2014 1 01 introduction to anatomy
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Slideshow from Department of Anatomy. University of Szeged 2013/2014TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to AnatomyIntroduction to Anatomy
Prof. MihProf. Miháály, Andrly, Andráás, MD, PhD, DScs, MD, PhD, DSc
Lecture #1
2nd September 2014
The Anatomy DepartmentThe Anatomy Department(Kossuth L. sgt. 40.; http://anatomy.szote.u(Kossuth L. sgt. 40.; http://anatomy.szote.u--
szeged.hu/Anatomy/)szeged.hu/Anatomy/)
•• Professor Dr. Professor Dr. MihMiháályly, Andr, Andráás MD, PhD, DSc, director of the Departments MD, PhD, DSc, director of the Department
•• Professor Dr. Professor Dr. NNóógrgráádidi, Antal MD, PhD, DSc deputy director, Antal MD, PhD, DSc deputy director
•• Associate professor: Dr. Associate professor: Dr. KovKováácscs, Annam, Annamáária, MD, PhDria, MD, PhD
•• Assistant professors: Dr. Assistant professors: Dr. BBáálintlint Erika MD, PhD, Dr. Erika MD, PhD, Dr. CzignerCzigner Andrea MD, PhD, Andrea MD, PhD,
Dr. Dr. DobDobóó Endre MSc, PhD, Dr. Endre MSc, PhD, Dr. GyegyGyegyóúóújfalvijfalvi--LLáázzáárnrnéé, Dr. , Dr. HegedHegedőőss Hajnalka Hajnalka
DMD, Dr. DMD, Dr. MolnMolnáárr Gergely MSc, PhD, Dr. Gergely MSc, PhD, Dr. PPóórr IstvIstváán, DPh, Dr. n, DPh, Dr. SzabadosSzabados Andrea Andrea
MD, PhD, Dr. MD, PhD, Dr. SzigetiSzigeti Csaba, MSc, PhD Csaba, MSc, PhD
•• Senior research assistant: Dr. Senior research assistant: Dr. SSüülele ZoltZoltáán, PhDn, PhD
•• Senior teaching assistant: Senior teaching assistant: KrisztinnKrisztinnéé PPéévava BeBeááta MSc, ta MSc, FejesnFejesnéé BakosBakos MMóónika nika
MSc, Dr. MSc, Dr. JuhJuháászsz ZoltZoltáán, MD n, MD
•• Teaching assistants (MSc): Teaching assistants (MSc): KruppaKruppa Eszter, Eszter, MMáátytyááss Adrienne, Adrienne, KKáárolyroly Norbert, Norbert,
HarkaiHarkai AnikAnikóó
•• Physician: Dr. Physician: Dr. PPóórr ErzsErzséébetbet
•• Senior medical students (demonstrators): 13 medical student CollSenior medical students (demonstrators): 13 medical student Colleagues, eagues,
helping in teaching, dissection and research (listed on the webphelping in teaching, dissection and research (listed on the webpage of the age of the
Department).Department).
Main topics in AnatomyMain topics in Anatomy
•• Gross anatomy:Gross anatomy: descriptive anatomy of organs descriptive anatomy of organs and organ systems. The chapters of this are and organ systems. The chapters of this are named after the topic: osteologynamed after the topic: osteology--syndesmology, syndesmology, myology, angiology, neuranatomy, anatomy of the myology, angiology, neuranatomy, anatomy of the viscera (respiratory, digestive, urogenital,viscera (respiratory, digestive, urogenital,…… etc etc apparatuses).apparatuses).
•• Cytomorphology and histology:Cytomorphology and histology: microscopic microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. Important in anatomy of cells and tissues. Important in pathology and cytodiagnostics (e.g.: hematology).pathology and cytodiagnostics (e.g.: hematology).
•• Embryology:Embryology: development of the organs and development of the organs and organ systems, anatomy of the pregnancy. organ systems, anatomy of the pregnancy.
Teaching program of AnatomyTeaching program of Anatomy
•• 1st semester:1st semester: anatomy of the limbs (bones, joints, anatomy of the limbs (bones, joints, muscles, blood vessels and nerves). Anatomy of muscles, blood vessels and nerves). Anatomy of the trunk and the skull. Basic tissues.the trunk and the skull. Basic tissues.
•• 2nd semester:2nd semester: cardiovascular anatomy, cardiovascular anatomy, respiratory and alimentary tract anatomy. respiratory and alimentary tract anatomy. Anatomy of the urogenital organs. Histology of the Anatomy of the urogenital organs. Histology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, alimentary and cardiovascular, respiratory, alimentary and urogenital organs. The endocrine organs, the urogenital organs. The endocrine organs, the immune system and the blood.immune system and the blood.
•• 3rd semester:3rd semester: anatomy and histology of the brain anatomy and histology of the brain and spinal cord. Head and neck anatomy. and spinal cord. Head and neck anatomy. Anatomy and histology of the eye and the ear. Anatomy and histology of the eye and the ear. Embryology: fertilisation, segmentation and Embryology: fertilisation, segmentation and embryogenesis.embryogenesis.
Exams in AnatomyExams in Anatomy
•• Practical Exams:Practical Exams: practical practical viva voceviva voce exams in the exams in the dissecting room and histology room, two times in a dissecting room and histology room, two times in a semester. The marks (1semester. The marks (1--5) are written in the index book at 5) are written in the index book at the end of the semester. Successful practical exams are the end of the semester. Successful practical exams are necessary for the entry to the semester exams and for the necessary for the entry to the semester exams and for the credit of the practices.credit of the practices.
•• Semester exams (2):Semester exams (2): comprehensive comprehensive viva voce viva voce exams in exams in the examination period with different question types, the examination period with different question types, cadavers, atlas pictures and radiological images which cadavers, atlas pictures and radiological images which are presented on the lectures, seminars and practices.are presented on the lectures, seminars and practices.
•• Final exam:Final exam: comprehensive examination after the 3rd comprehensive examination after the 3rd semester. The exam has written and oral parts, where the semester. The exam has written and oral parts, where the students have to prove their knowledge of the anatomy, students have to prove their knowledge of the anatomy, histology and embryology. The oral parts consist of histology and embryology. The oral parts consist of theoretical and practical sections: in the practical section theoretical and practical sections: in the practical section the student demonstrates a dissected cadaver.the student demonstrates a dissected cadaver.
How to learn: the students have to use their textbooksHow to learn: the students have to use their textbooks
(gross antomy, histology and embryology), the handouts(gross antomy, histology and embryology), the handouts
of the Department, the electronic aids supplied by theof the Department, the electronic aids supplied by the
Department (found on the webpage), and their own notes.Department (found on the webpage), and their own notes.
It is highly recommended to make lecture notes and use themIt is highly recommended to make lecture notes and use them
in study. The participation on practices and seminars isin study. The participation on practices and seminars is
compulsory (see Regulations of the Faculty).compulsory (see Regulations of the Faculty).
Textbooks are absolutely necessary for Textbooks are absolutely necessary for
study: recommended booksstudy: recommended books
•• GrayGray’’s Anatomy for Students (Drakes Anatomy for Students (Drake--VoglVogl--Mitchell)Mitchell)
•• Concise Histology (GartnerConcise Histology (Gartner--Hiatt)Hiatt)
•• Snell, RS: Clinical Anatomy by Regions Snell, RS: Clinical Anatomy by Regions (Wolters Kluwer)(Wolters Kluwer)
•• DonDonááth: Lexicon Anatomiae (published by th: Lexicon Anatomiae (published by Semmelweis University Publishing House)Semmelweis University Publishing House)
Morphology:Morphology: science describing shape (morphscience describing shape (morphéé = shape)= shape)Anatomy:Anatomy: science of dissection science of dissection (anatemnein = to cut apart)(anatemnein = to cut apart)
Systematic anatomy:Systematic anatomy: description of organ systems.description of organ systems.Regional anatomy:Regional anatomy: description of body regions, and the description of body regions, and the topography of structures within. topography of structures within. Surface anatomySurface anatomy..Applied anatomy:Applied anatomy: surgical anatomy, radiological anatomy. surgical anatomy, radiological anatomy. Microscopic anatomy: Microscopic anatomy: cell morphology and histology.cell morphology and histology.
Embryology:Embryology: growth and morphogenesisgrowth and morphogenesisof the human body and organs from the conception toof the human body and organs from the conception tothe birth (and after).the birth (and after).
Levels of biological organizationLevels of biological organization
•• Cells and extracellular space.Cells and extracellular space.
•• Tissues (epithelia, connective tissue,Tissues (epithelia, connective tissue,……).).
•• Organs (brain, liverOrgans (brain, liver……).).
•• Organ systems (cardiovascular system, Organ systems (cardiovascular system,
urinary tract,urinary tract,……).).
•• Body parts (thorax, limbs,Body parts (thorax, limbs,……).).
•• The human body.The human body.
Parts of the human bodyParts of the human body
•• Head Head (caput)(caput)
•• Neck Neck (collum, cervix)(collum, cervix)
•• Trunk Trunk (truncus)(truncus): chest : chest (thorax)(thorax), belly , belly
(abdomen)(abdomen), , pelvispelvis
•• Limbs (extremities): upper limb Limbs (extremities): upper limb
(extremitas superior)(extremitas superior), lower limb , lower limb
(extremitas inferior)(extremitas inferior)
Trunk partsTrunk parts
•• Chest (pectus, thorax)Chest (pectus, thorax)
•• Belly (abdomen, venter)Belly (abdomen, venter)
•• Groin (inguen, inguinal region)Groin (inguen, inguinal region)
•• Back (dorsum)Back (dorsum)
•• Loin (Loin (waistwaist; lumbus, lumbar ; lumbus, lumbar
region)region)
•• Buttocks (regio glutea)Buttocks (regio glutea)
Parts of the limbsParts of the limbs
•• Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
•• Arm (brachium)Arm (brachium)
•• Forearm (antebrachium)Forearm (antebrachium)
•• Wrist and hand (manus, carpus, metacarpus, Wrist and hand (manus, carpus, metacarpus, digiti)digiti)
•• Pelvic girdle (hip or coxa)Pelvic girdle (hip or coxa)
•• Thigh (femur)Thigh (femur)
•• Leg (crus)Leg (crus)
•• Foot (pes)Foot (pes)
Collum, cervixCollum, cervix
PectusPectus
(thorax) (thorax)
Abdomen, venterAbdomen, venter
InguenInguen
umbilicusumbilicus
waistwaist
CaputCaput
Collum, cervixCollum, cervix
ThoraxThorax
(cavitas thoracis)(cavitas thoracis)
AbdomenAbdomen
(cavitas abdominis)(cavitas abdominis)
PelvisPelvis
(cavitas pelvis)(cavitas pelvis)
Lungs, heartLungs, heart
Liver, stomach, spleen,Liver, stomach, spleen,
pancreas, intestinespancreas, intestines
Prostate, urinaryProstate, urinary
bladder, rectumbladder, rectum
Brain, eyesBrain, eyes
Dorsum (back) Dorsum (back)
LumbusLumbus
(waist)(waist)
Regio gluteaRegio glutea
(buttocks)(buttocks)
Introduction to osteologyIntroduction to osteologyos, ossis: bone os, ossis: bone
EPIPHYSIS DIAPHYSISEpiphysis-cartilage remnant
Cavum medullare
METAPHYSIS
ANATOMY OF LONG LIMB BONESANATOMY OF LONG LIMB BONES
Substantia spongiosa Substantia compacta
SPONGY BONE IN THESPONGY BONE IN THE
PROXIMAL EPIPHYSISPROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS
OF THE FEMUROF THE FEMUR
SubstantiaSubstantia
compactacompacta
(compact bone)(compact bone)
Substantia spongiosaSubstantia spongiosa
(spongy or cancellous bone)(spongy or cancellous bone)
Cavum medullareCavum medullare
Spongy boneSpongy bone
Spongy bone underscanning EM. Theminute cavitiescontain bone marrow,lined by endosteum.
Spongy bone is also called trabecular bone, andSpongy bone is also called trabecular bone, and
the trabecules of the epiphysis and metaphysisthe trabecules of the epiphysis and metaphysis
are arranged according to trajectories of theare arranged according to trajectories of the
forces generated by the body weight (B).forces generated by the body weight (B).
SpongiosaSpongiosa
Compacta Compacta
Marrow cavityMarrow cavity
The surface of the bone is uneven: tuberosities, eminences, cristae, pecten.
Blood vessels enter through foramina.
Distal epiphysisDistal epiphysis Proximal epiphysisProximal epiphysis
Diaphysis Diaphysis
HH
1122
3344
5566
Compact bone is built of osteons. In the center of the osteonCompact bone is built of osteons. In the center of the osteon
the Haversian (H) canal is visible, containing the blood vessel.the Haversian (H) canal is visible, containing the blood vessel. The HaversianThe Haversian
canal is surrounded by bone lamellae (1canal is surrounded by bone lamellae (1--6) arranged concentrically. The cells6) arranged concentrically. The cells
of the bone (osteocytes) reside in minute cavities (lacuna of the bone (osteocytes) reside in minute cavities (lacuna –– arrows). arrows).
The osteocytes possess thin, long processes travelling in canaliThe osteocytes possess thin, long processes travelling in canaliculi.culi.
Blood supply of the bone is rich. Epiphyses and diaphyses are suBlood supply of the bone is rich. Epiphyses and diaphyses are supplied bypplied by
separate vessels. Diaphyseal arteries enter the medullary cavityseparate vessels. Diaphyseal arteries enter the medullary cavity. They supply. They supply
the medullary cavity, bone cortex and the bone marrow; the medullary cavity, bone cortex and the bone marrow;
from the cavity they step back into the compact bone and form a from the cavity they step back into the compact bone and form a rich vessel rich vessel
system in the canals of Volkmann and Havers. system in the canals of Volkmann and Havers.
The compacta is also supplied from the periosteal arteries. The compacta is also supplied from the periosteal arteries.
The vessels of the compacta run in the VolkmannThe vessels of the compacta run in the Volkmann-- éés Haversian canals s Haversian canals
(see the osteon).(see the osteon).
Endosteum and periosteumEndosteum and periosteum
•• Endosteum:Endosteum: continuous layer, covering every inner continuous layer, covering every inner cavity of the bone. Endosteum consists of cavity of the bone. Endosteum consists of a fine a fine layer of collagen fibrils plus one cell layerlayer of collagen fibrils plus one cell layer with with different cells (osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts different cells (osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts).and osteoclasts).
•• Periosteum:Periosteum: connective tissue layer covering the connective tissue layer covering the entire outer surface of the living bone (except entire outer surface of the living bone (except articular surfaces). Periosteum contains two layers: articular surfaces). Periosteum contains two layers: 1. stratum fibrosum (outer fibrous connective 1. stratum fibrosum (outer fibrous connective tissue); 2. stratum osteogenicum (osteoblasts, tissue); 2. stratum osteogenicum (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells).osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells). Periosteum has Periosteum has a rich blood vessel supply and thin nerve fibers (pain a rich blood vessel supply and thin nerve fibers (pain fibers).fibers).
The cells of boneThe cells of bone
•• Osteocyte:Osteocyte: mature, functioning bone cell. The cells mature, functioning bone cell. The cells reside in the lacunae of bone. The cells possess thin reside in the lacunae of bone. The cells possess thin cytoplasmic processes which are in the bone cytoplasmic processes which are in the bone canaliculi, and communicate with each other through canaliculi, and communicate with each other through gap junctions.gap junctions.
•• Osteoblast:Osteoblast: cuboidal cell with strong basophilia. Cell cuboidal cell with strong basophilia. Cell actively synthesizes bone matrix molecules actively synthesizes bone matrix molecules ––osteoblast builds the bone.osteoblast builds the bone.
•• Osteoclast:Osteoclast: multinucleated large phagocyte of the multinucleated large phagocyte of the bone. Destroys bone matrix.bone. Destroys bone matrix.
•• Osteoprogenitor cell:Osteoprogenitor cell: young, undifferentiated cell in young, undifferentiated cell in the bone, from which osteoblasts differentiate under the bone, from which osteoblasts differentiate under the effect of mitogenic signals.the effect of mitogenic signals.
osteoclast
osteocytes
Osteoblasts
in endosteum
SECTION OF SPONGY BONESECTION OF SPONGY BONE
(hematoxylin(hematoxylin--eosin staining)eosin staining)
trabeculetrabecule
The extracellular matrix of boneThe extracellular matrix of bone
(organic: 30%; inorganic: 70%)(organic: 30%; inorganic: 70%)
•• Collagen fibers (90% of the organic)Collagen fibers (90% of the organic)
•• MatrixMatrix--proteins (10% of the organic): proteins (10% of the organic):
osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin,
proteoglycans, fibronectin.proteoglycans, fibronectin.
•• Hidroxylapatite (calciumHidroxylapatite (calcium--phosphate) crystalsphosphate) crystals
•• Fluoride, citrate ionsFluoride, citrate ions
•• Magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, strontium, Magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, strontium,
lead ionslead ions
•• Water (10Water (10--20%)20%)
Metabolic regulation of bone cellsMetabolic regulation of bone cells•• Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone: stimulates osteoblasts (synthesis of : stimulates osteoblasts (synthesis of
the matrix the matrix –– osteoid). The osteoblast secretes cytokines, osteoid). The osteoblast secretes cytokines,
which stimulate the formation of osteoclast cells. The which stimulate the formation of osteoclast cells. The
osteoclast releases calcium and phosphorus from bone, osteoclast releases calcium and phosphorus from bone,
and elevates blood calcium and phosphorus levels.and elevates blood calcium and phosphorus levels.
•• CalcitriolCalcitriol (vitamin D): increases the absorption of Ca and P (vitamin D): increases the absorption of Ca and P
from the gut, and stimulates osteoblasts (synthesis of from the gut, and stimulates osteoblasts (synthesis of
matrix protein osteocalcin). Rickets, osteomalacia: lack of matrix protein osteocalcin). Rickets, osteomalacia: lack of
vitamin D.vitamin D.
•• CalcitoninCalcitonin: inhibits activity of osteoclasts (thus inhibiting : inhibits activity of osteoclasts (thus inhibiting
the release of Ca from the bone).the release of Ca from the bone).
•• EstrogensEstrogens and and androgensandrogens: increase osteoblast activity and : increase osteoblast activity and
inhibit osteoclasts. Lack of estrogen: osteoporosis.inhibit osteoclasts. Lack of estrogen: osteoporosis.
•• Vitamin CVitamin C: essential for normal collagen synthesis. : essential for normal collagen synthesis.
Anatomy of the bones is wellAnatomy of the bones is well
visible on Xvisible on X--ray picturesray pictures
Introduction to syndesmologyIntroduction to syndesmologyarticulatio = jointarticulatio = joint
arthron = jointarthron = joint
syndesmos = ligamentsyndesmos = ligament
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSCLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
•• Solid joints (synarthroses):Solid joints (synarthroses): fibrous fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints. Fibrous: joints, cartilaginous joints. Fibrous: suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis. suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis. Cartilaginous: synchondrosis, Cartilaginous: synchondrosis, symphysis.symphysis.
•• Cavitated joints (diarthroses):Cavitated joints (diarthroses): synovial synovial joints are classified according to the joints are classified according to the shape of the articular head and the shape of the articular head and the number of the axis of the movements.number of the axis of the movements.
TWO TYPES OF SOLID, CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSES)TWO TYPES OF SOLID, CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (SYNARTHROSES)
synchondrosissynchondrosis
symphysissymphysis
Histological differencesHistological differences
between bone andbetween bone and
cartilage: in cartilage,cartilage: in cartilage,
the matrix containsthe matrix contains
only a small amountonly a small amount
of inorganic material.of inorganic material.
Cartilage containsCartilage contains
mainly collagen,mainly collagen,
proteoglycans, proteins proteoglycans, proteins
andand
glycosaminoglycans,glycosaminoglycans,
and water.and water.
There are no bloodThere are no blood
vessels in cartilage,vessels in cartilage,
therefore regenerationtherefore regeneration
is difficult and slow.is difficult and slow.
Cells of cartilage:Cells of cartilage:
chondroblast,chondroblast,
chondrocyte,chondrocyte,
chondroclast.chondroclast.
Cartilage is compressible, therefore the articular surfaces contCartilage is compressible, therefore the articular surfaces contactact
each other broadly in cavitated joints. This helps stability andeach other broadly in cavitated joints. This helps stability and
movements, too.movements, too.
GENERAL COMPONENTS OF SYNOVIAL (CAVITATED) JOINTSGENERAL COMPONENTS OF SYNOVIAL (CAVITATED) JOINTS
1.1. Facies articularis Facies articularis –– articular surface (hyaline cartilage)articular surface (hyaline cartilage)
2.2. Articular capsule (membrana fibrosa, membrana synovialis)Articular capsule (membrana fibrosa, membrana synovialis)
3.3. Articular cavity (synovial fluid)Articular cavity (synovial fluid)
4.4. Articular ligamentsArticular ligaments
5.5. Discus articularis (special component found in some joints)Discus articularis (special component found in some joints)
6.6. Meniscus articularis (special component found in some Meniscus articularis (special component found in some
joints)joints)
HUMERUSHUMERUS
ulnaulna
RADIUSRADIUS
CapsuleCapsule
CartilageCartilage
Membrana interosseaMembrana interossea
Articular capsuleArticular capsule
Section of the elbow joint:Section of the elbow joint:
the humerothe humero--ulnar ginglymusulnar ginglymus
JOINTS OF THE WRIST AND HAND:JOINTS OF THE WRIST AND HAND:
RadiocarpalRadiocarpal-- (wrist) joint (wrist) joint
Intercarpal jointsIntercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal jointsCarpometacarpal joints
Articulatio carpometacarpea pollicisArticulatio carpometacarpea pollicis
Metacarpophalangeal jointsMetacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeael jointsInterphalangeael joints
This is a dry specimen:This is a dry specimen:
the joints, the articular capsulesthe joints, the articular capsules
and some ligaments are visible.and some ligaments are visible.
Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage
(cartilago articularis)(cartilago articularis)
Joint capsule (capsula articularis)Joint capsule (capsula articularis)
Cavity (cavitas articularis)Cavity (cavitas articularis)
Membrana synovialisMembrana synovialis
MeniscusMeniscus--like structurelike structure
Interphalangeal joint on histological sectionInterphalangeal joint on histological section
Histology of articular hyaline cartilage.Histology of articular hyaline cartilage.
There are a few joints which containThere are a few joints which contain
fibrocartilage instead hyaline cartilage:fibrocartilage instead hyaline cartilage:
sternoclavicular joint is one of them.sternoclavicular joint is one of them.
11
22
33
44
55
Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage
CartilageCartilage--bone transitionbone transition
Mineralisation of cartilage Mineralisation of cartilage
Bone tissue Bone tissue
cartilagecartilage
cartilagecartilage
FibrousFibrous
capsule (C)capsule (C)SM: synovial membrane (blood vessels)SM: synovial membrane (blood vessels)
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE: LIGHTSYNOVIAL MEMBRANE: LIGHT-- and ELECTRON MICROSCOPYand ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Synovial membraneSynovial membrane
•• AA--type synoviocytetype synoviocyte: macrophage.: macrophage.
•• BB--type synoviocytetype synoviocyte: fibroblast : fibroblast →→ hialuronic hialuronic acid, matrixacid, matrix--proteins, connectice tissue proteins, connectice tissue fibers: synthesis and secretion.fibers: synthesis and secretion.
•• Lymph capillaries, blood capillaries, nerve Lymph capillaries, blood capillaries, nerve endings.endings.
•• Composition of the synovial fluid: hialuronic Composition of the synovial fluid: hialuronic acid, proteins (serum proteins, acid, proteins (serum proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans), electrolytes, glycoproteins, proteoglycans), electrolytes, glucose, water, few white blood cells.glucose, water, few white blood cells.
Ligaments insideLigaments inside
joint (cruciate lig.)joint (cruciate lig.)
Ligament outsideLigament outside
joint (collateral lig.)joint (collateral lig.)
Meniscus Meniscus
Syndesmosis tibiofibularisSyndesmosis tibiofibularis
Menisci of the knee fromMenisci of the knee from
above (arrows)above (arrows)
Articular lipArticular lip
(labrum articulare)(labrum articulare)
Lig. insideLig. inside
the jointthe joint
Different morphological types of cavitated joints: types accordiDifferent morphological types of cavitated joints: types according to theng to the
shape of the articular surfaces (arrows indicate movements)shape of the articular surfaces (arrows indicate movements)
Radiology is widely used in the investigation of joints. AnatomiRadiology is widely used in the investigation of joints. Anatomicalcal
details are also visible on traditional Xdetails are also visible on traditional X--ray photographs (knee).ray photographs (knee).
Shoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopy
Surgical deviceSurgical device
Arthroscope is from dorsal direction, surgery device is from venArthroscope is from dorsal direction, surgery device is from ventral:tral:
both of them are introduced through small skin incisions.both of them are introduced through small skin incisions.
Arthroscopy video of the shoulder Arthroscopy video of the shoulder
during surgery through arthroscopyduring surgery through arthroscopy
Fixation of the biceps tendonFixation of the biceps tendon Shaving the glenoid labrumShaving the glenoid labrum
Pictures: BenninghoffPictures: Benninghoff--Drenckhahn: Anatomie, Urban & FischerDrenckhahn: Anatomie, Urban & Fischer
GrayGray’’s Anatomy, 40th edition, Elseviers Anatomy, 40th edition, Elsevier
Szegedi AnatSzegedi Anatóómiai Mmiai Múúzeumzeum
Thank you for your attention.Thank you for your attention.