October 8, 2014

Envelope ComplianceASHRAE 90.1 and NECB 2011

OVERVIEW

2

Code requirements and the Standards Broad overview of the Standards ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive requirements

and trade-off method for Envelope NECB Prescriptive requirements and

trade-off method for Envelope Summary comparison of the prescriptive

requirements and what it means in the BC building context

Looking at different methods of accounting for thermal bridging

BCBC 2012

3

VANCOUVER BUILDING BY-LAW

4

STANDARDS IN CODES

5

ASHRAE 90.1 2004 – Previous BCBC

ASHRAE 90.1 2007 – Previous VBBL

ASHRAE 90.1 2010 & NECB 2011 – Current BCBC and VBBL

ASHRAE 90.1 2010

6

WHO ARE THEY?

American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

Engineers

WHAT IS THE STANDARD?

First addition developed in 1970

In 1999 the standard was put into continuous maintenance

Applies to all commercial buildings and MURBS greater than 3 stories.

ASHRAE 90.1 OVERVIEW

7

ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR COMPLIANCE

Prescriptive

Trade-off

Energy cost budget

PRESCRIPTIVE PATH (OR TRADE-OFF) REQUIRE THAT

ALL PARTS OF THE STANDARD BE MET:

Part 5 - Building envelope

Part 6 - Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning

Part 7 - Service water heating

Part 8 - Power

Part 9 - Lighting

Part 10 - Other equipmentMandatory Provisions

ASHRAE 90.1 OVERVIEW

8

ASHRAE 2004

Baseline

ASHRAE 2007Increased BE requirements

ASHRAE 2010No major changes in BE requirements

NECB 2011

9

Developed by Natural Resources Canada & the National Research Council for Canada

What is the Standard? Last version was in 1997 (MNECB) Design intent was to be roughly equivalent

to ASHRAE 90.1 2010 Applies to new buildings (except part 9),

additions to existing building, but silent on renovations

Before now, not referenced in BCBC or VBBL

MNECB is referenced in LEED

NECB OVERVIEW

10

Prescriptive Trade-off (simple or detailed) Energy simulation (building energy compliance)

ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR COMPLIANCE

Part 3 – Building envelope Part 4 – Lighting Part 5 – Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems Part 6 – Service water heating systems Part 7 – Electrical power systems and motors

PRESCRIPTIVE PATH (OR TRADE-OFF) REQUIRE THAT ALL PARTS OF THE STANDARD BE MET:

ZONES AND HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)

11

ASHRAE 90.1 Climate zones for BC

ZONES AND HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)

12

ASHRAE 90.1 2010BUILDING ENVELOPE

ASHRAE 90.1- BUILDING ENVELOPE

14

THIS MEANS THAT THE BUILDING

SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO MEET THESE PROVISIONS:

Insulation

Air leakage• Air-barrier

selection and design

• Limit to fenestration and doors including cargo doors

• Vestibule

Fenestration and Doors values• NFRC

ASHRAE 90.1- MANDATORY PROVISIONS

15

ASHRAE 90.1 MANDATORY PROVISIONS

16

ASHREA 90.1 Air leakage limits

NAFSAir

Leakage limits

ASHRAE Type Limit

Glazed Swinging entrance door & revolving doors

1.0 cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf

Curtain wall & Storefront 0.06cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf

Other products 0.2cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf or 0.3 cfm/ft2 at 6.24psf

NAFS defines air leakage by performance class (R, LC, CW and AW) and air infiltration / exfiltration levels (A2, A3 and Fixed) and can be more stringent:

Fixed as low as 0.2 L/s.m2 at 300Pa (or 0.04cfm/ft2 at 6.24psf)Operable as low as 0.5 L/s.m2 at 300Pa (or 0.1cfm/ft2 at 6.24psf)

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD

17

THE PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD CAN ONLY BE

USED IF:

The vertical fenestration ≤ 40% of Gross wall Area

The skylight fenestration ≤ 5% of gross roof area

ASHRAE 90.1 - OPAQUE AREAS

18

For conditioned spaces the exterior building envelope shall comply with, to either: the residential or the non-residential requirements in the tables

For semi-heated spaces the semi-exterior building envelope needs to comply with the requirements in the tables

ASHRAE 90.1 - PRESCRIPTIVE OPAQUE AREAS

19

THE TABLES CONTAINING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ARE PROVIDED IN THE STANDARD, BY CLIMATIC ZONES, AND LOOK LIKE THIS:

For all opaque elements (except doors) compliance should be demonstrated by the following methods:

Maximum U-factors, C-factors or F-factors for the entire assembly Minimum rated R values of insulation

Exception: For multiple assemblies within a single class of construction for a single conditioning space, weighed average can be used.

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE OPAQUE AREAS

20

Components

Zone 5

Non-Residential Residential Semi-Heated

U factor R value U factor R value U factor R value

Roof - insulation above deck

0.048(R20.8)

20.0c.i. 0.048(R20.8)

20.0c.i. 0.119(R8.4)

7.6c.i.

Roof - Attic 0.027(R37.0)

38.0 0.027(R37.0)

38.0 0.053(R18.9)

19.0

Walls - Mass 0.090(R11.1)

11.4c.i. 0.080(R12.5)

13.3c.i. 0.151(R6.6)

5.7c.i.

Walls - Steel framed 0.064(R15.6)

13.0+7.5c.i. 0.064(R15.6)

13.0+7.5c.i. 0.124(R8.1)

13.0

Walls - Wood framed 0.064(R15.6)

13.0+3.8c.i. 0.051(R19.6)

13.0+7.5c.i. 0.089(R11.2)

13.0

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS

21

SO THAT MEANS: If there is more than nails or screws going through the

insulation, it is not continuous If there are studs, girts, clips, even brick ties they need

to be accounted for.This can be done by calculating the effective U (or R)

values of these assemblies

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS

22

NOMINAL R VALUES

Rated R values which do not take into account framing or other element interrupting the insulation

Calculated R values which allows for the impact of thermal bridges

EFFECTIVE R VALUES

vs.

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS

23

Zone 4&5 = 0.064

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS

24Zone 5 = 0.051Zone 4 = 0.064

25

Components

Residential

R values

Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8Roof - insulation above deck

20.0c.i. 20.0c.i. 20.0c.i. 20.0c.i. 20.0c.i.

Roof - Attic 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 49.0

Walls - Mass 11.4c.i. 13.3c.i. 15.2c.i. 15.2c.i. 25.0c.i.

Walls - Steel framed 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+15.6c.i. 13.0+18.8c.i.

Walls - Wood framed

13.0+3.8c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+15.6c.i.

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - FENESTRATION

26

Windows <40% of gross wall area and Skylights <5% gross roof area

All fenestration compliance shall be demonstrated through meeting:

• U factor no greater than the prescriptive requirements

• SHGC no greater than the prescriptive requirements

If there are multiple assemblies, compliance shall be based on an area-weighted average U-factor or SHGC (for a single space-conditioning and within a single class of construction).

The SHGC can be reduced using a multiplier when a permanent projection provides shading for the window

ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - FENESTRATION

27

Components

Zone 5

Residential Non-Residential Semi-Heated

U factor SHGC U factor SHGC U factor SHGC

Non-Metal Framing 0.35

0.40 for all

0.35

0.40 for all

1.20

0.40 for all

Metal Framing (curtain wall and storefront) 0.45 0.45 1.20

Metal Framing (entrance doors) 0.80 0.80 1.20

Metal Framing (operable and fixed windows, non-entrance doors) 0.55 0.55 1.20

Skylight (glass, without curb)

0-2%0.69

0.490.69

0.491.36

NR2-5% 0.39 0.39 NR

ASHRAE 90.1 TRADE-OFF

28

The trade-off method allows greater flexibility when some of the building envelope components are not meeting:

• The basic requirements for the Prescriptive method (e.g. > 40% window to wall ratio and/or >5% skylight to roof ratio)

• The prescriptive R or U values

• Trade-offs are made between any building envelope components (but just building envelope component)

• It implies that some of the building envelope components exceed the minimum requirements

• Schedules of operation, lighting power, equipment power, occupant density, and mechanical systems need to be the same for both the proposed building and the base building

ASHRAE 90.1 TRADE-OFF

29

THE BUILDING ENVELOPE COMPLIES WHEN:

Envelope performance factor of proposed building

Envelope performance factor of base building≤

The base building is a building that has 40% fenestration to gross wall area and for which all BE components meet the prescriptive minimum U value

The envelope performance factor is calculated using the information contained in normative appendix C

ASHRAE 90.1 TRADE-OFF

30

Need to : Do take-offs for all the different BE

components i.e. floor, roof, wall and fenestration assemblies for every space-conditioning category and every orientation.

Evaluate the U values of each component including SHGC and VT for fenestration.

Enter all the numbers into a series of equations that you can find in normative Appendix C*.

COMcheck (Now has Canadian climate data).*

Axis – Raymond Letkeman Architects

COMCHECK

31

COMCHECK

32

NECB 2011BUILDING ENVELOPE

NECB

34

NECB - MANDATORY PROVISIONS

35

NO SPECIFIC MANDATORY PROVISIONS

But more specific than ASHRAE on how to deal with effect of structural members that may

partially and completely penetrate the envelope

In the prescriptive requirements, we find that :

Insulation should be installed in a manner that avoids affecting its R value (convection, wetting, etc.).

Insulation value required depends on zone, assembly (wall, roof or floor) and location (above or below grade or spaces heated to different temperature)

Air leakage should be controlled, including at fenestration and doors, which have limits of air leakage allowable

A vestibule is likely required

NECB - PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD

36

THE PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD CAN

ONLY BE USED IF:

FDWR ≤ 0.40 for HDD < 4000

FDWR ≤(2000- 0.2*HDD) 3000 for 4000 ≤ HDD ≤ 7000

FDWR ≤ 0.20 for HDD > 7000

The skylight fenestration ≤ 5% of gross roof area

&

NECB - THERMAL BRIDGING

37

THERMAL BRIDGING

CREATED BY STRUCTURAL

MEMBERS

The thermal bridging effect of closely spaced repetitive structural members (e.g. studs) and of ancillary members (e.g. sill and plates) should be

taken into account.

The thermal bridging of major structural elements that are parallel to the building envelope can be ignored, provided that they do not increase the thermal transmittance to more than twice than

permitted.

The thermal bridging of major structural elements that must penetrate the building envelope need

not be taken into account, provided that the sum of the areas is less than 2% of the above ground

building envelope.

Service equipment, shelf angle, ties and associate fasteners as well as minor structural members need not be taken into account!!!

NECB PRESCRIPTIVE INSULATION

38

The prescriptive method requires:

W

4xW W

4xW

NECB PRESCRIPTIVE WALLS ABOVE GRADE

39

Assemblies

Any Occupancy

R values (effective)

Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8Walls 18 20.4 23 27 31

Roofs 25 31 31 35 40

Floors 25 31 31 35 40

Walls - mass 11.4

Walls - steel framed 15.6

Walls - wood framed 19.6

No difference between residential and non-residential

No difference between the different type of construction

Roofs - insulation above 20.8

Roofs - attic 37.0

NECB PRESCRIPTIVE FENESTRATION AND DOORS

40

ComponentsU values (effective)

Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8All Fenestration 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.28

All Doors 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.28

No difference between residential and non-residential No difference between the different type of

assemblies No SHGC requirements Exceptions:

Skylights that represent < 2% of gross roof area can have a thermal transmittance of no more than 0.60

Doors that represent < 2% of gross wall area can have a thermal transmittance of no more than 0.77

Non-metal 0.35

Metal framing (CW) 0.45

Metal framing (others) 0.55

Entrance doors 0.80

Skylights 0.58

NECB - PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD

41

NECB - TRADE-OFF METHODS

42

THERE ARE 2 TRADE-OFF PATHS:

Simple trade-off calculations Detailed trade-off path

Proposed Bldg Envelope Annual Energy Consumption

Reference Bldg Envelope energy target

≤

Calculation are done using an energy model with set requirements

 

  Proposed building

  Reference building

≤

NECB - DETAILED TRADE-OFF METHOD

43

THE DETAILED METHOD CONSISTS OF:

Same building size and shape, roof slope, and building orientation for the proposed and reference building

Same assumptions for space heating and cooling

Allowable fenestration and door areas in the proposed building can be varied, while it is set per the prescriptive requirements in the reference building

Take into account thermal mass and SHGC

Air leakage and solar absorbance cannot be varied

COMPARISON OF 2 STANDARDS

44

ASHRAE 90.1 2010 NECB 2011

Mandatory requirements

Yes, for all methods Not for energy modeling

Prescriptive requirements

Generally less demanding R values

Stringent, specific

• Framing Take into account Take into account

• Structure Not clear Specific (if this then…)

• Cladding attachments Take into account Some can be ignored

• Service penetrations Ignore Specific (if this then…)

• Walls More categories Less categories

• Fenestration & doors More categories Less categories

Trade-off methods Complex, no benefit if FDWR <40%

Simple or softwareBenefit if FDWR <40%

OVERALL

45

Prescriptive method, for either standard, is for

simpler buildings

Trade-off method may get you the desired result, but cannot do

anything for you when most of the BE components are below

CONCLUSION REGARDING THE STANDARDS

46

Wood frame is well suited for prescriptive but: New standards will generally require exterior insulation to meet the

max U-factor with 2x6 residential Only zone 4 in ASHRAE (but not in NEBC) could do without exterior

insulation in residential For non-combustible building, the prescriptive method is not a likely

candidate This is especially true for exposed concrete tower and buildings with

high window/wall ratio Exterior insulated assemblies can probably meet it but structure

penetrating through (balcony slabs, parapet, etc.) need to be taken into account

The trade-off methods is an option NECB simplified is the easiest but not necessarily best You need to have something to trade off with Glazing ratio has the biggest impact and it is hard to make up for it with

insulation

EFFECTIVE R VALUES

Computer Modeling

Hand Calculations Series calculation method Parallel path calculation method Isothermal planes method

Lab Measurement

CONSIDERING THERMAL BRIDGING

48

ACCEPTABLE CALCULATION METHODS

49

Construction Classes Testing or Modeling

Series calculation

method

Parallel path calculation

method

Isothermal planes

methodRoofs

Insulation above deck P PAttic (wood joists) P PAttic (steel joists) P P

Walls

Mass P PSteel framed P PWood framed P P

WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION

50

Resource materialASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A

TABLES – WOOD FRAMED WALLS

51

TABLES – STEEL FRAMED WALLS

52

TABLES – MASS WALLS

53

If adding steel studs with Batt , table 9.2B can be used (as per previous)

AREA WEIGHTED AVERAGE (SAME CLASS)

54

R1.25 for 9” slab edge

R15 for 8’3” wall

1𝑅

=0.75×

11.25

+8.25×115

9

𝑅≅ 7.8

L2,parapet

Lroof

HEAT LOSS

55

3D MODELING

56

Time-transient dynamic 3D heat transfer model that is capable of accurately modeling: Complex geometries Radiation through air spaces Radiation to the interior and

exterior space Conduction of small areas of highly

thermal conductive materials through larger areas of highly insulating materials

Calibrate the model using existing lab testing

COMMON CONSTRUCTION

57

COMMON CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

58

Horizontal Z-Girts Intermittent Z-GirtsVertical Z-Girts Mixed Z-Girts

CLADDING ATTACHMENTS

59

EFFECT OF THERMAL BRIDGING IN 3D

60

ASHRAE 90.1 2010

NECB 2011

* Assembly does not include any interior insulation but the wall cavity and different materials offer additional insulating value.

*

IMPROVED GIRT SYSTEMS

61

CLIP SYSTEMS

62

Spray Foam

GLAZING SPANDREL AREAS

63

No Spray Foam

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

7.4

8.28.8 9.1

3.44.2

4.8 5.0

Detail 22 (Air in Stud Cavity) Detail 23 (Spray Foam in Stud Cavity)

Back Pan Insulation

Sp

an

dre

l Se

cti

on

R V

alu

eGLAZING SPANDREL AREAS

64

CONCRETE WALLS

65

≈ ≈

66

CONCRETE WALLS

CONSIDERING THERMAL BRIDGING

67

Resource material

Building Envelope

Thermal Bridging Guide

BE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE

68

ASHRAE 90.1 does not address major thermal bridges such as slab edges, shelf angles, parapets, flashings at window perimeters, etc.

In practice, these details

are largely overlooked.

WHAT IS THE GUIDE

69

Started with AHSRAE 1635RP project when linear transmittance got introduced to North America

BE Thermal Guide looked at over 400 details familiar to the BC MURB market including:

CONCEPTUAL LEAP

70

Types of Transmittances

Clear Field Linear Point

oUpsi chi

LINEAR TRANSMITTANCE

71

Additional heat loss due to the slab

oQQ slabQ

OVERVIEW OF THE GUIDE

72

Introduction Part 1 Building Envelope Thermal Analysis

(BETA) Guide Part 2 Energy and Cost Analysis Part 3 Significance, Insights, and Next Steps Appendix A Material Data Catalogue Appendix B Thermal Data Catalogue Appendix C Energy Modeling Analysis and Results Appendix D Construction Costs Appendix E Cost Benefit Analysis

RESULTS – APPENDIX B

73

FROM BAD TO BETTER

74

HOW MUCH EXTRA LOST CAN DETAILS ADD?

75

Mass wall with R-12 insulation inboard Steel stud with R-10 exterior insulation and horizontal girts at 24”o.c and R-12 in the stud cavity

Standard 90.1 Prescriptive Requirements for Zone 5 Non-Residential Mass Wall, U-0.090 or R-11.4 ci Steel-Framed Wall, U-0.064 or R-13 + R-7.5 ci

EXAMPLE BUILDING

76

Mass Concrete Wall Exposed concrete slab Un-insulated concrete parapet Punched window in concrete

opening

Steel-Framed Wall

Exterior insulated structural steel floor intersection

Insulated steel stud parapet Punched window in steel stud

opening with perimeter flashing

10 floors 20% glazing No Balconies Standard details

IMPACT OF DETAILS

77

Transmittance TypeMass Concrete Wall Exterior Insulated Steel Stud

Heat Loss(BTU/hr oF) % of Total Heat Loss

(BTU/hr oF) % of Total

Clear Wall 118 52 % 98 67 %

Slab 92 40% 24 17 %

Parapet 9 4% 4 3 %

Window transition 8 4% 19 13 %

Total 227 100 % 145 100 %

IMPACT OF DETAILS

78

Performance Metric

Mass Concrete Wall Exterior Insulated Steel Stud

ASHRAE Prescriptive

Requirements

Overall Performance

ASHRAE Prescriptive

Requirements

Overall Performance

U (Btu/hrft2oF) 0.09 0.14 0.064 0.091

“Effective” R (hr ft2 oF/BTU) R-11 R-7 R-15.6 R-11

% Difference 44% 35%

IMPACT OF DETAILS

79

No Exterior Insulation

Nominal R-5 Exterior Insulation

Nominal R-15 Exterior Insulation

Nominal R-25 Exterior Insulation0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Clear Wall Only Including Poor Details Including Efficient Details

Addi

tiona

l Con

trib

ution

to S

pace

Hea

ting

Ener

gy (G

J/m

2 of

Flo

or A

rea)

More Insulation is not the silver

bullet

Details can have a greater impact

CONCLUSION

80

Details such as slab penetration are easy to account for in calculation

Codes do not yet take into account details such as window transitions

It will likely become increasingly more difficult to ignore thermal bridging at intersections of assemblies

Move beyond simply adding “more insulation”

MORRISON HERSHFIELDCORPORATE PROFILE

PRESENTER AND CONTACT

SOPHIE MERCIER, P.ENG.

smercier@morrisonhershfield.com604.454.2020

CORPORATE OVERVIEW

82

Established in 1946 MHGI = MHL + MHC Technical divisions 16 offices across North America Over 750 employees

Our Vision

To be the first call for engineering solutions that make a difference

MORRISON HERSHFIELD GROUP INC.

83

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Technical Divisions: Buildings & Facilities Infrastructure & Transportation Industrial

Offices: Vancouver, Victoria & Nanaimo, BC Calgary and Edmonton AB Toronto, Burlington and

Ottawa ON St. John’s, NL

MORRISON HERSHFIELD GROUP INC.

84

Morrison Hershfield CorporationUSA (120 staff)

Technical Divisions: Telecommunications Buildings & Facilities

Offices: Atlanta GA San Francisco CA Portland and Seattle OR Fort Lauderdale FL Raleigh NC

DIVISIONAL PROFILE - CANADA

85

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86

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TRANSPORTATION

87

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INFRASTRUCTURE

88

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89

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SUSTAINABILITY

90

The Challenge

Sustainability is a top priority. Our collective challenge is to significantly reduce our impact on the local and global environment and begin to rebuild our natural capital in an economically and socially responsible manner.

Our CommitmentTo help clients understand their environmental challenges and to incorporate sustainable design solutions to help them meet these challenges.

THANK YOU

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