2012-stoa-bb-012-aff-saudiarabia-submitted.docx€¦ · web viewcase summary: the united states...

AFFIRMATIVE: INCREASE ANTI-TERRORISM AID TO EGYPT

SAVING SINAI: THE CASE FOR INCREASED ANTI-TERRORISM AID TO EGYPT

By Kathryn and Rebecca Sumner

Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially reform its foreign policy regarding international terrorism.

Case Summary: The United States currently provides anti-terrorism aid to Egypt in both military equipment and training. Unfortunately, that support is not sufficient. The amount of aid needs to be increased because of Egypt’s vulnerability to terrorism. When the Affirmative team increases military aid and training with this plan, they will reaffirm the U.S.–Egypt relationship, boost the U.S. weapon manufacturing industry, and help Egypt in the war on terrorism.

Saving Sinai: The case for Increased Anti-Terrorism Aid to Egypt..................................................................1

Saving Sinai: The Case for Increased Anti-Terrorism Aid to Egypt..................................................................3OBSERVATION 1. DEFINITIONS.....................................................................................................................................3

Substantial............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3Foreign policy........................................................................................................................................................................................3Terrorism............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

OBSERVATION 2. INHERENCY, the structure of the Status Quo. We offer two key facts:............................................4

FACT 1. U.S. foreign policy on terrorism.............................................................................................................................4American military support to Egypt is a crucial component of the war on terror.................................................................................4

FACT 2. Egypt needs more aid..............................................................................................................................................4The Egyptian army is incapable of countering the expansion of the Islamic State without more aid..................................................4

OBSERVATION 3. We offer the following PLAN implemented by Congress and the President.......................................4

OBSERVATION 4. ADVANTAGES...................................................................................................................................5

ADVANTAGE 1. Increased Middle East stability...............................................................................................................5A. Plan protects Egypt. Increasing U.S. counter-terrorism aid is vital to protecting Egypt from terrorism.......................................5B. Region-wide impact. Stability in Egypt is key to stability in the entire region.............................................................................5

ADVANTAGE 2. US jobs.....................................................................................................................................................5A. The Link: The military aid to Egypt is made in the U.S..................................................................................................................5B. The Impact: Increased aid equals increased jobs..............................................................................................................................6

ADVANTAGE 3. Defeat terrorism through better cooperation with Egypt.........................................................................6A. The Link: Egypt is questioning. Egypt is questioning its good relations with the U.S..................................................................6B. The Impact: Defeating Terrorism. The U.S. needs Egypt to help defeat ISIS and Al Qaeda.........................................................6

2A Evidence: Increase Anti-Terrorism Aid to Egypt...........................................................................................7OPENING QUOTES / AFFIRMATIVE PHILOSOPHY......................................................................................................7

Egypt and the U.S. should reinforce their relationship with each other................................................................................................7Egypt and the U.S. need to work together.............................................................................................................................................7Egypt is a key ally.................................................................................................................................................................................7

INHERENCY.........................................................................................................................................................................8Status quo budgets $1.3 billion/year in military aid to Egypt...............................................................................................................8Current American aid to Egypt is not enough.......................................................................................................................................8Egyptian military is unprepared to deal with terrorist/insurgent groups -- needs more equipment......................................................8

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HARMS / SIGNIFICANCE...................................................................................................................................................8Islamic State (IS) current focus is on Egypt, creating an Islamist insurgency in Northern Sinai.........................................................8Big threat and numerous victims killed by ISIS in Egypt.....................................................................................................................9Hundreds killed by Islamic State in Egypt............................................................................................................................................9Other terrorists besides ISIS are threatening Egypt..............................................................................................................................9

SOLVENCY / ADVOCACY...............................................................................................................................................10Cyber Security budget has $8 billion..................................................................................................................................................10Increased U.S. military aid to Egypt is crucial. Islamic State gains a crucial foothold without it....................................................10Egypt is trying hard to control terrorism and cooperating with the U.S. and Israel............................................................................10The U.S. needs Egypt’s help in the war on terrorism..........................................................................................................................10Egypt is working to defeat Radical Islamist threats. President Sisi is doing exactly the right thing and we ought to support him....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

ADVANTAGES...................................................................................................................................................................11The U.S. needs Egypt’s help in the war on terrorism..........................................................................................................................11Helping Egypt fight terrorism is in the U.S. interest...........................................................................................................................11It is critical to rebuild ties with Egypt.................................................................................................................................................12Egypt is key to stability in the Middle East, and they’re advocating for religious tolerance, education reform, and women’s empowerment......................................................................................................................................................................................12Foreign Military Sales help the U.S. economy and creates jobs.........................................................................................................12Example: The General Dynamics manufacturing facility in Lima, Ohio...........................................................................................13General Dynamics is only one of several contractors that get sales boosts from Egypt.....................................................................13

DISADVANTAGE RESPONSES.......................................................................................................................................13

1. A/T: “Human Rights Violations” — Not a problem and wouldn’t improve with a NEG ballot.....................................13US aid is justified: Egyptian President Sisi is reforming and has majority support of the people.....................................................13Egypt’s theme is ‘safe before perfect’—they’ll try to improve human rights, but top priority is terrorism.......................................14Egypt is trying to do better on human rights and is improving and the need for strong alliance outweighs human rights concerns...............................................................................................................................................................................................14Refusing military aid for Egypt would be ineffective at shaping their policies, so it wouldn’t improve human rights to vote Negative...............................................................................................................................................................................................14

2. A/T “Cutting cyber security budget” – that’s a good thing, not a bad thing...................................................................15Bad use of money: Cyber terror threat is unlikely.............................................................................................................................15Link: Increasing cyber security leads to spying on American citizens..............................................................................................15Impact: Tyranny that outweighs any protection from terrorism........................................................................................................15

Works Cited............................................................................................................................................................16




SAVING SINAI: THE CASE FOR INCREASED ANTI-TERRORISM AID TO EGYPT

Mohamed Soliman with Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy said it best in April 2018, when he said QUOTE1:

“Faced with a stubborn common terrorist enemy, the United States should expand its military support for the Egyptian army’s capabilities, focusing more on training and equipping it to counter the Islamic State (IS) in Sinai. Without increased U.S. military aid, Egypt will be ill-equipped to counter the threat of IS, which will gain a crucial foothold that can expand into other parts of the Middle East.”

END QUOTE. The United States currently provides some anti-terrorism aid to Egypt through both military aid and training, but it’s not enough. Please join my partner and me as we affirm that: The United States Federal Government should substantially reform its foreign policy regarding international terrorism.

OBSERVATION 1. DEFINITIONS.

Substantial

Merriam Webster Online Dict. copyright 2018 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial

"important, essential"

Foreign policy

Collins English Dictionary 2018 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/foreign-policy

"the policies of a government regarding relations with other countries"

Terrorism

Collins English Dictionary 2018 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/terrorism

"Terrorism is the use of violence, especially murder and bombing, in order to achieve political goals or to force a government to do something."

1 Mohamed Soliman 2018 (Huffington Fellow at the Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, where he focuses on US strategy in the Middle East. He appears frequently on television interviews to provide expert commentary on unfolding current events in the Middle East.) 27 Apr 2018, “How America Can Help Egypt in its War On Terror,” https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror



https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/terrorism

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/relation

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/policy

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/foreign-policy

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial


OBSERVATION 2. INHERENCY, the structure of the Status Quo. We offer two key facts:

FACT 1. U.S. foreign policy on terrorism

American military support to Egypt is a crucial component of the war on terror

Embassy of Egypt, 2017 (Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in Washington D.C.) (ethical disclosure: the article is undated but contains references to events that took place in April 2017), “Egypt-U.S. Relations: Security,” http://www.egyptembassy.net/egypt-us-relations/strategic-partnership/security/

As partners in the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, Egypt works closely with the U.S. to provide intelligence and eliminate sources of terrorist funding and recruitment—in addition to a longstanding commitment to permit U.S. overflights of Egyptian airspace and expedited transit through the Suez Canal. The U.S. provides critical support to Egypt in the campaign to defeat ISIS and al Qaeda-linked terrorists in the Sinai Peninsula. This includes the delivery of U.S.-made mine resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicles in May 2016 and Apache helicopters in 2014 to help Egypt’s armed forces combat Islamist militants in Northern Sinai. This fight has important implications across the region and ongoing American military support to Egypt is a crucial component of the broader war against terror.

FACT 2. Egypt needs more aid

The Egyptian army is incapable of countering the expansion of the Islamic State without more aid

Mohamed Soliman 2018 (Huffington Fellow at the Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, where he focuses on US strategy in the Middle East. He appears frequently on television interviews to provide expert commentary on unfolding current events in the Middle East) 27 Apr 2018, “How America Can Help Egypt in its War On Terror,” https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror

In February 2018, Egypt’s military started Operation Sinai, involving land, naval and air forces, plus police and border guards, to target terrorist organizations in northern and southern Sinai. After two weeks of military operations, Mohamed Farid, chief of staff of the armed forces, asked President Sisi to extend the campaign by at least three months. Farid justified his request by noting the terrorist organizations’ extensive possession of explosives and the hardships that Egypt’s forces face in residential areas. In fact, the Egyptian Army has been incapable of countering IS expansion because it lacks advanced relevant training for its aircrews and enhanced ground forces training in urban combat.

OBSERVATION 3. We offer the following PLAN implemented by Congress and the President

1. Increased counter-terrorism aid to Egypt, to include anti-terrorism military equipment, training, and counter-terrorism intelligence sharing. 2. Funding is $2 billion from 25% cut in the Defense Department cyber security budget3. Enforcement through normal means, same as existing regulations on existing military aid.4. Plan takes effect one week after an affirmative ballot. 5. Affirmative speeches may clarify



http://www.egyptembassy.net/egypt-us-relations/strategic-partnership/security/


OBSERVATION 4. ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGE 1. Increased Middle East stability

A. Plan protects Egypt. Increasing U.S. counter-terrorism aid is vital to protecting Egypt from terrorism

Yoram Schweitzer and Dr. Ofir Winter 2017 (Schweitzer—an expert on international terrorism, Senior Research Fellow for Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) and head of the INSS Program on Terrorism and Low Intensity Conflict; formerly served as a consultant on counter-terror strategies to the Israeli prime minister's office and the Ministry of Defense; MA in military and diplomatic history from Tel Aviv University. Winter—a research fellow at INSS, PhD from the Dept of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University) 29 Nov 2017, INSS, “The War on Terrorism in Sinai: A Watershed?” http://www.inss.org.il/publication/war-terrorism-sinai-watershed/

It is clear that the Islamic State and its supporters seek to continue the engagement in other locations around the world, including Egypt. It is therefore vital that Egypt receive increased aid from its partners in the global war on Salafi jihadist terrorism. Support from the United States in the form of Tweets from President Trump is insufficient. An organized US effort to provide essential assistance is needed, including specific equipment for counterterrorism (for example IED detectors), intelligence, and operational and intelligence consulting to take advantage of the United States’ experience in fighting the Islamic State in other arenas.

B. Region-wide impact. Stability in Egypt is key to stability in the entire region

European Parliament Directorate-General for External Policies 2018. (Policy Department, research agency of the European Parliament) A stable Egypt for a stable region: Socio-economic challenges and Prospects, January 2018 www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603858/EXPO_STU(2018)603858_EN.pdf

ADVANTAGE 2. US jobs

A. The Link: The military aid to Egypt is made in the U.S.

Farah Najjar 2017 (Online producer at Al Jazeera English covering the Middle East region, quoting James Gelvin—a professor of Middle East history at the Univ.of California) 3 Oct 2017, “Why US aid to Egypt is never under threat,” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/aid-egypt-threat-171002093316209.html

The high amount of military aid, in particular, has also helped to create jobs and to reduce unemployment in the US. More than 1.3 million Americans work in manufacturing weaponry for defence companies, and more than three million others support the industry indirectly. The US is among the world's top five arms producers and distributors, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “The United States does not give money to Egypt for military equipment; it gives the Egyptian military a list of equipment the American government will purchase on its behalf in the United States,” Gelvin told Al Jazeera.



https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/aid-egypt-threat-171002093316209.html

http://www.inss.org.il/publication/war-terrorism-sinai-watershed/


B. The Impact: Increased aid equals increased jobs

Janosch Delcker 2013 (contributor to Deutsche Welle (DW), which is Germany’s international broadcaster) 10 July 2013, “US arms industry profits from aid funds to Egypt,” http://www.dw.com/en/us-arms-industry-profits-from-aid-funds-to-egypt/a-17142225

The money never reaches Egypt Under a military aid agreement, the aid for Egypt in fact never leaves the United States. As soon as the US Congress approves the payments, the money goes to an account at the Federal Reserve Bank in New York. The bank transfers the aid to a trust fund at the Treasury, and from there to US military contractors and suppliers. The contracting parties, some of them multinational groups with subsidiaries in the US, must be based in the US and it is essential that they employ personnel in the US. As a result, the financial aid does not go to Cairo, but to America's heartland, creating more or less state-subsidized jobs.

ADVANTAGE 3. Defeat terrorism through better cooperation with Egypt

A. The Link: Egypt is questioning. Egypt is questioning its good relations with the U.S.

Wu Sike 2015 (Contributor to China-US Focus; member of the Foreign Policy Consulting Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference), 20 Jan 2015, CHINA-US FOCUS, “Egypt — Key to Stability in the Middle East,” https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/egypt-key-to-stability-in-the-middle-east

Egypt has long been an important regional ally of the U.S. Yet in the past four years, the U.S.-Egypt relationship has been a dysfunctional roller coaster ride. The repercussions were repeatedly felt across the region. “Is the U.S. policy toward Egypt based on principles or interests? What position does the American public hold on what is going on in Egypt?” During my conversations with the Egyptian academic community, I can easily sense the importance they attach to Egypt-U.S. relations and the fact that they remain unsettled about the U.S. Middle East policy, despite the key U.S. role in regional matters.

B. The Impact: Defeating Terrorism. The U.S. needs Egypt to help defeat ISIS and Al Qaeda

Frank G. Wisner and Dr. Paul Salem 2017 (Wisner—former U.S. ambassador to Egypt from 1986–91. He graduated from Princeton University with a B.A. degree. Salem—the Vice President for Policy and Research at the Middle East Institute. Education: B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Harvard University) 3 Apr 2017 THE NATIONAL INTEREST, “America and Egypt Need Each Other,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/america-egypt-need-each-other-19993

First, Egypt is a key ally in the war on terror, and cooperation between the military, counterterrorism and intelligence institutions of the two countries—already strong—should be reaffirmed. The United States has an interest in helping Egypt defeat the ISIS threat in northern Sinai while reducing civilian casualties; it also has an interest in helping Egypt secure the Suez Canal and maintaining overall maritime security in the Red Sea. And Egypt can be helpful to the United States in the coalition to defeat ISIS and Al Qaeda.



http://nationalinterest.org/feature/america-egypt-need-each-other-19993


https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/egypt-key-to-stability-in-the-middle-east

http://www.dw.com/en/us-arms-industry-profits-from-aid-funds-to-egypt/a-17142225

http://www.dw.com/en/us-arms-industry-profits-from-aid-funds-to-egypt/a-17142225


2A EVIDENCE: INCREASE ANTI-TERRORISM AID TO EGYPT

OPENING QUOTES / AFFIRMATIVE PHILOSOPHY

Egypt and the U.S. should reinforce their relationship with each other

Frank G. Wisner and Dr. Paul Salem 2017 (Wisner—former U.S. ambassador to Egypt from 1986–91. He graduated from Princeton University with a B.A. degree. Salem—the Vice President for Policy and Research at the Middle East Institute. Education: B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Harvard University) 3 Apr 2017 THE NATIONAL INTEREST, “America and Egypt Need Each Other,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/america-egypt-need-each-other-19993

Egypt, like many countries in the region, and like the United States itself, faces a complex array of economic, security and political challenges. Both governments, in Cairo and in Washington, have gotten some things right and others wrong. But the key to a successful U.S.-Egyptian relationship is maintaining mutual respect, something that has been sorely missing in recent years and has pushed the two nations apart. Both nations—nations that could be described as the oldest and youngest on the planet—have an interest in reinforcing the bond between their two peoples, on working together to address common threats and challenges, and cooperating to realize the economic, social and political potential of their two nations.

Egypt and the U.S. need to work together

Foreign Policy 2016 (Over the course of almost half a century of award-winning journalism, design, and the presentation of important new ideas from the world’s leading thinkers, it has established itself at the forefront of media organizations devoted to the coverage of global affairs. Through Foreign Policy Magazine, their website, and FP Events, the FP Group reaches an international audience of millions and has become a trusted source of insight and analysis for leaders from government, business, finance, and the academic world.) ethical disclosure: the article is undated but contains references to events that took place in 2016, “Egypt and America: 5 Things You Need to Know,” https://foreignpolicy.com/sponsored/egypt-and-america-5-things-you-need-to-know/

The fact is, Egypt offers far more than this list could encompass—it could have included 10, 15, 50 reasons for strengthening the historic bonds between the United States and Egypt. Will it always be smooth and easy for Egypt and the U.S. to work together? Of course not. There will inevitably be setbacks. That should be expected, for any nation in the kind of transformation Egypt is experiencing. But what remains obvious is the clear progress Egypt has already made, and the potential for advancing stability, security and prosperity for the region—and the world—if Egypt and America seize this opportunity.

Egypt is a key ally

Dr. Mordechai Chaziza 2016 (Ph.D. from Bar-Ilan University. His research focuses on China’s foreign policy in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region; senior lecturer at the Department of Politics and Governance, Ashkelon Academic College, Israel), 25 Dec 2016, RUBIN CENTER—Research in International Affairs, “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: A New Stage in China-Egypt Relations,” http://www.rubincenter.org/2016/12/comprehensive-strategic-partnership-a-new-stage-in-china-egypt-relations/

Egypt is a major regional power with an important and influential role in the Sunni axis and the Arab world, as well as a key ally of Washington, thus also it plays a pivotal role for the U.S. in achieving its broader aims in the Middle East.



http://www.rubincenter.org/2016/12/comprehensive-strategic-partnership-a-new-stage-in-china-egypt-relations/

https://foreignpolicy.com/sponsored/egypt-and-america-5-things-you-need-to-know/





INHERENCY

Status quo budgets $1.3 billion/year in military aid to Egypt

Jeremy Sharp 2017 (specialist in Middle Eastern affairs with Congressional Research Service. Authors name derived from other copies of the same report elsewhere onine) 24 May 2017 “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20170324_RL33003_011a3a6e2964c5af734303647290cf16b6efbfc1.pdf

Between 1948 and 2016, the United States provided Egypt with $77.4 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars—not adjusted for inflation), including $1.3 billion a year in military aid from 1987 to the present. This report discusses the conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress.

Current American aid to Egypt is not enough

Mohamed Soliman 2018 (Huffington Fellow at the Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, where he focuses on US strategy in the Middle East. He appears frequently on television interviews to provide expert commentary on unfolding current events in the Middle East) 27 Apr 2018, “How America Can Help Egypt in its War On Terror,” https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror

Current American aid to Egypt has strengthened Egypt’s ability for conventional warfare, but has not enhanced the capabilities necessary to defeat IS in Sinai. The Egyptian army’s failure underscores the need to re-evaluate the effectiveness of the $1.3 billion in annual U.S. military support. This aid started as compensation for Egypt’s peace deal with Israel, by providing an alternative arms supplier to Cairo, and establishing a semi-military deterrence between Egypt and Israel.

Egyptian military is unprepared to deal with terrorist/insurgent groups -- needs more equipment

Jeremy Sharp 2018 (Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs, Congressional Research Service) Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations 7 June 2018 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf (brackets and ellipses in original)

Overall, some defense experts continue to view the Egyptian military as inadequately prepared, both doctrinally and tactically, to face the threat posed by terrorist/insurgent groups such as Sinai Province. According to a former U.S. National Security Council official, “they [the Egyptian military] understand they have got a problem in Sinai, but they have been unprepared to invest in the capabilities to deal with it.” To reorient the military toward unconventional warfare, the Egyptian military needs, according to one assessment, “heavy investment into rapid reaction forces equipped with sophisticated infantry weapons, optics and communication gear ... backed by enhanced intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance platforms. In order to transport them, Egypt would also need numerous modern aviation assets.

HARMS / SIGNIFICANCE

Islamic State (IS) current focus is on Egypt, creating an Islamist insurgency in Northern Sinai

Mohamed Soliman 2018 (Huffington Fellow at the Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, where he focuses on US strategy in the Middle East) 27 Apr 2018, “How America Can Help Egypt in its War On Terror,” https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror

In the past year, IS has lost most of its territories in Iraq and Syria. But having established a powerful base in Egypt since 2013, IS shifted its attention from Iraq and Syria to Egypt. There has been a continuous Islamist insurgency in Northern Sinai led by more than 1,000 IS fighters. The Sinai insurgency has had drastic consequences: the take-down of a Russian passenger plane in 2015 that killed all 224 people on board; the attacks on the Multinational Force of Observers (MFO), including American personnel Task Force of Sinai; the killing of more than 250 people in the al-Rawda mosque bombing of November 2017, and the targeting of Egypt’s Minister of Defense and Minister of Interior during their visit to al-Arish airport in December 2017.



https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf

https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20170324_RL33003_011a3a6e2964c5af734303647290cf16b6efbfc1.pdf


Big threat and numerous victims killed by ISIS in Egypt

Jeremy M. Sharp 2018 (Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs for the Congressional Research Service (CRS)), 7 June 2018, CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations,” https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf

Hundreds killed by Islamic State in Egypt

Reuters news service 2018. “Islamic State announces death of senior militant in Egypt's Sinai” 2 Oct 2018 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security/islamic-state-announces-death-of-senior-militant-in-egypts-sinai-idUSKCN1MC2BD

The Egyptian military and police have been conducting an operation in Sinai since February to crush militants affiliated with Islamic State. The operation came after an attack on a mosque last November that killed hundreds of worshippers.

Other terrorists besides ISIS are threatening Egypt

Jeremy M. Sharp 2018 (Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs for the Congressional Research Service (CRS)), 7 June 2018, CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations,” https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf






SOLVENCY / ADVOCACY

Cyber Security budget has $8 billion

Office of Management & Budget 2018. (executive branch agency that writes the federal budget for the President) “Budget of the United States Government” fiscal year 2019 https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/budget-fy2019.pdf (brackets added)

The Budget continues to place a high priority on cyber security and those responsible for providing it by requesting more than $8 billion in 2019 to advance DOD’s [Department of Defense] three primary cyber missions: safeguarding DOD’s networks, information and systems; supporting military commander objectives; and defending the Nation.

Increased U.S. military aid to Egypt is crucial. Islamic State gains a crucial foothold without it

Mohamed Soliman 2018 (security analyst in Egypt for the Washington Institute, which seeks to advance a balanced and realistic understanding of American interests in the Middle East and to promote the policies that secure them), 27 Apr 2018 “How America Can Help Egypt in its War On Terror,” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror

Faced with a stubborn common terrorist enemy, the United States should expand its military support for the Egyptian army’s capabilities, focusing more on training and equipping it to counter the Islamic State (IS) in Sinai. Without increased U.S. military aid, Egypt will be ill-equipped to counter the threat of IS, which will gain a crucial foothold that can expand into other parts of the Middle East.

Egypt is trying hard to control terrorism and cooperating with the U.S. and Israel

James Stavridis 2017 (contributor to Foreign Policy, a retired four-star U.S. Navy admiral and NATO supreme allied commander who serves today as the dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University) 24 Feb 2017, “Egypt Desperately Needs a Friend Right Now,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/egypt-desperately-needs-a-friend-right-now/

Although Egypt is facing terrorism from within, including flickers of the so-called Islamic State trying to penetrate the country, the security and intelligence services are doing a reasonable job controlling the threat. They are watching both Libya to the west and events in Gaza to the east with a wary eye, and cooperation with both U.S. and Israeli intelligence services is good.

The U.S. needs Egypt’s help in the war on terrorism

Dr. Ahmed Zewail updated 2015 (Nobel prize in Chemistry (1999); professor at the California Institute of Technology, serves on President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and special envoy for science to the Middle East) 5 Nov 2014 Updated 5 Jan 2015, HUFFINGTON POST, “Why It Would Be a Big Mistake for the U.S. to Cut Aid to Egypt,” https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/us-egypt-aid-sisi_b_6075224.html

Today, the U.S. needs Egypt’s partnership more than ever. In addition to the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, which is crucial to U.S. interests both domestically and in the Middle East, the U.S. has had and will continue to need Egypt’s collaboration in the war on terrorism. The U.S. has full access to the Suez Canal, and the military joint exercises already in existence are necessary for such wars and for the free flow of oil. Last month, northern Sinai was struck by terrorists groups, killing more than 30 Army personnel and wounding tens of innocent Egyptians. The Islamic State to the country’s east must be stopped from getting into the Sinai and the oil fields in Iraq and Saudi Arabia.



https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/us-egypt-aid-sisi_b_6075224.html


http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/egypt-desperately-needs-a-friend-right-now/

http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror

https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/budget-fy2019.pdf


Egypt is working to defeat Radical Islamist threats. President Sisi is doing exactly the right thing and we ought to support him

Joel C. Rosenberg 2017 (New York Times best-selling author; interviewed on hundreds of radio and TV shows, including ABC’s “Nightline,” CNN; addressed audiences at the White House and the Pentagon, Members of Congress on Capitol Hill, Members of the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa.) 26 Feb 2017 “It’s time to rebuild ties with Egypt. Here are six reasons why the U.S. & West should work closely with President el-Sisi. He’s making progress, and he needs help.” https://flashtrafficblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/26/its-time-to-rebuild-ties-with-egypt-here-are-six-reasons-why-the-u-s-west-should-work-closely-with-president-el-sisi-hes-making-progress-and-he-needs-help/

He is working around the clock to defeat the Radical Islamist jihadist threat to Egypt and her neighbors. In the summer of 2013, after 22 million Egyptians signed a petition to remove the Brotherhood from power, el-Sisi and the Egyptian military brought down the Brotherhood regime that was strangling Egypt and was trying to impose Sharia law. They specifically removed Mohammed Morsi from power. Remember that Morsi, the Brotherhood leader who briefly rose to the presidency in Egypt, is the man who famously said during a speech, “The Koran is our constitution, the Prophet is our leader, jihad is our path and death in the name of Allah is our goal.” Many other Brotherhood leaders were arrested. El-Sisi and his colleagues were absolutely right to remove Morsi and the Brotherhood from power, despite widespread condemnations from President Obama and many world leaders. Since then, the former general has directed his military to crush the jihadists operating in the Sinai.

ADVANTAGES

The U.S. needs Egypt’s help in the war on terrorism

Dr. Ahmed Zewail updated 2015 (Nobel laureate for Chemistry (Nobel Prize in 1999). Currently he’s a professor at the California Institute of Technology, serves on President Obama’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and is the president’s special envoy for science to the Middle East) 5 Nov 2014 Updated 5 Jan 2015, HUFFINGTON POST, “Why It Would Be a Big Mistake for the U.S. to Cut Aid to Egypt,” https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/us-egypt-aid-sisi_b_6075224.html

Today, the U.S. needs Egypt’s partnership more than ever. In addition to the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, which is crucial to U.S. interests both domestically and in the Middle East, the U.S. has had and will continue to need Egypt’s collaboration in the war on terrorism. The U.S. has full access to the Suez Canal, and the military joint exercises already in existence are necessary for such wars and for the free flow of oil. Last month, northern Sinai was struck by terrorists groups, killing more than 30 Army personnel and wounding tens of innocent Egyptians. The Islamic State to the country’s east must be stopped from getting into the Sinai and the oil fields in Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

Helping Egypt fight terrorism is in the U.S. interest

Seth Binder and William D. Hartung 2018 (Binder—an expert in security assistance and Middle East affairs at Strategic Research & Analysis. Hartung—Director of the Arms and Security Project at the Center for International Policy and the author of Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex) 28 Mar 2018, “Time To Rethink U.S. Military Aid To Egypt,” https://lobelog.com/time-to-rethink-u-s-military-aid-to-egypt/

Free and fair elections may not be happening, but Egypt does have legitimate threats to its security that must be taken into account in gauging the terms and amounts for U.S. aid. Terror attacks by groups like the Islamic State’s Wilayat Sinai have occurred frequently in recent years, resulting in hundreds of deaths to security forces and civilians. These have included the Palm Sunday bombings that killed 49 and Egypt’s deadliest terror attack in modern history, which killed 305 people in an attack on a Sufi mosque. Certainly helping Egypt address these threats is in the U.S. interest.



https://lobelog.com/time-to-rethink-u-s-military-aid-to-egypt/

https://lobelog.com/time-to-rethink-u-s-military-aid-to-egypt/


https://flashtrafficblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/26/its-time-to-rebuild-ties-with-egypt-here-are-six-reasons-why-the-u-s-west-should-work-closely-with-president-el-sisi-hes-making-progress-and-he-needs-help/




It is critical to rebuild ties with Egypt

Joel C. Rosenberg 2017 (New York Times best-selling author of novels and non-fiction books, with nearly 5 million copies sold. He’s been interviewed on hundreds of radio and TV shows, including ABC’s “Nightline,” CNN, CNN Headline News, C-SPAN, Fox News, MSNBC; articles and columns have been published by National Review, FoxNews.com, CNN.com, the Jerusalem Post. He’s spoken to audiences and met with religious and government leaders all across the U.S. and Canada and around the world, including Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco; addressed audiences at the White House and the Pentagon.) 26 Feb 2017 “It’s time to rebuild ties with Egypt. Here are six reasons why the U.S. & West should work closely with President el-Sisi. He’s making progress, and he needs help.” https://flashtrafficblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/26/its-time-to-rebuild-ties-with-egypt-here-are-six-reasons-why-the-u-s-west-should-work-closely-with-president-el-sisi-hes-making-progress-and-he-needs-help/

As the Trump-Pence administration develops its plan to confront Iran, destroy ISIS and strengthen U.S.-Israel relations, it is critical that they also work hard to rebuild America’s ties with key Sunni Arab allies. I’ve written a great deal about Jordan. But we also need to focus on Egypt. President Abdel Fatah el-Sisi was routinely ignored and disrespected during the Obama years. This as a serious mistake, and should be promptly corrected.

Egypt is key to stability in the Middle East, and they’re advocating for religious tolerance, education reform, and women’s empowerment

Foreign Policy 2016 (Over the course of almost half a century of award-winning journalism, design, and the presentation of important new ideas from the world’s leading thinkers, it has established itself at the forefront of media organizations devoted to the coverage of global affairs. Through Foreign Policy Magazine, their website, and FP Events, the FP Group reaches an international audience of millions.) ethical disclosure: the article is undated but contains references to events that took place in 2016, “Egypt and America: 5 Things You Need to Know,” https://foreignpolicy.com/sponsored/egypt-and-america-5-things-you-need-to-know/

Egypt’s unique geographical positioning makes it the keystone to achieving stability in the Middle East. As home to the Arab world’s largest population, Egypt can help build public support among other moderate populations in the Middle East. It is advocating for religious tolerance, education reform and women’s empowerment—important areas where it is already leading the Arab world by example. Egyptian-produced media – movies, entertainment programs and talk shows – are the most watched across the Arab world.

Foreign Military Sales help the U.S. economy and creates jobs

Bilal Y. Saab 2018 (Executive Director and Head of Research & Public Affairs of the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis (INEGMA) North America) 22 Feb 2018, THE NATIONAL INTEREST, “What Does America Get for Its Military Aid?,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-does-america-get-its-military-aid-24605?page=show

Massive U.S. foreign military sales (FMS) to Arab partners throughout these years have also done wonders for the U.S. economy. They have generated trillions of dollars’ worth of revenue, created hundreds of thousands of jobs in the American defense industry and boosted efficiency in U.S. military budgets by reducing unit costs.



http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-does-america-get-its-military-aid-24605?page=show

http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-does-america-get-its-military-aid-24605?page=show






Example: The General Dynamics manufacturing facility in Lima, Ohio

Shana Marshall 2012 (Contributor to Foreign Policy, Research fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University), 29 Feb 2012, “Why the U.S. won’t cut military aid to Egypt,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/29/why-the-u-s-wont-cut-military-aid-to-egypt/

Although domestic interest groups are rarely invoked in the debate over military aid to Egypt, the $1.3 billion in annual assistance represents a significant subsidy to U.S. weapons manufacturers. For instance, the General Dynamics manufacturing facility in Lima, Ohio where the M1A1 Abrams tank is built will not have more work orders from the U.S. Army until 2017 when the current M1 tank fleet is up for refurbishing. Egypt’s latest $1.3 billion order of 125 M1A1s (Cairo’s 11th order since the late 1980s) will keep those production lines open until 2014 building knock down kits that are then shipped and assembled in Egypt. Although shipping fully assembled tanks to Egypt would employ more U.S. workers, without the contract the Lima plant (in a crucial electoral swing state) would shutter its doors and General Dynamics’s bottom line would take a serious hit. Looming reductions in the U.S. defense budget have made General Dynamics and other defense producers even more concerned with keeping such funding channels open.

General Dynamics is only one of several contractors that get sales boosts from Egypt

Shana Marshall 2012 (Contributor to Foreign Policy, Research fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University), 29 Feb 2012, “Why the U.S. won’t cut military aid to Egypt,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/29/why-the-u-s-wont-cut-military-aid-to-egypt/

General Dynamics is only one of several tier-1 contractors that will get a boost from the recent M1A1 sale to Egypt; others include Honeywell (of Arizona) and Allison Transmission (of Indiana). A cable from the U.S. embassy in Cairo released by Wikileaks demonstrates the interest that the U.S. Government has in using aid to Egypt to promote the interests of domestic weapons producers. In the cable, U.S. military planners are said to be “especially concerned” that without the tank sale to Egypt, Allison may not be able to “maintain its transmission line’s profitability.”

DISADVANTAGE RESPONSES

1. A/T: “Human Rights Violations” — Not a problem and wouldn’t improve with a NEG ballot

US aid is justified: Egyptian President Sisi is reforming and has majority support of the people

Dr. Ahmed Zewail updated 2015 (Nobel laureate for Chemistry (1999); professor at California Institute of Technology, serves on President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and is the president’s special envoy for science to the Middle East) 5 Nov 2014 Updated 5 Jan 2015, HUFFINGTON POST, “Why It Would Be a Big Mistake for the U.S. to Cut Aid to Egypt,” https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/us-egypt-aid-sisi_b_6075224.html

At this pivotal time, the U.S. should assist Egypt through direct dialogue and partnership. The leverage is America’s soft power, access to the American market, a free trade agreement and the aid to build new educational and democratic institutions. The so-called Arab Spring has proved that the fall of a Mubarak-like presidency does not mean the immediate rise of democracy. In spite of this, I am confident that Egypt will not return to an authoritarian governing system again, and that with some time, it will achieve its democratic goals. Egypt is facing monumental problems. Besides the issues of security to its east (the Islamic State), to its west (Libya), and in the south (Yemen), there are internal issues — economic and unemployment factors — of grave concern. But despite this, Sisi has managed to get the majority of Egyptians behind him, taken serious steps toward reforming the ailing economy, and given hope to the country by initiating major national projects, such as the New Suez Canal and the new City of Science and Technology. He is the first president to form a Council of Advisors of scientists and engineers to aid him in solving major national problems. As the the Economist put it in a piece about Sisi’s first 100 days, the president, “has brought economic and diplomatic advances as well as hope to Egyptians wearied by years of political turmoil.” Threatening Egypt with aid cuts is not in the best interest of the U.S.-Egypt relationship. The issue is no longer Sisi alone. Rather, it is “We the People” who are also deciding on future relationships, not only with the U.S., but also with Israel.





http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/29/why-the-u-s-wont-cut-military-aid-to-egypt/

http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/29/why-the-u-s-wont-cut-military-aid-to-egypt/


Egypt’s theme is ‘safe before perfect’—they’ll try to improve human rights, but top priority is terrorism

James Stavridis 2017 (contributor to Foreign Policy, a retired four-star U.S. Navy admiral and NATO supreme allied commander who serves today as the dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. His latest book is The Leader's Bookshelf) 24 Feb 2017, “Egypt Desperately Needs a Friend Right Now,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/egypt-desperately-needs-a-friend-right-now/

Led by a technocratic team assembled by President Sisi, the Egyptian government’s theme is “safe before perfect,” meaning it will try to improve on human rights but the top priority is ensuring day-to-day safety on the streets and freedom from terrorism.

Egypt is trying to do better on human rights and is improving and the need for strong alliance outweighs human rights concerns

Joel C. Rosenberg 2017 (New York Times best-selling author of novels and non-fiction books, with nearly 5 million copies sold. He’s been interviewed on hundreds of radio and TV shows, articles and columns have been published by National Review, FoxNews.com, CNN.com, the Jerusalem Post, World magazine, and the Washington Times, among others; addressed audiences at the White House and the Pentagon, addressed Members of Congress on Capitol Hill, Members of the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa, and addressed a conference held at the EU Parliament in Brussels.) 26 Feb 2017 “It’s time to rebuild ties with Egypt. Here are six reasons why the U.S. & West should work closely with President el-Sisi. He’s making progress, and he needs help.” https://flashtrafficblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/26/its-time-to-rebuild-ties-with-egypt-here-are-six-reasons-why-the-u-s-west-should-work-closely-with-president-el-sisi-hes-making-progress-and-he-needs-help/

Yes, there are human rights violations in Egypt, serious economic challenges and numerous other issues that el-Sisi needs to address. One analyst of the Egyptian political scene notes that “the Egyptian government’s theme is ‘safe before perfect,’ meaning it will try to improve on human rights but the top priority is ensuring day-to-day safety on the streets and freedom from terrorism.” The U.S. government — along with the Christian and Jewish communities — should continue to press Egypt’s leaders to do the right thing, sooner rather than later. At the same time, we should also be thanking el-Sisi for what he has done right, and encouraging him to move further in the right direction. The West needs a safe and stable Egypt as a friend and an ally — now more than ever.

Refusing military aid for Egypt would be ineffective at shaping their policies, so it wouldn’t improve human rights to vote Negative

David Schenker 2013 (director of the Program on Arab Politics at The Washington Institute. Previously, he served in the Office of the Secretary of Defense as Levant country director, the Pentagon's top policy aide on the Arab countries of the Levant; former research fellow at The Washington Institute, focusing on Arab governance issues and a project coordinator a Bethesda-based contractor of large, centrally-funded USAID projects in Egypt and Jordan), 4 Sept 2013, “Inside the Complex World of U.S. Military Assistance to Egypt,” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/inside-the-complex-world-of-u.s.-military-assistance-to-egypt (brackets added; FMF is US military aid)

The potential suspension of the FMF [Foreign Military Financing] program with Egypt could entail some high strategic and domestic costs for the United States. And given the Egyptian military's view of the struggle with the Muslim Brotherhood, such a move would likely prove ineffective in shaping decisionmaking in Cairo. Therefore, even if cutting aid is deemed consistent with past legislation, it would be counterproductive in terms of policy.



http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/inside-the-complex-world-of-u.s.-military-assistance-to-egypt

http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/inside-the-complex-world-of-u.s.-military-assistance-to-egypt



http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/egypt-desperately-needs-a-friend-right-now/


2. A/T “Cutting cyber security budget” – that’s a good thing, not a bad thing

Bad use of money: Cyber terror threat is unlikely

Maura Conway 2014 (School of Law and Government, Dublin City Univ.) 26 May 2014 “Reality Check: Assessing the (Un)Likelihood of Cyberterrorism” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-0962-9_6

This chapter argues that debates around the threat posed by cyberterrorism have been dominated by a focus on issues relating to technological potentialities. To balance this, it focuses on the ‘terrorism’ aspect of cyberterrorism, arguing that it is important to situate cyber attacks within an analysis of terrorist interests and options. Doing so, it argues, leads to a far more optimistic forecast of the likelihood of cyberterrorism than is common, for four reasons. First, the costs of cyber attacks—although difficult to estimate—are vastly higher than those of non-cyber equivalents, such as car bombings. Second, terrorist groups typically lack the mastery to carry out successful cyber attacks which are exponentially more difficult than non-cyber terrorism. Third, the destructive potential of non-cyber attacks can be far more readily materialised than that of cyber attacks. And, fourth, cyberterrorism lacks the theatricality of more conventional attacks and therefore is likely to be less desirable to terrorist groups. Taken together, these four arguments indicate that cyberterrorism remains far less likely than is frequently supposed.

Link: Increasing cyber security leads to spying on American citizens

New York Times citing former Homeland Security official Rod Beckstrom, 2009. (Beckstrom is former director of the National Cyber Security Center at the Homeland Security Department) article written by journalists James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, 16 Apr 2009 NEW YORK TIMES https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/us/politics/17cyber.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=A773675558BD374D7B7E4824D349D4C2&gwt=pay

Mr. Beckstrom said he believed that an intelligence service that is supposed to focus on foreign targets should not be given so much control over the flow of information within the United States government. To detect threats against the computer infrastructure — including hackers, viruses and intrusions by foreign agents and terrorists — cybersecurity guardians must have virtually unlimited access to networks. Mr. Beckstrom argues that those responsibilities should be divided among agencies. “I have very serious concerns about the concentration of too much power in one agency,” he said. “Power over information is so important, and it is so difficult to monitor, that we need to have checks and balances.” Government officials have acknowledged that the agency has gone beyond the broad limits set by Congress last year for intercepting telephone and e-mail messages of Americans. Leading Democratic and Republican lawmakers and civil liberties groups voiced strong concerns Thursday after The New York Times reported the breach.

Impact: Tyranny that outweighs any protection from terrorism

Bruce Schneier 2005. (internationally renowned security technologist and author; he has testified on security before Congress on several occasions; master’s degree in computer science from American Univ. ) Minneapolis Star Tribune 20 Dec 2005 http://www.schneier.com/essay-102.html

This is, fundamentally, why this issue crossed political lines in Congress. If the president can ignore laws regulating surveillance and wiretapping, why is Congress bothering to debate reauthorizing certain provisions of the Patriot Act? Any debate over laws is predicated on the belief that the executive branch will follow the law. This is not a partisan issue between Democrats and Republicans; it's a president unilaterally overriding the Fourth Amendment, Congress and the Supreme Court. Unchecked presidential power has nothing to do with how much you either love or hate George W. Bush. You have to imagine this power in the hands of the person you most don't want to see as president, whether it be Dick Cheney or Hillary Rodham Clinton, Michael Moore or Ann Coulter. Laws are what give us security against the actions of the majority and the powerful. If we discard our constitutional protections against tyranny in an attempt to protect us from terrorism, we're all less safe as a result.



http://www.schneier.com/essay-102.html

http://www.startribune.com/stories/562/5793639.html

http://www.startribune.com/stories/562/5793639.html

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-0962-9_6

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-0962-9_6


WORKS CITED

1. Merriam Webster Online Dict. copyright 2018 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial

2. Collins English Dictionary 2018 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/foreign-policy

3. Embassy of Egypt, 2017 (Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in Washington D.C.) (ethical disclosure: the article is undated but contains references to events that took place in April 2017), “Egypt-U.S. Relations: Security,” http://www.egyptembassy.net/egypt-us-relations/strategic-partnership/security/

4. Mohamed Soliman 2018 (Huffington Fellow at the Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, where he focuses on US strategy in the Middle East. He appears frequently on television interviews to provide expert commentary on unfolding current events in the Middle East) 27 Apr 2018, “How America Can Help Egypt in its War On Terror,” https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/how-america-can-help-egypt-in-its-war-on-terror

5. Yoram Schweitzer and Dr. Ofir Winter 2017 ( Schweitzer— an expert on international terrorism, Senior Research Fellow for Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) and head of the INSS Program on Terrorism and Low Intensity Conflict; formerly served as a consultant on counter-terror strategies to the Israeli prime minister's office and the Ministry of Defense; MA in military and diplomatic history from Tel Aviv University. Winter— a research fellow at INSS, PhD from the Dept of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University) 29 Nov 2017, INSS, “The War on Terrorism in Sinai: A Watershed?” http://www.inss.org.il/publication/war-terrorism-sinai-watershed/

6. European Parliament Directorate-General for External Policies 2018. (Policy Department, research agency of the European Parliament) A stable Egypt for a stable region: Socio-economic challenges and Prospects, January 2018 www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603858/EXPO_STU(2018)603858_EN.pdf

7. Farah Najjar 2017 (Online producer at Al Jazeera English covering the Middle East region, quoting James Gelvin —a professor of Middle East history at the Univ.of California) 3 Oct 2017, “Why US aid to Egypt is never under threat,” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/aid-egypt-threat-171002093316209.html

8. Janosch Delcker 2013 (contributor to Deutsche Welle (DW), which is Germany’s international broadcaster) 10 July 2013, “US arms industry profits from aid funds to Egypt,” http://www.dw.com/en/us-arms-industry-profits-from-aid-funds-to-egypt/a-17142225

9. Wu Sike 2015 (Contributor to China-US Focus; member of the Foreign Policy Consulting Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference), 20 Jan 2015, CHINA-US FOCUS, “Egypt — Key to Stability in the Middle East,” https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/egypt-key-to-stability-in-the-middle-east

10. Frank G. Wisner and Dr. Paul Salem 2017 ( Wisner —former U.S. ambassador to Egypt from 1986–91. He graduated from Princeton University with a B.A. degree. Salem —the Vice President for Policy and Research at the Middle East Institute. Education: B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Harvard University) 3 Apr 2017 THE NATIONAL INTEREST, “America and Egypt Need Each Other,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/america-egypt-need-each-other-19993




11. Foreign Policy 2016 (Over the course of almost half a century of award-winning journalism, design, and the presentation of important new ideas from the world’s leading thinkers, it has established itself at the forefront of media organizations devoted to the coverage of global affairs. Through Foreign Policy Magazine, their website, and FP Events, the FP Group reaches an international audience of millions and has become a trusted source of insight and analysis for leaders from government, business, finance, and the academic world.) ethical disclosure: the article is undated but contains references to events that took place in 2016, “Egypt and America: 5 Things You Need to Know,” https://foreignpolicy.com/sponsored/egypt-and-america-5-things-you-need-to-know/

12. Dr. Mordechai Chaziza 2016 (Ph.D. from Bar-Ilan University. His research focuses on China’s foreign policy in the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region; senior lecturer at the Department of Politics and Governance, Ashkelon Academic College, Israel), 25 Dec 2016, RUBIN CENTER—Research in International Affairs, “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: A New Stage in China-Egypt Relations,” http://www.rubincenter.org/2016/12/comprehensive-strategic-partnership-a-new-stage-in-china-egypt-relations/

13. Jeremy Sharp 2017 (specialist in Middle Eastern affairs with Congressional Research Service. Authors name derived from other copies of the same report elsewhere onine) 24 May 2017 “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations” https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20170324_RL33003_011a3a6e2964c5af734303647290cf16b6efbfc1.pdf

14. Reuters news service 2018. “Islamic State announces death of senior militant in Egypt's Sinai” 2 Oct 2018 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security/islamic-state-announces-death-of-senior-militant-in-egypts-sinai-idUSKCN1MC2BD

15. Jeremy M. Sharp 2018 (Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs for the Congressional Research Service (CRS)), 7 June 2018, CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations,” https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33003.pdf

16. Office of Management & Budget 2018. (executive branch agency that writes the federal budget for the President) “Budget of the United States Government” fiscal year 2019 https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/budget-fy2019.pdf (brackets added)

17. James Stavridis 2017 (contributor to Foreign Policy, a retired four-star U.S. Navy admiral and NATO supreme allied commander who serves today as the dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University) 24 Feb 2017, “Egypt Desperately Needs a Friend Right Now,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/egypt-desperately-needs-a-friend-right-now/

18. Dr. Ahmed Zewail updated 2015 (Nobel prize in Chemistry (1999); professor at the California Institute of Technology, serves on President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and special envoy for science to the Middle East) 5 Nov 2014 Updated 5 Jan 2015, HUFFINGTON POST, “Why It Would Be a Big Mistake for the U.S. to Cut Aid to Egypt,” https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/us-egypt-aid-sisi_b_6075224.html

19. Joel C. Rosenberg 2017 (New York Times best-selling author; interviewed on hundreds of radio and TV shows, including ABC’s “Nightline,” CNN; addressed audiences at the White House and the Pentagon, Members of Congress on Capitol Hill, Members of the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa.) 26 Feb 2017 “It’s time to rebuild ties with Egypt. Here are six reasons why the U.S. & West should work closely with President el-Sisi. He’s making progress, and he needs help.” https://flashtrafficblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/26/its-time-to-rebuild-ties-




with-egypt-here-are-six-reasons-why-the-u-s-west-should-work-closely-with-president-el-sisi-hes-making-progress-and-he-needs-help/

20. Dr. Ahmed Zewail updated 2015 (Nobel laureate for Chemistry (Nobel Prize in 1999). Currently he’s a professor at the California Institute of Technology, serves on President Obama’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, and is the president’s special envoy for science to the Middle East) 5 Nov 2014 Updated 5 Jan 2015, HUFFINGTON POST, “Why It Would Be a Big Mistake for the U.S. to Cut Aid to Egypt,” https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/us-egypt-aid-sisi_b_6075224.html

21. Seth Binder and William D. Hartung 2018 ( Binder —an expert in security assistance and Middle East affairs at Strategic Research & Analysis. Hartung —Director of the Arms and Security Project at the Center for International Policy and the author of Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex) 28 Mar 2018, “Time To Rethink U.S. Military Aid To Egypt,” https://lobelog.com/time-to-rethink-u-s-military-aid-to-egypt/

22. Bilal Y. Saab 2018 (Executive Director and Head of Research & Public Affairs of the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis (INEGMA) North America) 22 Feb 2018, THE NATIONAL INTEREST, “What Does America Get for Its Military Aid?,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-does-america-get-its-military-aid-24605?page=show

23. Shana Marshall 2012 (Contributor to Foreign Policy, Research fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University), 29 Feb 2012, “Why the U.S. won’t cut military aid to Egypt,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/29/why-the-u-s-wont-cut-military-aid-to-egypt/

24. James Stavridis 2017 (contributor to Foreign Policy, a retired four-star U.S. Navy admiral and NATO supreme allied commander who serves today as the dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. His latest book is The Leader's Bookshelf) 24 Feb 2017, “Egypt Desperately Needs a Friend Right Now,” http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/egypt-desperately-needs-a-friend-right-now/

25. David Schenker 2013 (director of the Program on Arab Politics at The Washington Institute. Previously, he served in the Office of the Secretary of Defense as Levant country director, the Pentagon's top policy aide on the Arab countries of the Levant; former research fellow at The Washington Institute, focusing on Arab governance issues and a project coordinator a Bethesda-based contractor of large, centrally-funded USAID projects in Egypt and Jordan), 4 Sept 2013, “Inside the Complex World of U.S. Military Assistance to Egypt,” http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/inside-the-complex-world-of-u.s.-military-assistance-to-egypt (brackets added; FMF is US military aid)

26. Maura Conway 2014 (School of Law and Government, Dublin City Univ.) 26 May 2014 “Reality Check: Assessing the (Un)Likelihood of Cyberterrorism” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-0962-9_6

27. New York Times citing former Homeland Security official Rod Beckstrom, 2009. (Beckstrom is former director of the National Cyber Security Center at the Homeland Security Department) article written by journalists James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, 16 Apr 2009 NEW YORK TIMES https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/us/politics/17cyber.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=A773675558BD374D7B7E4824D349D4C2&gwt=pay

28. Bruce Schneier 2005. (internationally renowned security technologist and author; he has testified on security before Congress on several occasions; master’s degree in computer science from American Univ. ) Minneapolis Star Tribune 20 Dec 2005 http://www.schneier.com/essay-102.html



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