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Brain RulesBrain Rules
CirclingCircling
Planning a StoryPlanning a Story
Reading and DiscussingReading and Discussinga Storya Story
TPRS and GradingTPRS and Grading
In order to successfully In order to successfully teach teach fluencyfluency
the teacher must:the teacher must:
Focus on the details of a Focus on the details of a story story
NotNot focus on the language focus on the language
TPRS® is a method of second-language teaching that uses highly-interactive stories to provide comprehensible input and create a feeling of “I am so getting this.”
What is TPRS®?
All stories are All stories are dramatizeddramatized
We talk to our student actors. The We talk to our student actors. The actors either answer our questions actors either answer our questions or read the correct answer.or read the correct answer.
We are looking for accuracy and We are looking for accuracy and confidence in our student actors.confidence in our student actors.
When our actors are hesitant or When our actors are hesitant or lack confidence it is a breakdown.lack confidence it is a breakdown.
In TPRSIn TPRS
We teach a story a sentence We teach a story a sentence at a time. If there is at a time. If there is breakdown then we :breakdown then we :1.1.Circle (Repetitive Circle (Repetitive questions)questions)2.2.Add a characterAdd a character
No breakdownNo breakdown
We don’t circle.We don’t circle.1. We add details to our 1. We add details to our
story.story.2. We go back and review.2. We go back and review.
Repetitive questionsContinually start overAdd detailsMultiple locationsMultiple charactersVerify details with actors and with the class
Key 2: RepetitionKey 2: Repetition
Recycle the Story
✓ at any point, stop, go back, and review the
story✓ re-circle the recycled
parts✓ continue story when you
get back to where you left off
Surprise details“Playing the game”PersonalizationPositive exaggeration
Key 3: InterestKey 3: Interest
Teach to the Eyes!
✓teach STUDENTS not curriculum
✓look in individual student’s eyes when teaching
✓hold students accountable✓always check for
understanding
Story Retells
Have students frequently retell the story to their partners✓after the story ends✓have superstar retell story to class✓Limit the time to two or three minutes
Use lessons each Use lessons each day to practice day to practice structure.structure.
Structure is the Structure is the key to fluency.key to fluency.
Teaching Teaching fluency…fluency…
SHORTTERM
MEMORY
Brain Processing ModelBrain Processing Model
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
HEARING
LONG-TERMSTORAGE
SMELL
SIGHT
TOUCH
TASTE
PERCEPTUALREGISTER
OUT OUT OUT
WORKINGMEMORY
Sousa, David A.. How the Brain Learns. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, 2006.
Rule #2:We have 30 seconds to repeat We have 30 seconds to repeat something before it is forgotten.something before it is forgotten.
Rule #3:Students must pay attention Students must pay attention
in order to learn.in order to learn.
Medina, John. Brain Rules. Seattle: Pear Press, 2008. pp. 76, 79.
How do we get them to pay attention?
• “The novel stimuli – the unusual, the unpredictable, or distinctive are powerful ways to harness attention.”
Rule #4Most of what we learn is visual.Most of what we learn is visual.
• Dramatize the story
• Props
One could increase the life span of a memory simply by repeating the information in timed intervals.
1. Non-declarative1. Non-declarative
These are things learned by feel such as These are things learned by feel such as riding a bike, playing the piano, or riding a bike, playing the piano, or
jumping rope. These memories are not jumping rope. These memories are not in our conscious awareness.in our conscious awareness.
2. Declarative memories
“The shirt is blue” “Jupiter is a planet.”
What we remember after 24 hours…
HEAR 5%
READ 10%
AUDIO-VISUAL 20%
DEMONSTRATE 30%
DISCUSS 50%
DO 75%
EXPLAIN / APPLY 90%Sousa, David A.. How the Brain Learns. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, 2006.
Brain RulesBrain Rules
CirclingCircling
Planning a StoryPlanning a Story
Reading and DiscussingReading and Discussinga Storya Story
TPRS and GradingTPRS and Grading
Es gab ein MädchenThere was a girl
Sie warShe was
keinnot one
oderor
undand
nicht not
• Was?• What?• • Wer?• Who?•
Wo?• Where?
Es gab ein MädchenThere was a girl
Sie warShe was
Sie hatteShe had
keinnot one
oderor
undand
nicht not
• Was?• What?• • Wer?• Who?•
Wo?• Where?• • Warum?• Why
• Wie?• How
• Es gab ein MädchenThere was a girl Sie warShe was
• Sie wollte zwei Nasen habenShe wanted to have two noses Sie ist (is) nach (to) …… gegangenShe went to (gone)
• Sie hatteShe had
•keinnot one mitwith oderor undand
• Was?• What?• • Wer?• Who?•
Wo?• Where?• • Warum?• Why
• Wohin?• Where to?
Circling1. Positive statement
2. ? with a yes answer
3. Either/or questions
4. ? with a no answer
5. Restate the negative and restate the positive
6. Who?
7. What? Where? When? How? Why? How much?, etc…
8. Positive statement
Circling rule #5
•Add one or more details to your sentence. This creates a new sentence. Circle the new sentence.
Circling rule #6
• Add another character.• The fact about the new
character will be similar but different. Circle both characters. Compare and contrast the characters.
Circling rule #7
• Add yourself as another character. (Use the present tense) Circle both characters and yourself.
Teach a sentence
• Past tense to the class.• Present tense to the student actor.• Verify with both the class and the student
actor.• Student actor either says the answer or reads
it.
_____ era una chica. Soy – I am_____ was a girl. Eres – You are
Es - S/he is_____ estaba en _____ Estoy – I am_____ was in _____ Estás – You are
Está - s/he is¿Quién? Who?¿Qué? What?¿Dónde? Where?
Five steps to teaching a sentence1. Say a sentence to the class. (ask?)2. Ask the student actor.3. The student actor answers the
question.4. Verify the detail to the student
actor.5. Verify the detail to the class.
The TPRS order of teaching a story
1. Ask a story2. Three reading steps of ask a story3. Three reading steps of embedded
reading A and B4. Dramatize the extended reading.5. Three reading steps of the
extended reading.6. Timed writing.7. Novel
Step one
Add a sentenceElena was a girl.
Talk to the class in the past tense.Ask Elena:
Are you are girl?Yes, I am a girl.
Yes, you are a girl.Class, Elena was a girl.
Step twoAdd a location
You now have two sentencesElena was a girl.
She was in Arizona.Talk to the class in the past.
Talk to your student actor in the present.
Verify what she says and then talk to the class.
Step 3Add a more specific location.Now you have 3 sentences.
Elena was a girl.She was in Arizona.
She was in Happy Valley, Arizona.
Step 4
Add another location.Elena was a girl.
She was in Arizona. She was in Happy Valley.
She was in Panda Express.
Step 5Add a parallel character. Compare
and contrast both characters.Elena was a girl in Happy Valley,
Arizona at Panda Express.Susie was a girl in Blaine, Minnesota, at Starbucks.
Compare and contrast the two characters.
Verify the details with your student actors.
The girl was ________.She wanted a cat.
She didn’t have a cat.She went to _______.
(Dialogue to show there is no cat.Girl said, Do you have a cat?Boy said, I don’t have a cat.)
The girl went to _____________.(Dialogue to show there is a cat.
Girl said, Do you have a cat?Boy said, Yes, I have a cat.)The boy gave the girl a cat.
The girl was happy.
Había Hay There was There is, areQuería quiero s/he wanted I want
quieres - you want
Tenía – had tengo I havetienes you have
Fue a voy Went to I go
vas you go
Le dijo Le dio told him/her gave him¿Quién? Who? ¿Qué? What? ¿Dónde? Where?
Brain RulesBrain Rules
CirclingCircling
Planning a StoryPlanning a Story
Reading and DiscussingReading and Discussinga Storya Story
TPRS and GradingTPRS and Grading
Background information (Monday)
1. Names, and places2. Multiple characters3. Doesn’t need to pertain to story4. Practice any word or structure5. Use for compare and contrast6. Verify details with actors
Problem has 3 parts
• Introduce the problem by stating someone wants something.• Make an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the problem.• Resolve the problem.
Variables
Every story has variables. Use your variables to create surprise details. Surprise details are what make the stories interesting.
Problem: A boy wanted a cat.Sentences:
__________________________________________________________________________________
In the first line, list a fact of the story, circle the variable or variables, and list the alternative variables. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson PlanLesson Plan
Start with 2 or 3 Start with 2 or 3 structuresstructures
These are the structures you want to practice.
Should be basic, high frequency words.
Always translate the words of these structures.
Problem: A boy wanted a cat.Sentences: There was a boy. He was a boy. .
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson PlanLesson Plan
Read the story
There was a boy. He didn’t have a cat. He went to Green River, Wyoming. There was a girl. The girl didn’t have a cat.
The boy went to Brooklyn. There was a cat in Brooklyn. The boy picked up the cat. He was happy because he had a cat.
Lesson PlanLesson PlanProblem: A boy wanted a cat.Sentences: The boy didn’t have a cat. He went to
Wyoming.The boy - What don’t we know about him? Name? Where
he lives? How old is he? Favorite music? What is in his bedroom? Who are his friends? Why does he want a bird?
Information: Where did he live? (Three levels of specificity) Did he have a cat? Did he have an elephant? What did he have? What did he want? Where did he go?
Surprise details: Add proper nouns as a surprise. Kmart or Dollar Tree for locations. Add names and places that are a surprise.
Lesson PlanLesson PlanProblem: A boy wanted a cat.Sentences: The boy went to Wyoming. There was a girl
but there wasn’t a cat.
Green River, Wyoming - Our character always goes some place. There was a girl there but not a cat.
Brooklyn - The boy went to Brooklyn. There was a cat. He picked up the cat.
Brain RulesBrain Rules
CirclingCircling
Planning a StoryPlanning a Story
Reading and DiscussingReading and Discussinga Storya Story
TPRS and GradingTPRS and Grading
x. This person will be the most experienced TPRS person in the group. Announce the three procedures.
A. Make a statement and have students say, “Ohhhhhhh”.
B. Ask a question where they know the answer and have them answer in the target language.
C. Ask them a question where they don’t know the answer and have them answer
a. in target language (Spanish because it is a Spanish story
b. Proper nouns c. surprise me(If you don’t surprise me, I will surprise you.)
Person number 1– MondayBackground information
Background information: Introduce the first character—add details about him/her by asking questions.
Name, where s/he was (be as specific as possible – name of state, city, place (proper noun?).
Choose a student actor. Verify the details with that actor and with the
class.
Person number 2– MondayBackground information
Review information about the first character by asking questions and then add another character. Add more information about the character. Verify the details with both characters and with the class.
Tuesday Introduce a problem
Review the background information by asking questions.
Your main focus is on character one. You can add more information about him/her.
Add a problem where the character needs or wants something.
Verify the details with your student actor and the class.
Tuesday - Unsuccessful attempt to solve the problem
Have the character go someplace to make an unsuccessful attempt to solve the problem.
Use dialogue. Talk to the class and tell the class what each character says.
Create a reason why the actor doesn’t get what he/she wants.
Tuesday - Solve the problem
Have the character go to another place and solve the problem.
Use dialogue. Talk to the class when adding dialogue. It is your story therefore the actors don’t know what they are going to say.
The story is over when the problem is solved.
Brain RulesBrain Rules
CirclingCircling
Planning a StoryPlanning a Story
Reading and DiscussingReading and Discussinga Storya Story
TPRS and GradingTPRS and Grading
Wednesday Embedded Reading
Start with the first embedded reading.Translate the first embedded reading.Students write in the meaning of any new
words.
Embedded reading one
Students sit in pairs. These pairs are in groups of 6 or 8. (They sit like in an airplane.)
Student one reads the first sentence in the target language. Student two reads that same sentence in English and then reads the second sentence in target language. (Volleyball translation)
Students continue reading and translating for 2 or 3 minutes.
Students rotate. One side of the students all move up while the student in front goes to the back.
Continue until all have read with another partner.
Embedded reading 2
Repeat the same process for the second reading.
Students will have a little more time to do the volleyball translation. Continue until students have read with either 3 or 4 partners.
Person number 1– Wednesday Extended reading - Background
informationBackground information: Introduce the first
character—add details about him/her. This person is playing the role of the main
character in the extended reading. Add information about the character. Add his/her name, where s/he was (be as specific as possible – name of state, city, place (proper noun?).
Choose a student actor. Verify the details with that actor and with the class.
Verify the details with that actor and with the class.
Person number 2 Wednesday Extended reading - Background
informationAdd a parallel character. (Usually a student
playing himself)Compare the new character to the other
character.Add more information about both characters.
Verify the details with both characters and
with the class.
Person 3 – Extended reading Thursday
Review the details established in the background information. Read the first paragraph. Translate with the class.
Ask facts about the paragraph. Add any surprises to the story.
Dramatize the extended reading. Add surprises.
Verify the details with your student actors.
Person 5 – Extended reading Thursday
After you have acted out the extended reading, students are now ready for volleyball translation of the extended reading. Have them go through the entire story now in groups. Give them 3 minutes to read with each partner. If there is time, also do volleyball translation with the extended reading in the past tense.
Brain RulesBrain Rules
CirclingCircling
Planning a StoryPlanning a Story
Reading and DiscussingReading and Discussinga Storya Story
TPRS and GradingTPRS and Grading
Monday✓talk about weekend/
PQA practice with new structures
✓Establish background information and add parallel characters with surprise details.
Tuesday
✓ Start over and re-establish the background information from yesterday.
✓ Introduce the problem.
✓ Make an unsuccessful attempt to solve the problem
✓ Solve the problem✓ If there is time, solve
the problem with the parallel character
✓ If there is time, do a partner retell
Wednesday
✓Embedded readings 1 and 2
✓Add background information to the story
✓Add a student as the parallel character
✓Add background information about the student
Thursday
✓Review the details of the extended reading
✓Add more surprise details to both characters
✓Dramatize the rest of the story
✓Do the embedded reading with the extended reading
Friday
✓Timed writing✓Read a discuss a
novel✓Add surprise details✓Add one or more
parallel character✓Read and translate
to the end of the chapter.
✓If time, do partner student retells.
TestsTests1. 50% of nine-weeks grade (40% with
reading option)2. Surprise tests3. Translation – Target language to
English4. Cumulative throughout the year5. Test words they know6. Most students get A’s or B’s on tests7. If 80% don’t get 80% or higher,
retest
Reading Option
1.Make your test grades worth 40% of their nine weeks grade.2.Earn 10% of the grade by reading. 3.First and second year students read a novel every nine weeks.4.Third year students read a novel a month.5.Fourth year students read 2000 words of literature a night.
After 13 days of TPRS one of my 7th graders asked if he could try a TPRS novel. For half an hour he read "Berto y sus buenas ideas" and said that he understood it and knew most of the words. I've never had a student read a novel after 13 days of TPRS in a beginning class. I am blown away and so excited about the rest of my classes starting to read when they are ready. This student is the hook I need in order to motivate the rest. Last year I had a 7th grader who read 10 novels before I shared her success with the rest of the classes. She was the hook for the rest of the students (over a 100!) who ended up reading novels in their own time.
Non-Test Grades Non-Test Grades (quizzes and homework)(quizzes and homework)
1. 25% of nine-weeks grade2. About a grade or two a week3. Quizzes4. Timed writings5. Homework
a. Retell story to an adultb. Write out storyc. Draw the story d. Write a new ending to the story
Timed writings Timed writings A homework grade.
Speed writeSpeed write Students write for five minutes without stopping. They write as many words
as possible.
Relaxed write Relaxed write Students write for ten minutes. They can stop, edit and ask questions.
Timed writings Timed writings
Both are graded at a point a word. Accuracy is usually not graded on timed writings.
ParticipationParticipation1. 25% of nine-weeks grade2. Each student starts with 100 points.3. Students are required to look engaged.4. Looking engaged means: no sleeping,
talking or writing.5. Each infraction costs the student 5 pts.6. When there is an infraction, teacher
says the name of the student and “págame”.
Págame MakeupsPágame Makeups
1. Student can make up two págames (10 pts.) by giving the teacher a nice card.
2. Student can make up two more págames by shaking the teacher’s hand.