREVA Enrichment Services , LLC / AREVA NC, Inc. AREVA Enrichment Services , LLC / AREVA NC, Inc. AREVA Enrichment Services , LLC / AREVA NC, Inc.

CNEIC (China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation) CAMECO CAMECO

LES, LLC (Louis iana Energy Services ) CNEIC (China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation) CNEIC (China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation)

NYNCO Trading, LTD Energy Northwest Energy Northwest

TENAM Corporation LES, LLC (Louis iana Energy Services ) LES, LLC (Louis iana Energy Services )

TENEX (Techsnabexport Joint Stock Company) TENAM Corporation TENAM Corporation

UG U.S.A., Inc. TENEX (Techsnabexport Joint Stock Company) TENEX (Techsnabexport Joint Stock Company)

URENCO, Inc. UG U.S.A., Inc. UG U.S.A., Inc.

URENCO USA, Inc. URENCO, Inc. URENCO, Inc.

USEC, Inc. (United States Enrichment Corporation) URENCO USA, Inc. URENCO USA, Inc.

Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC USEC, Inc. (United States Enrichment Corporation) USEC, Inc. (United States Enrichment Corporation)

Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC

Source: U.S. Energy Information Adminis tration, Form EIA-858 "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey" (2014-16).

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