20153 rd International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligent Agroindustry (lCAIA)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Innovative Agroindustrial and Business System Engineering The F(,;asibiliry Study of Establishment of Biodiesel And Paving Block I-I Industry From Spcnt Bleaching Earth

Fcbriani Purba, Ani Suryani and Sukardi Green Supply Chain Management Innovation Diffusion in Crumb Rubber 1-7 Factories: Designing Sli""dtcgics towards Implemenlation

Tri Susanto, Marimin Marimin and Suprii1atin Mobile Business Analyties System for Scrvice Level Analysis of Customer 1-1 3 Relationship Dccision

Taufik Djama and YudhiSlira Chandra Bayu Exploring an Innovative Approach to Address Non-Tariff Barriers 1- 19 Experienced by Small to Medium Enterprises in Downstream Coffee Production in Indonesia

Andar Hennawan. Yandra Arkt:tnan. Titi Candra Sunarti An Analysis of Innovation Network Perfonnanee on the Palm Oil Industry 1-26 in North Sumatera

Danang Krisna Yudha, Aji Hennaw:m and Machfud Exploring the Internationalization Process Model of an Indonesian Product 1-33 - Case study: Fruit Chips SME's

Dickie Sulistya Apriliyanto, Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo. Titi C Sunarti Innovation Management in Indonesian Palm Oil Industry 1-39

Karim Abdullah, Aji Hennawan and Yandra Arkeman Technology Innovation Adoption to Improve the Performance of Dairy 1-45 SmaU-Medium Enterprises (SME): Case study in Pangalcngan·Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Nuni Novita.<;ari. Titi Candrd Sunarti and NasIi ti Siwi lndmsti Managing Innovation through Knowledge Sharing in An Indonesia Coconut I-54 SME

Mucharnmad Kodiyat P, Machfud, Nastiti S Indrasti Increasing Added Value of Banana by Producing Synbiolic Banana "Sale" 1-60 Using Innovation & Technology Strategy Approach

Eka Ruriani An AHP Appl ication for Selecting A Business Innovation Strategy of 1-65 Chocolate SMEs in E:1st Java

Yani Kartika Pertiwi, M. Syamsul Maarif and Maehfud Understanding local food consumers and their motivalions: A case study in 1-71 Padang city

Poppy Arsil Spatial Model Dcsign fo r Competitive Improvement of Small Medium 1-77 Scales Enterpriscs (Case Study: Bogor Area)

Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, Harry Imantho and Annaiki Yusmur System Analysis and Design for Selecting Chi lin and ChilOsan Industry [-82 Location by Using Comparative Performance Index Method

Dcna Sismaraini , Naslit; S. Tndrasti and Taufik Djatna Arduino-Based Temperature Monitoring Device for Cold Chain J-90 Transponalion

Delmar Zakaria Firdaus and Endang Warsiki Development of Downstream Cocoa Industry: Exploring the Role of 1·95 Government and Small and Medium Industry in Partnership

Farda Eka Kusumawardana, Yandra Arkeman, Titi C Sunarti The Role of Communication in the T cehnology Transfer Process }. IOI

Anindila Dibyono. Sukardi, Machflld The Center for Pulp and Paper Appraising its Productivity in Generating 1·108 Industry·Applicable Research: A Good Practice Illustration

Ahmad Rudh Firdausi. Anas M Fauzi , Machfud

Frontier Approaches in Process and Bioprocess Engineering Idenlification of Flavor Compounds In Cemccm (Spondiazpinata (L.F) II· I Kun) LcafExtra

Luh Putu Wrasiati, Ni Madc Wartini and Ni Pum Eny Sulistyadewi Synthcsis and characterization of nanosiliea from boiler ash with co· 11 ·5 precipitation method

Wahyu K. Setiawan, Nastiti S. Indrasti. and Suprihatin The Comparison Of Media on the Microa[gae Nallnoch/oropsis sp. Culture 11 · 10

Anak Agung Made Dewi Anggreni. I Wayan Amata and I B Wayan Gunam

Identification of Media and Indicator Liquid as A Recorder Smart Label 11 · 14 Endang Warsiki and Riris Octa\·iasari

The Effects of Palm Oil MES Surfactant and Inorganic Salt Concentration Ii· 19 on Interfacial Tension Values

Ristu Fitria, Ani Suryani, Mira Rival and Ari Imam Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide On Characteristic Bionanocomposite TT·25

Siti Agustina, Nastit; Siswi Indrasti. Suprihatin and Nurul Taufiqu Rohman

The Effccts of Molar Ratio Bctwccn 80% Glycerol And Palm Oil Acid on 11 · 31 the Synthesis Process of Ester Glycerol

Mira Rivai, Erli7..a Hambali , Giovanni Nurpratiwi Putri. Ani SUlyani. Pudji Pemladi, Bonar T.H Marbun and Ari Imam Sutamo

Selecting Part of Namral Fibcr EFB which has Best Mechanical Strength 1I · 37 through Tcnsile Tcst Analysis for Composite Reinforced Material

Farkhan, Yohanes Arts PUf\\,anto, Erliza Hambali and Wawan Hennawan

Identification of phenol red as Staphylococcus aureus indicator label J1·44 Me!at! Pratama, Endang Warsiki and Liesbetini HanOIO

Enhancing Ethanol Tolerant of Escherichia coli Recombinant by Glucamate 11·48 Addition under Aerobic Conditions

Indra Kurniawan Saputra, Prayoga Suryadanna and Ari Pennana Putra

In Vitro Potemifal of Antibacterial Marine Mieroalgae Extract [1 · 53 Chaerocerosgracili~' Toward Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria

Ardhi Novrialdi Ginting. Liesbetini Haditjaroko and Iriani Setyaningsih

The Potentia! Applications of Modified Nagara Bean Flour through 11·59 Fcmlenlalion for Inllovarion of High Prolein Analog Rice

Susi. Lya Agustjna and Chondro Wibowo Studies on the Chard(;leriscics or Pasayu (PilSca of Waste· Cassava) H-64 Fortification as a New Product Development

Marleen Slinyoto, Roni Kastaman, Tati Nunnala and Dedi Muhtadi Optical And Particle Size Properties Of Sargassllm Sp Chlorophyll As Dye- 1I-72 Sensili zed Solar Cell (DSSC)

Makkulawu Andi Ridwan and Erliza Noor Alkaline Pre-Treatment of Gelidium larifolilllll and Caule/1JO racemosa for H· 76 Bioethanol Production

Owi Setyaningsih, Nel i Muna. Elisabeth Van Vivi Aryanti and Anastasya Hidayat

New Trends in Industrial Environmental Engineering & Management Use of Siofilter to Improve Quality of Po1iuled River Water for Drinking III- I Water Supply

Suprihatin. Muhammad Romli and Mohamad Vani An Empirical Investigation of the Aaniers to Green Practices in Ycgyakarta !l1-8 Leather Tanning SMEs

Owi Ningsih. Ono Supamo, Suprihatin and Noel Lindsay Preliminary Study For CO2 Monitoring System 111-15

Farhan Syakir. Rindra Wiska, Irvi Firqotul Aini, Wisnu Jatmiko and Ari Wibisunu

Designing a Collaboration Fonn to Overcome Innovation Resistance in 111-22 Waste Management Practices in Lampung Tapioca Industry

Nur Aini Adinda. Suprihatin. Nastiti Siswi lndrasti Pollut ion Reducing Opportunities for a Natural Rubber Processing Industry: 111-29 A Case Study

Syarifa Arum Kusumastuti, Suprihatin and Nastiti Siswi Indrasti Effects of Palm-Dca Non-Ionic Surfactant as an Additive in Buprofezin 111 -35 Insecticide on the Efficacy of it in Controlling Brown Planthoppcr Rice Pest

Fifin Nisya, Rahmini. Mira Rivai, Nobel Crist ian Siregar, Ari Imam Sutanto and Ainun Nurkania

Intelligent Information & Communication Technology for Adaptive Agr oindustry of (he Future Design of Web-Based Infomlation System With Grecn House Gas Analysis IV- l for Palm Oil Biodiesel Agroindustry

Yandra Arkeman, Hafizd Adityo Utomo and Dhani S. Wibawa Sequential Patterns for Hotspots Occurenee Based Weather Data using IV-8 Clospan algorithm

Tria Agustina and Imas S. Sitanggang How to Deal with Diversity in Cultivation Practices using Scenario IV- 13 Generation Techniques: Lessons from the Asian rice LCllni!ia!ive

Kiymada Hayashi, Y~mdr3 Arkcman, Elmer Bautista, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah. Jong Sik Lee, Masanori Saito, Dhani Satria. Koichi Shobatake. Suprihatin. Ticn Tran Minh and Van Vu

Development of Life Cycle Inventories fo r Palm Oil in North Sumatra: rV- !6 Modelling Site-Specific Activities and Conditions

Vila D Lclyana. Erwinsyah and Kiyolada Hayash i Scqut:nriaJ Pattern Mining on Horspot Data using PrdixSpan Algorithm IV-20

Nida Zakiya Nurulhaq and Imas S. Sitanggang An IntelligcnI Optimization Model Analysis and Design of Bio-filtration in IV -24 Raw Water Qualiry Improvement

Ramiza lauda and Taufik Djatna Development Of People Food Consumtion PaHems Infonnation System IV-30 Based On Webmobile Application.

Fadly Maulana Shiddieq, Rani Kastaman and Irfan Ardiansah Association Rules Mining on Forest Fires Data using FP-Growth and IV-3? ECLAT Algorithm

Nuke Arincy and Imas S. Sitanggang Development Of Expert System For Selecting Tomato (Solanum TV-41 ~l·cope"sicon L.) Varieties

Erlin Cahya Rizki Amanda. Kudang Bora Seminar. Muhamad Syukur and Noguchi Ryo.w

Developing Life Cycle Inventories for Rice Production Systems in lV-4? Philippines: How to Establish Site-specific Data within the General Framework

Elmer Bautista, Kiyotada Hayashi and Masanori Saito Construction of Site-specific Life Cycle Inventories for Rice Production IV-50 Systems in Vietnam

Tran Minh Tien, Bui Hai An, Vu ThiKhanh Van and Kiymada Hayashi

Study on Life Cycle Benefit Assessmefll as a tool for promoting the solution IV-53 of Environmefllal Problems

Tc!suo Nishi Real Time Monitoring Glycerol Esterification Process with Mid IR Sensors IV-57 using Suppon Vector Machine Classitication

Iwan Aang Socnandi, Taufik Djatna, Irlaman Huscin and Ani Suryani Extraction of Multi-Dimensional Research Knowledge Model from rV-63 Scientific Articles for Tcchnoiob'Y Monitoring

Arif R. Hakim and Taulik Djatna Performance of Artificial Lighting Using Genctics Algorithms TV-69

Limbran Sampcbatu Thc Application of Fuzzy-Ncuro Approach lor ERP System Selection: Case IV-74 Study on an Agro-industrial Enterprise

Joko Ratono, Kudang Boro Seminar. Yandra Arkeman and Arif Imam Suroso

[CAIA 2015 [SBN : 978- 1-4673-7405-7

Selecting Part of Natural Fiber EFB which has Best Mechanical Strength through Tensile Test Analysis for

Composite Reinforced Material Farkhan'), Y. Aris Pun\'anto, l, Erliza Hambali!..!). dan \Vawan Hermawan' )

I) I)'''p:lnm""l of M"dun;c:a1 and Bio-fy$!""' Engi""""ng, Fa<;ulry of Agri<;uliu ... 1 Engin"""ns and Technology, ROijOf Agn<;ullur:lI(;n,vCTSify, B~. WGI ;a\'a. Indonesia

2) Departmen1 of Agromdu$1'1:l1 T«lInulogy. Faculty of AI>fI~'Ul!ur.ll Eng'nccnng ~nd Technulogy. Bagor ,\gncullUr.l1 Umvcr.~,!y. Bogor, WC.~1 Java, Indonesia

3) Surf~~w" and BiO<.~Ia¥)· Rcs.:-.!n:h Ccnta.lPPM. Bc¥or A!!l'1Q1lrur.d UniwfSlty.~. ".:sI h'lII. In.o:l.:>ncsO~

Abstruct-Natural fiber of EFB which is recently still categorized as WllSle material is \'ery potential to he utilized liS composite reinforced material, howe\er it is remain constrained on resulting composite strength. Many treatment has been applyin~ to obtain better mechanical bonding. howe\'er it WllS costly higber rather than its result and some did not incr ease the slrcngth compare with matrix malerial strength itself. Pre\ious researcher described that tensile strength of Ern was not as good as other natural fibers such as bamboo, sisa l, pineapple leaf, and many others. furthermore it con ra ins resid ual oil and Sl'\'eral harmful minerals which had \\e<lkened its composite. therefore it is necessary for selecting part of natural fiber EF8 which has best mechanical strenglh. This study explored morphology of an EFD, and separuting it to 3 parts., ie: upper stem, main stem, and fruit stem. Those 3 p:uts \\'2S examined and base on lensile strength analysiS, the leaf stem has bcst mechanical strength. a nd It also shown more stiff structure compare \\1th 2 others. Tensile strcnglh analysis result usln2 ASTM 03822-01 standard sho"n that average tensile stre ngth of <In EFB leaf stem sin gle fiber was 152,85 MPa, while upper

Manuscnpl recei,·.:;j Am! 30, 2015. F. A. Author;$ \O.illllhc Dqlanmcn! orMo:<;/uon;cal and Bio-;;ysterrl

Englnecnng. hadl}' DC Ag"~'UI!UT1lI Enp ...... 'ng and Tcd\JIolO@)'. Bogar Agricuhu ... 1 Uni'·cr.it)'. Boger, Wo::>l Ja,,:!. lndone<':l \~~d!nl! author (0 I'I'Ol'ide phoot: 62-!t!l917IRR: fa 'lf: 6221 · 82c)(l.:Ot<6: ~"mlIil: farkh4n, .. ,-nc,"don~"Sia.COOl).

S B Author. L~ "'1th !he l>t-p3.rtInm! Dr Mmw.ial and B~ ~ Enpnccnng. F.1CIIlry or Agncultur:ll Engull."mng and Technology. SagOI' Agricul!uT~1 Un'\'erliH)'. B~'OT. W..." Ja"J. lNion""i" (c-n,.,il: arispu,...r~nt,>(a ,pb.ac.id).

T r. Author b ""Ih Ocparunc:nl Dr Al1Iooi1du$lna! Tocl\l1010s0. hcuhy or AlP'cullUr:I! r:nl:t"",,"n~ and Tcch ..... log) ... ~nd " "Ih Sur!actan 8.1<1 BiocnC'll} Ke:seard, Ccmcr, l.PPM Bogar "l!!riculrurol Univa-sity. Bowor. Wes! J~":I, lndD!lc:;,~ ,~--n"',I:

o!fli7.l1J\@,pn;lil.com). F. D. Aulhor. is "ith !he Dq»rt~! of M«han'C31 and Bio­

S),.lcm Eni'n«ri~ FiI~ull}' (Jf AiJlculrur.ll [n~jn~~ron¥- and Tn:hnology. I3ogor Airkulluntl UniV<:rSI!y. BogC)!'. W.::;I Ja"a, lndonc:sia (c-mllll ' w_hcTTN\O.'angipb.acid\

stern fiber and main stem fiber ""as 108.29 MPa and 125,13 r especli\'ely.

t. I?\'TRODUCTION

indonesia is a world biggest crude paint oil (CPO) producer with a tOiai land growth of 7.6% during 2004·20 14 {6] and pro;eaoo to produce 40 million tons in 2020i4J. CUTTentlyon 10.9 million heclarcs of land. 29.3 million tons ofCrO [6] is produecd by 608 units of palm oil mill spread unevenly across thc major islands in Indonesia [4}, ond it is concentrated on thc island of Sumatm. especially in Riau PrO\·;ncc.

Oil palm empty fruil bunches (EFB) which is 21 % -24% share part of the tOial frc:sh thtit bunches (FFB) has not been utilized optimally. Palm oil mill generally returns EFB imo planlations to be used as fcrtili"lcr. Howo.:vcr. becausc ufthe large numbers. and transportation costs are expensive. and not comparable with the nceds ofthc fertilizer itself. then finally paim oil mill grantcd to accumulate this EFB in open fields. and this deposit potentially produces methane gas released inlO open air causing damage to the ozone layer.

EFR is a fibrous malerial that is hard and lough and it shows morphological similarities with coconut coir [26]. SEM (scanning electron microscopic) image of fiber TKKS taken from a Iransvcrse position can be 's(''Cn in Figure 5 which shQw~ the prCSt.~ee of lacuml like portion in the middle surrounded by a porous tubular slrlleture [26]. The pores of tibre surfa~'c has 0.07 Jlm avcrage diameter and Ihis porous surface is useful to produce 1\ bc:lter mechanical interlocking with the cp.1xY matrix matcrial in the composite fabrication [26}. However the porous surface structure also faci litates Ihe pr.:netration of \\-Olter into the fiber by capillary action, especially when it is exposed to w;lter [13],

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Fig. rerumed to the field (Source:

Starch granules found in the interior of vascular bundles of EFe [16J. Silica bodies 3rc also found in gre:!t number on fiber strand, They attach themselves to circular craters which lIre spread uniformlv over the liber surf:tee. The silica bodies, through ha;d. can be.dislodged mechanically. le,l\in~ behind perforated slhca-cratcr. which would enhance penetration of matrix in composite fabrication [24]. High cellulose content [25] and high toughness value [9} of EF8 make it suitablc for composite applications. Huwever presence of h}droxyl group ma.kes the fiber", hydrophilic, cau$ing poor intcrfaeial adhesion v.ith hydrophobic polymer matrices during composite fabrication . This may lead to poor phvsical and mechanical properties of the composite '[19]. EFB fiber also contain oil residue around 4.5-;0 fll that \\--ill significantly influence the fiber-malrix eomp:tllbility.

main stem

fruit stem

Fig. 2 EFB fiber morphology which classifies fiber according to body composition and function

The ester components of which may affect collpling efficiency between fiber and polymer matrix as well as the interaction bc.1wccn fiber and coupling agents pOl-The tiber propcnies can be improved substantia lly through surface modificalions. Chemical trcatments decre,lse hydrophilic property of !hc lioc'TS and also significantly increasc wcnabiliry with polymer mlllrix [llJ. Therc IIrc number oftrcatrncnt methods on EFB to improve its properties and make il

ISBN: 978-1-4673-7405-7

compatible with polymeric matrices. Shinoj et al (2?11) have studied EFB liber and conclude that it is SUitable for composite raw material. EFB containing cellulose in Ihe range of 43% - 65% and Lignin of 13% - 25% make it compatible with several polymer ra\\· ~alerials such as natural rubber. polYllropylene, polynmyt chloride. phenol formaldehyde. polyurethane, epoxy. and polyester.

Then: arc sever:tl treatments to improve the properties of EFB fiber to make it suitable and ~oupled with its polymer matrix. Compatibility can be tmproved by providing an alkali treatment on natural tiber. Alkali treatment is immersing natural tiber into a 5% Solulion of sodium hydroxide thaI \\-ill increase the fl.cxural modulus of composite materials (23]. The solullon eliminates the hcmicclluloses a.nd lignin from kenaf fiocT surface so that compatibility for the better. Alkali Ireatment on fiber flax above 10010 sodium hydroxide lowers the composite tensile stress. This is caused by changt'S in thc chemical structure of owned fiber wherein the cellulose molecule chains lose local crystallin~' structure due to alkali rrealmcnt [5).

Tt is more convenient to model the composite on a macro scale contmuum lew!. An analogy is to mode! stt.'d as a homogenous material instcad of modclinO" the crystals and grains. The m~'\hod wed wh~ del:ermining the macro scale continuum properties from the micro scale prop.'11ics.. is rcftTft'd to a.~ homogenization. The macro scale properties areolxained by analyzing a repr~tati\'c volume element. RYE. of the composite on a micro sc:.dc. The macr~copic properties of 3 composite. i.e: ils dl'1lsiry. slifliless. thermal and hygro expansion etc arc delt'Cmined bv the equivalent properties of thc fibre and matri~ materials. A central parameter in micro mechanical modeling is the volume rr:tction orlhe fibers and the matrix . The volume tractions arc Vf and V". for the fibrc and the matrix respectively. Vf and V., arc defined such that:

(I)

This relation is valid if the composite is solid, i.e. it docs not cootain any pores.

By assuming th:lI the :-lrain in a RYE IS

homogeneous. Ihc stiffnt'SS of a composite can be approximated by [7] :

Dc"" l'jDf+ VmDm (2)

where D( . D, and D", arc the stitlness ma:riccs of the composite. fi~r and the matrix respectively. Vr is the volume fnlction of the fibers and V,. the volume fraction of ,hl' matrix. Equmion 2 is referred to as the Voigt approximation, the rule of mixture (ROM) or the par!llld-coupling model. The

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approximation might be morc familiar 1Il its one. dimensional form:

Ec== VIEf- VmEm (3)

where E("> Er and E ... arc the [ -modulus oflhe composite. the fibre and the matrix respectively.

If the stress field is assumed to be homogen::ous. thl.: compliance matrix call be approximated according to 17)0

Cc= VfCf + VmCm (4)

and its onc· dimCllsional form:

I Vf V", = - + -

Ec Ef Em

which is referred to as thl! Reuss approximation or the serics-coupling model.

It shouid be mentioned that both the Voigt and Rcu:.:s approximations arc incorrect on the mIcro loCale: level. Assuming a uniform strain field of the RYE lead~ 10 that the tractions al the boundaries of the phases cannot be in equilibrium. Similarly. if the stress field is assumed to be uniform. the matrix and the reinforcement material cann(){ n:m:l.in bonded.

Refer on above explanation, it is known that the strength of composite materials !Il receiving mechanical loads can be improved by using fiber rcinforeing material which has high mech:mkal strength and stiffuess, and also improves wellability to mcrease interfacial bonding between resin-fiOCr. Thereforc used EFB fiber raw materials must have as high strength and unilormity as possible . .since the out coming strength of composite is significantly determined by it. In addition. the fiber treatment process is proposing to improve wettability. and not to weaken the strength ur the fiber itself. accordingly it needs to be controlled to obtai n optimal conditions.

So far. some recent literatures that have been reviewed showed that prevIous re:.eurch has not been sorting EFB fiber ill pan by pari. but in integral part. [t is predicted in because of preparation process in separating it into pans is quitt: hard to do. and many researchers obl:lin the raw EFB material fiber instantly from preparation machinery that has been prOCi.."Ssed by large-scale ractory. and it is without any prior sorti ng process. This could be resulting: strands of fiber wit..~ high vari:lIlce stn:ngth level. Based on th is study. the goal of this research is founding the part ofEFS fiber which has best ml.:-chanical stn.:ngth through tensile te:.t analysis for composite rdnforce material by selecting it each part by part as illustrated on Figure 2.

ISBN: 978- 1-4673· 7405-7

2. METHOD

Sampling of palm oil EFB conducted in PTPN YIJJ Business Unit! owned palm oil mills (PKS) at Cikasungka Planlation - Bogor Regency. HB sorting was separation proces.~ ~tween the main stem and fruit stem by slicing method using conventional blad". Fiber pr('J)aration process y..'llS done mechanically to gel single fiber. while eliminating water. oil. and dirt clinging to each part ufthe EFB.

sorting process by separating between the I stem and fruit stem

Instead of main stem and fruit stem. the other EFB part that will be ana!yn:d is upper stem which ha\t: biggest diameter. Based on the early hypothesi:.. upper stem which is closest to the palm oil trcc sustains the heaviest load of fresh fru it bUllch (FFB); thereforc tcs ting wil! ~ fOl.."used to the upper stem of FFB which is closest to thc tre". BaSC"d on the abow hypothesis anyv.ray. it also conducted sampling of the upper stl..,n that is left at land. When harvesting. most of farmer generalty cuts perfectly near to a FFB (:5 5 em) to lower do\.1.'Tl th" size and weight [2]. and lcil upper stem on the tree or cut it before transport and left it on land. Thus It is possible for upper stems are left on land has the b..."'St m"chanica! strength since it pa)'5 the load ofFFB which some can have weight up to 50 kg.

Physical properties tes ting of untreated EFB carried OUt in the labor:lIory of Bio Material LlPI -

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Cibinong. EFB singh:: fiber diameter is measured by Optical Microscope Zeiss A:l:io Imager type with 50 times m:'!gnification. Thr~ types of fiber s'lmplt!s (BA:upper stem. BU:m3in stem, 3nd BB:fruil stem) water content "'"ere measured with a dry basis, and then those samples are laken randomly each 50 pieces to be measured. ThiS measurement is intended to generate value of cross sectional area A, and then the tensile strength values can be formulatcd as rollow:

crUT "= !.... (5) A

am - Ultimate tensilc strCflgth F ..". Pcak force when fiber brokcn orl"

while tensile te~1 in Ne"'10f1 A "" Cross· sectional are:'! in mm2

Figure 5 - 7 are fiber strand illustrations of each parI of EFB. Eacn fiber section is codcd as BU (main stem), BB (fruit stcm), and BA (upper stem). Photos arc t3kell by using a microscope with a magnification of 50 timcs.

Fig. 5 Main stem fiber strand (BU)

--

Fig. 6 Fruit stem fiber strand (B8)

-... Fig. 7 Upper slem fiber strand (BA)

2.!. Specimen Making

1

t· -

Tested spt.ocimens were made by using ASTM 3822-01 standard, Fibers werc dried 10 achieve moisture content <40"10. Specimens were prepared arc 50 pieces of each fiber pariS, bringing the 10la1to 150

ISRN : 978-1-4673-7405-7

specimens. Figure 8 below shows how prepared before the tensile test.

- .'" < . «I<~ b , • • " ... c .. ...... r .0; ... C;"~P'"I I~ T." .... ~,~.

the fiber is

1-- - - 0._ •• 11 '-5' .' ----;

Fig. g lIustralion offioc'T tensile test modd

Evcry single piece of tiber specimen takes two sheets of 200 grams cardboard and was formed using a paper cUller. Fiber then attached using epoxy glue to provide a good grip. Figure 9 illustrutes sorne uf the specimens that have been made.

r

••

Fig. 9 Fioc'!" strands that were ready to be tested

Specimens were left for % 24 hours for jX-rfectly glue curing to prevenl fiber slippage during testing and fibers pull out. Fiber slippage may affect on tl~t

resull.<;, especially related to modulus of elasticity value.

2.2. Testing Procedure

T ~n:.ilc tcst procedur~s wcre fi rstly attached th:: load eell in lJTM (universal testing machine) with a maximum load IkN, then the spt!cimen was placed on the center of vise jaw, and then locked to prevent shifted from its original position. In order to left single fiber only, we cut Paper on specimens with seis.:.ors, To pro,ide real fiber strength data. we need to enter the diameter value of the fiber under lest into UTM software, and then prl'"SS the start button to begin tcn",ik tcsting process. When Ihe fibers began to be pulled. the

graph on the sereen will start to be seen, sho,,~ng that the fiber tensile stress begun to be detected.

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----., I

.f~r

graphs

, 1 J

":" .-

ISBN: 978-1-4673-7405-7

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Post boiled EF8 which had been thresh~d has moisture content of approximately 67% [28], so in order to completc the mechanical properties test data. test specimens also conducted testing of the physical propcrties. It was expected to get as much as possible the fiber under te!:! to represent the current state of the fiber that will be fabricated as composite materials. One of the three fiocr specimen which was measured its density, fruit stem (BB) density was the lowest. and sho\vcd Ull iqucncss.

TABLE I PSYSICAL PROPERTIES Of EF8 FIBER . . ,

" . SAMPLE MOISTURE O~NStTY CONll"NT{%) (utm')

1. Main stem 19.03+3.68 1.01+0.04 2. Upper stem 19.01 f7.3S 1.03+0.03 ,. fruit stem 16.00.+4.14 1.02+0.03

Chem ical propt.""r"tics of EFB samples were also tested as a reference. but in gt:nerally the results are almost similar witb previous research. However. there are again a uniqueness shmvn by fruit stem EFB fibers (BB), which showed lowest lignin conlt:Tlt than other parts of EFB fiber. which is 13.53%. This indicates that the fruit stem fibers expect 10 be easier in pre-treatment procc~s to remove lignin content duc 10 less<,'r content of lignin, and this is a value added whcn it is uscd as composite mat~·ria!s.

TABLE II

Thc next discussion will be tensile tcst result that wi!! tesl 50 samples per each part. It wi!! be dra\'.-TI at random a number of 15 pieces which still meet the population standard samples arc permitted. This was because in each 50 pil.."Ccs of samples per rarl, there

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were several damaged. and ignored. Thc damagc was mainly caused by imperfectly g.luing process and l..:;Jused slipIXlgc when fibers wer..: pulled. The error indiclllcd by ambiguous graph which was showed abnormal condition on fiber malcrial.

The main !item EFB fiber (RU) showed unfavorable results. although these fibers are the longest part of EFI3 fibers. Funhermore tensile graphic presentation of test results arc presented in Figure 13.14.anO 15.

~,r----- ----

I

. '. ;

•

, • " • • • .. _b",

Fig. 13 Stress-strain graph lor testing main stem fiber (BU) \\;th 50 popul:lIion

'. ,

•

•

Fig. 14 Stress-strain graph for testing upper stem fiber (SA) with 50 population

Visual ob.scrvation showed some samples had abnormal tensile test graph (Figure [4). This indicated the pQ:>sibility of slippage on the fiber during h."Sling. These cases arc common in natural fibers that cause high standard devi:ation if ahnonnal

ISBN: 978- [-4673-7405-7

sample result is calculated :and put into the: statistical calculations. In case ofna\ural fibers. the stress-strain graph obtained is very random so difficult to determine the value of the modulus of elasticity that truly reflect the char:aeteris(ics of the material. Elongation (~:) obtained is not wonh the constant and very varied and changed very diverse. As for displayed value (stress. strain, and modulus of clastieity) derived from software processed lJrM (UniveT:)31 Testing Machine).

,-, -. ,

':-0 ~ /

/ ./ ..

/ /

.-,-

• f

•

~-• -, .- ...... Fig. 15 Stress-strain graph for testing fruit stem fiber (BB) with 50 population

All of tensile rest results generated by UTM usmg Shimadzu AG-IS I kN. with sotiware Trapezium 2; 2003. which WdS opt:ralor's role " "oJS limited [0 input tl!sting the sample data include: the dimel1si(lns (width, length. thickness. diameter. etc.). number and shape. Ihc type of testing (tensile. pressurc. bending. shear). and Jata output (tensile strength. modulus of elasticity. strain. force, displacement. and charts). If raw data is nceded. the output data will be only force. displacement and time with 0.05 seconds of interval. As for tensile strength , elongation, and modulus of elasticit), output. it is needed to entered data of dimensions and tensile strcngth equation (Force I A (area». Whereas elongation and modulus elasticity result data was determined by the machine.

It is commonly understood that the tensile strength of thc material has :1 tnmsilion palU."1'TI.

which are elastic area. semi-plastic and plastic that is clear and mapped. Then (0-) = Er., and understood the value of the modulus of elasticity (£) is proportional to the tensile strength (0-) \\;!h thc a. ... sumption that the value of {; is constant. In this casco it appears a postulate that if tcnsile strength is high. then modulus of elasticity is also high. and vise versa. This is actually cannot be generalize in all type of materials, but as for the fiber almost commonly accepted.

II - 42.

ICA[A 2015

TABLE IU MECHANICAL PROPERTTES OF EFB FIBER

NO. SAMPLE TENSILE STRENGTH

[MPa)

1. M~ln SUm 125.13 ,. U rr.em 105.29

•• fruit stem 152.85 . T<lble 3 Informs the average )'Icld statiStiC:; on

tensilc test data. Thcs.c results indicate that the fruit stem fiber has highcst ten:.ilc strength. This IS also brcak the early hypothesis Ihat the uppcr stem EFB fiber has hig.hest strength due it sustnin s fresh fruit hunches thai can weigh up to 50 kg. Funhermore. CVL'Il the m:J.in Stem has IOnsc.~1 fiber. il turns lcnsile strength is not as good as the fruit stem.

Th is is. a positive result due in ch(''TIlicai testing showed that the lignin content in fruit stem fiber turns thl: lowest compared to other parIS EFB fiber. It is ccnainly easier for us to do a lignin rcmoval treatment process to improve the compatibil1ty of EF8 fruit stem fiber with matrix malerial, particularly of polymeric Illaterial.

In the mean time thc results of physical properties testing are also quite po:"itive. because the density of the fruit stem of EFB fiber turns lowcs\. It is cncouraging composite maker since produced material \\-;11 be lighter.

4. CONCLUSIONS Fruit stl:m fiber ;s a pari of th.: palm oil EFB fiber which has highest tensile strength and the best compared with (Wo olhers ie: main stem and upper stem. It is also a parI of thc EFB fiber which has a lowest lignin content compared wilh two others. in addition, this fiber also has lowest densiry. B:lsed on initial analysis. it was concluded that fruit stem EFB fiber was part of the EFB wh ich is most suitable for being u~ed as a reinforcing material for FRP composite material with :I polymeric m:ltrix.

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REFER£:-'CES

AbuR~br. II., Hassan. A" YU!iOf. A.F.\1. , ~006. n.., effect of oil C:Xlt'llClioll oflh;: oil p;llm ClnrtY fruit b'mch on tIl~ p"oc.:<:SS3bihty. Impact. ,md nc:xur~1 propeniC$ ofPV('·U lvmPOS;U:.< .. lilt. 1. Pol)m. Malc:l'. S5. 627- 641 ,\ rir. G~ Aflin 11..2009. Penunen.m Kd_pa SlIw!I (Elac1S lIuincen.i~ la~II.) di PT. Blna Sains Cc:maTang. Mln3mas I'l an\.ation. S .. "n:llc,.. .. Scl:'l:.n. Sk:i~. OCl"'ncmo..'fI Agll>oolni dan UOCIikuhur.l rakultOls Pr:rwuan IPB C T. H~~4L",,,·h.t99~. '.4edwlIcs of librous ccmposlt;."S. J"hn Wiley & >Om.

OAPKl2012. Rench, Indu.'ln Kdapa Sawa 2012 dan Pro~pd:20 13[Onhne ).A\·a!lable:hup: ",., ... , ... gaplei oT.id prc S5 re!case delai VI23IREFl.EKSI-INDUSTRI-KEl.APA­SAWIT _20t !.DA '1.PROSPE1(·2013 0"""", AI~x~",!n,. '\lal'Uo Tahn"n. Ooda Kooch •. OhW Junji. 2007. De'l'clupmrnl and Elfect of Alkali Trc:ltmen! on Tel15l1c l"rupcTtio of CU"JU~ fiber Gn:..'fI Compos;l>:S. Journal Composil<:s: l'al1 A JH hal. 111\ 1· 1820. Ebe'l'ia LId. (nd<lO~i3 \{imsIIY of Agriculrun:. (20t5. Feb 12) [Onhnd A,':'!iIJblc· IlIlp,I""""'Wpcrtani~n.so.idllndiIe3Ior·t.1bd .3.prod­l~rtaI1J"O<h',w.-bu n .pdf

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ISBN: 978-1-4673-7405 -7

J. Aboudi, 1991. Mechanics of composile malenals. EIs.:"ler. AmSleldom, The :>;dhcrJand:<. h)'lIdinx. E .. Mand:.it I' K .• M.ldh.a\'a, M_. Kam::lr;lj .... S,I'I:C$h:1. K .. 2002. Developmenl ofdco;;oortlQIOI' for <:XU:IC:Uon QfllU~lity iibrc from 011 palm "'mpry !Tull buncha.ln: Sr«dhar:rn. K .. KU(lI;Ir. I>.K. V • J3~HJnllT\a. Chul~ki. B.M. (Ed5.). f>roo:aiJnp oflhc I Sth PlantaTion Crops S)1I1pOS1Um­i'UCROSYM >.:V. ChilemapluT.lndia. pp.IG-13. Joon. M.J., Fr.llICis. B, Varughese. K.T.. Thonw;. S .• 200~ EIf .. ..:1 ofchcmical modlfir;alion on propt.·1'UL'S ofhybnd fioc,. biClCOlTlplbitcs. ComPUSllo;c<; Part A 39,352-363. K. SI!a tn". i'. J. (iuSllfsson. 2005. A lD mode! for ~nalyJ" l)f stlffn~,s and hygro C:cpanslon prOpefl'~' of finrt e"mposllc malcTl~ls. J"urn~1 of ""S'''''<T1nK mechanlC$. Kha hd. M .. Ramam. C.T .. Chuah. T_G .. Ah. S" Choong. T $. Y .. 2008". Comp:trali'l'~ study of polypropylene OOIIlfX"'leS remfOC"O;d ""til oil p;alm cmpcy!Tun hunch fibco' and oil p;alm dcmed cellulose. Malc:l'. Des. 211. 173-178 Khahd. M .. Salm'310n. A .• Chuah. T.G .• Raln:.m. C.T .. Choong. Ii Y.T .. 200.'lb. Effix:r ofMAI'P and TMI'T A ~s comp.1tibih~a IJI1 the mcchan;c~1 pn.IpCft.l<:S of cellulose:u>d oil palm fibco' empty fruIt bunch-polyprOp)'lcnc o.orompositcs. Coml'06. Inlcrf:lccs 15 (2- 3). 251 - 262_ Khalil, H.P.S.A., I~il. H., 2001. FtYe\:1 ofaCCl}'lalion and coupling ~g'Clll In"dU11(TIts upon o;ologiC.lI d..1:J'IId:.ltion ofpl~nl lib!\: reinforced pol)~CI' cornpoi!'ill'$. Pol)m. Test . 20. 65-75_ Khalil. IIP.s.A..I!On"",I.IL RO'mun, BD_.Ah.1m..d,).I.N .. 2001. The eiTl..:t of acetylation on in14,.r~cI~1 sl";,,, Slr .. 'fI"'1h lx.1.Wl"CII plan/. fibre: and '·ariou.~ matrices. Eur.Polym.l 37. \037- 1045. Law. K.toO., Jlane:. X . 2001. Comp3r:1l,ve p;1I"'""Jk"'5 properties of",1 p;1lm ..... ,pl)' !Tun bunch. TappI J. 84. I · D. ta"'. K.N .• Daud. W.R.W .• Gha1ali. A., 2007. MQtJ>hologlul and chc:rlllcl natlll'<: of fiber smmd.~ of oil p:llm cmply-r""1 buno;h (OPEFB). BIOResour~es ~ (3). 351-362 l.ubu. R\lS!:un Effrndi .• W"L,,"'r~(>. Agu ... .20tl Ruku f'intOlr Kcl31'" S:\""'l Agro Med'J PuSt.~Ic:t . Nilswn. Torulf .. 2006 Intluenc" of Dlslocalion ~nd I'laslIclty on Thc TCfISIlt Beha"IQllr ofFIJ~ and Hemp Fibre. l.urod RaJu. G . Ram:un. C.T_. lbrnhlm. N.A .. Rahman. M.Z.A .• Yunus, W.M.Z. W • 2008 Enhane<:rnCl\l ofPVC'E~R blend propc:rtic.> by poly(mClhyl ~"rylat.,) S"'frat oil polin empty Irr.w bunch fiber J. AppL Pol>m. Sci 1\ O. 368-375 Rozman. 110. Tay. O.S .. Abubakar. A.. Kumar. R N. 20013 Ten.-JI., propatJes of 011 ~lm anpcy fruIt buncb-polyu. .... 'lIwlt: compolntC'<.. Eur Pol)m. 1. 37. t 759-1765 Rozman. 11,0 .. Tay. u .S ., Kumar, R.N .. Abusam:lh. A .. lsm:lIl . B .• l$hak. ZAM • 200tb Polypropylcnc~11 palm CrIlpty frull bunch-li:bs.s fibre hybnd comPOSlles: 3 pn:hmmary study on rh<: nnural arod labile propcmn. lour_ Polym. J. 37.1283--1 2'11 . ROl'm;ln. H.\) .. Tay. G's. KU(ll;lr. R.N_. )\buf;:lmah. A .• Ismail. H .• Iwle. Z ..... M .. ::'001 c. TIl<: eiT«1 of oil ,,~t .. ~ctjoll ofillo: oil palm empty r",il bunch on the mc:..llanical propcnioof poIypropyIC!\l'-OiI palm o:rtli'ty fruit hun.::h-glas.:s fi~ hybrid compo$ilcs. Polym. PI:l.<:I TCl:hnoI. Eng. ~O. 103_11 S. Sgriccia. N Ha",ley \i.C .• Misrn M .. 2008 Chal1lCU:rizalion of nalllr~1 fibtT 5Uffaccs and naruml fiber comp!l<\llC5. Journ(J1 ('nm{",,'ut" : Pan A 39 haL 16l2_16'7 Eool~ l.ld Siunoj. S. Vi.<v.lIlOItron. R .. P:IIugr:aht. S . .Kochubabu, M.. 2011. OIl pa~n fibcr~ (OPF)and II'S Composllt : A revicv- . JO\lnul oflnduslrial Crop;; and Producl. 33. 7- 22. SrcekJl1I. M.S .. Thoena", S .. 201M Effect offibre surf""" nlO(J,fi","ion on ,.'al~;;;>n eW--4CWft,.(,,,, "rOil palm fi~ Conlpo$. Sei. T cclmol . 63, ~61-b6'1_ SI<:<:k"la. M$ .. Kumar~n, 1'.1.G .. Thontlb, S .• 1997. Oil palm fibers; morphology. chemical compos, l,on. surfatt modifital1on. and m«iwlicaJ propcrues. J. Appll'olym.$d 66.1121-1135. Srm.all . M.S , KOllltU·lI". M.G_. J(>Sq)h. S .. lacob. M .. Thuma>. S .. 2001. 0,1 palm fibre reinforced phC1lol form:alr1chyde composilQ: innucnce oflihrc >ur(ac.: modtfi.::auons on the mt'Chanll;al pc:rfonnance Appl Com(Jll&. MaLCI'. 7. 295-329 ViJ~Y~. ~ , Cho"" M C and M~. AN ,20().t.l2rocrgy [)ataoo>c oflhc Oil Palm. M1'OD Palm Oil rn~~"c-crinl:> Rulter;n. 70: I 5-

22.