2014 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report

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National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports

• Annual report to Congress mandated in the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-129)

• Provides a comprehensive overview of: ► Quality of health care received by the general U.S. population► Disparities in care experienced by different racial, ethnic, and

socioeconomic groups

• Assesses the performance of our health system and identifies areas of strengths and weaknesses along three main axes: ► Access to health care► Quality of health care► Priorities of the National Quality Strategy

National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports

• Based on more than 250 measures of quality and disparities covering a broad array of health care services and settings

• Data generally available through 2012

• Produced with the help of an Interagency Work Group led by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and submitted on behalf of the Secretary of Health and Human Services

Changes for 2014

• New National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (QDR)► Integrates findings on health care quality and health care

disparities into a single document to highlight the importance of examining quality and disparities together

► Focuses on summarizing information over the many measures that are tracked

• Series of related chartbooks► Present information on individual measures of quality and

disparities► Are posted on the Web (www.ahrq.gov/research/

findings/nhqrdr/2014chartbooks)

Key Findings of the 2014 QDR

• Demonstrates that the Nation has made clear progress in improving the health care delivery system to achieve the three aims of better care, smarter spending, and healthier people, but there is still more work to do, specifically to address disparities in care.► Access improved. ► Quality improved for most National Quality Strategy

priorities.► Few disparities were eliminated.► Many challenges in improving quality and reducing

disparities remain.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2000-June 2014.

ACCESS: After years without improvement, the rate of uninsurance among adults ages 18- 64 decreased substantially during the first half of 2014

Adults ages 18-64 who were uninsured at the time of interview, 2000-2014

20002001

20022003

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

Jan-Mar 2014

Apr-Jun 2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

Perc

ent M

arke

tpla

ce

Enro

llmen

t Beg

ins

1st A

fford

able

Car

e Ac

t Effe

cts

ACCESS: Between 2002 and 2012, access to health care improved for children but was unchanged or significantly worse for adults

People who needed care right away for an illness, injury, or condition in the last 12 months who sometimes or never got care as soon as wanted

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2012.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

10

20

30

40

50

Children, Any Private Children, Medicaid/CHIP OnlyAdults 18-64, Any Private Adults 18-64, Medicaid OnlyAdults 18-64, Uninsured

Perc

ent

People who made an appointment for routine health care in the last 12 months who sometimes or never got an appointment as soon as wanted, by age and insurance, 2002-2012

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

10

20

30

40

50

Children, Any Private Insurance Children, Medicaid/CHIP OnlyAdults 18-64, Any Private Insurance Adults 18-64, Medicaid OnlyAdults 18-64, Uninsured

Perc

ent

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2012.

ACCESS: Through 2012, improvement was observed across a broad spectrum of access measures among children but less so among adults ages 18-64

Average annual rates of change of access to care measures through 2012, by age

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Average Annual Percentage Change

All Ages

Ages 0-17

Ages 18-44

Ages 45-64

ImprovingWorsening

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2010-June 2014.

ACCESS DISPARITIES: During the first half of 2014, declines in rates of uninsurance were larger among Black and Hispanic adults ages 18-64 than among Whites, but racial differences in rates remained

Adults ages 18-64 who were uninsured at the time of interview,

by race/ethnicity, 2010-2014

2010 2011 2012 2013 Jan-Mar 2014 Apr-Jun 20140

10

20

30

40

50White Black Hispanic

Perc

ent

ACCESS DISPARITIES: In 2012, disparities were observed across a broad spectrum of access measures

Disparities: Access measures for which members of selected groups experienced better, same, or worse access to care compared with reference

group, 2012

Poor vs. High Income (n=19)

Black vs. White (n=21)

Hispanic vs. White (n=21)

Asian vs. White (n=18)

AI/AN vs. White (n=13)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

19

10

14

6 4

11 4

99

3 3

Better Same Worse

ACCESS DISPARITIES: Through 2012, across a broad spectrum of access measures, some disparities were reduced but most did not improve

Change in Disparities: Number and percentage of all access measures for which disparities related to race, ethnicity, and income were improving, not changing,

or worsening, through 2012

Poor vs. High Income (n=19)

Black vs. White (n=21)

Hispanic vs. White (n=21)

Asian vs. White (n=18)

AI/AN vs. White (n=10)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 26 4 3

1719

13 137

1 2 1

Improving No Change Worsening

Quality and Quality Disparities

• Measures encompassing broad array of services and settings

• Measures related mostly related to health care processes and outcomes but include a few structural measures, such as the availability of health information technologies

• Data from more than three dozen datasets

QUALITY: Quality of health care improved generally through 2012, but the pace of improvement varied by measure

Number and percentage of all quality measures that are improving, not changing, or worsening through 2012, overall and by NQS priority

Total (n=168) Person-Centered Care (n=20)

Effective Treatment

(n=46)

Healthy Living (n=38)

Patient Safety (n=31)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

102

17

24 18 14

55

3

17 17 16

11 5 3 1

Improving No Change Worsening

QUALITY: Through 2012, the pace of improvement varied across NQS priorities

Average annual rates of change of quality of care measures through 2012, by National Quality Strategy priority

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Average Annual Percentage Change

Patient Safety (n=31)

Person-Centered Care (n=20)

Effective Treatment (n=46)

Healthy Living (n=38)

ImprovingWorsening

QUALITY: Publicly reported CMS measures were much more likely than measures reported by other sources to achieve high levels of performance

• Eleven quality measures achieved an overall performance level of

95% or better this year► Seven were publicly reported by CMS on the Hospital Compare website

► Last year, 14 of 16 quality measures that achieved an overall

performance level of 95% or better were publicly reported by CMS

• Through 2012, a number of measures showed rapid improvement,

defined as an average annual rate of change greater than 10% per

year► Four are adolescent vaccination measures

• Through 2012, a number of measures showed worsening quality► Three track chronic diseases

► These declines occurred prior to implementation of most of the health

insurance expansions included in the Affordable Care Act

QUALITY DISPARITIES: Disparities remained prevalent across a broad spectrum of quality measures

Disparities: Number and percentage of quality measures for which members of selected groups experienced better, same, or worse quality of care compared

with reference group

Poor vs. High Income (n=109)

Black vs. White (n=165)

Hispanic vs. White (n=150)

Asian vs. White (n=146)

AI/AN vs. White (n=85)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

6 20 30 36 15

41

8577

7850

62

60 43 32 20

Better Same Worse

QUALITY DISPARITIES: Through 2012, some disparities were getting smaller but most were not improving across a broad spectrum of quality measures

Change in Disparities: Number and percentage of quality measures for which disparities related to race, ethnicity, and income were improving, not changing,

or worsening through 2012

Poor vs. High Income (n=98)

Black vs. White (n=148)

Hispanic vs. White (n=130)

Asian vs. White (n=123)

AI/AN vs. White (n=64)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

9 13 16 17 4

76 126 109 9755

13 9 5 9 5

Improving No Change Worsening

Table 1. Disparities in health care quality that were eliminated or worsened over time

QUALITY DISPARITIES: Through 2012, few disparities in quality of care were eliminated while a small number became larger

Groups Disparities Eliminated Disparities WorsenedBlack compared with White

Mechanical adverse events in patients receiving central venous catheter placement, age 18+

Adult current smokers with a checkup in the past year who received advice in the last 12 months to quit smoking

Hospital patients with an anticoagulant-related adverse drug event to low-molecular-weight heparin and factor Xa, age 18+

Breast cancer diagnosed at advanced stage per 100,000 women age 40+

Children ages 19-35 months who received 1+ doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine

People age 12+ who needed treatment for illicit drug use and who received treatment at a specialty facility in the last 12 months

Deaths per 1,000 hospital admissions with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, age 18+

Family caregivers who did not want more information about what to expect while the patient was dying

Postoperative respiratory failure per 1,000 elective-surgery admissions, age 18+

 

Admissions with iatrogenic pneumothorax per 1,000 discharges, age 18+

 

Groups Disparities Eliminated Disparities WorsenedAsian compared with White

Adults age 40+ with diagnosed diabetes who had their feet checked in the calendar year

Admissions with iatrogenic pneumothorax per 1,000 admissions, age 18+

Adults age 40+ with diagnosed diabetes who received a dilated eye examination in the calendar year

 

Adults age 65+ who received an influenza vaccination in the last 12 months

 

Adult hospital patients who sometimes or never had good communication with doctors

 

Patients under age 70 with treated chronic kidney failure who received a transplant within 3 years of date of renal failure

 

Adults who had a visit in the last 12 months whose health providers sometimes or never listened carefully to them

 

Table 1. Disparities in health care quality that were eliminated or worsened over time (cont’d)

Groups Disparities Eliminated Disparities WorsenedAI/AN compared with White

Children ages 19-35 months who received 3 or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine

Hospice patient caregivers who perceived patient was referred to hospice at right time

Hispanic compared with Non-Hispanic White

Adults with obesity who ever received advice from a health professional about eating fewer high-fat foods

Hospice patients who received care consistent with their stated end-of-life wishes

  Hospice patients who received the right amount of medicine for pain management

Poor compared with High Income

Adolescent females ages 13-15 years who received 3+ doses of human papillomavirus vaccine

Adults age 40+ with diagnosed diabetes who received 2+ hemoglobin A1c measurements in the calendar year

  Adults with chronic joint symptoms who have ever seen a doctor or other health professional for joint symptoms

Table 1. Disparities in health care quality that were eliminated or worsened over time (cont’d)

QUALITY DISPARITIES: Overall quality (top map) and racial/ethnic disparities (bottom map) varied widely across states and often not in the same direction

Overall Quality

Racial/Ethnic Disparities

National Quality Strategy

• Mandated by the Affordable Care Act

• Developed with input from a range of stakeholders representing all sectors of the health care industry and the general public

• Has three overarching aims:► Better Care► Healthy People/Healthy Communities► Affordable Care

National Quality Strategy

• Six priorities that address the most common health concerns that Americans face:► Patient Safety► Person-Centered Care► Care Coordination► Effective Treatment► Healthy Living► Care Affordability

National Quality Strategy

• Nine levers that can be used to drive improvement on the aims and priorities: ► Measurement and Feedback; ► Public Reporting; ► Learning and Technical Assistance; ► Certification, Accreditation, and Regulation; ► Consumer Incentives and Benefit Designs; ► Payment; ► Health Information Technology; ► Innovation and Diffusion; and ► Workforce Development.

• Annual progress report

NQS: Measures of Patient Safety improved, led by a 17% reduction in hospital-acquired conditions

Distribution of hospital-acquired conditions based on national rates per 1,000 hospital adult discharges, 2010-2013

2010 2011 2012 20130

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

27.3 26.7 25.7 25.1

40.3 40.4 39.4 32.5

7.9 7.8 7.27.2

12.2 11.3 10.68.8

49.5 48.741.9

40.3

Adverse Drug Events

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections

Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections

Falls

Obstetric Adverse Events

Pressure Ulcers

Surgical Site Infections

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Venous Throm-boembolism

All Other Hospital-Acquired Conditions

Rate

per

1,0

00 D

ischa

rges

145 142132

121

NQS: Measures of Person-Centered Care improved steadily, especially for children

Children who had a doctor’s office or clinic visit in the last 12 months whose parents reported poor communication with health providers, by race/ethnicity

and income, 2002-2012

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

0

5

10

15

Total White Black Hispanic

Perc

ent

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

0

5

10

15

Poor Low IncomeMiddle Income High Income

Perc

ent

NQS: Measures of Care Coordination improved as providers enhanced discharge processes and adopted health information technologies

Hospital patients with heart failure who were given complete written discharge instructions, by sex and race/ethnicity, 2005-2012

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

25

50

75

100

Total Male Female

Perc

ent

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

25

50

75

100

White Black Asian AI/ANHispanic

Perc

ent

NQS: Many measures of Effective Treatment achieved high levels of performance, led by measures publicly reported by CMS on Hospital Compare

Hospital patients with heart attack given percutaneous coronary intervention within 90 minutes of arrival, by sex and race/ethnicity, 2005-2012

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

25

50

75

100

Total Male Female

Perc

ent

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

25

50

75

100

White Black Asian AI/ANHispanic

Perc

ent

NQS: Healthy Living improved in about half of the measures followed, led by selected adolescent vaccines from 2008 to 2012

Adolescents ages 16-17 years who received 1 or more doses of meningococcal conjugate vaccine, by residence location and income, 2008-2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

20

40

60

80

100

Total MetropolitanNonmetropolitan

Perc

ent

2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

20

40

60

80

100

Poor Low incomeMiddle income High income

Perc

ent

NQS: Measures of Care Affordability worsened from 2002 to 2010 and then leveled off

People unable to get or delayed in getting needed medical care, dental care, or prescription medicines due to financial or insurance reasons, by insurance and

income, 2002-2012

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

25

50

75

100

Total Any Private Public OnlyUninsured

Perc

ent

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

25

50

75

100

Poor Low IncomeMiddle Income High Income

Perc

ent

Conclusion

• Improved access► Decreased rates of uninsurance among adults as a result

of Affordable Care Act insurance expansion► Disparities still present but narrowing

• Continued quality improvement► Wide variation across populations and parts of the

country► Among the NQS priorities:

o Improvements in measures of Person-Centered Careo Improvement in most measures of Patient Safety, Effective

Treatment, and Healthy Living but measures of chronic disease management and cancer screening lagged behind

o More data needed to assess Care Coordination and Affordable Care

References

1. Levy J. In U.S., Uninsured Rate Sinks to 12.9%.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/180425/uninsured-rate-sinks.aspx.

2. Long SK, Karpman M, Shartzer A, et al. Taking Stock: Health Insurance

Coverage under the ACA as of September 2014.

http://hrms.urban.org/briefs/Health-Insurance-Coverage-under-the-ACA-as-of-September-

2014.html

3. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Interim Update on 2013 Annual

Hospital-Acquired Condition

4. Rate and Estimates of Cost Savings and Deaths Averted From 2010 to 2013.

5. http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/pfp/interimhacrate2013.html

6. Collins SR, Rasmussen PW, Doty MM, Beutel S. The Rise in Health Care

Coverage and Affordability Since Health Reform Took Effect: Findings from the

Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014.

http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue- brief/2015/

jan/1800_collins_biennial_survey_brief.pdf?la=en