2010.september preweek reviewer final

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Pre-Week Reviewer in Political Law(Doctinal Rulings, Requisites and Definitions11)

September, 2010

Prepared by

ATTY. LARRY D. GACAYAN Professor of Law

UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF LAW

Baguio City

(POLITICAL LAW REVIEW, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II )

BAR REVIEWER (Political Law/Constitutional Law)

CPRS BAR REVIEW CENTER Davao City Iloilo City Cagayan !" O#o City an! $a%&oanga City

EXCELLENT BAR REVIEW CENTER

'aga City aclo&an City an! Baguio City

COSMOPOLITAN BAR REVIEW CENTER (CRC)

Baguio City

OL* RI'I* BAR REVIEW CE'ER G"n"#al +antos City

POWERHAUS LAW REVIEW CENTER , -" ".a%in"" is #"su%"! to -av" %ast"#"! t-" Constitutional #ovisions0



Baguio City +antiago City ag&ila#an City an! 1anila

PART I---POLITICAL LAW

1. Define Political Law

It is t-at &#anc- o2 u&lic law w-ic- !"als wit- t-" o#gani3ation an!

o"#ations o2 t-" gov"#n%"ntal o#gans o2 t-" +tat" an! !"2in"s t-"

#"lations o2 t-" +tat" wit- t-" in-a&itants o2 its t"##ito#y0 (PEOPLE

VS. PERFECTO, 43 Phi. !!")

2. What are included in Political Law?

• Constitutional Law4

• A!%inist#ativ" Law

•Law o2 Pu&lic O22ic"#s

• Law on Pu&lic Co#o#ation

• El"ction Law

56a0 Is t-" #ovision o2 t-" Co!" o2 Co%%"#c" #o-i&iting 7ustic"s an!

7u!g"s 2#o% "ngaging in &usin"ss violat"! &y a 7u!g" w-o is a P#"si!"nt o2 a

co#o#ation in L"yt" w-"#" -is cou#t sits8

'o &"caus" t-" sai! #ovision is a olitical law an! t-"#"2o#" t-"

sa%" was a&#ogat"! w-"n t-"#" was a c-ang" o2 sov"#"ignty 2#o% +ain tot-" 9nit"! +tat"s at t-" tu#n o2 t-" c"ntu#y0 (MACARIOLA VS. #UD$E

ASUNCION, %%4 SCRA %"")

3. What is the doctrine of constitutional supremacy?

9n!"# t-" !oct#in" o2 constitutional su#"%acy i2 a law

o# cont#act violat"s any no#% o2 t-" constitution t-at law o#

cont#act w-"t-"# #o%ulgat"! &y t-" l"gislativ" o# &y t-"

"."cutiv" &#anc- o# "nt"#"! into &y #ivat" "#sons 2o# #ivat"

u#os"s is null an! voi! an! wit-out any 2o#c" an! "22"ct0-us sinc" t-" Constitution is t-" 2un!a%"ntal a#a%ount an!

su#"%" law o2 t-" nation it is !""%"! w#itt"n in "v"#y statut"

an! cont#act0

4. What are the requisites for the eercise of !people"s initiati#e$ to

amend the %onstitution?

22



It is #ovi!"! un!"# +"ction 5 A#t0 :VII o2 t-" Constitution w-ic-

#ovi!"s t-at ;A%"n!%"nts to t-is Constitution %ay li<"wis" &" !i#"ctly

#oos"! &y t-" "ol" t-#oug- initiativ" uon a "tition o2 at l"ast ,5= o2

t-" total nu%&"# o2 #"gist"#"! vot"#s o2 w-ic- "v"#y l"gislativ" !ist#ict %ust

&" #"#"s"nt"! &y at l"ast >= o2 t-" #"gist"#"! vot"# t-"#"in0? -" Cong#"ss

s-all #ovi!" 2o# t-" i%l"%"ntation o2 t-" "."#cis" o2 t-is #ig-t0 In s-o#t

t-"#" %ust &" a law "nact"! &y Cong#"ss 2i#st0

&. 's there a law now which would pro#ide for the mechanism for

the people to propose amendments to the %onstitution by people"s

initiati#e?

W-il" Cong#"ss -a! "nact"! RA @> u#o#t"!ly to #ovi!" t-"

%"c-anis%s 2o# t-" "ol"s "."#cis" t-" ow"# to a%"n! t-" Constitution &y "ol"s initiativ" t-" +u#"%" Cou#t in 1IRIA1 DEFE'+OR6

+A'IAGO "t al0 Vs0 CO1ELEC G0R0 'o0 ,5>5 1a#c- , ,

un" , , t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at RA &"3' i i*+/,

i0120/ + 50/i6 i /i0 / 01 *+1i/i+ i+70 0

ii/i0/i8 + 01/ /+ /h C+/i//i+ i *+*1. I/ 0*0

+ /hi 9/0/i8 0// 0 70/0 01 *0+/ 9 *1 9:

;+5i6< /h COMELEC /+ +60/ *h 01

60/i+ 0 0: 9 *0: /+ *0: /h + +7 /hi 0*/.

I LAMBINO VS. COMELEC, h+58, /h S C+/ +

N+89 =%, =>>&, i /h Mi/ R+/i+ +7 /h /i/i+? M+/i+

7+ R*+i10/i+, h1 /h0/ RA N+. &"3' i 0120/ 01 *+/

7+ /h + +7 ++i6 01/ /+ /h C+/i//i+ /h+6h

+? ii/i0/i8 9: 0 8+/ +7 %> 9 0 C/i7i*0/i+ +7 /h E

B0*? C@ +7 C+/.

&(a. )ay the question !Do you appro#e the amendment of *rticles

+' and +'' of the 1,- Philippine %onstitution chan/in/ the form of

/o#ernment from Presidential(0icameral to Parliamentary(nicameral$be allowed to be submitted to the people for their ratification or reection

as a means of amendin/ the %onstitution by people"s initiati#e if the

requisite number of si/natories 12 nationwide and at least 3 for e#ery

le/islati#e district5 are met?

'o 2o# two (5) #"asons0

33



,0 -" sai! ;#oosal? !i! not in!icat" w-ic- #ovisions o2 A#ticl"s

VI an! VII a#" actually &"ing a%"n!"! w-ic- is a %ust un!"# +"ction 5 A#t0

:VII0 Ot-"#wis" w-o s-all %a<" t-" a%"n!%"nts i2 t-" "ol" in a

l"&iscit" a#ov" t-" sa%"4

50 C-anging t-" 2o#% o2 gov"#n%"nt 2#o% #"si!"ntial to

a#lia%"nta#y is an act o2 REVI+I'G t-" Constitution w-ic- is not allow"!

un!"# A#t0 :VII +"ction 50 P"ol"s initiativ" %ay only &" allow"! to

#oos" a%"n!%"nts to t-" Constitution not #"vision0

6. What are the requisites before an amendment to the %onstitution

by !people"s initiati#e$ is sufficient in form and in substance?

In t-" cas" o2 RA9L L0 LA1BI'O an! ERICO B0 A91E'ADO tog"t-"# wit- @>55 #"gist"#"! vot"#s vs0 E CO11I++IO' O'

ELECIO'+ G0R0 'o0 ,H,> Octo&"# 5 5@ +CRA ,@ t-"

2ollowing #"uisit"s %ust &" #"s"ntJ

,0 -" "ol" %ust aut-o# an! %ust sign t-" "nti#" #oosal0 'o

ag"nt o# #"#"s"ntativ" can sign 2o# an! on t-"i# &"-al24

50 As an initiativ" uon a "tition E PROPO+AL 19+ BE

E1BODIED I' A PEIIO'0

-"s" "ss"ntial "l"%"nts a#" #"s"nt only i2 t-" 2ull t".t o2 t-"

#oos"! a%"n!%"nts is 2i#st s-own to t-" "ol" w-o will ".#"ss t-"i#

ass"nt &y signing suc- co%l"t" #oosal in a "tition0 -us an a%"n!%"nt

is ;DIRECL* PROPO+ED B* E PEOPLE RO9G I'IIAIVE

9PO' A PEIIO' ; O'L* IF E PEOPLE +IG' O' A PEIIO'

A OC'AI'+ E F9LL E: OF E PROPO+ED

A1E'D1E'+0

. Distin/uish !7e#ision$ from !amendment$ of the %onstitution.

;R8ii+< is t-" alt"#ations o2 t-" !i22"#"nt o#tions o2

t-" "nti#" !ocu%"nt KConstitution0 It %ay #"sult in t-"

#"w#iting w-"t-"# t-" w-ol" constitution o# t-" g#"at"# o#tion

o2 it o# "#-as so%" o2 its i%o#tant #ovisions0 But w-at"v"#

#"sults t-" #"vision %ay #o!uc" t-" 2acto# t-at c-a#act"#i3"s it

as an act o2 #"vision is t-" o#iginal int"ntion an! lan aut-o#i3"!

44



to &" ca##i"! out0 -at int"ntion an! lan %ust cont"%lat" a

consi!"#ation o2 all t-" #ovisions o2 t-" Constitution to

!"t"#%in" w-ic- on" s-oul! &" alt"#"! o# su#"ss"! o#

w-"t-"# t-" w-ol" !ocu%"nt s-oul! &" #"lac"! wit- an

"nti#"ly n"w on"0

;A1/< o2 t-" Constitution on t-" ot-"# -an!

"nvisag"s a c-ang" o# only a 2"w s"ci2ic #ovisions0 -"

int"ntion o2 an act to a%"n! is not to consi!"# t-" a!visa&ility

o2 c-anging t-" "nti#" constitution o# o2 consi!"#ing t-at

ossi&ility0 -" int"ntion #at-"# is to i%#ov" s"ci2ic a#ts o2

t-" ".isting constitution o# to a!! to it #ovisions !""%"!

"ss"ntial on account o2 c-ang"! con!itions o# to su#"ss

o#tions o2 it t-at s""% o&sol"t" o# !ang"#ous o# %isl"a!ing in

t-"i# "22"ct0 (+I'CO Vic"nt" PILIPPI'E POLIICALLAW)

-. )ay %on/ress propose amendments to the %onstitution while at

the same time callin/ for a %onstitutional %on#ention to amend the

%onstitution?

Yes, there is no prohibition for Congress to propose

amendments to the Constitution and at the same time call for the convening

of a Constitutional Convention to amend the Constitution. The word “or” in

the provision “…Congress, upon a vote of ¾ of all its members; ! "#$ %

constitutional Convention” under &ection ', %rt. ()** also means “%+”.

- 89:;*L<= +=. %9)<L<%> =% SCRA ""4 5

,. What is the !Doctrine of Proper =ubmission$ in connection with

proposed amendments to the %onstitution?

“octrine of roper &ubmission” means all the proposed

amendments to the Constitution shall be presented to the people for the

ratification or re/ection at the same time, not piecemeal. -T01+T*+ )&.C2101C, 3' &C!% 45#6

,0 W-at is t-" a#c-i"lagic !oct#in" o# a#c-i"lago t-"o#y8

It is t-" 5n! s"nt"nc" o2 +"ction , A#t0 I o2 t-" Constitution w-ic-

stat"s t-at ;t-" wat"#s a#oun! &"tw""n an! conn"cting t-" islan!s o2 t-"

55



a#c-i"lago #"ga#!l"ss o2 t-"i# &#"a!t- an! !i%"nsions 2o#% a#t o2 t-"

int"#nal wat"#s o2 t-" P-iliin"s0?

11. What are the elements of !state$?

As -"l! in C001CT! )&. C%2& !71%, 3# &C!% #8, the

"l"%"nts o2 a stat" a#"0

,0 "ol"

50 t"##ito#y

>0 sov"#"ignty

H0 gov"#n%"nt

12. *re the two(fold function of /o#ernment as enumerated by the

=upreme %ourt in 0*%*:' +=. :*%9%9> 1 Phil. 46- )inistrant

@merely directoryA and %onstituent @)andatoryA Bunctions5 still applicabletoday?

+o more as held in %CC9% )&. C7:C, 85 &C!% 3<. This is !u"

to co%l".iti"s o2 t-" c-anging soci"ty t-" two62ol! 2unction o2 t-"

gov"#n%"nt as classi2i"! &y P#"si!"nt Wilson is no long"# #"l"vant as a

#"sult o2 t-" c-anging soci"ty w-"#"in w-at a#" consi!"#"! %"#"ly %inist#ant

2unctions o2 t-" +tat" &"2o#" a#" now consi!"#"! constitu"nt o# vic" v"#sa0

13. What Cind of /o#ernment was the !*quino 8o#ernment$ after

former President )arcos left )alacanan/ for awaii due to the <D=*

7e#olution in Bebruary 1,-6.

%s held in *n !e= SATURNINO BERMUDE, %4' SCRA %&>, t-"

sa%" is !" 7u#"0 A gov"#n%"nt 2o#%"! as a #"sult o2 a "ol"s #"volution is

consi!"#"! !" 7u#" i2 it is al#"a!y acc"t"! &y t-" 2a%ily o2 nations o# ot-"#

count#i"s li<" t-" 9nit"! +tat"s G#"at B#itain G"#%any aan an! ot-"#s0

,>6a0 ow a&out t-" gov"#n%"nt o2 P#"si!"nt Glo#ia A##oyo a2t"#

2o#%"# P#"si!"nt os"- Est#a!a l"2t 1alacanang as a #"sult o2 ED+A II onanua#y 5 5,8

It was !" 7u#" gov"#n%"nt &"caus" s-" succ""!"! P#"si!"nt Est#a!a

&"ing t-" Vic" P#"si!"nt un!"# t-" ,M Constitution w-"n P#"si!"nt

Est#a!a ;const#uctiv"ly? #"sign"!0 Fu#t-"# s-" is t-" on" #"cogni3"! &y

Cong#"ss as "vi!"nc"! &y t-"i# actions o2 con2i#%ing -"# no%ination o2 a

66



n"w Vic" P#"si!"nt in t-" "#son o2 +"nato# "oisto Guingona an! &y

su&%itting t-" &ills t-"y a#ov"! to -"# 2o# -"# a#oval o# #"7"ction0

(#OSEPH ESTRADA VS. DESIERTO $LORIA MACAPA$AL

ARROYO,$.R. N+. %4&"%>-%' 01 %4&"3!, M0*h =, =>>%)

%4. Wh0/ 0 /h /h (3) @i1 +7 1 70*/+ 6+8/

As -"l! in CO IM CHAM VS. VALDE TAN EH, "' Phi.

%%3, t-" t-#"" (>) <in!s o2 !" 2acto gov"#n%"nts a#"J

a0 -" 2i#st o# gov"#n%"nt !" 2acto in a #o"# l"gal

s"ns" is t-at gov"#n%"nt t-at g"ts oss"ssion an!

cont#ol o2 o# usu#s &y 2o#c" o# &y t-" voic" o2

t-" %a7o#ity t-" #ig-t2ul l"gal gov"#n%"nts an!

%aintains its"l2 against t-" will o2 t-" latt"# suc-as t-" gov"#n%"nt o2 Englan! un!"# t-"

Co%%onw"alt- 2i#st &y Pa#lia%"nt an! lat"# &y

C#o%w"ll as P#ot"cto#0

&0 -" s"con! is t-at w-ic- is "sta&lis-"! an!

%aintain"! &y %ilita#y 2o#c"s w-o inva!" an!

occuy a t"##ito#y o2 t-" "n"%y in t-" cou#s" o2

wa# an! w-ic- is !"no%inat"! a gov"#n%"nt o2

a#a%ount 2o#c" as t-" cas"s o2 Castin" in 1ain"

w-ic- was #"!uc"! to B#itis- oss"ssion in t-" wa#

o2 ,M,5 an! a%ico 1".ico occui"! !u#ing

t-" wa# wit- 1".ico &y t-" t#oos o2 t-" 9nit"!

+tat"s0

c0 An! t-" t-i#! is t-at "sta&lis-"! as an in!""n!"nt

gov"#n%"nt &y t-" in-a&itants o2 a count#y w-o

#is" in insu##"ction against t-" a#"nt stat" o2 suc-

as t-" gov"#n%"nt o2 t-" +out-"#n Con2"!"#acy in

#"volt not conc"#n"! in t-" #"s"nt cas" wit- t-"

2i#st <in! &ut only wit- t-" s"con! an! t-i#! <in!s

o2 !" 2acto gov"#n%"nts0

NBut t-"#" is anot-"# !"sc#ition o2

gov"#n%"nt call"! also &y u&licists a

gov"#n%"nt !" 2acto &ut w-ic- %ig-t "#-as &"

%o#" atly !"no%inat"! a gov"#n%"nt o2

77



a#a%ount 2o#c"0 Its !istinguis-ing c-a#act"#istics

a#"

(,) t-at its ".ist"nc" is %aintain"! &y activ"

%ilita#y ow"# wit- t-" t"##ito#i"s an! against t-"

#ig-t2ul aut-o#ity o2 an "sta&lis-"! an! law2ul

gov"#n%"nt4 an!

(5) t-at w-il" it ".ists it n"c"ssa#ily &"

o&"y"! in civil %att"#s &y #ivat" citi3"ns w-o &y

acts o2 o&"!i"nc" #"n!"#"! in su&%ission to suc-

2o#c" !o not &"co%" #"sonsi&l" o# w#ong!o"#s

2o# t-os" acts t-oug- not wa##ant"! &y t-" laws o2

t-" #ig-t2ul gov"#n%"nt0

1&. What is the postliminy theory or us postliminium?

W-"n a 2o#"ign ow"# occui"s a stat" an! "."#cis"s t-" ow"#s o2

gov"#n%"nt t-" olitical laws o2 t-" sai! stat" a#" !""%"! auto%atically

sus"n!"! &ut t-" 2o#%"# gov"#n%"nt auto%atically co%"s to li2" an! will

&" in 2o#c" an! in "22"ct again uon t-" #"6"sta&lis-%"nt o2 t-" 2o#%"#

gov"#n%"nt0 (T0:+, I/0/i+0 L05, . &%', *i/1 i CO IM

CHAM VS. VALDE TAN EH, "3 Phi. %%3)

16. What is the doctrine of so#erei/nty as !auto limitation$?

In t-" succinct languag" o2 "llin"< it Nis t-" #o"#ty o2

a stat"62o#c" !u" to w-ic- it -as t-" ".clusiv" caacity o2 l"gal

s"l26!"t"#%ination an! s"l26#"st#iction. A /0/ /h, i7 i/

*h++ /+, 0: 70i 7+ /h *i +7 5h0/ +/h5i

i iii/09 *+/*. -" oinion was at ains to oint

out t-oug- t-at "v"n t-"n t-"#" is at t-" %ost !i%inution o2

7u#is!ictional #ig-ts not its !isa"a#anc"0 (Cit"! in 7<*8*:

+=. %9))'=='9:<7> P<9PL< +=. 89;9> &3 =%7* 46

and %9))'=='9:<7 +=. 790<7E=9:> 143 =%7* 3,5

1. What is the !incorporation theory$ or the !'ncorporation

%lause$ of the %onstitution?

It is t-" #incil" "%&o!i"! in +"ction 5 A#ticl" II o2 t-" Constitution

w-ic- stat"s t-at ;Th Phiii 01+/ /h 60: 0**/1

88



i*i +7 i/0/i+0 05 0 0/ +7 /h 05 +7 /h 01<. As suc-

an un!"si#a&l" ali"n %ay not &" 7ail"! 2o# an in!"2init" "#io! o2 ti%"

&"caus" no lan" o# s-i 2#o% -is count#y wants to ta<" -i% out o2 t-"

P-iliin"s wit-out violating t-" 9niv"#sal D"cla#ation o2 u%an Rig-ts

w-"#" t-" P-iliin"s is a signato#y (ME#OFF VS. DIRECTOR OF

PRISONS, G> Phi. ">. -" P-iliin"s coul! also us" int"#national laws

unis-ing wa# c#i%"s against t-" aan"s" sol!i"#s "v"n t-oug- w" a#" not

signato#i"s to it sinc" t-"y a#" !""%"! inco#o#at"! in ou# laws &"ing

;g"n"#ally acc"t"! #incil"s o2 int"#national law (9RODA V+0

ALA'DO'I M> P-il ,,)0 -" sa%" is t#u" wit- t-" Vi"nna Conv"ntion

on Roa! +igns "tc0 is !""%"! inco#o#at"! in ou# laws t-"#"&y vali!ating

t-" #"ui#"%"nt 2o# all v"-icl" own"#s to -av" "a#ly wa#ning !"vic"s

(A$USTIN VS. EDU, !! SCRA %G').

1-. 'n case of conflict between a constitutional ri/ht of a citiFen anda /enerally accepted principle of international law where we a a si/natory>

which shall pre#ail?

In t-" cas" o2

REYES VS. BA$ATSIN$,%=' SCRA ''3 t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at

t-" constitutional #ig-t s-all #"vail0 -oug- A#ticl" 55 o2 t-" Vi"nna

Conv"ntion on Dilo%atic R"lations #o-i&its #alli"s wit-in 2""t o2

any 2o#"ign "%&assy t-" sa%" s-all giv" way to t-" constitutional #ig-t

o2 t-" citi3"ns to ;"ac"a&ly ass"%&l" an! to "tition t-" gov"#n%"nt 2o#

#"!#"ss o2 t-"i# g#i"vanc"s?0

1,. )ay a citiFen refuse to render personal military ser#iceGtrainin/

because he does not ha#e military inclination or he does not want to Cill or

be Cilled?

'o as -"l! in P<9PL< +=. L*8)*:> 66 Phil. 13. “The appellant>s

argument that he does not want to /oin the armed forces because “he

does not want to ?ill or be ?illed” and that “he has no militar@

inclination” is not acceptable because it is his obligation to /oin thearmed forces in connection with the “defense of the &tate” provision of

the Constitution.

5 . 's the !separation of church and state$ a myth or a reality?

It is a #"ality as s-own &y t-" 2ollowing #ovisions o2 t-" Constitution0

99



,0 ART. III, S*. '. 'o law s-all &" %a!" #"s"cting an

"sta&lis-%"nt o2 #"ligion o# #o-i&iting t-" 2#"" "."#cis" t-"#"o20

-" 2#"" "."#cis" an! "n7oy%"nt o2 #"ligious #o2"ssion an!

wo#s-i wit-out !isc#i%ination o# #"2"#"nc" s-all 2o#"v"# &"

allow"!0 'O RELIGIO9+ E+ +ALL BE RE9IRED FOR

E E:ERCI+E OF CIVIL OR POLIICAL RIG+0

50 ART. VI, S*. =! (3). C-a#ita&l" institutions c-u#c-"s %osu"s

non6#o2it c"%"t"#i"sQactually !i#"ctly an! ".clusiv"ly us"! 2o#

#"ligious c-a#ita&l" o# "!ucational u#os"s s-all &" "."%t

2#o% ta.ation0

>0 ART. VI, S*. =G .(=). 'o u&lic %on"y o# #o"#ty s-all &"

a#o#iat"! ali"! ai! 2o# t-" &"n"2it !i#"ctly o# in!i#"ctly2o# t-" us" &"n"2it o# suo#t o2 any s"ct c-u#c- !"no%ination

o# #"ligion ".c"t w-"n suc- #i"st %inist"#00 is assign"! to t-"

a#%"! 2o#c"s o# to any "nal institution o# gov"#n%"nt

o#-anag" o# l"#osa#iu%0

H0 ART. IX, C, =('). R"ligious !"no%inations an! s"cts s-all not &"

#"gist"#"!Qas olitical a#ti"s0 ('OEJ R"ligious o#gani3ations

a#" also #o-i&it"! ion conn"ction wit- s"cto#al #"#"s"ntativ"s

un!"# A#t0 VI)

0 ART. XIV, S*. 3(3)0 At t-" otion in w#iting &y a#"nts

#"ligion s-all &" allow"! to &" taug-t to t-"i# c-il!#"n in

"l"%"nta#y an! -ig- sc-ools wit-in t-" #"gula# class -ou#s &y

inst#ucto#s !"signat"! o# a#ov"! &y #"ligious aut-o#iti"s to

w-ic- sai! c-il!#"n &"long wit-out a!!itional cost to t-"

gov"#n%"nt0 ('OEJ 5M Ba# u"stion)

21. What are the four factors to be considered by the Philippines in

dealin/ with other nations under the %onstitution?

As #ovi!"! in +"ction o2 A#t0 II -" P-iliin"s s-all u#su" an

in!""n!"nt 2o#"ign olicy0 In its #"lations wit- ot-"# stat"s t-" a#a%ount

consi!"#ation s-all &" K, 0/i+0 +8i6/:, = /i/+i0 i/6i/:, 3

0/i+0 i//, 01 4 /h i6h/ /+ 7-1/i0/i+,

1010



22. 's there an absolute prohibition for the Philippines to be

equipped with nuclear weapons?

'o as stat"! in +"ction M A#t0 II ;t-" P-iliin"s consistent with

the national interest a!ots an! u#su"s a olicy o2 2#""!o% 2#o% nucl"a#

w"aons in its t"##ito#y0? As suc- i2 it is consist"nt wit- national int"#"st

t-" sa%" is not #o-i&it"!0

23. 's !di#orce$ prohibited by the 1,- Philippine %onstitution?

J

Fat-"# B"#nas oin"s t-at t-" #ovision o2 t-" Constitution (+"ction

,5 A#t0 III) w-ic- #ovi!"s in a#t t-at t-" ;+tat" s-all /6/h t-"

2a%ily? !o"s not ta<" a stan! on !ivo#c" t-oug- it a"a#s t-at a !ivo#c" law

woul! ;&#"a<? t-" 2a%ily inst"a! o2 ;st#"ngt-"ning? it0 As suc- a Divo#c"

Law to &" ass"! &y Cong#"ss %ay o# %ay not &" unconstitutional0

23. 's abortion allowed in the Philippines?

+"ction ,5 A#t0 II #o-i&its all 2o#%s o2 a&o#tion ".c"t ;t-"#a"utic

a&o#tion? o# w-"n t-" li2" o2 t-" %ot-"# is in !ang"#0 ('ot"J In t-" 9nit"!

+tat"s a&o#tion is allow"! &ut only u to t-" 5n! t#i%"st"# o2 t-" #"gnancy

KROE vs0 WADE)

5H . 's a law prohibitin/ the sale of !/irlie bold5 ma/aFines$ to

minors #iolates the ri/ht of parents in rearin/ their children for ci#ic

efficiency?

'o as -"l! in t-" cas" o2 $INSBER$ VS. NEW YOR, 3G> US

&=G (%G&G) a law #o-i&iting t-" sal" o2 ;gi#li" %aga3in"s? K&ol!8) is

constitutional an! !o"s not violat" t-" a&ov" #ovision0 -is is so &"caus"

a#"nts coul! &uy sai! %aga3in"s 2o# t-"i# c-il!#"n i2 t-"y &"li"v" t-" sa%"

is al#"a!y suita&l" to t-" un!"#stan!ing o2 t-"i# c-il!0 -is is in acco#!anc"

wit- t-is #ovision w-ic- stat"s t-at t-" a#"nts -av" t-" ;natu#al an!

#i%a#y #ig-t in #"a#ing t-"i# c-il! 2o# civic "22ici"ncyQ?

2&. )ay the =tate prohibit the teachin/ of a particular lan/ua/e in

any school?

1111



'o as -"l! in MEYER VS. NEBRASA, =&> US =&> (%G==)

&"caus" t-" c-il! is not a %"#" c#"atu#" o2 t-" +tat" an! t-" a#"nts -av" t-"

natu#al #ig-t an! !uty o2 #"a#ing t-"i# c-il!#"n 2o# civic "22ici"ncy0

26. )ay the =tate require parents to enroll their small children only

to public schools #alid?

As -"l! in PIERCE VS. SOCIETY OF SISTERS, =&! US '%>

(%G=') a law #"ui#ing s%all <i!s to &" "n#oll"! in u&lic sc-ools only is

unconstitutional sinc" it int"#2"#"s wit- t-" #ig-t o2 a#"nts in #"a#ing t-"i#

c-il!#"n0 -"y -av" t-" #ig-t to c-oos" w-ic- sc-ool is &"st suit"! 2o# t-"

!"v"lo%"nt o2 t-"i# c-il!#"n wit-out int"#2"#"nc" 2#o% t-" +tat"0 I+ I+

+O BECA9+E E CILDRE' ARE 'O 1ERE CREA9RE+ OF

E +AE0

2. Do we practice the free enterprise system in the Philippines or is

it the welfare state concept? Distin/uish the two.

As -"l! in ACCFA V+0 C9GCO > +CRA @H “t -" P-iliin"s

n"v"# #actic"! t-" 2#"" "nt"##is" syst"%?0 It is t-" w"l2a#"6stat" conc"t

w-ic- is &"ing 2ollow"! as s-own &y t-" constitutional #ovision on ag#a#ian

#"2o#% -ousing #ot"ction to la&o#Q ('OE -ow"v"# t-at t-" ,M

Constitution -av" #ovisions w-ic- #ovi!" 2o# ;2#"" "nt"##is")0 -" sai!

!oct#in" was #"it"#at"! in PILIPPI'E COCO'9 DE+ICCAOR+ V+0

PILIPPI'E COCO'9 A9ORI* 5M@ +CRA , w-"#" it was -"l!

t-at t-" P-iliin" Constitutions sta#ting 2#o% t-" ,> !ocu%"nt AVE

REP9DIAED laisseA faire (o# t-" !oct#in" o2 2#"" "nt"##is") as an

"cono%ic #incil" an! alt-oug- t-" #"s"nt Constitution "ns-#in"s 2#""

"nt"##is" as a olicy it n"v"#t-"l"ss #"s"#v"s to t-" gov"#n%"nt t-" ow"#

to int"#v"n" w-"n"v"# n"c"ssa#y to #o%ot" t-" g"n"#al w"l2a#"0 As suc-

2#"" "nt"##is" !o"s not call 2o# t-" #"%oval o2 ;#ot"ctiv" #"gulations? 2o#

t-" &"n"2it o2 t-" g"n"#al u&lic0 -is is so &"caus" un!"# A#t0 :II +"ctions

@ an! it is v"#y cl"a# t-at t-" gov"#n%"nt #"s"#v"s t-" ow"# to int"#v"n"

w-"n"v"# n"c"ssa#y to #o%ot" t-" g"n"#al w"l2a#" an! w-"n t-" u&licint"#"st so #"ui#"s0

="-0. M0: /h PC$$ C+ii+ 7 /+ 00 97+ 0

S0/ C+i// *+1*/i6 061 i60i/i *+i//1 9: /h

5hi i//i6 i /h B+01 +7 PHILCOMSAT, 0 i80/ 7i 2/1

9: /h 6+8/ + 0**+/ +7 E*/i8 O1 N+. % +8i1i6 /h0/

1212



/h: h+1 +/ 9 /h 9J*/ +7 0: i8/i60/i+ i *+*/i+ 5i/h

/hi 0*/ i *+*/i+ 5i/h /h 7+0* +7 /hi 1/i 0 *h

'o0 +uc- act woul! violat" +"ction 5M A#t0 II o2 t-" Constitution

%an!ating !isclosu#" o2 all u&lic t#ansactions involving t-" u&lic int"#"st0

+uc- act woul! also violat" t-" ;#ig-t to in2o#%ation on %att"#s o2 u&lic

conc"#n? as w"ll as t-" ;u&lic accounta&ility o2 u&lic o22icials? as

"%&o!i"! in +"ction , A#t0 :I o2 t-" ,M Constitution not to %"ntion t-at

suc- woul! #"n!"# nugato#y t-" ow"# o2 Cong#"ss un!"# +"ction 5, A#t0

VI0 I' FAC GOVER'1E' OFFICIAL+ AVE LI1IED RIG O

PRIVAC*0 (+ABIO V+0 GORDO' H +CRA H)

2-. What *re the limitations to the %on/ress power to eercise

le/islati#e power?

-" li%itations a#"J

,0 it cannot ass i##""ala&l" laws

50 #incil" o2 s"a#ation o2 ow"#s

>0 non6!"l"ga&ility o2 l"gislativ" ow"#s

2,. What are the constitutionally allowed !dele/ation of le/islati#e

power$ by %on/ress?

-" "#%issi&l" !"l"gation o2 l"gislativ" ow"# a#"0

,) S*. =3 (=) +7 A/i* VI (E%"#g"ncy ow"#s to t-"

P#"si!"nt in cas" o2 wa# o# ot-"# national "%"#g"ncy 2o# a li%it"!

"#io! an! su&7"ct to suc- #"st#ictions as Cong#"ss %ay #ovi!" to

"."#cis" ow"#s n"c"ssa#y an! #o"# to ca##y out a !"cla#"! national

olicy0 9nl"ss soon"# wit-!#awn &y R"solution o2 Cong#"ss suc-

ow"#s s-all c"as" uon t-" n".t a!7ou#n%"nt t-"#"o20

5) S*. =! (=) +7 A/i* VI. -" Cong#"ss %ay &y law

aut-o#i3" t-" P#"si!"nt to 2i. wit-in s"ci2i"! li%its an! su&7"ct tosuc- li%itations an! #"st#ictions as it %ay i%os" ta#i22 #at"s i%o#t

an! ".o#t uotas tonnag" an! w-a#2ag" !u"s an! ot-"# !uti"s o#

i%osts wit-in t-" 2#a%"wo#< o2 t-" national !"v"lo%"nt #og#a% o2

t-" gov"#n%"nt0

>) D"l"gation to local gov"#n%"nts

1313



H) D"l"gation o2 Rul"6%a<ing ow"# to a!%inist#ativ" &o!i"s

) D"l"gation to t-" P"ol" (+"ction 5 A#t0 :VII o2 t-"

Constitution an! +"ction >5 A#ticl" VI666-" Cong#"ss s-all as "a#ly as

ossi&l" #ovi!" 2o# a syst"% o2 initiativ" an! #"2"#"n!u% an! t-"

".c"tions t-"#"2#o% w-"#"&y t-" "ol" can !i#"ctly #oos" an! "nact

laws o# a#ov" o# #"7"ct any act o# law o# a#t t-"#"o2 ass"! &y t-"

Cong#"ss o2 local l"gislativ" &o!y a2t"# t-" #"gist#ation o2 a "tition t-"#"o2

sign"! &y at l"ast ,= o2 t-" total nu%&"# o2 #"gist"#"! vot"#s o2 w-ic-

"v"#y l"gislativ" !ist#ict %ust &" #"#"s"nt"! &y at l"ast >= o2 t-" #"gist"#"!

vot"#s t-"#"o20

3. What is the completeness test? Ehe sufficiency of standard test?

As -"l! in PELAE VS. AUDITOR $ENERAL, %' SCRA '&GK

(a) %ompleteness Eest si%ly %"ans t-at t-" law %ust &" co%l"t" in

its"l2 w-"n it l"2t Cong#"ss0 It %ust s"t 2o#t- t-"#"in t-" olicy to &"

"."cut"! ca##i"! out o# i%l"%"nt"! &y t-" !"l"gat" w-ic- is not giv"n

any !isc#"tion4 an!

(&) =ufficiency of =tandards Eest si%ly #"ui#"s Cong#"ss to 2i. a

stan!a#! t-" li%its o2 w-ic- a#" su22ici"ntly !"t"#%inat" o# !"t"#%ina&l" to

w-ic- t-" !"l"gat" %ust con2o#% in t-" "#2o#%anc" o2 -is 2unctions0 +o%"

o2 t-" stan!a#!s to gui!" t-" !"l"gat" a#" g"n"#al w"l2a#" u&lic int"#"st

"tc0

31. 's it constitutional for the %9)<L<% to require candidates for

all electi#e offices> includin/ those for President> +P> =enators and

members of the ouse of 7epresentati#es to submit a %ertification from a

/o#ernment(accredited dru/(testin/ centers that they are free from

prohibited dru/s before their %ertificate of %andidacy is admitted?

'o t-" CO1ELEC R"solution is unconstitutional0 It a!!s a!!itionaluali2ications 2o# t-" P#"si!"nt VOP +"nato#s an! 1"%&"#s o2 t-" ous"

o2 R"#"s"ntativ"s not #"ui#"! &y t-" Constitution0 (PIMENTEL VS.

COMELEC, $.R. N+. %&%&'!, N+89 3, =>>!)

31(a. 's a Bilipino citiFen who became a member of the = *rmed

Borces and therefore at one time a = %itiFen considered !natural born$

1414



for purposes of complyin/ with the qualifications of a member of the

ouse of 7epresentati#es8

*"s as -"l! in ANTONIO BEN$SON III VS. HOUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL 01 TEODORO

CRU, 3'" SCRA '4' &"caus" R"0 Act 'o0 5@> #ovi!"s t-at ;Any

"#son w-o -a! lost -is P-iliin" Citi3"ns-i &y #"n!"#ing s"#vic" to o#

acc"ting co%%ission in t-" A#%"! Fo#c"s o2 t-" 9nit"! +tat"s o# a2t"#

s"a#ation 2#o% t-" A#%"! Fo#c"s o2 t-" 9nit"! stat"s acui#"! 9+

citi3"ns-i 1A* REAC9IRE PILIPPI'E CII$E'+IP B* AI'G

A' OA OF ALLEGIA'CE O E REP9BLIC OF E

PILIPPI'E+ A'D REGI+ERI'G E +A1E WI E LOCAL

CIVIL REGI+R* I' E PLACE WERE E RE+IDE+ OR LA+

RE+IDED I' E PILIPPI'E+0 -" sai! Oat- o2 all"gianc" s-all contain

a #"nunciation o2 any ot-"# citi3"ns-i0? An! -" s-all still &" consi!"#"!;natu#al &o#n? Filiino citi3"n0

32. 'f the candidate for %on/ressman is subsequently disqualified

for non(compliance of the residence requirement under *rt. +'> may the

2nd placer be declared the winner in his place? When may the 2nd placer be

allowed to be declared the winner?

It !""n!s0 As -"l! in OCAMPO VS. HOUSE ELECTORAL

TRIBUNAL 01 MARIO CRESPO, [email protected]. MAR #IMENE, # %',=>>4.

,0 -"#" %ust &" a 2inal 7u!g%"nt !isuali2ying a can!i!at" in o#!"# t-at

t-" vot"s o2 a !isuali2i"! can!i!at" can &" consi!"#"! ;st#ay?0 -is

2inal 7u!g%"nt %ust &" #"n!"#"! BEFORE THE ELECTION0 -is

was t-" #uling in t-" cas" o2 CODILLA V+0 DE VE'ECIA0 "nc"

w-"n a can!i!at" -as not &""n !isuali2i"! &y 2inal 7u!g%"nt !u#ing

t-" "l"ction !ay -" was vot"! 2o# t-" vot"s cast in -is 2avo# cannot &"

!"cla#"! st#ay0 o !o so woul! a%ount to !is"n2#anc-ising t-"

"l"cto#at" in w-o% sov"#"ignty #"si!"s0 -" #"ason &"-in! t-is is t-att-" "ol" vot"! 2o# -i% &ona 2i!" an! in t-" -on"st &"li"2 t-at t-"

can!i!at" was t-"n uali2i"! to &" t-" "#son to w-o% t-"y woul!

"nt#ust t-" "."#cis" o2 t-" ow"#s o2 gov"#n%"nt0

50 -" !isuali2ication o2 a can!i!at" w-o o&tain"! t-" -ig-"st nu%&"#

o2 vot"s AFTER THE ELECTION !o"s not "ntitl" t-" s"con! lac"#

to &" !"cla#"! t-" winn"#0 -" sai! #incil" was lai! !own as "a#ly as

1515



,,5 an! #"it"#at"! in t-" cas"s o2 LABO VS. COMELEC,

ABELLA VS. COMELEC 01 DOMINO VS. COMELEC0

32-a. Is there compliance of the residence32-a. Is there compliance of the residence

requirement for Members of the House of requirement for Members of the House of

Representatives if the candidate has a residential Representatives if the candidate has a residential house in Pagsanjan !aguna "hich is part of the #house in Pagsanjan !aguna "hich is part of the # thth

$istrict and "here he resided as %ice &overnor of $istrict and "here he resided as %ice &overnor of !aguna before but leased a place in 'ta. Rora "hich!aguna before but leased a place in 'ta. Rora "hich is part of the (is part of the (st st $istrict and sta)ed there for more$istrict and sta)ed there for more than ( )ear before the Ma) 2**+ elections and than ( )ear before the Ma) 2**+ elections and enrolled his children in schools in 'ta. Rosa if heenrolled his children in schools in 'ta. Rosa if he files his certificate of candidac) for ,ongressman of files his certificate of candidac) for ,ongressman of the (the (st st $istrict of !aguna$istrict of !aguna

Yes. The Constitution does not reuire !ro!ert" Yes. The Constitution does not reuire !ro!ert" o#nershi! in the !$%&e #here the &%ndid%te is residin' %so#nershi! in the !$%&e #here the &%ndid%te is residin' %s $on' %s he &o(!$ies #ith the residen&e reuire(ent o) %t$on' %s he &o(!$ies #ith the residen&e reuire(ent o) %t $e%st 1 "e%r i((edi%te$" !re&edin' the e$e&tions.$e%st 1 "e%r i((edi%te$" !re&edin' the e$e&tions. **DANILO FERNANDEZ VS. HRET, G.R. No. 187478,DANILO FERNANDEZ VS. HRET, G.R. No. 187478, December 21, 2009December 21, 2009

32-b. In order to validl) create an aditional district 32-b. In order to validl) create an aditional district

for ,aga)an de ro ,it) must the la" creating it for ,aga)an de ro ,it) must the la" creating it be first submitted to the people therein in abe first submitted to the people therein in a plebiscite in accordance "ith 'ection (* /rt. 0 of plebiscite in accordance "ith 'ection (* /rt. 0 of the (1+ ,onstitutionthe (1+ ,onstitution

No+ ,e&%use the &re%tion o) %nother distri&t #hen theNo+ ,e&%use the &re%tion o) %nother distri&t #hen the s%(e is #%rr%nted is %uthori-ed under e&tion 5 + Art. /s%(e is #%rr%nted is %uthori-ed under e&tion 5 + Art. / %nd there is no need )or % !$e,is&ite %s !roided under%nd there is no need )or % !$e,is&ite %s !roided under e&tion 10+ Art. sin&e in su&h % situ%tion+ Con'ress is note&tion 10+ Art. sin&e in su&h % situ%tion+ Con'ress is not &re%tin' % ne# nor diidin' % $o&%$ 'oern(ent unit.&re%tin' % ne# nor diidin' % $o&%$ 'oern(ent unit. 4/&/456 %'. ,M7!7, $ecember 2**84/&/456 %'. ,M7!7, $ecember 2**8

32-c. Is the la" creating a ne" congressional 32-c. Is the la" creating a ne" congressional district in ,amarines 'ur "ith onl) (+933 asdistrict in ,amarines 'ur "ith onl) (+933 as population constitutional since it is belo" the population constitutional since it is belo" the 2#**** population mentioned in 'ection # /rt. %I2#**** population mentioned in 'ection # /rt. %I

1616



The $%# is &onstitution%$ sin&e the 250+000 !o!u$%tion The $%# is &onstitution%$ sin&e the 250+000 !o!u$%tion reuire(ent %!!$ies on$" )or the &re%tion o) % ne#reuire(ent %!!$ies on$" )or the &re%tion o) % ne# $e'is$%tie distri&t )or % &it"+ not )or the &re%tion o) % ne#$e'is$%tie distri&t )or % &it"+ not )or the &re%tion o) % ne#

$e'is$%tie distri&t in %n eistin' !roin&e.$e'is$%tie distri&t in %n eistin' !roin&e. !"ENIGNO!"ENIGNO A#$INO III VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 18979', A(r)* 7,A#$INO III VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 18979', A(r)* 7, 20102010

32-d. Is the creation of a ne" legislative district for 32-d. Is the creation of a ne" legislative district for Malolos ,it) constitutional since the :ational Malolos ,it) constitutional since the :ational 'tatistics ffice had projected that it "ill have a'tatistics ffice had projected that it "ill have a population of 2#;*3* b)<the )ear 2*(*< population of 2#;*3* b)<the )ear 2*(*<

No+ there (ust ,e 250+000 !o!u$%tion on or ,e)ore theNo+ there (ust ,e 250+000 !o!u$%tion on or ,e)ore the

%" 10+ 2010 e$e&tions. n this &%se+ it #%s not &$e%r th%t%" 10+ 2010 e$e&tions. n this &%se+ it #%s not &$e%r th%t it h%s &o(!$ied #ith the !o!u$%tion reuire(ent onit h%s &o(!$ied #ith the !o!u$%tion reuire(ent on e$e&tion d%". 2010 is u! to De&e(,er o) s%id "e%r.e$e&tion d%". 2010 is u! to De&e(,er o) s%id "e%r. !ALDA"A VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 188078, +-r/!ALDA"A VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 188078, +-r/ 2, 20102, 2010

32-e. Ma) a part)-list group be validl) disqualified 32-e. Ma) a part)-list group be validl) disqualified b) the ,M7!7, for the 2*(* elections because it b) the ,M7!7, for the 2*(* elections because it failed to obtain at least 2= of the votes cast infailed to obtain at least 2= of the votes cast in

2**; elections "hile it did not participate in the2**; elections "hile it did not participate in the 2**+ elections in accordance "ith 'ection 9 >? of 2**+ elections in accordance "ith 'ection 9 >? of the Part) !ist !a"the Part) !ist !a"

To disu%$i)" % !%rt" $ist 'rou!+ it (ust h%e )%i$ed to To disu%$i)" % !%rt" $ist 'rou!+ it (ust h%e )%i$ed to o,t%in 2 o) the otes &%sts in 2 su&&essie e$e&tions or ito,t%in 2 o) the otes &%sts in 2 su&&essie e$e&tions or it did not !%rti&i!%te )or t#o &onse&utie e$e&tions. Notdid not !%rti&i!%te )or t#o &onse&utie e$e&tions. Not )%i$in' to 'et 2 on&e %nd did not !%rti&i!%te in the net)%i$in' to 'et 2 on&e %nd did not !%rti&i!%te in the net e$e&tions. *e$e&tions. *HILIINE G$ARDIAN VS. %O&ELE%, G.R.HILIINE G$ARDIAN VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 19029, A(r)* 29, 2010No. 19029, A(r)* 29, 2010

32-f. Ma) the ,M7!7, validl) disqualif) the part) 32-f. Ma) the ,M7!7, validl) disqualif) the part) list group /ng !adad because the group of ga)slist group /ng !adad because the group of ga)s lesbians etc. are not part of the enumeration of lesbians etc. are not part of the enumeration of @marginaliAed groups<@marginaliAed groups<

1717



No. The enu(er%tion o) the (%r'in%$i-ed 'rou!s in An'No. The enu(er%tion o) the (%r'in%$i-ed 'rou!s in An' %'on' %"%ni s. CLC is not e&$usie.%'on' %"%ni s. CLC is not e&$usie. !ANG!ANG LADLAD VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 19082, A(r)* 8,LADLAD VS. %O&ELE%, G.R. No. 19082, A(r)* 8, 20102010

32-c. In the computation of part)-list 32-c. In the computation of part)-list representatives is the %eterans Bederation Part) representatives is the %eterans Bederation Part) vs. ,M7!7, Bormula or the Panganiban Bormulavs. ,M7!7, Bormula or the Panganiban Bormula still applicablestill applicable

No (ore ,e&%use it resu$ts in % (%the(%ti&%$No (ore ,e&%use it resu$ts in % (%the(%ti&%$ i(!ossi,$it". To stri&t$" &o(!$" #ith it reuirin' %t $e%sti(!ossi,$it". To stri&t$" &o(!$" #ith it reuirin' %t $e%st 2 )or eer" se&tor%$ re!resent%tie to o,t%in in order to2 )or eer" se&tor%$ re!resent%tie to o,t%in in order to '%rner 1 se%t #ou$d reuire 110 in order th%t there #i$$'%rner 1 se%t #ou$d reuire 110 in order th%t there #i$$

,e 55 se&tor%$ re!resent%ties ,%sed on the nu(,er o) ,e 55 se&tor%$ re!resent%ties ,%sed on the nu(,er o) $e'is$%tie distri&ts.$e'is$%tie distri&ts.

33. 'n case of #acancy in the =enate or in the ouse of

7epresentati#es under =ection , of *rticle +''> is it automatic for

the %9)<L<% to hold a special election?

'o t-"#" %ust &" a law ass"! &y Cong#"ss a#o#iating t-" 2un!s

2o# t-" sai! u#os"0 ( 0B%% vs. C2101C, '#5 &C!% 8846

34. Whi 0 M9 +7 C+6 i +/ 0+51 /+ 00 0

*+ 7+ 0: 0/: i *+/ + 97+ 01ii/0/i8 9+1i, 0: h

1+ + 0 0 ;/+*@h+1<

N+ 0 h1 i PUYAT 8. DE $UMAN, %%3 SCRA 3%. W-at

coul! not &" !on" !i#"ctly coul! not li<"wis" &" !on" in!i#"ctly0 +o a

%"%&"# o2 Cong#"ss w-o is a stoc<-ol!"# o2 t-" co#o#ation involv"! in a

cas" is not allow"! to a"a# un!"# t-" guis" t-at -" is a"a#ing as suc-

not as couns"l 2o# t-" co#o#ation0

3&. )ay a court suspend a member of %on/ress when =ection 16

@3A> *rticle +' appears to /i#e such eclusi#e power to each ouse only

for disorderly beha#ior> and with the concurrence of 2G3 of all its

members> suspend or epel a )ember. * penalty of suspension> when

imposed> shall mot eceed sity days?

1818



*"s t-is was t-" #ulings o2 t-" +u#"%" Cou#t in t-" cas"s o2

MIRIAM DEFENSOR 01 REP. PAREDES VS. SANDI$ANBAYAN.

RA 3>%G 0i /+ 0 6+8/ +77i* 01 +:.

36. 'n case of conflict between the entries in a ournal of both

ouses of %on/ress and etraneous e#idence liCe affida#its of witnesses>

which shall pre#ail?

%s held in 7.&. vs. +&, 83 hil. 4#< , the /ournal prevails over

etraneous evidence li?e accounts of newspaper /ournalists and

reporters as to what the proceedings all about.

3. 'n case of conflict between the ournal and the enrolled bill>

which shall pre#ail D

*n C%&C E*0. )&. :*21+1B, 4 &C!% 834, it was held b@ the

&upreme Court that -" "n#oll"! &ill #"vails ov"# t-" 7ou#nal0 I2

t-" "n#oll"! &ill #ovi!"s t-at it is u#"a 2o#%al!"-y!" is t-" on"

"."%t 2#o% ta. an! not u#"a an! 2o#%al!"-y!" w-ic- a"a#s in

t-" 7ou#nal w-ic- was #"ally a#ov"! t-" 2o#%"# #"vails an! only

C9RAIVE LEGI+LAIO' CO9LD CA'GE E +A1E

'O 9DICIAL LEGI+LAIO'0 ow"v"# i2 t-" P#"si!"nt o2 t-"

P-iliin"s +"nat" P#"si!"nt an! t-" +"a<"# o2 t-" ous" o2

R"#"s"ntativ"s wit-!#aw t-"i# signatu#"s as a #"sult o2 an ano%aly

su##oun!ing t-" #inting o2 t-" 2inal coy o2 t-" &ill t-"n t-"

7ou#nal will #"vail sinc" w-at is l"2t is no long"# consi!"#"! an

;"n#oll"! &ill0?

('OE -ow"v"# t-at t-" 7ou#nal #"vails ov"# t-" "n#oll"! &ill

on all %att"#s #"ui#"! to &" "nt"#"! in t-" 7ou#nals li<" y"as an! nays

on t-" 2inal #"a!ing o2 a &ill o# on any u"stion at t-" #"u"st o2 ,/

o2 t-" %"%&"#s #"s"nt0 Kustic" Isagani C#u3)

84Fa. 2a@ the C2101C resolve a disGualification case against a 2ember of the Eouse of !epresentatives after ta?ing her oath as a

2ember thereofD

+o more. The E!1T now had /urisdiction over the case.

L')H*'%9:8 +=. %9)<L<%> *pril 1> 2,5

1919



3(b. )ay the ouse of 7epresentati#es <lectoral Etribunal decide

cases in#ol#in/ the qualifications of nominees of the different party(

list /roups?

Yes, all Guestions involving the election, returns and Gualifications of

the members of the Eouse of !epresentatives, including part@Flist

representatives are within the /urisdiction of the E!1T *0*I9: +=.

7<E *:D P*LP*7*: +=. 7<E> Bebruary 11> 215

3-. )ay %on/ress chan/e the eistin/ membership of the

%ommission on *ppointments or <lectoral Eribunals as a result of

the chan/es of membership of the different political parties?

Yes *f the changes in the political part@ affiliations of the

members of Congress is substantial and at the same time permanent so as to dramaticall@ increase the membership of one part@ while

significantl@ reducing the other, the number of representatives of the

different parties in the Commission on %ppointments ma@ also be

changed in proportion to their actual memberships. -+T1= *n

Cunanan vs. Tan, the membership of the &enators was onl@

“temporar@” so as not to result in the change of membership in the

Commission on %ppointments6

3-(a. )ay a political party LDP5 replace its representati#e in the

ouse of 7epresentati#es <lectoral %ommission who> in a

preliminary #otin/ in a protest case a/ainst an LDP )ember> #oted

in fa#or of the other party and a/ainst the candidate of his #ery own

party?

Hhile as a rule the different political parties ma@ change their

representatives in the 1lectoral Tribunal or Commission on

%ppointments, it ma@ not change a 2ember who completel@ heard and

participated in a particular case "and has alread@ indicated his vote to

the members of the tribunal$ and replace him with another who has no participation therein, ecept onl@ to vote for a part@Fmate who is

involved in the protest. &uch would be a travest@ of /ustice. -I+C

)&. *+1%, &eptember #, '<<'6

2020



3,. )ay a committee of %on/ress cite a person for contempt of

court for refusin/ to answer its questions durin/ in#esti/ations in aid of

le/islation? ow lon/ may it imprison such witness?

As -"l! in %!+%70T vs. +%B%!1+, J4 hil. #<, ;A 5i/ 5h+

7 /+ 05 0 2: 9: /h C+i// 0: 9 1/0i1 1i6 /h

/ +7 /h 9 i+i6 0i1 0/: 9/ /h 1//i+ h+1 +/

9 /++ +6 0 /+ 8i+0/ /h 5i/? i6h/ /+ 1 +* +7 05.<

4. )ay the President #alidly prohibit members of the %abinet and

those of the eecuti#e department from appearin/ before any %ommittee

of %on/ress without her consent?

It !""n!s0 I2 t-" a"a#anc" is !u" to t-" ow"# o2 Cong#"ss to

inv"stigat" in ai! o2 l"gislation un!"# +"ction 5, A#t0 VI suc- act o2 t-"P#"si!"nt is unconstitutional 2o# it woul! violat" t-" ov"#sig-t ow"#s o2

Cong#"ss an! &"caus" t-" a"a#anc" o2 sai! "."cutiv" o22ic"#s is

1A'DAOR*0 It woul! also violat" t-" #ig-t to in2o#%ation on t-" a#t o2

t-" citi3"ns0 ow"v"# i2 t-" invitation to a"a# is &as"! on +"ction 55 A#t0

VI o# !u#ing t-" ;u"stion -ou#? t-"n t-" P#"si!"nt %ay vali!ly !"%an!

t-at t-"y %ust g"t -"# cons"nt 2i#st &"caus" suc- a"a#anc" is

DI+CREIO'AR*0 (SENATE OF THE PHILIPPINES, /1 9:

SENATE PRESIDENT FRANLIN DRILON, ET AL., VS. EXEC.

SEC. EDUARDO ERMITA, ET AL., $.R. N+. %&G"", Ai =>, =>>& ,4!! SCRA %)

4(a. While a )ember of the %abinet may be compelled to appear

before %on/ress under =ection 21> *rt. +' of the %onstitution> may he be

compelled to answer questions re/ardin/ his con#ersations with the

President on matters subect of the in#esti/ationGinquiry in aid of

le/islation?

'o i2 t-" conv"#sations a#" cov"#"! &y t-" ;"."cutiv" #ivil"g"?0

4(b. <plain the !eecuti#e pri#ile/e$ doctrine. Distin/uish the

!presidential communications pri#ile/e$ and the !deliberati#e

process pri#ile/e$ which comprise said !eecuti#e pri#ile/e$. Who

are co#ered by this rule?

-" +ion an! postFHatergate cases "sta&lis-"! t-" &#oa! contou#s o2

2121



t-" i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i605K5M In 7nited &tates v.

+ion,8 @ 2,A t-" 90+0 Cou#t #"cogni3"! a g#"at u&lic int"#"st in #"s"#ving

;/h *+7i1/i0i/: +7 *+80/i+ /h0/ /0@ 0* i /h Pi1/?

7+0* +7 hi +77i*i0 1/i.< It t-us consi!"#"! #"si!"ntial

co%%unications as ;/i8: i8i610? Aa#"ntly t-"

#"su%tion is 2oun!"! on t-" ;Pi1/? 60i1 i// i

*+7i1/i0i/:0? -" #ivil"g" is sai! to &" n"c"ssa#y to gua#ant"" t-"

can!o# o2 #"si!"ntial a!viso#s an! to #ovi!" ;/h Pi1/ 01

/h+ 5h+ 0i/ hi 5i/h 71+ /+ + 0/0/i8 i /h

+* +7 h0i6 +i*i 01 0@i6 1*ii+ 01 /+ 1+ + i 0 50:

0: 5+1 9 5ii6 /+ */ i80/:.<

In *n !e= &ealed Case,3 @3A t-" 90+0 Cou#t o2 A"als !"lv"! !"""#0

It #ul"! t-at t-"#" a#" two (5) <in!s o2 "."cutiv" #ivil"g"4 on" is t-"

i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i6 an! t-" ot-"# is t-" 1i90/i8+* i8i60 -" 2o#%"# "#tains to ;*+i*0/i+, 1+*/

+ +/h 0/i0 /h0/ 7*/ i1/i0 1*ii+-0@i6 01

1i90/i+ 01 /h0/ /h Pi1/ 9i8 h+1 0i

*+7i1/i0.< -" latt"# inclu!"s 018i+: +ii+, *+10/i+

01 1i90/i+ *+ii6 0/ +7 0 +* 9: 5hi*h 6+8/0

1*ii+ 01 +i*i 0 7+0/1.<

Acco#!ingly t-"y a#" c-a#act"#i3"! &y %a#<"! !istinctions0

Pi1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i6 ali"s to

1*ii+-0@i6 +7 /hPi1/ w-il" t-" 1i90/i8 +* i8i6 to 1*ii+-0@i6

+7 */i8 +77i*i00 -" 7i/ is #oot"! in t-" constitutional #incil" o2

s"a#ation o2 ow"# an! t-" P#"si!"nts uniu" constitutional #ol"4

t-" *+1 on co%%on law #ivil"g"0 9nli<" t-" 1i90/i8 +*

i8i6 t-" i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i6 ali"s /+

1+*/ i /hi /i/:, 01 *+8 7i0 01 +/-1*ii+0

0/i0 0 5 0 -1i90/i8 +K>, As a cons"u"nc"

cong#"ssional o# 7u!icial n"gation o2 t-" i1/i0 *+i*0/i+

i8i6 is always su&7"ct to g#"at"# sc#utiny t-an !"nial o2 t-" 1i90/i8

+* i8i60

u#ning on w-o a#" t-" o22icials cov"#"! &y t-" i1/i0

5 K5M CR+ R"o#t 2o# Cong#"ss P#"si!"ntial Clai%s o2 E."cutiv" P#ivil"g"J isto#y Law P#actic" an!

R"c"nt D"v"lo%"nts at 0 50>K5 H,M 90+0 @M>0HK> *n !e= &ealed Case +o0 @6>,5H un" , ,0K>, *d.

2222



*+i*0/i+ i8i6 *n !e= &ealed Case con2in"s t-" #ivil"g" only

to W-it" ous" +ta22 t-at -as ;o"#ational #o.i%ity? to !i#"ct #"si!"ntial

!"cision6%a<ing0 -us t-" #ivil"g" is %"ant to "nco%ass only t-os"

2unctions t-at 2o#% t-" co#" o2 #"si!"ntial aut-o#ity involving w-at t-"

cou#t c-a#act"#i3"! as ;uint"ss"ntial an! non6!"l"ga&l" P#"si!"ntial

ow"#? suc- as co%%an!"#6in6c-i"2 ow"# aoint%"nt an! #"%oval

ow"# t-" ow"# to g#ant a#!ons an! #"#i"v"s t-" sol"6aut-o#ity to

#"c"iv" a%&assa!o#s an! ot-"# u&lic o22ic"#s t-" ow"# to n"gotiat"

t#"ati"s "tc0@K>5

-" situation in Kudicial Hatch, *nc. v. epartment of Kustice4 @ 33A

t"st"! t-" *n !e= &ealed Case #incil"s0 -"#" w-il" t-" #"si!"ntial

!"cision involv"! is t-" "."#cis" o2 t-" P#"si!"nts a#!on ow"# a non6

!"l"ga&l" co#"6#"si!"ntial 2unction t-" D"uty Atto#n"y G"n"#al an! t-"

Pa#!on Atto#n"y w"#" !""%"! to &" too #"%ot" 2#o% t-" P#"si!"nt an! -iss"nio# W-it" ous" a!viso#s to &" #ot"ct"!0 -" Cou#t conc"!"! t-at

2unctionally t-os" o22icials w"#" "#2o#%ing a tas< !i#"ctly #"lat"! to t-"

P#"si!"nts a#!on ow"# &ut conclu!"! t-at an o#gani3ational t"st was

%o#" a#o#iat" 2o# con2ining t-" ot"ntially &#oa! sw"" t-at woul! #"sult

2#o% t-" *n !e= &ealed Case>s 2unctional t"st0 -" %a7o#ity conclu!"!

t-at t-" l"ss"# #ot"ctions o2 t-" !"li&"#ativ" #oc"ss #ivil"g" woul!

su22ic"0 -at #ivil"g" was -ow"v"# 2oun! insu22ici"nt to 7usti2y t-"

con2i!"ntiality o2 t-" H>H, wit--"l! !ocu%"nts0

But %o#" s"ci2ic classi2ications o2 co%%unications cov"#"! &y

"."cutiv" #ivil"g" a#" %a!" in ol!"# cas"s0 Cou#ts #ul"! "a#ly t-at t-"

E."cutiv" -as a #ig-t to wit--ol! !ocu%"nts t-at %ig-t #"v"al ii/0: +

/0/ */,MK>H i1/i/: +7 6+8/ i7+ i +

*i*/0*,K> an! i7+0/i+ 0/1 /+ 1i6 i8/i60/i+0,K>@

An a#"a w-"#" t-" #ivil"g" is -ig-ly #"v"#"! is in 7+i6 0/i+0

1a7o#ity o2 t-" a&ov" 7u#is#u!"nc" -av" 2oun! t-"i# way in ou#

7u#is!iction0 In ChaveA v. C::'' @3-A , t-is Cou#t -"l! t-at t-"#" is a

;gov"#n%"ntal #ivil"g" against u&lic !isclosu#" wit- #"s"ct to stat"@K>5 CR+ R"o#t 2o# Cong#"ss P#"si!"ntial Clai%s o2 E."cutiv" P#ivil"g"J isto#y Law P#actic" an! R"c"nt

D"v"lo%"nts at 0 ,M6,0 K>> >@ F0>! ,,M >@, 90+0A0D0C0 ,M> @H F"!0 R0 Evi!0 +"#v0 ,H,0MK>H +"" 7nited &tates v. !e@nolds, >H 90+0 , @6M (,>)4 Chicago v. %irlines, *nc. v. Haterman &teamship

Corp., >>> 90+0 ,> ,,,4 Totten v. 7nited &tates, 5 90+0 , ,@6, (,M)0 K> !oviaro v. 7nited &tates >> 90+0 > 6@,0, K>@ +"" 9riedman v. Iache Ealse@ &tuart &hields, *nc. >M F0 5! ,>>@,>H,6H> (D0C0 Ci#0 ,MH)0,, K>M >@ P-il0 ,>> (,M)0

2323



s"c#"ts #"ga#!ing %ilita#y !ilo%atic an! ot-"# s"cu#ity %att"#s0? In

ChaveA v. 1%,,5K> t-"#" is also a #"cognition o2 t-" con2i!"ntiality o2

P#"si!"ntial conv"#sations co##"son!"nc"s an! !iscussions in clos"!6!oo#

Ca&in"t %""tings0 In &enate v. 1rmita t-" conc"t o2 i1/i0

*+i*0/i+ i8i6 is 2ully !iscuss"!0

As %ay &" gl"an"! 2#o% t-" a&ov" !iscussion t-" clai% o2 "."cutiv"

#ivil"g" is -ig-ly #"cogni3"! in cas"s w-"#" t-" su&7"ct o2 inui#y #"lat"s to

a ow"# t".tually co%%itt"! &y t-" Constitution to t-" P#"si!"nt suc- as t-"

a#"a o2 %ilita#y an! 2o#"ign #"lations0 9n!"# ou# Constitution t-" P#"si!"nt

is t-" #"osito#y o2 t-" co%%an!"#6in6c-i"2,>KH aointing,HKH, a#!oning,

KH5 an! !ilo%atic,@KH> ow"#s0 Consist"nt wit- t-" !oct#in" o2 s"a#ation o2

ow"#s t-" in2o#%ation #"lating to t-"s" ow"#s %ay "n7oy g#"at"#

con2i!"ntiality t-an ot-"#s0

-" a&ov" cas"s "s"cially +ion, *n !e &ealed Case an! Kudicial

Hatch, so%"-ow #ovi!" t-" "l"%"nts o2 i1/i0 *+i*0/i+

i8i6 to witJ

%) -" #ot"ct"! co%%unication %ust #"lat" to a

;uint"ss"ntial an! non6!"l"ga&l" #"si!"ntial ow"#0?

=) -" co%%unication %ust &" aut-o#"! o# ;solicit"! an!

#"c"iv"!? &y a clos" a!viso# o2 t-" P#"si!"nt o# t-"

P#"si!"nt -i%s"l20 -" 7u!icial t"st is t-at an a!viso# %ust &" in ;o"#ational #o.i%ity? wit- t-" P#"si!"nt0

3) -" i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i6 #"%ains a

uali2i"! #ivil"g" t-at %ay &" ov"#co%" &y a s-owing o2

a!"uat" n""! suc- t-at t-" in2o#%ation soug-t ;li<"ly

contains i%o#tant "vi!"nc"? an! &y t-" unavaila&ility o2

t-" in2o#%ation "ls"w-"#" &y an a#o#iat" inv"stigating

aut-o#ity0,KHH

+i%ly ut t-" &as"s a#" i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i6 an!

,5K> &upra0,> KH +"ction ,M A#ticl" VII0,H KH, +"ction ,@ A#ticl" VII0, KH5 +"ction , A#ticl" VII0,@ KH> +"ction 5 an! 5, A#ticl" VII0,KHH CR+ R"o#t 2o# Cong#"ss P#"si!"ntial Clai%s o2 E."cutiv" P#ivil"g"J isto#y Law P#actic" an! R"c"nt

D"v"lo%"nts supra..

2424



"."cutiv" #ivil"g" on %att"#s #"lating to 1i+0*: + 7+i6 0/i+0

9sing t-" a&ov" "l"%"nts w" a#" convinc"! t-at in!""! t-"

co%%unications "licit"! &y t-" t-#"" (>) u"stions a#" cov"#"! &y t-"

i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i60 Birst t-" co%%unications #"lat"

to a ;uint"ss"ntial an! non6!"l"ga&l" ow"#? o2 t-" P#"si!"nt i0"0 t-"

ow"# to "nt"# into an "."cutiv" ag#""%"nt wit- ot-"# count#i"s0 -is

aut-o#ity o2 t-" P#"si!"nt to "nt"# into eecutive agreements wit-out t-"

concu##"nc" o2 t-" L"gislatu#" -as t#a!itionally &""n #"cogni3"! in

P-iliin" 7u#is#u!"nc"0,MKH =econd> t-" co%%unications a#" ;#"c"iv"!?

&y a clos" a!viso# o2 t-" P#"si!"nt0 9n!"# t-" ;o"#ational #o.i%ity? t"st

"tition"# can &" consi!"#"! a clos" a!viso# &"ing a %"%&"# o2 P#"si!"nt

A##oyos ca&in"t0 %nd third t-"#" is no a!"uat" s-owing o2 a co%"lling

n""! t-at woul! 7usti2y t-" li%itation o2 t-" #ivil"g" an! o2 t-"

080i09ii/: o2 t-" in2o#%ation "ls"w-"#" &y an a#o#iat" inv"stigatingaut-o#ity0

(NOTEK I Ni+, /h US

S C+/ h1 /h0/ i8+*0/i+

+7 ;*/i8 i8i6< i

080ii6 i7 i/ i8+8 /h

*+ii+ +7 0 *i 01 /h i

001: 0 1i6 *ii0 *0.)

W" s"" no !isut" on t-is0 It is s"ttl"! in 7nited &tates v. +ion'< @ 4-A

t-at ;!"%onst#at"! s"ci2ic n""! 2o# "vi!"nc" in 1i6 *ii0 /i0?

outw"ig-s t-" P#"si!"nts ;g"n"#ali3"! int"#"st in con2i!"ntiality0?

ow"v"# t-" #"s"nt cas"s !istinction wit- t-" +ion cas" is v"#y "vi!"nt0

In +ion t-"#" is a "n!ing c#i%inal #oc""!ing w-"#" t-" in2o#%ation

is #"u"st"! an! it is t-" !"%an!s o2 !u" #oc"ss o2 law an! t-" 2ai#

a!%inist#ation o2 c#i%inal 7ustic" t-at t-" in2o#%ation &" !isclos"!0 -is

is t-" #"ason w-y t-" 90+0 Cou#t was uic< to ;ii/ /h *+ +7 i/

1*ii+.? It st#"ss"! t-at it is ;+/ *+*1 h 5i/h /h 900*

9/5 /h Pi1/? 60i1 i// i *+7i1/i0i/: 01 *+6i+0 101 7+ i7+0/i+.< 9nli<" in +ion t-"

in2o#%ation -"#" is "licit"! not in a c#i%inal #oc""!ing &ut in a l"gislativ"

inui#y0 In t-is #"ga#! &enate v. 1rmita st#"ss"! t-at t-" vali!ity o2 t-"

clai% o2 "."cutiv" #ivil"g" !""n!s not only on t-" g#oun! invo<"! &ut

,MKH B"#nas +00 -" ,M Constitution o2 t-" R"u&lic o2 t-" P-iliin"s A Co%%"nta#y 5> E!0 0 >0, KHM &upra.

2525



also on t-" +*10 //i6 o# t-" *+// in w-ic- t-" clai% is %a!"0

Fu#t-"#%o#" in +ion, t-" P#"si!"nt !i! not int"#os" any clai% o2 n""! to

#ot"ct %ilita#y !ilo%atic o# s"nsitiv" national s"cu#ity s"c#"ts0 In t-"

#"s"nt cas" E."cutiv" +"c#"ta#y E#%ita cat"go#ically clai%s "."cutiv"

#ivil"g" on t-" g#oun!s o2 i1/i0 *+i*0/i+ i8i6 in

#"lation to -"# "."cutiv" an! olicy !"cision6%a<ing #oc"ss an! !ilo%atic

s"c#"ts0

41. )ay a person #alidly refuse to honor an in#itation to appear

before the =enate 0lue 7ibbon %ommittee in connection with its alle/ed

in#esti/ation !in aid of le/islation$?

*"s0 In B"ng3on #0 vs0 +"nat" Blu" Ri&&on Co%%itt"" 'ov0 5

,, it was -"l! t-at ;t-" ow"# o2 &ot- -ous"s o2 Cong#"ss to con!uct

inui#i"s in ai! o2 l"gislation is not a&solut" o# unli%it"!0 N-" #ig-ts o2 "#sons a"a#ing in o# a22"ct"! &y suc- inui#i"s s-all &" #"s"ct"!0N It

2ollows t-"n t-at t-" #ig-ts o2 "#sons un!"# t-" Bill o2 Rig-ts %ust &"

#"s"ct"! inclu!ing t-" #ig-t to !u" #oc"ss an! t-" #ig-t not to &"

co%"ll"! to t"sti2y against on"s s"l20 But &#oa! as is t-is ow"# o2 inui#y

it is not unli%it"!0 -"#" is no g"n"#al aut-o#ity to ".os" t-" #ivat" a22ai#s

o2 in!ivi!uals wit-out 7usti2ication in t"#%s o2 t-" 2unctions o2 Cong#"ss0

'o# is t-" Cong#"ss a law "n2o#c"%"nt o# t#ial ag"ncy0 -"s" a#" 2unctions

o2 t-" "."cutiv" an! 7u!icial !"a#t%"nts o2 gov"#n%"nt0 'o inui#y is an

"n! in its"l24 it %ust &" #"lat"! to an! in 2u#t-"#anc" o2 a l"giti%at" tas< o2

Cong#"ss0 Inv"stigations con!uct"! sol"ly 2o# t-" "#sonal agg#an!i3"%"nt

o2 t-" inv"stigato#s o# to Nunis-N t-os" inv"stigat"! a#" in!"2"nsi&l"0 As

suc- i2 t-" "#son invit"! is al#"a!y an accus"! &"2o#" t-" +an!igan&ayan o#

2acing a cas" in t-" O%&u!s%an in conn"ction wit- a su&7"ct %att"# #"lat"!

to t-" ous" o# +"nat" inui#y t-"n -" coul! vali!ly #"2us" to att"n! to sai!

-"a#ing0

41(a. )ay the P%88 %hairman and commissioners refuse to attend

inquiries in ad of le/islation bein/ done by the =enate because <ecuti#e

9rder :o. 1 pro#ides that they should not be questioned re/ardin/ theiracti#ities as such?

'o t-" #ovision o2 E."c0 O#!"# 'o0 , #"ga#!ing t-"i# #ivil"g" not to

att"n! suc- -"a#ings is unconstitutional0 It violat"s +"ction 5M A#t0 II -"

#ig-t to in2o#%ation un!"# A#t0 III +"ction 5, A#t0 VI an! +"ction , A#t0 :I

o# t-" accounta&ility o2 u&lic o22ic"#s0

2626



41(b. )ay local le/islati#e bodies #alidly cite a person in contempt

of court as what %on/ress could do5 for refusin/ to appear therein or to

answer the questions of the members thereof?

'o0 In 'EGRO+ ORIE'AL II ELECRIC COOPERAIVE V+0

+A'GG9'IA'G PA'GL9'G+OD OF D91AG9EE CI* G0R0 'o0

5H5 'ov0 ,M , +CRA H5, t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at suc-

ow"# was not !"l"gat"! &y Cong#"ss to local gov"#n%"nt units0

H,6c0 1ay Cong#"ss vali!ly con!uct inui#i"s in ai! o2 l"gislation

"v"n i2 its Rul"s w"#" not u&lis- in a n"wsa"# o2 g"n"#al ci#culation o# in

t-" O22icial Ga3"tt" a2t"# "ac- "l"ctions &ut ost"! in its int"#n"t w"&sit"8

'o0 Cong#"ss -as to u&lis- its Rul"s "v"#y ti%" it o"ns its s"ssionsa2t"# "l"ctions0 -" osting o2 sai! #ul"s in its w"&sit" is not allow"! sinc"

suc- is not on" o2 t-" %o!"s o2 u&lis-ing laws0 W-il" RA 'o0 M5 o# t-"

El"ct#onic Co%%"#c" Act o2 5 consi!"#s an "l"ct#onic !ata %"ssag" o#

an "l"ct#onic !ocu%"nt a!%issi&l" in "vi!"nc" as t-" 2unctional "uival"nt

o2 a w#itt"n !ocu%"nt it is only 2o# "vi!"ntia#y u#os"s0 It !o"s not %a<"

t-" int"#n"t as a %"!iu% 2o# u&lis-ing laws #ul"s an! #"gulations0

($ARCILLANO VS. COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION,

D*9 =3, =>>!)

H,6!0 1ay t-" +"nat" Fo#"ign A22ai#s Co%%itt"" con!uct inui#i"s in ai! o2

l"gislation 2o# an all"g"! ill"gal acts co%%itt"! &y %"%&"#s o2 t-" P'P in

1oscow w-ic- is outsi!" t-" P-iliin"s8

*"s &"caus" it coul! inv"stigat" ;all %att"#s #"lating to t-" #"lations

o2 t-" P-iliin"s wit- all ot-"# nations0? (DE LA PA VS. SENATE

COMMITTEE ON FOREI$N AFFAIRS, F90: %3, =>>G)

42. What are the bills that must eclusi#ely ori/inate from the

ouse of 7epresentati#es?

9n!"# +"ction 5H A#t0 VI All a#o#iations #"v"nu" o# ta#i22 &ills

&ills aut-o#i3ing inc#"as" o2 t-" u&lic !"&t &ills o2 local alication an!

#ivat" &ills s-all o#iginat" ".clusiv"ly in t-" ous" o2 #"#"s"ntativ"s &ut t-"

+"nat" %ay #oos" o# concu# wit- a%"n!%"nts0 (NOTEK In T+/i+ 8.

S*/0: +7 Fi0* t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at t-" E6VA Law is

2727



constitutional "v"n i2 t-" sa%" was t-" VER+IO' w-ic- ca%" 2#o% t-" +"nat"

not 2#o% t-" ous" o2 R"#"s"ntativ"s0 -is is so &"caus" t-" +"nat" is allow"!

to ;#oos" a%"n!%"nts? to &ills w-ic- %ust ".clusiv"ly o#iginat" 2#o% t-"

ous" o2 R"#"s"ntativ"s0)

43. When is transfer of appropriations allowed by the %onstitution8

Only t-os" cov"#"! &y +"ction 5 K w-ic- #ovi!"s t-at ;'o law

s-all &" ass"! aut-o#i3ing any t#ans2"# o2 a#o#iations4 -ow"v"# t-"

P#"si!"nt t-" P#"si!"nt o2 t-" +"nat" t-" +"a<"# o2 t-" -ous" o2

R"#"s"ntativ"s t-" C-i"2 7ustic" o2 t-" +u#"%" Cou#t an! t-" -"a!s o2 t-"

constitutional co%%issions %ay &y law &" aut-o#i3"! to aug%"nt any it"%

in t-" g"n"#al a#o#iations law 2o# t-"i# #"s"ctiv" o22ic"s 2#o% savings in

ot-"# it"%s o2 t-"i# #"s"ctiv" a#o#iations0?

44. What is the so(called !eecuti#e impoundment$?

It %"ans t-at alt-oug- an it"% o2 a#o#iation is not v"to"! &y t-"

P#"si!"nt -" -ow"v"# #"2us"s 2o# w-at"v"# #"ason to s"n! 2un!s %a!"

ossi&l" &y Cong#"ss0 It is t-" 2ailu#" to s"n! o# o&ligat" &u!g"t aut-o#ity

o2 any ty"0 P#oon"nts o2 i%oun!%"nt -av" invo<"! at l"ast t-#"" (>)

#incial sou#c"s o2 aut-o#ity o2 t-" P#"si!"nt0 K, aut-o#ity to i%oun!

giv"n to -i% &y Cong#"ss "it-"# ".#"ssly o# i%li"!ly4 K5 t-" "."cutiv"

ow"# !#awn 2#o% -is ow"# as Co%%an!"#6in6c-i"24 an! K> t-" Fait-2ul

"."cution claus" o2 t-" Constitution0 'ot" t-at in t-is cas" t-" +C -"l! t-at

t-" Count#ysi!" D"v"lo%"nt Fun! (CDF) o# ;Po#< Ba##"l? o2 Cong#"ss%"n

an! +"nato#s is CO'+I9IO'AL &"caus" t-" sa%" is ;s"t asi!" 2o#

Sin2#ast#uctu#" u#c-as" o2 a%&ulanc"s an! co%ut"#s an! ot-"# #io#ity

#o7"cts an! activiti"s an! c#"!it 2aciliti"s to uali2i"! &"n"2icia#i"s as

#oos"! an! i!"nti2i"! &y sai! +"nato#s an! Cong#"ss%"n0 (PILCO'+A

V+0 E'RI9E$ 5> +CRA @)

4&. )ay the President refuse to enforce a law on the /round that in

his opinion it is unconstitutional?

'o0 Ot-"#wis" -" will &" violating t-" !oct#in" o2 s"a#ation o2

ow"#s &"caus" &y !oing so -" will &" a##ogating unto -i%s"l2 t-" ow"# to

int"##"t t-" law not %"#"ly to i%l"%"nt it0 ( 0.&. 2+ L C. )&.

E%!!*&+, 38 hil.8J6

2828



46. Ehe President of the Philippines> by *dministrati#e 9rder>

mandates the !*D9PE'9: 9B * :*E'9:*L %9)PE<7';<D

'D<:E'B'%*E'9: 7<B<7<:%< =I=E<)$ and appropriatin/ funds

therefore?'s this within his !eecuti#e power$?

'o as -"l! &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t in BLA+ OPLE V+0 R9BE'

ORRE+ E AL0 G0R0 'o0 ,5@M uly 5> ,M t-" AO "sta&lis-"s a

syst"% o2 i!"nti2ication t-at is all6"nco%assing in sco" a22"cts t-" li2" an!

li&"#ty o2 "v"#y Filiino citi3"ns an! 2o#"ign #"si!"nts an! t-"#"2o#" it is

suos"! to &" a law ass"! &y Cong#"ss t-at i%l"%"nts it not &y an

A!%inist#ativ" O#!"# issu"! &y t-" P#"si!"nt0 A!%inist#ativ" Pow"# w-ic-

is suos"! to &" "."#cis"! &y t-" P#"si!"nt is conc"#n"! wit- t-" wo#< o2

alying olici"s an! "n2o#cing o#!"#s as !"t"#%in"! &y #o"#

gov"#n%"ntal o#gans0 It "na&l"s t-" P#"si!"nt to 2i. a uni2o#% stan!a#! o2

a!%inist#ativ" "22ici"ncy an! c-"c< t-" o22icial con!uct o2 -is ag"nts0P#"scin!ing 2#o% t-" 2o#"going #"c"ts AO >M involv"s a su&7"ct t-at is

not a#o#iat" to &" cov"#"! &y an A!%inist#ativ" O#!"#0 An a!%inist#ativ"

o#!"# is an o#!inanc" issu"! &y t-" P#"si!"nt w-ic- #"lat"s to s"ci2ic

as"cts in t-" a!%inist#ativ" o"#ation o2 t-" gov"#n%"nt0 It %ust &" in

-a#%ony wit- t-" law an! s-oul! &" 2o# t-" sol" u#os" o2 i%l"%"nting

t-" law an! ca##ying out t-" l"gislativ" olicy0 -" su&7"ct o2 AO >M

t-"#"2o#" is &"yon! t-" ow"# o2 t-" P#"si!"nt to issu" an! it is a usu#ation

o2 l"gislativ" ow"#0

4. What is the !totality test$ used by the =upreme %ourt in holdin/

that former President Joseph <strada resi/ned as President on January

2> 2?

I+ I+ E OALI* E+ E OALI* OF PRIOR

CO'E1PORA'EO9+ A'D PO+ERIOR FAC+ A'D

CIRC91+A'IAL EVIDE'CE BEARI'G 1AERIAL RELEVA'CE

O E I++9E0

4-. 's President 8loria )acapa/al *rroyo a de ure or a de facto President? 'f de ure> how did she succeed? 7esi/nation or permanent

disability of former President <strada?

+inc" &ot- ous"s o2 Cong#"ss -a! #"cogni3"! t-at A##oyo is t-"

P#"si!"nt w-"n t-"y ass"! R"solution ;".#"ssing t-"i# suo#t to t-"

a!%inist#ation o2 "# E.c"ll"ncy Glo#ia 1acaagal A##oyo P#"si!"nt o2 t-"

2929



P-iliin"s? w-ic- was ass"! on anua#y 5H 5,4 anot-"# #"solution

!at"! anua#y 5H 5, ;".#"ssing 2ull suo#t to t-" assu%tion into o22ic"

&y VP A##oyo as P#"si!"nt o2 t-" P-iliin"s?4 an! t-" R"solution !at"!

F"&#ua#y 5, ;con2i#%ing P#"si!"nt A##oyos no%ination o2 +"nato#

"oisto Guingona #0 as Vic" P#"si!"nt o2 t-" P-iliin"s? -"#

gov"#n%"nt is !" 7u#"0

4,. )ay the President maCes appointment to #acancies in the

udiciary within two months immediately before the net presidential

election and up to the end of his term$ in order to comply with the

requirement of =ections 4 and -> *rt. +''' for him to fill up #acancies in

the udiciary within , days from the submission of the list of nominees by

the Judicial and 0ar %ouncil?

'o0 +"ction , A#ticl" VII ali"s only to t"%o#a#y aoint%"ntsto "."cutiv" ositions w-"n continu"! vacanci"s t-"#"in will #"7u!ic"

u&lic s"#vic" o# "n!ang"# u&lic sa2"ty an! not to t-" 7u!icia#y0

&. What appointments made by the President shall be the subect of

confirmation by the %ommission on *ppointments?

Only t-os" cov"#"! &y t-" ,st s"nt"nc" o2 +"ction ,@ A#t0 VII w-ic-

a#" t-" -"a!s o2 t-" "."cutiv" !"a#t%"nts a%&assa!o#s ot-"# u&lic

%inist"#s an! consuls o# o22ic"#s o2 t-" a#%"! 2o#c"s 2#o% t-" #an< o2

colon"l o# naval catain an! ot-"# o22ic"#s a#" v"st"! in -i% in t-is

Constitution0

&1. )ay the President maCe temporary appointments in#ol#in/ the

members of the %abinet while %on/ress in session or not in session?

Distin/uish ad interim appointment and appointment in an actin/

capacity0

*"s #ovi!"! t-" t"%o#a#y aoint%"nts o2 ca&in"t %"%&"#s !o not

".c""! on" (,) y"a#0 (+E'0 A9ILI'O PI1E'EL "t al0 vs0 E:EC0+ECREAR* ED9ARDO ER1IA "t al0 H5 +CRA M)

,0 -" t"%o#a#y aoint%"nts a#" vali!0 -" ow"# to aoint is

"ss"ntially "."cutiv" in natu#" an! t-" l"gislatu#" %ay not int"#2"#"

wit- t-" "."#cis" o2 t-is "."cutiv" ow"# ".c"t in t-os" instanc"s

w-"n t-" Constitution ".#"ssly allows it to int"#2"#"0 -" "ss"nc"

3030



o2 an aoint%"nt in an acting caacity is its t"%o#a#y natu#"0 It

is a sto6ga %"asu#" int"n!"! to 2ill an o22ic" 2o# a li%it"! ti%"

until t-" aoint%"nt o2 a "#%an"nt occuant to t-" o22ic"0 In

cas" o2 vacancy in an o22ic" occui"! &y an alt"# "go o2 t-"

P#"si!"nt suc- as t-" o22ic" o2 a !"a#t%"nt s"c#"ta#y t-"

P#"si!"nt %ust n"c"ssa#ily aoint an alt"# "go o2 -"# c-oic" as

acting s"c#"ta#y &"2o#" t-" "#%an"nt aoint"" o2 -"# c-oic"

coul! assu%" o22ic"0 Cong#"ss t-#oug- a law cannot i%os" on

t-" P#"si!"nt t-" o&ligation o2 auto%atically aointing t-"

9n!"#s"c#"ta#y as -"# alt"# "go0 " %ust &" o2 t-" P#"si!"nts

con2i!"nc" an! #ovi!"! t-at t-" t"%o#a#y aoint%"nt !o"s not

".c""! on" (,) y"a#0

-"#" is a n""! to !istinguis- a! int"#i% aoint%"nts an!

aoint%"nts in an acting caacity0 W-il" &ot- a#" "22"ctiv" uonacc"tanc" a! int"#i% aoint%"nts a#" ".t"n!"! only !u#ing t-"

#"c"ss o2 Cong#"ss w-"#"as acting aoint%"nts %ay &" ".t"n!"!

any ti%" t-at t-"#" is a vacancy0 1o#"ov"# a! int"#i% aoint%"nts

a#" su&%itt"! to t-" Co%%ission on Aoint%"nts 2o# con2i#%ation

o# #"7"ction4 acting aoint%"nts a#" not su&%itt"! to t-"

Co%%ission on aoint%"nts0 Acting aoint%"nts a#" a way o2

t"%o#a#ily ci#cu%v"nting t-" n""! o2 con2i#%ation &y t-"

Co%%ission on Aoint%"nts0

&2. What is the !taCe care power$ of the President of the

Philippines?

It is t-" ow"# o2 t-" P#"si!"nt un!"# +"ction , A#t0 VII w-ic-

#ovi!"s t-at -" P#"si!"nt s-all -av" cont#ol o2 all t-" "."cutiv"

!"a#t%"nts &u#"aus an! o22ic"s0 H h0 /h0/ /h 05 9

70i/h7: */1.

&3. What is the power of control of the President. Distin/uish it

from power of super#ision0

NCont#olN -as &""n !"2in"! as Nt-" ow"# o2 an o22ic"# to alt"# o#

%o!i2y o# nulli2y o# s"t asi!" w-at a su&o#!inat" o22ic"# -a! !on" in t-"

"#2o#%anc" o2 -is !uti"s an! to su&stitut" t-" 7u!g%"nt o2 t-" 2o#%"# 2o#

t"st o2 t-" latt"#0N N+u"#visionN on t-" ot-"# -an! %"ans Nov"#s""ing o# t-"

3131



ow"# o# aut-o#ity o2 an o22ic"# to s"" t-at su&o#!inat" o22ic"#s "#2o#% t-"i#

!uti"s0 (1O'DA'O V+0 +ILVO+A)

&4. )ay the President #alidly require all officers and employees

under the eecuti#e department to maintain 'D systems and ha#e 'D

cards?

*"s in acco#!anc" wit- -"# ow"# o2 cont#ol un!"# +"ction , A#t0

VII o2 t-" Constitution0 (IL9+A'G 1A*O 9'O V+0 E:EC9IVE

+ECREAR* ED9ARDO ER1IA E AL0 A#il , 5@ un" 5

5@) But not 2o# a national ID syst"% w-ic- inclu!"s civilians as -"l! in

Ol" vs0 o##"s su#a0

&&. What is the doctrine of qualified political a/ency?

It si%ly %"ans t-at ;th Pi1/ i +/ */1 /+ 7+ i

+ 0 /h /i70i+ */i8 01 01ii/0/i8 7*/i+.

Th O77i* +7 /h E*/i8 S*/0: i 0 0i0: i/ 5hi*h

0i/ /h Pi1/. U1 + *+/i//i+0 /-, /h

E*/i8 S*/0: 0*/ 7+ 01 i 9h07 +7 /h Pi1/K 01

9: 0/h+i/: +7 /h Pi1/, h h0 1i/1 Ji1i*/i+ /+

077i, +1i7:, + 8 8 0: +1 +7 /h S*/0: +7

N0/0 R+* 01 +/h C09i/ S*/0i0 W-"#" t-"

E."cutiv" +"c#"ta#y acts N&y aut-o#ity o2 t-" P#"si!"ntN -is !"cision is

t-at o2 t-" P#"si!"nt0 (Lacson61agallan"s Co0 Inc0 vs0 Pano 5,

+CRA M)0

&6. What are the differences between the power of the President to

declare martial law or suspend the pri#ile/e of the writ of habeas

corpus under the 1,- %onstitution and the pre#ious %onstitutions?

9n!"# t-" ,M P-iliin" Constitution suc- acts o2 t-" P#"si!"nt

%ay &" #"vi"w"! not only &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t &ut also t-" Cong#"ss o2

t-" P-iliin"s0 P#"viously suc- woul! &" consi!"#"! ;olitical u"stion?w-ic- is &"yon! t-" #"vi"w ow"#s o2 t-" cou#ts0 Li<"wis" t-"#" is a

!"2init" "#io! 2o# t-" sai! sus"nsion unli<" &"2o#" an! %o#"

i%o#tantly t-" g#oun!s a#" only invasion an! #"&"llion WE' E

P9BLIC +AFE* RE9IRE+ I0 -" +u#"%" Cou#t %ay #"vi"w in

an a#o#iat" #oc""!ing 2il"! &y any citi3"n t-" su22ici"ncy o2 t-"

2actual &asis o2 t-" #ocla%ation o2 %a#tial law o# sus"nsion o2 t-"

3232



#ivil"g" o2 t-" w#it o# t-" ".t"nsion t-"#"o2 an! %ust #o%ulgat" its

!"cision t-"#"on wit-in > !ays 2#o% its 2iling0

A stat" o2 %a#tial law !o"s not sus"n! t-" o"#ation o2 t-"

Constitution no# sulant t-" 2unctioning o2 t-" civil cou#ts o# l"gislativ"

ass"%&li"s no# aut-o#i3" t-" con2"#%"nt o2 7u#is!iction on %ilita#y cou#ts

an! ag"nci"s ov"# civilians w-"#" civil cou#ts a#" a&l" to 2unction no#

auto%atically sus"n! t-" #ivil"g" o2 t-" w#it0

-" sus"nsion o2 t-" #ivil"g" o2 t-" w#it s-all aly only to "#sons

7u!icially c-a#g"! 2o# #"&"llion o# o22"ns"s in-"#"nt in o# !i#"ctly conn"ct"!

wit- invasion0

Du#ing t-" sus"nsion o2 t-" #ivil"g" o2 t-" w#it any "#son t-us

a##"st"! o# !"tain"! s-all &" 7u!icially c-a#g"! wit-in > !ays ot-"#wis" -"s-all &" #"l"as"!0

&. )ay the President under the 1,- %onstitution #alidly issue

decrees after declarin/ a state of national emer/ency. )ay she direct the

taCe o#er of business affected with national interest by reason of the

!emer/ency$ which she herself proclaimed?

I n t - " c a s " o 2 PROF. RANDOLF S. DAVID, / A

VS. $LORIA MACAPA$AL-ARROYO, AS PRESIDENT ANDCOMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, / 0., $.R. N+. %"%3G&, M0: 3, =>>& it was

-"l! t-at in !"cla#ing a stat" o2 national "%"#g"ncy P#"si!"nt A##oyo !i! not

only #"ly on +"ction ,M A#ticl" VII o2 t-" Constitution a #ovision calling

on t-" AFP to #"v"nt o# su#"ss lawl"ss viol"nc" invasion o# #"&"llion0

+-" also #"li"! on +"ction , A#ticl" :II a #ovision on t-" +tat"s

".t#ao#!ina#y ow"# to ta<" ov"# #ivat"ly6own"! u&lic utility an! &usin"ss

a22"ct"! wit- u&lic int"#"st0 -" +u#"%" Cou#t #ul"! t-at t-" assail"! PP

,, is unconstitutional inso2a# as it g#ants P#"si!"nt A##oyo t-" aut-o#ity to

#o%ulgat" ;!"c#""s0? L"gislativ" ow"# is "culia#ly wit-in t-" #ovinc"

o2 t-" L"gislatu#"0 +"ction , A#ticl" VI cat"go#ically stat"s t-at ;Kt-"l"gislativ" ow"# s-all &" v"st"! in t-" Cong#"ss o2 t-" P-iliin"s w-ic-

s-all consist o2 a +"nat" an! a ous" o2 R"#"s"ntativ"s0? o &" su#"

n"it-"# 1a#tial Law no# a stat" o2 #"&"llion no# a stat" o2 "%"#g"ncy can

7usti2y P#"si!"nt A##oyos "."#cis" o2 l"gislativ" ow"# &y issuing !"c#""s0

3333



Li<"wis" t-" "."#cis" o2 "%"#g"ncy ow"#s suc- as t-" ta<ing ov"#

o2 #ivat"ly own"! u&lic utility o# &usin"ss a22"ct"! wit- u&lic int"#"st is

also unconstitutional0 -is #"ui#"s a !"l"gation 2#o% Cong#"ss0

&-. What are the requisites of udicial re#iew?

Cou#ts %ay "."#cis" t-" ow"# o2 7u!icial #"vi"w only w-"n t-"

2ollowing #"uisit"s a#" #"s"ntJ first, t-"#" %ust &" an actual cas" o#

cont#ov"#sy4 second, "tition"#s -av" to #ais" a u"stion o2

unconstitutionality4 third, t-" constitutional u"stion %ust &" #ais"! at t-"

"a#li"st oo#tunity4 an! fourth, t-" !"cision o2 t-" constitutional u"stion

%ust &" n"c"ssa#y to t-" !"t"#%ination o2 t-" cas" its"l20

&,. When may the courts still #alidly decide moot and academic

cases?

A %oot an! aca!"%ic cas" is on" t-at c"as"s to #"s"nt a 7usticia&l"

cont#ov"#sy &y vi#tu" o2 su"#v"ning "v"nts5 so t-at a !"cla#ation t-"#"on

woul! &" o2 no #actical us" o# valu"0 G"n"#ally cou#ts !"clin" 7u#is!iction

ov"# suc- cas"5, o# !is%iss it on g#oun! o2 %ootn"ss0 -" ;++/ 01

0*01i*? #incil" is not a %agical 2o#%ula t-at can auto%atically

!issua!" t-" cou#ts in #"solving a cas"0 Cou#ts will !"ci!" cas"s ot-"#wis"

%oot an! aca!"%ic i2J

first, t-"#" is a g#av" violation o2 t-" Constitution (P+8i* +7B0/060 8. R++, .R. N+. %'=""4, M0: =", =>>4, 4=G SCRA

"3&)0

second t-" ".c"tional c-a#act"# o2 t-" situation an! t-"

a#a%ount u&lic int"#"st is involv"! (L0*+ 8. P, $.R. N+.

%4""!>, M0: %>, =>>%, 3'" SCRA "'&)

third, w-"n constitutional issu" #ais"! #"ui#"s 2o#%ulation o2

cont#olling #incil"s to gui!" t-" &"nc- t-" &a# an! t-" u&lic

(P+8i* +7 B0/060 8. R++)4 an!

fourth, t-" cas" is caa&l" o2 #""tition y"t "va!ing #"vi"w

( *lbaKa #. %ommission on <lections> $.R. N+. %&33>=, #: =3,

5 rovince of Iatangas v. !omulo G0R0 'o0 ,5H 1ay 5 5H H5 +CRA >@0

5, !o@al Cargo Corporation v. Civil %eronautics Ioard, G0R0 'os0 ,>6@ anua#y 5@ 5H H5, +CRA 5,4 )da. e abao v. Court of

%ppeals supra0

3434



=>>4, 43' SCRA G!, *cop #. 8uin/ona> Jr.> $.R. N+. %34!'', #:

=, =>>=, 3!3 SCRA '"", =anlaCas #. <ecuti#e =ecretary, $.R.

N+. %'G>!', F90: 3, =>>4, 4=% SCRA &'&. )

6. Define locus standi.

0ocus standi is !"2in"! as ;a #ig-t o2 a"a#anc" in a cou#t o2 7ustic"

on a giv"n u"stion0?55 In #ivat" suits stan!ing is gov"#n"! &y t-" ;#"al6

a#ti"s6in int"#"st? #ul" as contain"! in +"ction 5 Rul" > o2 t-" , Rul"s

o2 Civil P#oc"!u#" as a%"n!"!0 It #ovi!"s t-at ;8: 0*/i+ / 9

+*/1 + 1711 i /h 0 +7 /h 0 0/: i i//0?

Acco#!ingly t-" ;#"al6a#ty6in int"#"st? is ;/h 0/: 5h+ /01 /+ 9

97i/1 + iJ1 9: /h J16/ i /h i/ + /h 0/: /i/1 /+

/h 080i +7 /h i/.?5> +uccinctly ut t-" lainti22s stan!ing is &as"! on

-is own #ig-t to t-" #"li"2 soug-t0

61. What are the tests of locus standi in the Philippines8

-" o#iginal wasJ K, I2 t-" act involv"s t-" !is&u#s"%"nt o2 u&lic

2un!s %"#" ta.ay"# -as t-" caacity to su" an! u"stion suc- act0 K5 I2 it

!o"s not involv" !is&u#s"%"nt o2 u&lic 2un!s only t-os" w-o a#" ;!i#"ctly

in7u#"!? &y t-" sai! law o# cont#act "nt"#"! into &y t-" gov"#n%"nt0

Cas" law in %ost 7u#is!ictions now allows &ot- ;citi3"n? an!;ta.ay"#? stan!ing in u&lic actions0 -" !istinction was 2i#st lai! !own in

Ieauchamp v. &il? 5H w-"#" it was -"l! t-at t-" lainti22 in a ta.ay"#s suit

is in a !i22"#"nt cat"go#y 2#o% t-" lainti22 in a citi3"ns suit0 I /h 7+,

/h 0i/i77 i 077*/1 9: /h 1i/ +7 9i* 71, 5hi i /h

0//, h i 9/ /h i// +7 /h 9i* *+*

ow"v"# to #"v"nt 7ust a&out any "#son 2#o% s""<ing 7u!icial

int"#2"#"nc" in any o22icial olicy o# act wit- w-ic- -" !isag#""! wit- an!

t-us -in!"#s t-" activiti"s o2 gov"#n%"ntal ag"nci"s "ngag"! in u&lic

s"#vic" t-" 9nit"! +tat" +u#"%" Cou#t lai! !own t-" %o#" st#ing"nt

;1i*/ iJ:? // in 1 arte 0evitt 5 lat"# #"a22i#%"! in Tileston v.

55 Blac<s Law Dictiona#y @t- E!0 ,, 0 H,0

5> &alonga v. Harner Iarnes L Co., MM P-il0 ,5 (,,)0

5H 5 y , ,5 +W5! @ (,>M)0

5 >5 90+0 @>>0

3535



7llman.5@ -" sa%" Cou#t #ul"! t-at 2o# a #ivat" in!ivi!ual to invo<" t-"

7u!icial ow"# to !"t"#%in" t-" vali!ity o2 an "."cutiv" o# l"gislativ" action

h / h+5 /h0/ h h0 /0i1 0 1i*/ iJ: 0 0 / +7 /h0/

0*/i+, 01 i/ i +/ 77i*i/ /h0/ h h0 0 60 i// *++ /+

0 9 +7 /h 9i*.

-is Cou#t a!ot"! t-" ;1i*/ iJ:< // in ou# 7u#is!iction0 In

eople v. )era5 it -"l! t-at t-" "#son w-o i%ugns t-" vali!ity o2 a

statut" %ust -av" ;0 +0 01 9/0/i0 i// i /h *0 *h

/h0/ h h0 /0i1, + 5i /0i 1i*/ iJ: 0 0 /0? -" )era

!oct#in" was u-"l! in a litany o2 cas"s suc- as Custodio v. resident of

the &enate5M 2anila !ace Eorse Trainers> %ssociation v. e la 9uente5

ascual v. &ecretar@ of ublic Hor?s> an! %ntiFChinese 0eague of the

hilippines v. 9eli.>,

ow"v"# &"ing a %"#" #oc"!u#al t"c-nicality t-" #"ui#"%"nt o2

locus standi %ay &" waiv"! &y t-" Cou#t in t-" "."#cis" o2 its !isc#"tion0

-is was !on" in t-" %G4G E6*: P+5 C0, %raneta v.

inglasan>5 w-"#" t-" ;/0*1/0 i+/0*? o2 t-" cas"s #o%t"!

t-" Cou#t to act li&"#ally0 +uc- li&"#ality was n"it-"# a #a#ity no# acci!"ntal0

In %Guino v. Comelec>> t-is Cou#t #"solv"! to ass uon t-" issu"s #ais"!

!u" to t-" ;70-0*hi6 ii*0/i+? o2 t-" "tition notwit-stan!ing its

cat"go#ical stat"%"nt t-at "tition"# t-"#"in -a! no "#sonality to 2il" t-"

suit0 In!""! t-"#" is a c-ain o2 cas"s w-"#" t-is li&"#al olicy -as &""no&s"#v"! allowing o#!ina#y citi3"ns %"%&"#s o2 Cong#"ss an! civic

o#gani3ations to #os"cut" actions involving t-" constitutionality o# vali!ity

o2 laws #"gulations an! #ulings0>H

5@ >,M 90+0 HH@0

5 @ P-il0 @ (,>)0

5M G0R0 'o0 ,, 'ov"%&"# ,H (9n#"o#t"!)0

5 G0R0 'o0 5H anua#y ,, , (9n#"o#t"!)0

> ,, P-il0 >>, (,@)0

>, P-il0 ,,5 (,H)0

>5 MH P-il0 >@M (,H) -" Cou#t -"l!J ;A&ov" all t-" t#ansc"n!"ntal i%o#tanc" to t-" u&lic o2 t-"s" cas"s !"%an!s t-at t-"y &" s"ttl"!

#o%tly an! !"2init"ly &#us-ing asi!" i2 w" %ust t"c-nicaliti"s o2 #oc"!u#"0?

>> L6'o0 HH anua#y >, , @5 +CRA 50

>H EaKada #. Eu#era , G0R0 'o0 @>, A#il 5H ,M ,>@ +CRA 5 w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at w-"#" t-" u"stion is on" o2 u&lic !uty an!

t-" "n2o#c"%"nt o2 a u&lic #ig-t t-" "ol" a#" t-" #"al a#ty in int"#"st an! it is su22ici"nt t-at t-" "tition"# is a citi3"n int"#"st"! in t-"

"."cution o2 t-" law4

Le/aspi #. %i#il =er#ice %ommission , G0R0 'o0 5,, 1ay 5 ,M , +CRA > w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at in cas"s involving anass"#tion o2 a u&lic #ig-t t-" #"ui#"%"nt o2 "#sonal int"#"st is satis2i"! &y t-" %"#" 2act t-at t-" "tition"# is a citi3"n an! a#t o2 t-" g"n"#al

3636



-us t-" Cou#t -as a!ot"! a #ul" t-at "v"n w-"#" t-" "tition"#s

-av" 2ail"! to s-ow !i#"ct in7u#y t-"y -av" &""n allow"! to su" un!"# t-"

#incil" o2 ;/0*1/0 i+/0*0? P"#tin"nt a#" t-" 2ollowing

cas"sJ

(%) ChaveA v. ublic 1states %uthorit@,>

w-"#" t-" Cou#t#ul"! t-at /h 7+*/ +7 /h *+/i//i+0 i6h/ /+

i7+0/i+ 01 /h 2i/09 1i77i+ +7 0/0 +*

0 0// +7 /0*1/0 i+/0* 5hi*h *+/h /h

/i/i+ 5i/h locus standi

2) Iagong %l@ansang 2a?aba@an v. Bamora,>@ w-"#"in

t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at ;6i8 /h /0*1/0 i+/0* +7

/h i i8+81, /h C+/ 0: 0 /h /01i6

2i/ 01 0+5 /h i/ /+ + 1i/ /h 0*@+7 1i*/ iJ: /+ /h 0/i @i6 J1i*i0 8i5< o2 t-"

Visiting Fo#c"s Ag#""%"nt4

(3) 0im v. 1ecutive &ecretar@> w-il" t-" Cou#t not"!

t-at t-" "tition"#s %ay not 2il" suit in t-"i# caacity as

ta.ay"#s a&s"nt a s-owing t-at ;Bali<atan 56,? involv"s t-"

"."#cis" o2 Cong#"ss ta.ing o# s"n!ing ow"#s it

#"it"#at"! its #uling in Iagong %l@ansang 2a?aba@an v.

Bamora,

>M

th0/ i *0 +7 /0*1/0 i+/0*, /h u&lic w-ic- oss"ss"s t-" #ig-t0

Hapatiran n/ m/a :a/lilin/Cod sa Pamahalaan n/ Pilipinas> 'nc. #. Ean , L0 'o0 M,>,, un" > ,MM ,@> +CRA >, w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l!

t-at o&7"ctions to ta.ay"#s lac< o2 "#sonality to su" %ay &" !is#"ga#!"! in !"t"#%ining t-" vali!ity o2 t-" VA law4

*lbano #. 7eyes , G0R0 'o0 M>, uly ,, ,M , +CRA 5@H w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at w-il" no "."n!itu#" o2 u&lic 2un!s was involv"!

un!"# t-" u"stion"! cont#act non"t-"l"ss consi!"#ing its i%o#tant #ol" in t-" "cono%ic !"v"lo%"nt o2 t-" count#y an! t-" %agnitu!" o2 t-"

2inancial consi!"#ation involv"! u&lic int"#"st was !"2init"ly involv"! an! t-is clot-"! "tition"# wit- t-" l"gal "#sonality un!"# t-" !isclosu#"

#ovision o2 t-" Constitution to u"stion it0

*ssociation of =mall Landowners in the Philippines> 'nc. #. =ec. of */rarian 7eform> G0R0 'o0 MH5 uly ,H ,M , +CRA >H> w-"#"

t-" Cou#t #ul"! t-at w-il" "tition"#s a#" st#ictly s"a<ing not cov"#"! &y t-" !"2inition o2 a ;#o"# a#ty? non"t-"l"ss it -as t-" !isc#"tion to

waiv" t-" #"ui#"%"nt in !"t"#%ining t-" vali!ity o2 t-" i%l"%"ntation o2 t-" CARP0

8onFales #. )acarai/> Jr . G0R0 'o0 M@>@ 'ov"%&"# , , ,, +CRA H5 w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at it "n7oys t-" o"n !isc#"tion to

"nt"#tain ta.ay"#s suit o# not an! t-at a %"%&"# o2 t-" +"nat" -as t-" #"uisit" "#sonality to &#ing a suit w-"#" a constitutional issu" is #ais"!0

)aceda #. )acarai/> Jr ., G0R0 'o0 MM5, 1ay >, ,, , +CRA , w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at "tition"# as a ta.ay"# -as t-" "#sonality

to 2il" t-" instant "tition as t-" issu"s involv"! "#tains to ill"gal "."n!itu#" o2 u&lic %on"y4

9smeKa #. %omelec , G0R0 'o0 ,>,M ,>M ,H,,H5 uly > ,, , +CRA w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at w-"#" s"#iousconstitutional u"stions a#" involv"! t-" ;t#ansc"n!"ntal i%o#tanc"? to t-" u&lic o2 t-" cas"s involv"! !"%an!s t-at t-"y &" s"ttl"! #o%tly

an! !"2init"ly &#us-ing asi!" t"c-nicaliti"s o2 #oc"!u#"s4

De 8uia #. %omelec , G0R0 'o0 ,H,5 1ay @ ,5 5M +CRA H5 w-"#" t-" Cou#t -"l! t-at t-" i%o#tanc" o2 t-" issu"s involv"!

conc"#ning as it !o"s t-" olitical "."#cis" o2 uali2i"! vot"#s a22"ct"! &y t-" ao#tion%"nt n"c"ssitat"s t-" &#us-ing asi!" o2 t-" #oc"!u#al

#"ui#"%"nt o2 locus standi0

> G0R0 'o0 ,>>5 uly 55 >MH +CRA ,50

>@ G0R0 'os0 ,>M ,>M5 ,>MM ,>M@M ,>M@M Octo&"# , 5 >H5 +CRA HH0

>

G0R0 'o0 ,,HH A#il ,, 55 >M +CRA >0>M

&upra.

3737



*0 / 9 //1 +/: 01 17ii/: 01 /01i6

2i/ 0: 9 010

By way o2 su%%a#y t-" 2ollowing #ul"s %ay &" cull"! 2#o% t-"

cas"s !"ci!"! &y t-is Cou#t0 a.ay"#s vot"#s conc"#n"! citi3"ns an!l"gislato#s %ay &" acco#!"! stan!ing to su" #ovi!"! t-at t-" 2ollowing

#"ui#"%"nts a#" %"tJ

,0 t-" cas"s involv" constitutional issu"s4

50 2o# /00: t-"#" %ust &" a clai% o2 ill"gal !is&u#s"%"nt o2

u&lic 2un!s o# t-at t-" ta. %"asu#" is unconstitutional4

>0 2o# 8+/ t-"#" %ust &" a s-owing o2 o&vious int"#"st in t-"

vali!ity o2 t-" "l"ction law in u"stion4

H0 2o# *+*1 *i/i t-"#" %ust &" a s-owing t-at t-" issu"s

#ais"! a#" o2 t#ansc"n!"ntal i%o#tanc" w-ic- %ust &" s"ttl"!

"a#ly4 an!

0 2o# 6i0/+ t-"#" %ust &" a clai% t-at t-" o22icial action

co%lain"! o2 in2#ing"s uon t-"i# #"#ogativ"s as l"gislato#s0

+igni2icantly #"c"nt !"cisions s-ow a c"#tain toug-"ning in t-"

Cou#ts attitu!" towa#! l"gal stan!ing0

In Milosba@an, *nc. v. 2orato> t-" Cou#t #ul"! t-at t-" status o2

Milosba@an as a "ol"s o#gani3ation !o"s not giv" it t-" #"uisit"

"#sonality to u"stion t-" vali!ity o2 t-" on6lin" lott"#y cont#act %o#" so

w-"#" it !o"s not #ais" any issu" o2 constitutionality0 1o#"ov"# it cannot

su" as a ta.ay"# a&s"nt any all"gation t-at u&lic 2un!s a#" &"ing %isus"!0

'o# can it su" as a conc"#n"! citi3"n as it !o"s not all"g" any s"ci2ic in7u#y

it -as su22"#"!0

In Telecommunications and Iroadcast %ttorne@s of the hilippines,

*nc. v. ComelecH t-" Cou#t #"it"#at"! t-" ;!i#"ct in7u#y? t"st wit- #"s"ct to

conc"#n"! citi3"ns cas"s involving constitutional issu"s0 It -"l! t-at ;t-"#"

> G0R0 'o0 ,,M, 'ov"%&"# ,@ , 5 +CRA ,>0

H G0R0 'o0 ,>555 A#il 5, ,M 5M +CRA >>0

3838



%ust &" a s-owing t-at t-" citi3"n "#sonally su22"#"! so%" actual o#

t-#"at"n"! in7u#y a#ising 2#o% t-" all"g"! ill"gal o22icial act0?

In 0acson v. ereA H, t-" Cou#t #ul"! t-at on" o2 t-" "tition"#s 0aban

ng emo?rati?ong ilipino (LDP) is not a #"al a#ty6in6int"#"st as it -a! not!"%onst#at"! any in7u#y to its"l2 o# to its l"a!"#s %"%&"#s o# suo#t"#s0

In &anla?as v. 1ecutive &ecretar@H5 t-" Cou#t #ul"! t-at only t-"

"tition"#s w-o a#" %"%&"#s o2 Cong#"ss -av" stan!ing to su" as t-"y clai%

t-at t-" P#"si!"nts !"cla#ation o2 a stat" o2 #"&"llion i 0 0/i+ +7 /h

6*: +5 +7 C+6, /h i0ii6 /hi 6i0/i8 +50

As to "tition"#s &anla?as, artido 2anggagawa, and &ocial Kustice

&ociet@ t-" Cou#t !"cla#"! t-"% to &" !"voi! o2 stan!ing "uating t-"%

wit- t-" LDP in 0acson0

62. What is the !taCe o#er$ pro#ision of the %onstitution. )ay the

President #alidly eercise the same?

-is is +"ction , A#ticl" :II w-ic- #"a!sJ

S*. %". In ti%"s o2 national "%"#g"ncy w-"n t-" u&lic

int"#"st so #"ui#"s t-" +tat" %ay !u#ing t-" "%"#g"ncy an!

un!"# #"asona&l" t"#%s #"sc#i&"! &y it t"%o#a#ily ta<" ov"#

o# !i#"ct t-" o"#ation o2 any #ivat"ly6own"! u&lic utility o# &usin"ss a22"ct"! wit- u&lic int"#"st0

W-il" t-" P#"si!"nt alon" can !"cla#" a stat" o2 national

"%"#g"ncy -ow"v"# wit-out l"gislation -" -as no ow"# to ta<" ov"#

#ivat"ly6own"! u&lic utility o# &usin"ss a22"ct"! wit- u&lic int"#"st0

-" P#"si!"nt cannot !"ci!" w-"t-"# ".c"tional ci#cu%stanc"s ".ist

wa##anting t-" ta<" ov"# o2 #ivat"ly6own"! u&lic utility o# &usin"ss

a22"ct"! wit- u&lic int"#"st0 'o# can -" !"t"#%in" w-"n suc- ".c"tional

ci#cu%stanc"s -av" c"as"!0 Li<"wis" 5i/h+/ 6i0/i+ , t-" P#"si!"nt -as

no ow"# to oint out t-" ty"s o2 &usin"ss"s a22"ct"! wit- u&lic int"#"stt-at s-oul! &" ta<"n ov"#0 In s-o#t t-" P#"si!"nt -as no a&solut" aut-o#ity

to "."#cis" all t-" ow"#s o2 t-" +tat" un!"# +"ction , A#ticl" VII in t-"

a&s"nc" o2 an "%"#g"ncy ow"#s act ass"! &y Cong#"ss0

H, G0R0 'o0 ,HM ,HM, ,H ,HM, 1ay , 5, > +CRA @0

H5 G0R0 'o0 ,M F"&#ua#y > 5H H5, +CRA @@0

3939



@> . What are the limitations of the President"s power of eecuti#e

clemency?

-" sa%" is not availa&l" in cas"s o2 i%"ac-%"nt as w"ll as violation

o2 "l"ction laws #ul"s an! #"gulations wit-out t-" 2avo#a&l"

#"co%%"n!ation o2 t-" Co%%ission on El"ctions0 (+"ction , A#t0 VII an!

+"ction A#t0 I:6C))

64. Distin/uish pardon from amnesty0

As -"l! in BARRIO9I'O V+0 FER'A'DE$ M5 P-il0 @H5 t-"

!istinctions a#" as 2ollowsJ

K, Pa#!on is g#ant"! &y t-" C-i"2 E."cutiv" an! as suc- it is a #ivat" act w-ic- %ust &" l"a!"! an! #ov"! &y t-" "#son a#!on"!

&"caus" t-" cou#ts ta<" no notic" t-"#"o24 w-il" a%n"sty &y

P#ocla%ation o2 t-" C-i"2 E."cutiv" wit- t-" concu##"nc" o2 Cong#"ss

an! it is a u&lic act o2 w-ic- t-" cou#ts s-oul! ta<" 7u!icial notic"0

K5 Pa#!on is g#ant"! to on" a2t"# conviction (o2 o#!ina#y c#i%"s)

4 w-il" a%n"sty is g#ant"! to class"s o2 "#sons o# co%%uniti"s w-o

%ay &" guilty o2 olitical o22"ns"s g"n"#ally &"2o#" o# a2t"# t-"

institution o2 t-" c#i%inal #os"cution an! so%"ti%"s a2t"# conviction0

K> Pa#!on loo<s 2o#wa#! an! #"li"v"s t-" o22"n!"# 2#o% t-"

cons"u"nc"s o2 an o22"ns" o2 w-ic- -" -as &""n convict"! t-at is it

a&olis-"! o# 2o#giv"s t-" unis-%"nt an! 2o# t-at #"ason it !o"s NNno#

wo#< t-" #"sto#ation o2 t-" #ig-ts to -ol! u&lic o22ic" o# t-" #ig-t o2

su22#ag" unl"ss suc- #ig-ts &" ".#"ssly #"sto#"! &y t-" t"#%s o2 t-"

a#!onN an! it Nin no cas" "."%ts t-" cul#it 2#o% t-" ay%"nt o2 t-"

civil in!"%nity i%os"! uon -i% &y t-" s"nt"nc"N a#ticl" >@ R"vis"!

P"nal Co!")0 w-il" a%n"sty loo<s &ac<wa#! an! a&olis-"s an! uts

into o&livion t-" o22"ns" its"l2 it so ov"#loo<s an! o&lit"#at"s t-"o22"ns" wit- w-ic- -" is c-a#g"! t-at t-" "#son #"l"as"! &y a%n"sty

stan!s &"2o#" t-" law #"cis"ly as t-oug- -" -a! co%%itt"! no o22"ns"0

(s"ction ,K@ A#ticl" VII P-iliin" Constitution4 +tat" vs0 Blaloc<

@5 '0C0 5H5 5H4 In #" B#iggs ,> '0C0 ,,M4 H +0E0 H50 H>4 E.

a#t" Law > GA0 5M 5@4 +tat" ". #"l An-"us"#Busc- B#"wing

4040



Assn0 vs0 E&y , 1o0 H4 , +0W 5 @,4 Bu#!ic< vs 9nit"! +tat"s

'0*0 > +0 Ct0 5@4 5,4 5>@ 90+0 4 Law0 "!0 H@0)

KH Pa#!on is co%l"t" wit- t-" act o2 t-" P#"si!"nt w-il" A%n"sty is

vali! only wit- t-" concu##"nc" o2 t-" %a7o#ity o2 t-" %"%&"#s o2 all

t-" %"%&"#s o2 Cong#"ss0

6&. 's it required for the person applyin/ for amnesty to admit his

/uilt before his amnesty application be considered?

Ye,s as held in )1!% )&. 101, 4 &C!% 'N#. B"2o#" on" %ay

vali!ly aly 2o# "."cutiv" cl"%"ncy (a#!on o# a%n"sty) -" 19+

AD1I AVI'G CO11IED E AC+ WIC RE+9LED

I' I+ I1PRI+O'1E'0 -is #ul" a&an!on"! t-" cont#a#y #uling in

Ba##iouinto vs0 F"#nan!"30

66. )ay a public officer> who has been /ranted an absolute pardon

by the %hief <ecuti#e> entitled to automatic reinstatement to her former

position without need of a :ew appointment?

+o. %s held in MONSANTO VS. FACTORAN,F90:, %G!G,

a a#!on loo<s to t-" 2utu#"0 It is not #"t#os"ctiv"0 It %a<"s no

a%"n!s 2o# t-" ast0 It a22o#!s no #"li"2 2o# w-at -as &""n su22"#"!

&y t-" o22"n!"#0 It !o"s not i%os" uon t-" gov"#n%"nt any

o&ligation to %a<" #"a#ation 2o# w-at -as &""n su22"#"!0 N+inc"

t-" o22"ns" -as &""n "sta&lis-"! &y 7u!icial #oc""!ings t-at

w-ic- -as &""n !on" o# su22"#"! w-il" t-"y w"#" in 2o#c" is

#"su%"! to -av" &""n #ig-t2ully !on" an! 7ustly su22"#"! an! no

satis2action 2o# it can &" #"ui#"!0N Thi 5+1 0i 5h:

/i/i+, /h+6h 01+1, *0+/ 9 /i/1 /+

i/0//, 0+i/1 060i 9: /h 0+i/i6

0/h+i/:, *i8 90*@0: 7+ +/ 0i6 01 97i/0

6. )ay the power of eecuti#e clemency applied to administrati#e

cases liCe the suspension of a Pro#incial 8o#ernor?

Y. Thi 50 /h i6 +7 /h S C+/ i L00 8.

E*. S*. O9+, O*/. %', %GG%. Th 5+1 ;*+8i*/i+ i S*/i+ %G,

4141



A/. VII +7 /h C+/i//i+ %ay &" us"! "it-"# in a c#i%inal cas" o# in an

a!%inist#ativ" cas"0

6-. 's the mere filin/ of a criminal case a/ainst a recipient of a

conditional pardon with the condition not a/ain #iolate any of the penal

laws of the Philippines and this condition be #iolated> he will be

proceeded a/ainst in the manner prescribed by law sufficient to re#oCe

such conditional pardon without first securin/ con#iction a/ainst the

/rantee?

*"s0 As -"l! in ORRE+ V+0 GO'$ALE+ ,5 +CRA 55 t-"

!"t"#%ination o2 w-"t-"# t-" con!itions o2 a convicts a#!on -a! &""n

&#"ac-"! #"sts ".clusiv"ly in t-" soun! 7u!g%"nt o2 t-" P#"si!"nt an! t-at

suc- !"t"#%ination woul! not &" #"vi"w"! &y t-" cou#ts0 As -"l! in "so#o

vs0 Di#"cto# o2 P#isons in acc"ting t-" t"#%s un!"# w-ic- t-" a#ol" -a! &""n g#ant"! "so#o -a! in "22"ct ag#""! t-at t-" Gov"#no#6G"n"#als

!"t"#%ination (#at-"# t-an t-at o2 t-" #"gula# cou#ts o2 law) t-at -" -a!

&#"ac-"! on" o2 t-" con!itions o2 -is a#ol" &y co%%itting a!ult"#y w-il" -"

was con!itionally at li&"#ty was &in!ing an! conclusiv" uon -i%0

6,. What are the requisites before the President or his

representati#es may #alidly contract or /uarantee forei/n loans?

9n!"# +"ction 5 A#t0 VII t-" P#"si!"nt %ay cont#act o# gua#ant""

2o#"ign loans on &"-al2 o2 t-" R"u&lic o2 t-" P-iliin"s su&7"ct to t-"

2ollowing con!itionsJ

a0 t-"#" %ust &" #io# concu##"nc" o2 t-" 1on"ta#y Boa#!4

&0 su&7"ct to suc- li%itations as %ay &" #ovi!"! 2o# &y law0

Fu#t-"# t-" 1on"ta#y Boa#! s-all wit-in > !ays 2#o% t-" "n! o2

"v"#y ua#t"# o2 t-" cal"n!a# y"a# su&%it to t-" Cong#"ss a co%l"t" #"o#t

o2 its !"cisions on alications 2o# loans to &" cont#act"! o# gua#ant""! &y

t-" gov"#n%"nt o# gov"#n%"nt own"! an! cont#oll"! co#o#ations w-ic-

woul! -av" t-" "22"ct o2 inc#"asing t-" 2o#"ign !"&t an! containing ot-"#%att"#s as %ay &" #ovi!"! 2o# &y law0

. What is udicial power?

u!icial ow"# inclu!"s t-" !uty o2 t-" cou#ts o2 7ustic" to s"ttl" actual

cont#ov"#si"s involving #ig-ts w-ic- a#" l"gally !"%an!a&l" an!

4242



"n2o#c"a&l" an! to !"t"#%in" w-"t-"# o# not t-"#" -as &""n a g#av" a&us" o2

!isc#"tion a%ounting to lac< o# in ".c"ss o2 7u#is!iction on t-" a#t o2 any

&#anc- o# inst#u%"ntality o2 t-" gov"#n%"nt0

1. )ay udicial power be eercised by the =upreme %ourt in cases

of decisions of the ouse of 7epresentati#es <lectoral tribunal since

=ection 16> *rt. +' of the %onstitution pro#ides that the 7<E is the !sole

ud/e$ of all contestests in#ol#in/ the election> returns and qualifications

of the members of the ouse of 7epresentati#es?

*"s i2 t-"#" is all"gation o2 g#av" a&us" o2 !isc#"tion a%ounting to

lac< o# in ".c"ss o2 7u#is!iction on t-" a#t o2 t-" RE (BO'DOC V+0

PI'EDA)

2. What is a political question?

*n %02%!* )&. %0I%, '#4 &C!% , it was defined as a u"stion

w-ic- !"als wit- t-" n"c"ssity "."!i"ncy an! wis!o% o2 a a#ticua# act

t-" sa%" is olitical an! not 7usticia&l"

In +ani!a! vs0 Co%"l"c > +CRA >>> olitical u"stions was

!"2in"! as u"stions w-ic- a#" n"atly associat"! wit- t-" wis!o% not t-"

l"gality o2 a a#ticula# act0 W-"#" t-" vo#t". o2 t-" cont#ov"#sy #"2"#s to t-"

l"gality o# vali!ity o2 t-" cont"st"! act t-" %att"# is !"2init"ly 7usticia&l" o#

non6olitical0

In ana!a vs0 Cu"nco ,> P-il0 olitical u"stion was !"2in"! as

u"stions to &" answ"#"! &y t-" "ol" in t-"i# sov"#"ign caacity o# in

#"ga#! to w-ic- 2ull !isc#"tiona#y aut-o#ity is v"st"! to t-" "."cutiv" o#

l"gislativ" &#anc- o2 t-" gov"#n%"nt0

O# in Gon3al"s vs0 CO1ELEC 5, +CRA H w-"n t-" c#u. o2 t-"

#o&l"% !"als wit- t-" wis!o% o2 an act it is olitical)0

3. What is the etent of the fiscal autonomy /ranted to the udiciary

under the 1,- %onstitution?

As #ovi!"! un!"# +"ction > At0 VIII t-" 7u!icia#y s-all "n7oy

2iscal autono%y an! as suc- a#o#iations 2o# t-" 7u!icia#y %ay not

&" #"!uc"! &y t-" l"gislatu#" &"low t-" a%ount a#o#iat"! 2o# t-"

4343



#"vious y"a# an! a2t"# a#oval s-all &" auto%atically an! #"gula#ly

#"l"as"!0

4. What are the cases to be decided by the =upreme %ourt en banc?

All cas"s involving t-" constitutionality o2 a t#"aty int"#national o#

"."cutiv" ag#""%"nt o# law w-ic- s-all &" -"a#! &y t-" +u#"%"

Cou#t "n &anc inclu!ing t-os" involving t-" constitutionality

alication o# o"#ation o2 #"si!"ntial !"c#""s #ocla%ations o#!"#s

inst#uctions o#!inanc"s an! ot-"# #"gulations s-all &" !"ci!"! wit-

t-" concu##"nc" o2 a %a7o#ity o2 t-" %"%&"#s w-o actually too< a#t in

t-" !"li&"#ations on t-" issu"s in t-" cas" an! vot"! t-"#"on0 Also no

!oct#in" o# #incil" o2 law lai! !own &y t-" cou#t "n &anc o# in

!ivision %ay &" %o!i2i"! o# #"v"#s"! ".c"t &y t-" cou#t sitting "n

&anc0

Also i2 two (5) !ivisions o2 t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -av" con2licting

!"cisions t-" sa%" s-all &" #"solv"! &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t "n &anc0

Cas"s #"2"##"! to &y t-" !ivision to t-" &anc involving nov"l u"stions

o2 law t-" sa%" s-all &" !"ci!"! &y t-" "n &anc acc"t"! &y t-"

latt"#0

Finally !is%issal o2 7u!g"s an! !is&a#%"nt o2 lawy"#s a#" also

!"ci!"! &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t "n &anc0

0 W-at a#" t-" ow"#s o2 t-" +u#"%" Cou#t8

As "nu%"#at"! in A#t0 VIII +"ction t -" +u#"%" Cou#t s-all -av"

t-" 2ollowing ow"#sJ

(%) E*i +i6i0 Ji1i*/i+ +8 *0 077*/i6

09001+, +/h 9i* ii/ 01 *+, 01

+8 /i/i+ 7+ */i+0i, +hi9i/i+, 010, 2+

500/+, 01 h090 *+.

(=)R8i5, 8i, 8, +1i7:, + 077i + 00 +*/i+0i 0 /h 05 + /h R +7 C+/ 0: +8i1,

7i0 J16/ 01 +1 +7 +5 *+/ iK

(0)A *0 i 5hi*h /h *+/i//i+0i/: +

80i1i/: +7 0: /0/:, i/0/i+0 +

*/i8 06/, 05, i1/i0

4444



1*, +*00/i+, +1, i/*/i+,

+1i0*, + 60/i+ i i 2/i+

(9)A *0 i8+8i6 /h 60i/: +7 0: /0,

i+/, 0/, + /+, + 0: 0/:

i+1 i 0/i+ /h/+

(*) A *0 i 5hi*h /h Ji1i*/i+ +7 0:

+5 *+/ i i i

(1)A *ii0 *0 i 5hi*h /h 0/:

i+1 i *i+ /0 + hi6h

() A *0 i 5hi*h +: 0 + + 2/i+

+7 05 i i8+81.

(3) Ai6 /+0i: J16 +7 +5 *+/ /+ +/h

/0/i+ 0 9i* i// 0: 2i. S*h /+0:

0i6/ h0 +/ *1 & +/h 5i/h+/ /h*+/ +7 /h J16 *+*1.

(4)O1 0 *h06 +7 8 + 0* +7 /i0 /+ 08+i1 0

i*0i06 +7 J/i*.

(') P+60/ *+*i6 /h +/*/i+ 01

7+*/ +7 *+/i//i+0 i6h/, 01i6 , 0*/i* ,

01 +*1 i 0 *+/, /h 01ii+ /+ /h 0*/i*

+7 05, /h I/60/1 B0, 01 60 0i/0* /+ /h

1i8i61. S*h h0 +8i1 0 ii7i1

01 ii8 +*1 7+ /h 1: 1i+i/i+ +7*0, h0 9 i7+ 7+ 0 *+/ +7 /h 0 601,

01 h0 +/ 1iiih, i*0 + +1i7: 9/0/i8

i6h/. R +7 +*1 +7 *i0 *+/ 01 20i-

J1i*i0 9+1i h0 0i 77*/i8 1i0+81

9: /h S C+/.

(&) A+i/ 0 +77i*i0 01 +: +7 /h J1i*i0: i

0**+10* 5i/h /h *i8i 8i* 05.

6. What is the !writ of amparo$?

It is a w#it issu"! &y t-" cou#ts 2o# t-" +/*/i+ 01

7+*/ +7 /h *+/i//i+0 i6h/ +7 0 + 1

1//i+. (S*/i+ ' ('), A/. VIII)

. What are the 3(fold Bunctions of Judicial 7e#iew?

4545



-"s" a#" t-"J

,) l"giti%i3ing 2unction o# to !"cla#" t-" law vali! an!

constitutional4

5) c-"c<ing 2unction o# to !"cla#" t-" law unconstitutional4

>) sy%&olic o# "!ucational 2unction o# w-"n t-" su#"%" cou#t

!"ci!" a cas" "v"n i2 it is %oot an! aca!"%ic to "!ucat" t-"

low"# cou#ts an! ot-"# gov"#n%"nt o22icials0

-. )ay inferior courts also eercise the power of udicial re#iew

declarin/ a law> treaty> etc. unconstitutional5 in the li/ht of the

requirements of =ection 425 of *rticle +''' that not e#en any of the

=upreme %ourt"s three 35 di#isions> sittin/ separately could not declare a

law> treaty> etc.> unconstitutional?

*"s &"caus" t-" ow"# o2 7u!icial #"vi"w is 7ust a a#t o2 7u!icial ow"# w-ic- is availa&l" to all cou#ts (+"ction , A#t0 VIII)0 Li<"wis" as

s-own &y +"ction K5 (a) t-" !"cision o2 low"# cou#ts !"cla#ing a law

unconstitutional is su&7"ct to #"vi"w &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t0 (YNOT VS.

IAC, M0*h =>, %G!")

,. What is the !operati#e fact doctrine$?

It si%ly %"ans t-at t-" !"cla#ation o2 unconstitutionality o2 a law

t#"aty "tc0 is #os"ctiv"0 As suc- all acts !on" in conn"ction wit- t-" sai!

law &"2o#" its !"cla#ation o2 unconstitutionality s-all &" consi!"#"! l"gal

vali! an! &in!ing0 It is only t-" !"cla#ation o2 unconstitutionality w-ic- is

t-" ;o"#ativ" 2act? w-ic- woul! sto t-" "ol" 2#o% co%lying wit- its

#ovisions0 ( 1 %:I%Y%+* )&. +I, 8J &C!% 3#<6

-. What are the qualities of one aspirin/ to become a member of

the udiciary aside from the citiFenship and a/e qualifications?

A 9 +7 /h J1i*i0: / 9 0 + +7 +8

*+/*, i/6i/:, +9i/: 01 i11*.

-1. nder the 1,- %onstitution> may the salaries of the members

of the udiciary be taed without #iolatin/ =ection 1> *rticle +''' which

would ha#e the effect of decreasin/ the same

4646



9n!"# +"ction , A#t0 VIII all cas"s o# %att"#s 2il"! a2t"# t-"

"22"ctivity o2 t-is Constitution %ust &" !"ci!"! o# #"solv"! wit-in 5H %ont-s

2#o% !at" o2 su&%ission 2o# t-" +u#"%" Cou#t an! unl"ss #"!uc"! &y t-"

+u#"%" Cou#t ,5 %ont-s 2o# all low"# coll"giat" cou#ts an! > %ont-s 2o#

all ot-"# low"# cou#ts0 A cas" s-all &" !""%"! su&%itt"! 2o# !"cision o#

#"solution uon t-" 2iling o2 t-" last l"a!ing &#i"2 o# %"%o#an!u%

#"ui#"! &y t-" Rul"s o2 Cou#t o# &y t-" cou#t its"l20

U1 S*/i+ %!, A/. VII, h+58, 0 *0 2/i+i6 /h

80i1i/: +7 /h 1*00/i+ +7 0/i0 05 + i+ +7 /h 5i/ +7

h090 *+ / 9 1*i11 5i/hi 3> 10: 7+ /h 10/ +7 7ii6.

-6. 's the requirement under =ection 1&> *rt. +''' mandatory or

merely directory?

+"ction , A#t0 VIII is %an!ato#y in all cou#ts ".c"t t-" +u#"%"

Cou#t w-"#" sai! #ovision is consi!"#"! %"#"ly !i#"cto#y0 -is is so

&"caus" it is ;i%ossi&l"? 2o# t-" +u#"%" Cou#t to co%ly wit- suc-

#ovision consi!"#ing t-" volu%" o2 cas"s 2il"! &"2o#" it0 (C!7& )&. C%

<J &C!% 3#3, 2%0%C!% )&. C%, ''4 &C!% 38N, 2%!C10*+ )&.

C!7B, '#' &C!% N' 01 1 !2% )&. C%, 'N# &C!% #5N6

!" . What are co#ered by the powers of the %i#il =er#ice

%ommission

9n!"# +"ction 5 A#ticl" I:6B o2 t-" Constitution t-" civil s"#vic"

"%&#ac"s all &#anc-"s su&!ivisions inst#u%"ntaliti"s an! ag"nci"s o2 t-"

gov"#n%"nt inclu!ing gov"#n%"nt own"! an! cont#oll"! co#o#ations

WI ORIGI'AL CARER+0

--. What are the requirements before one may be appointed in the

ci#il ser#ice? <ceptions?

Aoint%"nts in t-" C+ s-all &" %a!" only acco#!ing to %"#it an!2itn"ss to &" !"t"#%in"! as 2a# as #actica&l" an! */ 0 /+ +i/i+

5hi*h 0 +i*: 1/ii6, i0i: *+7i1/i0 + hi6h: /*hi*0

&y co%"titiv" ".a%ination0

4848



M0 D"2in" t-" t-#"" (>) ".c"tions to t-" #ul" t-at t-" aoint"" %ust

&" c-os"n &as"! on %"#it an! 2itn"ss to &" !"t"#%in"! &y co%"titiv"

".a%ination8

P+i*: 1/ii6 is on" c-a#g"! wit- laying !own o2 #incial o#

2un!a%"ntal gui!"lin"s o# #ul"s suc- as t-at -"a! o2 a !"a#t%"nt0

Pi0i: *+7i1/i0 +i/i+ is on" !"noting not only con2i!"nc"

in t-" atitu!" o2 t-" aoint"" 2o# t-" !uti"s o2 t-" o22ic" &ut

#i%a#ily clos" inti%acy w-ic- "nsu#"s 2#""!o% o2 int"#cou#s"

wit-out "%&a##ass%"nt o# 2#""!o% 2#o% %isgivings o# &"t#ayals o2

t-" "#sonal t#ust on con2i!"ntial %att"#s o2 t-" stat" (E.a%l"J C-i"2

L"gal Couns"l o2 t-" P'B B"sa vs0 P'B >> +CRA >>)

Hi6h: /*hi*0 +i/i+ #"ui#"s t-" aoint"" t-"#"to to oss"sst"c-nical s<ill o# t#aining in t-" su#"%" o# su"#io# !"g#""0

. 's the position of %ity <n/ineer of 0a/uio %ity a !hi/hly

technical$ position8

'o0 -" osition o2 City Engin""# o2 Baguio City is t"c-nical ;&ut not

-ig-ly so0? ( 1 0& &%+T& )&. 2%00%!1, J4 hil. #J<6

,1. 's there such a thin/ as !net(in(ranC$ or seniority rule in

fillin/ up #acancies in the classified ci#il ser#ice?

+o. %s held in 2edenilla vs. C&C, 9ebruar@ '<, '<<', there is no

need “to wait for the deadwoods to retire” before one ma@ be promoted to

fillFup a vacanc@ as a result of the presence of other emplo@ees with longer

@ears of service or “netFinFran?”. Hhat is important is that the appointee

meets all the Gualifications for the said position.

,2. What is the etent of the powers of the %=% in appointment

cases?

*t has onl@ the power to approve the appointment if the appointee

meets all the Gualifications and the power to den@ the appointment if the

appointee does not meet the Gualifications. *T 1& +T E%)1 TE1

H1! T &7I&T*T7T1 TE1 %*+T11 CE&1+ IY TE1

4949



%*+T*+: %7TE!*TY H*TE %+TE1! HE*CE *T I10*1)1& T

I1 2!1 O7%0*9*1.

,3. 's the position of %ity or Pro#incial Le/al 9fficer a primarily

confidential position?

Yes, as held in C%*1+T1 )&. &%+T&, '3# &C!% =!>, /h

P+8i*i0 L60 O77i* i 0 i0i: *+7i1/i0 +77i*, 9/ +/ hi

0i/0/. Th 0 50 i/0/1 i &%2&+ )&. C%, '3N &C!% 5h

i/ 50 h1 /h0/ Th Ci/: L60 +77i* i 0 i0i: *+7i1/i0

+77i*.

,4. )ay /o#Mt. employees form unions for purposes of collecti#e

bar/ainin/ and to striCe a/ainst the /o#ernment?

As -"l! in %00*%+C1 9 :)T. H!M1!& )&. 201, '#3 &C!%

and 1ecutive rder +o. 'J5 , Kune ', '<J4, government emplo@ees ma@

form unions but not authoriAed to stri?e or demand for collective bargaining

agreement with the government. authoriAing govt. emplo@ees to

form unions.

,&. )ay /o#ernment employees be remo#ed without cause as a

result of a /o#ernment reor/aniFation?

'o0 -is is cl"a# 2#o% RA @@@ un" , ,MM w-ic- is ;An act to

#ot"ct t-" s"cu#ity o2 t"nu#" o2 civil s"#vic" o22ic"#s an! "%loy""s in t-"

i%l"%"ntation o2 gov"#n%"nt #"o#gani3ation0? -"#" %ust &" 2ull

co%lianc" o2 t-" !u" #oc"ss #"ui#"%"nt0 It %ust &" &as"! on 7ust caus"

an! wit- !u" #oc"ss0( %!* )&. 2*&+, %ugust J, '<J< 90!1B% )&.

+:*+, 9ebruar@ #, '<<5 21+B% )&. O7*&72I*+:, Kune 3,

'<<5 TC vs. C&C, ctober 8, '<<' !omualdeA vs. C&C, %ugust '#,

'<<8 an! Torio vs. C&C, #5< &C!% 446

,6. )ay a person be appointed in a temporary capacity as a%ommissioner of the %ommission on <lections?

'o +"ction , A#t0 I:6C #ovi!"s t-at ;I + *0 h0 0: 9

9 0+i/1 + 1i60/1 i 0 /+0: + 0*/i6 *00*i/:.

;) Irillantes vs. Yorac, ec. 'J, '<<'6

5050



,. What are the more important powers of the %9)<L<% 8

9n!"# S*/i+ =, A/. IX-C, i/ +5 0 /+ "n2o#c" an! a!%inist"#

all laws #"lativ" to t-" con!uct o2 "l"ction l"&iscit" initiativ" #"2"#"n!u%

an! #"callQ0o#iginal 7u#is!iction ov"# all cont"sts #"lating to t-" "l"ctions

#"tu#ns an! uali2ications o2 all "l"ctiv" #"gional #ovincial an! city

o22icials an! a"llat" 7u#is!iction ov"# all cont"sts involving "l"ctiv"

%unicial o22icials !"ci!"! &y cou#ts o2 g"n"#al 7u#is!iction an! "l"ctiv"

&a#angay o22icials !"ci!"! &y t#ial cou#ts o2 li%it"! 7u#is!iction0 Also it -as

t-" ow"# toJ

0. D/i 05 7+*/ 06*i, i*1i6 /h AFP..

9. R6i/ +i/i*0 0/i, */ i6i+ 6+

*. Fi *+0i/ 7+ 8i+0/i+ +7 */i+ 05

1. R60/ /h J+:/ + /ii0/i+ +7 0 70*hi 7+ /h+0/i+ +7 /0+/0/i+ 01 +/h 9i* /ii/i, 1i0 +7

*+i*0/i+..

,-. Which court has urisdiction o#er election cases in#ol#in/

municipal and baran/ay officials8

El"ction cas"s involving %unicial o22icial s-all &" 2il"! &"2o#" t-"

RC w-os" !"cision %ay &" a"al"! to t-" CO1ELEC0 -os" involving

&a#angay o22icials s-all &" 2il"! wit- t-" 1C w-os" !"cision is li<"wis"

su&7"ct to a"al to t-" CO1ELEC w-os" !"cision in &ot- instanc"s is 2inal

an! not a"ala&l"0

,,. Where must election cases in#ol#in/ city and pro#incial officials

be filed?

It %ust &" 2il"! wit- t-" CO1ELEC not wit- t-" cou#ts0

1. Does the President ha#e discretion on the release of the

'nternal 7e#enue *llotment '7*5 for the Local 8o#ernment =er#ice <qualiFation Bund L8=<B5 and may she #alidly impose conditions for

the release thereof?

'o local gov"#n%"nts -av" 2iscal autono%y un!"# A#t0 : o2 t-" ,M

Constitution0 As -"l! &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t in t-" cas" o2 PROVI'CE OF

BAA'GA+ V+0 O'0 ALBERO RO19LO E AL0 1ay 5 5H

5151



auto%atic #"l"as" o2 2un!s o2 Local Gov"#n%"nt 9nits a#ticula#ly t-" IRA

is %an!at"! wit- no con!itions i%os"! 2o# its #"l"as"0 o allow t-"

P#"si!"nt to i%os" con!itions 2o# t-" #"l"as" o2 t-" IRA a%ounts to cont#ol

to local gov"#n%"nt units w-"n t-" P#"si!"nts ow"# ov"# local gov"#n%"nt

units is con2in"! to g"n"#al su"#vision not ow"# o2 cont#ol as "nunciat"!

in Di+ 8. Li, =3' SCRA %3'.

11. What are the requirements for a #alid chan/e of residence for

purposes of the requirement on !residence$ under the Local 8o#ernment

%ode?

In t-" cas" o2 D91PI61ICELE'A V+0 CO1ELEC it was -"l!

t-at to vali!ly "22"ct a c-ang" o2 #"si!"nc" t-"#" %ust &" animus manendi

coupled with animus non re#ertendi. -" int"nt to #"%ain in t-" n"w

!o%icil" o2 c-oic" %ust &" 2o# an in!"2init" "#io! o2 ti%" %ust &"volunta#y an! t-" #"si!"nc" at t-" n"w !o%icil" %ust &" actual0

,50 Is t-" >6t"#% li%it o2 "l"ct"! local o22icials alica&l" to a t"#%

acui#"! t-#oug- succ"ssion8

N+, /h 3-/ ii/ 0i +: i7 /h +77i*i0 50 DULY

ELECTED /+ /h 0i1 +i/i+ 7+ /h (3) *+*/i8 /, +/ 9:

**i+. (BE'A1I' BORA V+0 CO1ELEC an! O+E 0 CAPCO

R0 G0R0 'o0 ,>>H +"t"%&"# > ,M)

12(a. )ontebon was elected )unicipal %ouncilor of Euburan>

%ebu durin/ the 1,,-> 21 and 24 elections. e was number councilor

in the election of 24. 'n 2&> the +ice )ayor died and he tooC o#er the

said position by way of succession in accordance with the Local

8o#ernment %ode. )ay #alidly run a/ain for )unicipal %ouncilor durin/

the )ay> 2 elections?

*"s &"caus" t-"#" was ;I'VOL9'AR* RE'9'CIAIO'?

o2 -is >#! t"#%s0 It was not volunta#y w-ic- coul! -av" #"sult"! in t-"counting o2 -is "l"ction in 5H as -is > #! t"#%0 " was 2o#c"! &y law to

vacat" -is osition as 1unicial Councilo#0 ( )9:E<09: +=.

%9)<L<%> *pril -> 2-)

12(b. :icasio 0olos> Jr. was elected 0aran/ay %aptain of

0aran/ay 0iCin/> Dauis> 0ohol durin/ the 1,,4> 1,, and 22 0aran/ay

5252



elections. Without ha#in/ completed his 3 rd term> he ran for )unicipal

%ouncilor of Dauis> 0ohol durin/ the 24 :ational and Local <lections

and won. is term ended on June 3> 2. 's he qualified to run for

0aran/ay %aptain of his baran/ay durin/ the baran/ay elections of

9ctober> 2?

'o %o#" &"caus" -" was "l"ct"! to t-#"" cons"cutiv" t"#%s0 is

non6co%l"tion o2 -is >#! t"#% WA+ VOL9'AR* w-"n -"# #un 2o#

1unicial Councilo#0 (BOLOS, #R. VS. COMELEC, M0*h %", =>>G)

13. 'n the creation of a new pro#ince> city> municipality or

baran/ay or when it will be di#ided> mer/ed or abolished> or its boundary

substantially altered> who shall #ote in the plebiscite to be conducted 8

All t-" #"si!"nts o2 t-" olitical units a22"ct"! i0"0 2o#%"# an! n"w localgov"#n%"nt unit to &" 2o#%"! %ust a#ticiat" in t-" l"&iscit"0 (T%+ )&.

C2101C, '3# &C!% 4#4 and adilla vs. C2101C, #'3 &C!% 48N

abandoning the doctrines in %!11& )&. 1(1C7T*)1 &1C!1T%!Y, '#J

&C!% and 01B )&. 21T! 2%+*0% C22*&&*+, '8 &C!% 886

14. What are the /rounds for impeachment?

Only 2o# ;Cula&l" violation o2 t-" constitution t#"ason &#i&"#y

g#a2t an! co##ution ot-"# -ig- c#i%"s o# &"t#ayal o2 u&lic t#ust?0

1&. What is the etent of a ud/ment in impeachment cases?

u!g%"nt in cas"s o2 i%"ac-%"nt s-all not ".t"n! 2u#t-"# t-an

#"%oval 2#o% o22ic" an! !isuali2ication to -ol! any ot-"# o22ic" un!"# t-"

R"u&lic o2 t-" P-iliin"s &ut s-all n"v"#t-"l"ss &" lia&l" to #os"cution

t#ial an! unis-%"nt acco#!ing to law0

16. When is an impeachment complaint deemed !initiated$ to bar

another complaint within a period of one year?

As -"l! in FRANCISCO VS. SPEAER #OSE DE VENECIA, ET

AL, 4%' SCRA 44, N+89 %>, =>>3, an i%"ac-%"nt co%laint

!""%"! ;initiat"!? to &" a &a# to t-" 2iling o2 anot-"# co%laint wit-in a ,6

y"a# "#io! uon its Ka 2iling4 an! K& CO9PLED WI CO'GRE++

AI'G I'IIAL ACIO' OF +AID CO1PLAI'0?

5353



1. Who in#esti/ates and prosecutes public officials for crimes

committed in the performance of their official duties? <ception

It is t-" O22ic" o2 t-" O%&u!s%an an! t-" O22ic" o2 t-" +"cial

P#os"cuto# ".c"t i2 t-" o22"ns" is in violation o2 "l"ction laws #ul"s an!

#"gulations w-"#"in only t-" CO1ELEC -as t-" ow"# to inv"stigat" an! to

2il" t-" a#o#iat" in2o#%ation in cou#t0 -CorpuA vs. Tanodba@an, '3<

&C!% #J'6

1-. What is co#ered by the !academic freedom$ pro#ision of the

1,- %onstitution?

It cov"#s not only aca!"%ic 2#""!o% on t-" a#t o2 t-" sc-ool &ut

also t-os" o2 t-" t"ac-"#s #o2"sso#s an! t-" stu!"nts &"caus" t-" #ovisionstat"s t-at ;Aca!"%ic 2#""!o% s-all &" "n7oy"! i all institutions o2 -ig-"#

l"a#ning? w-il" un!"# t-" ,> Constitution only institutions o2 -ig-"#

l"a#ning "n7oy aca!"%ic 2#""!o% &"caus" t-" #ovision t-"n stat"s t-at ;0

i/i//i+ +7 hi6h 0i6 h0 J+: 0*01i* 71+ (A/. XV,

S*/i+ ! %, %G"3 C+/i//i+.?

1,. What is the etent of academic freedom on the part of schools8

It inclu!"s t-" ow"# to !"t"#%in"J

a0 w-o %ay t"ac-

&0 w-at %ay &" taug-t

c0 -ow it s-all &" taug-t an!

!0 w-o %ay &" a!%itt"! to stu!yN (E%-asis suli"!4 citing +inco

P-iliin" Political Law H, (,@5) an! t-" concu##ing oinion

o2 ustic" F#an<2u#t"# in +w""3y v0 '"w a%s-i#" (>H 9+ 5>H

K, GARCIA V+0 FAC9L* AD1I++IO' @M +CRA 5)0

11. Does academic freedom on the part of the school carries with itthe power to re#oCe a de/ree or honor it has bestowed to its students?

*"s0 As -"l! in 9P BOARD OF REGE'+ V+0 CA August >,

, ;aca!"%ic F#""!o% inclu!"s t-" ow"# o2 a 9niv"#sity to

REVOE a !"g#"" o# -ono# it -as con2"##"! to a stu!"nt a2t"# it was

2oun! out t-at t-" stu!"nts g#a!uation was o&tain"! t-#oug- 2#au!0

5454



Aca!"%ic 2#""!o% is giv"n a wi!" s-"#" o2 aut-o#ity0 I2 an

institution o2 -ig-"# l"a#ning can !"ci!" on w-o can an! cannot stu!y

in it it c"#tainly can also !"t"#%in" on w-o% it can con2"# t-" -ono#

an! !istinction o2 &"ing its g#a!uat"s0

111. )ay a school punish its students for ille/al acts committed

outside the school premises and beyond school hours but within the

semester where they are enrolled?

Yes because the@ still carr@ the name of the school and their

actuations affect the reputation of the school. - %+:101& )&. &*&+, ''#

&C!% #6 This rule was reiterated in the cased of 1 0% &%001

7+*)1!&*TY )&. C% -#55J6 where a rumble between two fraternities too?

place outside the school campus but the students involved were 1(1001

b@ the school. The &upreme Court, however, while conceding the power ofthe school over its students held that the penalt@ of epulsion is too harsh a

penalt@. *t should be 1(C07&*+, meaning, the@ are not allowed to enroll

at the e 0a sale but the@ should be given transfer credentials so that the@

ma@ enroll in another school.

112. What are the underlyin/ principles behind the constitutional

proscription that the =tate may not be sued without its consent?

I@ reason of public polic@ -if ever@ citiAen is allowed to sue the

government, it will be distracted from performing its functions to serve the

people and it will be left /ust answering cases in court6, b@ reason of

sovereignt@ -the people shall not be allowed to sue the ver@ entit@ that gives

it said right;6 and b@ reason of consent -when the people ratified the

Constitution which includes the provision that the &tate cannot be sued

without its consent, it has consented or waived said right to sue6.

113. ow may the =tate /i#es its consent to be sued?

E.#"ssly w-"n t-"#" is a law allowing it an! i%li"!ly w-"n it "nt"#sinto a cont#act wit- an in!ivi!ual &"caus" in t-" latt"# it !"sc"n!"! to t-"

l"v"l o2 an in!ivi!ual %a<ing it susc"ti&l" to count"#clai%s o# suits0

114. )ay the /o#ernment be sued in the eercise of its

/o#ernmental functions?

5555



*"s i2 t-" gov"#n%"nt ag"ncy -as a c-a#t"# w-ic- allows it to &" su"!0

( !%Y )&. C9* 9 I70%C%+, ''5 &C!% 3N6. %lso, the government is not

allowed to invo?e its immunit@ from suit if b@ doing so, it will be causing an

in/ustice to its citiAens. -2*+*&T1!* )&. C9* of Cebu, 35 &C!% and

&%+T*%: )&. !17I0*C, J4 &C!% #<36

11&. 's the = 8o#ernment also immune from suit in the

Philippines in connection with the eercise of its /o#ernmental functions?

*"s0 -is was t-" #uling in 7.&. )&. !7*B, '8 &C!% where it was

held that even if there is a contract entered into b@ the 7& :overnment but

the same involves its “/usre imperii” functions -governmental functions”, it

cannot be sued. *t is onl@ when the contract involves its “/us gestiones” or

business or proprietar@ functions that it ma@ be sued.

'' . A +*0 6+8/ 0+ /i/1 /+ i8+@ ii/: 7+

i/

Yes.

11. )ay a municipality be held liable for dama/es as a result of the

death of a person arisin/ from the collapse of a sta/e constructed by the

local /o#ernment in connection with its town fiesta?

Yes, a town fiesta is a business or proprietar@ function, not governmental,

since no law reGuires an@ town, cit@, province or baranga@ to hold an

annual fiesta. -T!* )&. 9+T%+*00%, JN &C!% N<<6

11. )ay the /o#ernment still be held liable to a pri#ate indi#idual if

the contract it entered into is #oid but the other party had already complied

with his obli/ations under said a/reement?

Yes, because the government shall not enrich itself at the epense of

its citiAens. (DEPAR1E' OF EAL V+0 C0V0 CA'CELA "t al0H +CRA 5,M) Also t-" sai! i%%unity 2#o% suit !"2"ns" is not alica&l"

i2 to !o so woul! caus" an in7ustic" to a citi3"n ( )':'=E<7'9 +=. %B' 9B

%<0> 4 =%7*) It !o"s not also aly i2 it was t-" gov"#n%"nt w-ic-

violat"! its cont#act wit- its citi3"n ( =*:E'*89 +=. 7<P0L'%> -

=%7* 2,45

5656



Pre-Bar Quizzer in Political Law (Bill ofRights)

(Doctinal Rulings, Requisites andDefinitions4343) June, 2009

1. Define police power.

It is t-" ow"# v"st"! in t-" l"gislatu#" &y t-" Constitution to %a<"

o#!ain "sta&lis- all %ann"# o2 w-ol"so%" an! #"asona&l" laws 2o# t-" goo!

an! w"l2a#" o2 t-" +tat" an! its "ol"0 (ERMITA MALATE HOTEL VS.

CITY MAYOR, #: 3%, %G&")

2. What are the basic purposesGaspects of police powerN

a0 to #o%ot" t-" g"n"#al w"l2a#" co%2o#t an! conv"ni"nc" o2 t-"

"ol"4 (A++OCIAIO' OF +1ALL LA'DOW'ER+ V+0

+ECREAR* , +CRA >H>4 9+ V+0 ORIBIO , P-il0 M

&0 to #o%ot" an! #"s"#v" u&lic -"alt-4 (VILLA'9EVA V+0

CA+A'EDA +"t"%&"# 5, ,M4 DEC+ V+0 +A' DIEGO

,M +CRA >> K'1A4 LORE'$O V+0 DIRECOR OF

EAL P-il0 Ta#"-"n! an! con2in" l""#s in al"#osa#iu%)

c0 to #o%ot" an! #ot"ct u&lic sa2"ty4 (AG9+I' V+0 ED9 MM

+CRA ,4 A:ICAB OPERAOR+ V+0 9I'IO ,, +CRA

M )

!0 to %aintain an! sa2"gua#! "ac" an! o#!"#4 (G9A$O' V+0 DE

VILLA)

"0 to #ot"ct u&lic %o#als4 (DE LA CR9$ V+0 PARA+ ,5> +CRA

@4 ER1IA 1ALAE OEL V+0 CI* 1A*OR uly >,

,@4 11 PRO1OIO'+ V+0 CA 5@ +CRA >,4 VELA+CO

V+0 VILLEGA+ F"&#ua#y ,> ,M>)

20 to #o%ot" t-" "cono%ic s"cu#ity o2 t-" "ol"0 (ICO'G V+0

ER'A'DE$ ,, P-il0 ,,,)

H> -" ".a%in"" is #"su%"! to -av" %ast"#"! t-" Constitutional #ovisions0

5757



2(a. )ay an 9rdinance of the %ity of )anila #alidly require

peopleGcouples checCin/ in the different motels in the city to @1A re/ister at

the motel"s desC facin/ a public streetO and @2A show their identification

card> etc08

A0 *"s0 It is a vali! "."#cis" o2 olic" ow"# to #o%ot" u&lic

%o#als i0"0 cu#& #ostitution o# illicit #"lations-is0 ERMITA MALATE

HOTEL VS. CITY MAYOR, #: 3%, %G&")

2(b. )ay the %ity of )anila #alidly prohibit the operation of ni/ht clubs>

sauna parlors> massa/e parlors> CaraoCe bars> beerhouses> and similar

establishments in the <rmita()alate *rea and /i#es the eistin/

establishments three 35 months to transfer to any place outside said area

under pain of imprisonment of up to 1 year and fine of P&>. or

chan/e the nature of their business to /ift shops> restaurants> etc. ?

A0 -" O#!inanc" is unconstitutional0 It violat"s t-" !u" #oc"ss

claus" &y !"#iving t-" own"#s o2 sai! "sta&lis-%"nts o2 t-"i# l"giti%at"

&usin"ss"s0 It li<"wis" violat"s t-" "ual #ot"ction claus"0 -"#" is no logic

in allowing sai! "sta&lis-%"nts in ot-"# a#ts o2 t-" City o2 1anila &ut not in

t-" E#%ita61alat" a#"a0 Finally "v"n assu%ing t-at t-" sai! O#!inanc" is

int"n!"! to #o%ot" u&lic %o#als t-" %"ans "%loy"! is constitutionally

in2i#% an! not a vali! "."#cis" o2 olic" ow"#0 ( CITY OF MANILA,

/1 9: M0:+ A71+ Li VS. #UD$E PERFECTO LA$UIO,#R. 01 MALATE TOURIST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION,

$.R. N+. %%!%=", Ai %=, =>>!)

2(c. )ay the %ity of )anila #alidly prohibit hotels and motels> etc.> at the

<rmita()alate area> to offer !short time$ admission therein?

A0 -" O#!inanc" is unconstitutional an! is not a vali! "."#cis" o2

olic" ow"#0 -"#" is not-ing i%%o#al in staying in a %ot"l o# -ot"l 2o# a

"#io! o2 t-#"" (>) -ou#s only &"caus" a "#sons stay t-"#"in coul! &" 2o#

u#os"s ot-"# t-an -aving s". o# using ill"gal !#ugs0 Fu#t-"# t-"#" isnot-ing t-at woul! #"v"nt "ol" "ngag"! in illicit #"lations-is to c-"c<

in in sai! %ot"ls &y aying ,5 -ou#s o# %o#" t-oug- t-"y will 7ust stay t-"#"

2o# > -ou#s0 (WHITE LI$HT CORPORATION VS. CITY OF

MANILA, /1 9: MAYOR ALFREDO LIM, $.R. N+. %==!4&,

#00: =>, =>>G.)

5858



3. Distin/uish police power with power of eminent domain.

-" !istinctions a#"J

,0 -" ow"# o2 "%in"nt !o%ain is t-" in-"#"nt #ig-t o2 t-"

+tat" to con!"%n o# to ta<" #ivat" #o"#ty 2o# u&lic

us" uon ay%"nt o2 7ust co%"nsation w-il" olic"

ow"# is t-" ow"# o2 t-" stat" to #o%ot" u&lic w"l2a#"

&y #"st#aining an! #"gulating t-" us" o2 li&"#ty an!

#o"#ty wit-out co%"nsation4

50 In t-" "."#cis" o2 olic" ow"# "n7oy%"nt o2 a #o"#ty

is #"st#ict"! &"caus" t-" continu"! us" t-"#"o2 woul! &"

in7u#ious to u&lic w"l2a#"0 In suc- cas" t-"#" is no

co%"nsa&l" ta<ing #ovi!"! non" o2 t-" #o"#ty

int"#"sts is a#o#iat"! 2o# t-" us" o# 2o# t-" &"n"2it o2t-" u&lic0 Ot-"#wis" t-"#" s-oul! &" co%"nsa&l"

ta<ing i2 it woul! #"sult to u&lic us"0

>0 P#o"#ti"s con!"%n"! un!"# olic" ow"# a#" usually

no.ious o# int"n!"! 2o# no.ious u#os"4 -"nc" no

co%"nsation s-all &" ai!0 Li<"wis" in t-" "."#cis" o2

olic" ow"# #o"#ty #ig-ts o2 #ivat" in!ivi!uals a#"

su&7"ct"! to #"st#aints an! &u#!"ns in o#!"# to s"cu#" t-"

g"n"#al co%2o#t -"alt- an! #os"#ity o2 t-" stat"0

(DIDIPIO EAR +AVER+ 19LI P9RPO+E

A++OCIAIO' V+0 DE'R +EC0 ELI+EA GO$9 E

AL0 HM +CRA M@)

H . What are the tests for a #alid eercise of police power

a0 t-" int"#"sts o2 t-" u&lic not %"#" a#ticula# class #"ui#"

t-" "."#cis" o2 olic" ow"#4 (LAWFUL SUB#ECT)

&0 t-" %"ans "%loy"! is #"asona&ly n"c"ssa#y 2o# t-"

acco%lis-%"nt o2 t-" u#os" an! not un!uly o#"ssiv" to

in!ivi!uals0 (LAWFUL MEANS)0 In s-o#t t-" "n! !o"snot 7usti2y t-" %"ans0

&. Define due process0

Du" #oc"ss is a law w-ic- -"a#s &"2o#" it con!"%ns

w-ic- #oc""!s uon inui#y an! #"n!"#s 7u!g%"nt only a2t"#

5959



g0 t-" &oa#! o# &o!y s-all in all cont#ov"#sial u"stions #"n!"# its

!"cision in suc- a %ann"# t-at t-" a#ti"s to t-" #oc""!ings

can <now t-" va#ious issu"s involv"!0

,. 'f an accused was represented by a non(lawyer durin/ the trial of

his criminal case> what ri/ht of the said accused was #iolated? 's he

entitled to a new trial?

I2 an accus"! was #"#"s"nt"! &y a non6lawy"# !u#ing t-" "nti#" t#ial

(t-oug- s-" t-oug-t t-at -" was a lawy"#) -is #ig-t to !u" #oc"ss

was violat"! an! t-"#"2o#" -" "ntitl"! to a n"w t#ial0 (DEL$ADO

VS. CA, N+89 %>, %G!&). ow"v"# "v"n i2 -" was not

#"#"s"nt"! &y a non6lawy"# at t-" sta#t o2 t-" c#i%inal t#ial

a#ticula#ly w-"n t-"#os"cution #"s"nt"! its "vi!"nc" &ut was

#"#"s"nt"! &y a lawy"# w-"n -" #"s"nt"! -is "vi!"nc" t-"#" is noviolation o2 -is #ig-t to !u" #oc"ss o# #ig-t to couns"l0 (CONSULTA

VS. PEOPLE, $.R. N+. %"G&4=, F90: %=, =>>G)

1. What are the requisites of procedural due process in

disciplinary actions a/ainst students8

As -"l! in $UMAN VS. NU, %4= SCRA ">&, t-" #"uisit"s a#"J

,0 t-" stu!"nts %ust &" in2o#%"! in w#iting o2 t-"

natu#" an! caus" o2 any accusation against t-"%4

50 t-"y s-all -av" t-" #ig-t to answ"# t-" c-a#g"s

against t-"% wit- t-" assistanc" o2 couns"l4

>0 t-"y s-all &" in2o#%"! o2 t-" "vi!"nc" against

t-"%4

H0 t-"y s-all -av" t-" #ig-t to a!!uc" "vi!"nc" in

t-"i# own &"-al24

0 t-" "vi!"nc" %ust &" !uly consi!"#"! &y t-"inv"stigating co%%itt"" o# o22icial !"signat"! &y t-"

sc-ool aut-o#iti"s to -"a# an! !"ci!" t-" cas"0

11. What are the requisites of due process before an employee may

be dismissed from his worC?

6161



-" #"uisit"s o2 Du" P#oc"ss &"2o#" t-" 'LRC a#"J

,0 'otic"4 an!

50 "a#ing

12. 's due process satisfied in administrati#e proceedin/s if the

respondent is not assisted by counsel?

-"#" is no law w-"t-"# t-" Civil +"#vic" Act o# t-" A!%inist#ativ"

Co!" o2 ,M w-ic- #ovi!"s t-at a #"son!"nt in an a!%inist#ativ" cas"

s-oul! &" assist"! &y couns"l in o#!"# t-at t-" #oc""!ings t-"#"in is

consi!"#"! vali!0 'ot only t-at "tition"# -"#"in was giv"n t-" oo#tunity

s"v"#al ti%"s to "ngag" t-" s"#vic"s o2 a lawy"# to assist -i% &ut -"

con2i!"ntly in2o#%"! t-" inv"stigato#s t-at -" coul! #ot"ct -i%s"l20

(LUMIUED VS. EXENEA, =!= SCRA %=')

12(a. 's there a #iolation of a person"s ri/ht to due process before an

administrati#e body liCe the %i#il =er#ice %ommission if a party was

not allowed to cross(eamine the witnesses a/ainst him despite his

request?

'o0 -" #ig-t to !u" #oc"ss is not violat"! "v"n i2 a a#ty to an

a!%inist#ativ" cas" was not allow"! to c#oss6".a%in" t-" ot-"# a#ty

o# -is witn"ss"s0 W-at -" is "ntitl"! to is t-" #ig-t to &" -"a#!0

(ATTY. ROMEO ERECE VS. LYN MACALIN$AY, ET AL.,

$.R. N+. %&&!>G, Ai ==, =>>!)

12(b. ow about in in#esti/ations in#ol#in/ disciplinary actions

a/ainst students> are the latter entitled to cross(eamine the

complainant and his witnesses?

A0 'o0 -" #ig-t to !u" #oc"ss on t-" a#t o2 a stu!"nt is not violat"!

"v"n i2 -" was not allow"! to c#oss6".a%in" t-" ot-"# a#ty o# -is

witn"ss"s0 Du" #oc"ss is s"#v"! i2 was giv"n t-" c-anc" to #"s"nt -is"vi!"nc"0 (DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY VS. #UD$E

WILFREDO REYES, RTC 3&, M0i0, $.R. N+, %="G!>,

D*9 %G, =>>")

13. What are the requisites for a #alid classification8

6262



As -"l! in P"ol" vs0 Cayat @M P-il0 ,5 t-" #"uisit"s a#"J

a0 -"#" %ust &" #"al an! su&stantial !istinctions4

&0 It %ust &" g"#%an" tot -" u#os"s o2 t-" law4

c0 It %ust not &" li%it"! to ".isting con!itions only4 an!

!0 It %ust aly "ually to all %"%&"#s o2 t-" sa%" class0

14. 's there #iolation of the equal protection clause if policemen

who are char/ed of a criminal offense punishable for more than si 65

years will remain suspended until after the his acquittal unliCe other

public officers whose maimum suspension e#en when facin/ /raft and

corrupt char/es is only three 35 months?

'o t-"#" is o violation0 In I1AGA' V+0 PEOPLE t-" +u#"%"

Cou#t -"l! t-at t-" 2act t-at olic"%"n c-a#g"! wit- a c#i%inal o22"ns" unis-a&l" &y %o#" t-an @ y"a#s a#" to &" sus"n!"! !u#ing t-" "nti#"

!u#ation o2 t-" cas" unli<" ot-"# gov"#n%"nt "%loy""s is vali! sinc" it

#"sts on vali! classi2ication &"caus" olic"%"n ca##y w"aons an! t-"

&a!g" o2 t-" law w-ic- can &" us"! to -a#ass o# inti%i!at" witn"ss"s

against t-"%0

1&. What are the requisites of a #alid search warrant or warrant of

arrest?

N+ 0*h 500/ + 500/ +7 0/ h0 i */ +

+909 *0 /+ 9 1/i1 +0: 9: /h J16 07/

0i0/i+ 1 +0/h + 077i0/i+ +7 /h *+0i0/ 01 /h

5i/ h 0: +1*, 01 0/i*0: 1*i9i6 /h 0* /+ 9

0*h1 01 /h + + /hi6 /+ 9 i1. (S*/i+ =, A/. III)

I 011i/i+, R %=& +7 /h R + Cii0 P+*1 2i

/h0/ + 500/ h0 9 i1 7+ + /h0 + (%) *i7i* +77

01 /h0/ i /h i/0/i+ +7 0 0*h 500/ 5h /h

+1/ i +/ /, 5i/ 0 2i1. Fi0:, 0 Ci*0i1 9: /h S C+/ 2i /h0/ + 500/ + 500/ +7

0/ h0 9 i/1 1i6 /h i6h/, 5@-1 + h+i10:,

*/ i */i+0 *i*/0*.

'OEJ 9n!"# t-" u%an +"cu#ity Act/Anti6

"##o#is% Law R"u&lic Act 'o0 >5 A#ov"!

6363



-as &""n su&7"ct"! to any -ysical %o#al o# syc-ological

to#tu#" &y w-o% an! w-y0 -" 7u!g" s-all t-"n su&%it a

w#itt"n #"o#t o2 w-at -"/s-" -a! o&s"#v"! w-"n t-" su&7"ct

was &#oug-t &"2o#" -i% to t-" #o"# cou#t t-at -as 7u#is!iction

ov"# t-" cas" o2 t-" "#son t-us a##"st"!0

-" 7u!g" s-all 2o#t-wit- su&%it -is #"o#t wit-in >

cal"n!a# !ays 2#o% t-" ti%" t-" sus"ct was &#oug-t to -is/-"#

#"si!"nc" o# o22ic"0

I%%"!iat"ly a2t"# ta<ing custo!y o2 a "#son c-a#g"!

wit- o# sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is% o# consi#acy to

co%%it t"##o#is% t-" olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt "#sonn"l s-all

noti2y in w#iting t-" 7u!g" o2 t-" cou#t n"a#"st t-" lac" o2

a#"-"nsion o# a##"st4 #ovi!"! -at w-"#" t-" a##"st is %a!"!u#ing +atu#!ays +un!ays -oli!ays o# a2t"# o22ic" -ou#s t-"

w#itt"n notic" s-all &" s"#v"! at t-" #"si!"nc" o2 t-" 7u!g"

n"a#"st t-" lac" w-"#" t-" accus"! was a##"st"!0 -" "nalty

o2 , y"a#s an! , !ay to ,5 y"a#s i%#ison%"nt s-all &"

i%os"! uon t-" olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt "#sonn"l w-o

2ails to noti2y any 7u!g" as #ovi!"! in t-" #"c"!ing a#ag#a-0

=ection 1,. P"#io! o2 D"t"ntion in t-" "v"nt o2 an actual

o# i%%in"nt t"##o#ist attac<06 In t-" v"nt o2 an actual o#

i%%in"nt t"##o#ist attac< sus"cts %ay not &" !"tain"! 2o#

%o#" t-an t-#"" !ays wit-out t-" w#itt"n a#oval o2 a

%unicial city #ovincial o# #"gional o22icial o2 a u%an

Rig-ts Co%%ission o# 7u!g" o2 t-" %unicial #"gional t#ial

cou#t t-" +an!igan&ayan o# a 7ustic" o2 t-" Cou#t o2 A"als

n"a#"st t-" lac" o2 a##"st0 I2 t-" a##"st is %a!" !u#ing

+atu#!ays +un!ays o# -oli!ays o# a2t"# o22ic" -ou#s t-"

a##"sting olic" o2 law "n2o#c"%"nt "#sonn"l s-all &#ing t-"

"#son t-us a##"st"! to t-" #"si!"nc" o2 any o2 t-" o22icials

%"ntion"! a&ov" t-at is n"a#"st t-" lac" w-"#" t-" accus"!was a##"st"!0 -" a#oval in w#iting o2 any o2 t-" sai! o22icials

s-all &" s"cu#"! &y t-" olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt "#sonn"l

conc"#n"! wit-in 2iv" !ays a2t"# t-" !at" o2 t-" !"t"ntion o2 t-"

"#sons conc"#n"!4 P#ovi!"! -ow"v"# -at wit-in t-#"" !ays

a2t"# t-" !"t"ntion t-" sus"cts w-os" conn"ction wit- t-"

6565



t"##o# attac< o# t-#"at is not "sta&lis-"! s-all &" #"l"as"!

i%%"!iat"ly0

16. 'n case the place to be searched as indicated in the search

warrant is erroneous because it is different from the place mentioned by

the applicants who searched the place indicated by them in their affida#it>

are the thin/s seiFed admissible in e#idence?

'o0 As -"l! in PEOPLE V+0 CA 5, +CRA H WHAT IS

MATERIAL IN DETERMININ$ THE VALIDITY OF A SEARCH IS

THE PLACE STATED IN THE WARRANT ITSELF, NOT WHAT

THE APPLICANTS HAD IN THEIR THOU$HTS, OR HAD

REPRESENTED IN THE PROOFS THEY SUBMITTED TO THE

COURT ISSUIN$ THE WARRANT.

1. What are the different instances when a warrantless search and

seiFure is allowed under our eistin/ urisprudence?

Wa##antl"ss s"a#c- is allow"! in t-" 2ollowing instanc"sJ

,0 custo%s s"a#c-"s4

50 s"a#c-"s o2 %oving v"-icl"4

>0 s"i3u#" o2 "vi!"nc" in lain vi"w4

H0 cons"nt"! s"a#c-"s4

0 s"a#c- inci!"ntal to a law2ul a##"st4 an!

@0 sto an! 2#is< %"asu#"s0 (PEOPLE V+0 AR9A 5MM

+CRA @5@)

1-. )ay a ud/e deputiFe his %lerC of %ourt to taCe the deposition of

the applicant for a search warrant subect to clarificatory questions after

his hearin/ in other cases?

'o0 As -"l! in Bac-" vs0 Rui3 > +CRA M5> t-" ".a%ination o2 t-"

co%lainant ant t-" witn"ss"s -" %ay #o!uc" %ust &" !on" "#sonally &yt-" 7u!g"0 Ot-"#wis" t-" wa##ant s-all &" voi!0 As suc- t-" +C -"l! in

PE'DO' V+0 CA 'ov"%&"# ,@ , t-at w-"n t-" u"stions as<"! to t-"

alicant 2o# a s"a#c- wa##ant was #"6ty"! t-" sa%" is not vali! sinc"

t-"#" coul! -av" &""n no s"a#c-ing u"stions0

6666



1,. )ay a search warrant be issued for the crimes of search warrant

for estafa> falsification> ta e#asion and insurance fraud?

'o suc- woul! &" a ;g"n"#al wa##ant? an! violat"s t-" #ul" t-at a

wa##ant s-all &" issu"! 2o# on" (,) s"ci2ic o22"ns"0 (Asian +u#"ty vs0

"##"#a H +CRA >,5)

2. What is a !scatter(shot warrant$?

It is a s"a#c- wa##ant issu"! 2o# %o#" t-an on" (,) s"ci2ic

o22"ns" li<" a s"a#c- wa##ant issu"! 2o# %o#" t-an on" s"ci2ic

o22"ns" li<" on" 2o# "sta2a #o&&"#y t-"2t an! uali2i"! t-"2t?0

(A1BA+E' V+0 PEOPLE uly ,H ,4 PEOPLE V+0 CA 5,@

+CRA ,,)

21. )ay a ud/e #alidly issue a warrant of arrest based from the 'nformation and the 7esolution of the Prosecutor findin/ probable cause

a/ainst the accused?

'o0 -"#" will &" no &asis 2o# t-" issuanc" sinc" t-" P#os"cuto# is

n"it-"# t-" co%lainant no# t-" witn"ss to t-" cas"0 " coul! not -av"

!"t"#%in"! #o&a&l" caus" &as"! 2#o% t-" sai! !ocu%"nts0 (VICENTE

LIM,SR. AND MAYOR SUSANA LIM VS.HON. N. FELIX , $.R. NO.

GG>'4-'")0 As -"l! in t-" cas" o2 +oliv"n vs0 1a<asia# !"ci!"! un!"# t-"

,M Constitution t-" Cou#t not"! t-at t-" a!!ition o2 t-" wo#! "#sonally

a2t"# t-" wo#! !"t"#%in"! an! t-" !"l"tion o2 t-" g#ant o2 aut-o#ity &y t-"

,> Constitution to issu" wa##ants to ot-"# #"son!"nt o22ic"#s as to %ay &"

aut-o#i3"! &y law !o"s not #"ui#" t-" 7u!g" to "#sonally ".a%in" t-"

co%lainant an! -is witn"ss in -is !"t"#%ination o2 #o&a&l" caus" 2o# t-"

issuanc" o2 a wa##ant o2 a##"st0W-at t-" Constitution un!"#sco#"s is t-"

".clusiv" an! "#sonal #"sonsi&ility o2 t-" issuing 7u!g" to satis2y -i%s"l2

o2 t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus"0 Following "sta&lis-"! !oct#in" an!

#oc"!u#"s -" s-allJ

(,) "#sonally "valuat" t-" #"o#ts an! t-" suo#ting!ocu%"nts su&%itt"! &y t-" 2iscal #"ga#!ing t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l"

caus" an! on t-" &asis t-"#"o2 issu" a wa##ant o2 a##"st4

(5) I2 on t-" &asis t-"#"o2 -" 2in!s no #o&a&l" caus" -"

%ay !is#"ga#! t-" 2iscals #"o#t an! #"ui#" t-" su&%ission o2

6767



suo#ting a22i!avits o2 witn"ss"s to ai! -i% in a##iving at a

conclusion as to t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus"0

-" cas" o2 P"ol" vs0 ono#a&l" En#iu" B0 Inting #"it"#at"s

t-" 2ollowing !oct#in"sJ

(,) -" !"t"#%ination o2 #o&a&l" caus" is a 2unction o2 t-"

7u!g"0 It is not 2o# t-" P#ovincial Fiscal o# P#os"cuto# no# 2o# t-"

El"ction +u"#viso# to asc"#tain0 Only t-" 7u!g" alon" %a<"s t-is

!"t"%ination0

(5) -" #"li%ina#y inui#y %a!" &y t-" #os"cuto# !o"s

not &in! t-" 7u!g"0 It %"#"ly assist -i% to %a<" t-" !"t"#%ination o2

#o&a&l" caus"0 -" 7u!g" !o"s not -av" to 2ollow w-at t-"

#os"cuto#s #"s"nt to -i%0 By its"l2 t-" #os"cuto#s c"#ti2ication o2 #o&a&l" caus" is in"22"ctual0 It is t-" #"o#t t-" a22i!avits t-"

t#ansc#its o2 st"nog#a-ic not"s an! all ot-"# suo#ting !ocu%"nts

&"-in! t-" #os"cuto#s c"#ti2ication w-ic- a#" %at"#ial in assisting t-"

7u!g" to %a<" -is !"t"#%ination0

(>) P#"li%ina#y inui#y s-oul! &" !istinguis-"! 2#o% t-"

#"li%ina#y inv"stigation #o"#0 W-il" t-" 2o#%"# s""<s to !"t"#%in"

#o&a&l" caus" 2o# t-" issuanc" o2 wa##ant o2 a##"st t-" latt"#

asc"#tains w-"t-"# t-" o22"n!"# s-oul! &" -"l! 2o# t#ial o# &" #"l"as"!0

22. *s to the requirement that the ud/e must !personally$

determine probable cause> must he eamine the complainant and his

witnesses face to face in order to comply with the said constitutional

pro#ision?

It !""n!s0

In conn"ction wit- t-" issuanc" o2 a +EARC WARRA' -" %ust

"#sonally ".a%in" t-" co%lainant an! t-" witn"ss"s wit- s"a#c-ingu"stions 2ac" to 2ac"0

In conn"ction wit- t-" issuanc" o2 a wa##ant o2 a##"st -ow"v"# t-"

wo#! ;+0:? a2t"# t-" wo#! !"t"#%in"! !o"s not n"c"ssa#ily %"an t-at

t-" 7u!g" s-oul! ".a%in" t-" co%lainant an! -is witn"ss"s "#sonally o#

2ac" to 2ac" &"2o#" issuing t-" wa##ant o2 a##"st &ut t-" ".clusiv"

6868



#"sonsi&ility on t-" a#t o2 sai! 7u!g" to satis2y -i%s"l2 o2 t-" ".ist"nc" o2

#o&a&l" caus"0 As suc- t-"#" is no n""! to ".a%in" t-" co%lainant an!

-is witn"ss"s 2ac" to 2ac"0 It is su22ici"nt i2 t-" 7u!g" is convinc"! o2 t-"

".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus" uon #"a!ing t-" a22i!avits o# !"osition o2 t-"

co%lainant an! -is witn"ss"s0 SOLIVEN VS. MAASIAR, %&" SCRA

3G3

23. 's the ud/e bound by the findin/s of eistence of !probable

cause$ by the Prosecutor as indicated in his %ertification in the

information so that the issuance of a warrant of arrest is only ministerial?

'f not satisfied of the eistence of probable cause> may the ud/e require

the Prosecutor to submit additional e#idence8

-" 7u!g" is not &oun! &y t-" 2in!ings o2 t-" P#os"cuto# &"caus" t-"

sai! 2in!ing is only ;#o&a&l" caus"? t-at a c#i%" was co%%itt"!0 P#o&a&l"caus" to 7usti2y t-" issuanc" o2 a wa##ant o2 a##"st is a 7u!icial 2unction

v"st"! only in t-" 7u!g"0 In 2act -" can #"ui#" t-" P#os"cuto# to su&%it

a!!itional "vi!"nc" i2 -" is not convinc"! o2 t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" 2o#

t-" issuanc" o2 a wa##ant o2 a##"st0 (P0 vs0 Villanu"va ,, +CRA H@4

Plac"# vs0 Villanu"va ,5@ +CRA H@>)0

24. 's 9peration HapCap bein/ done by the police because the

suspect has somethin/ bul/in/ in his waist and Ceeps on touchin/ his

abdomen as if touchin/ a /un #alid?

As -"l! in PEOPLE V+0 1E'GOE G0R0 'o0 M un" ,5

5, +CRA ,H ;OPERAIO' APAP? o# wa##antl"ss s"a#c- wit-out

#o&a&l" caus" is unconstitutional0 +uc- s"a#c- is vali! only i2 cov"#"! &y

+"ction A#ticl" ,,> o2 t-" Rul"s o2 Cou#t w-ic- #ovi!"sJ

+"c0 0 A##"st wit-out wa##ant4 w-"n law2ul06 A "ac"

o22ic"# o# #ivat" "#son %ay wit-out wa##ant a##"st a "#sonJ

(a) W-"n in -is #"s"nc" t-" "#son to &" a##"st"!-as co%%itt"! is actually co%%itting o# is att"%ting to

co%%it an o22"ns"4

(&) W-"n an o22"ns" -as in 2act 7ust &""n

co%%itt"! an! -" -as "#sonal <nowl"!g" o2 2acts

6969



in!icating t-at t-" "#son to &" a##"st"! -as co%%itt"! it4

an!

(c) W-"n t-" "#son to &" a##"st"! is a #ison"#

w-o -as "sca"! 2#o% a "nal "sta&lis-%"nt o# lac"

w-"#" -" is s"#ving 2inal 7u!g%"nt o# t"%o#a#ily

con2in"! w-il" -is cas" is "n!ing o# -as "sca"! w-il"

&"ing t#ans2"##"! 2#o% on" con2in"%"nt to anot-"#0

Co%a#" t-is cas" to 1A'ALILI V+0 PEOPLE Octo&"# ,0 -"

olic"%"n saw s"v"#al susicious loo<ing %"n at !awn w-o #an w-"n t-"y

w"nt n"a# t-"%0 As t-" olic"%"n #an a2t"# t-"% an unlic"ns"! 2i#"a#% was

con2iscat"!0 -" s"a#c- was !"cla#"! vali! &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t0 'ot"

-ow"v"# t-at in 1ALACA V+0 CA 5M> +CRA , t-" +C -"l! t-at

%"#" susicions not su22ici"nt to vali!at" wa##antl"ss a##"st0

='. M0: /h I+i+ P+i* 0/ 5i/h+/ 500/ + 0*h /h

+ 1i90@i6 7+ 0 hi 5i/h+/ 500/ 901 +: + 0

i7+0/i+ 0:1 /+ /h 9: 0 i7+0/ /h0/ /h */? 906

*+/0i 0iJ00

'o0 As -"l! in 101 vs. %22*+7**+, '8 &C!% 35# a

wa##antl"ss a##"st o2 t-" accus"! was unconstitutional0 -is was "22"ct"!

w-il" -" was co%ing !own t-" v"ss"l to all a"a#anc"s no l"ss innoc"nt

t-an t-" ot-"# !is"%&a#<ing ass"ng"#s0 " -a! not co%%itt"! no# was

actually co%%itting o# att"%ting to co%%it an o22"ns" in t-" #"s"nc" o2

t-" a##"sting o22ic"#s0 " was not "v"n acting susiciously0 In s-o#t t-"#"

was no #o&a&l" caus" t-at as t-" #os"cution inco##"ctly sugg"st"!

!is"ns"! wit- t-" constitutional #"ui#"%"nt o2 a wa##ant0

26. 'n arrests without warrant based on the fact that a crime has

ust been committed> what Cind of Cnowled/e is required on the part of the

arrestin/ officer?

In PEOPLE VS. $ALVE, 3'' SCRA =4&, /h S C+/

h1 /h0/ t -" olic"%an a##"st"! t-" accus"!6a"llant on t-" &asis sol"ly

o2 w-at R"ynal!o Cast#o -a! tol! -i% an! not &"caus" -" saw t-" accus"!6

a"llant co%%it t-" c#i%" c-a#g"! against -i%0 In!""! t-" #os"cution

a!%itt"! t-at t-"#" was no wa##ant o2 a##"st issu"! against accus"!6a"llant

w-"n t-" latt"# was ta<"n into custo!y0 Consi!"#ing t-at t-" accus"!6

7070



a"llant was not co%%itting a c#i%" at t-" ti%" -" was a##"st"! no# !i! t-"

a##"sting o22ic"# -av" any "#sonal <nowl"!g" o2 2acts in!icating t-at

accus"!6a"llant co%%itt"! a c#i%" -is a##"st wit-out a wa##ant cannot &"

7usti2i"!0

2. What is the effect on the ille/ality of the arrest by the subsequent

act of the accused in postin/ bond for his pro#isional liberty and enterin/

a plea durin/ his arrai/nment?

By "nt"#ing a l"a o2 not guilty !u#ing t-" a##aign%"nt t-" accus"!6

a"llant waiv"! -is #ig-t to #ais" t-" issu" o2 ill"gality o2 -is a##"st0 I I+

'OW +ELED A OBECIO' O A WARRA' OF ARRE+ OR

E PROCED9RE B* WIC A CO9R AC9IRE+ 9RI+DICIO'

OVER E PER+O' OF A' ACC9+ED 19+ BE 1ADE BEFORE E

E'ER+ I+ PLEA OERWI+E E OBECIO' I+ DEE1EDWAIVED0 E FAC A E ARRE+ WA+ ILLEGAL DOE+ 'O

RE'DER E +9B+E9E' PROCEEDI'G+ VOID A'D DEPRIVE

E +AE OF I+ RIG O CO'VIC E G9IL* WE' ALL

E FAC+ POI' O E C9LPABILI* OF E ACC9+ED0

(PEOPLE VS. $ALVE, 3'' SCRA =4&)

2-. 's a warrantless search and seiFure by a pri#ate indi#idual #alid?

*"s sinc" t-" constitutional #ovision is not alica&l" to -i%0

(PEOPLE OF E PILIPPI'E+ V+0 A'DRE 1ARI G0R0 'O0 M,@,

anua#y ,M ,,4 +ILAI+ I'ER'AIO'AL OEL I'C0 V+0

ROGELIO +OL9A E AL0 HM5 +CRA @@)

2,. What are the requisites of a #alid search incidental to a #alid

arrest?

As -"l! in 'OLA+CO V+0 PA'O ,> +CRA H, a s"a#c-

inci!"ntal to a vali! a##"st %ust &" !on" at t-" lac" w-"#" t-" accus"! is

a##"st"! o# its i%%"!iat" vicinity o# on t-" "#son o2 t-" accus"!0 As suc- i2accus"! was a##"st"! w-il" insi!" a 7""n"y t-"#" is no vali! s"a#c-

inci!"ntal to a vali! a##"st i2 s-" will &" &#oug-t to -"# #"si!"nc" an!

t-"#"a2t"# s"a#c- t-" sai! lac"0 O# as -"l! in E+PA'O V+0 CA 5MM +CRA

MM i2 t-" accus"! was a##"st"! in t-" st#""t !u#ing a &uy6&ust o"#ation t-"

s"a#c- o2 -is -ous" n"a#&y is not a vali! s"a#c- inci!"ntal to a vali! a##"st0

7171



A h1 i PEOPLE VS. VALDE, 34% SCRA =', /h !plain

#iew$ doctrine, 5hi*h 0: J/i7: 0 0*h 5i/h+/ 500/, APPLIES

ONLY WHERE THE POLICE OFFICER IS NOT SEARCHIN$ FOR

EVIDENCE A$AINS THE ACCUSED, BUT INADVERTENTLY

COMES ACROSS AN INCRIMINATIN$ OB#ECT. A *h, ;0i

8i5 1+*/i *+1 +/ 9 1 /+ J/i7: /h i +7 0 i*1

7i0 i P+ 8. D00+, 0, 5hi*h 50 + /+ +7 0 /09

07/ /h +i6 +7 /h 00//? 1++ 5i/h+/ 0 500/ +

*+/ +7 /h +**0/ /hi.

33. Define probable cause in connection with the issuance of a

search warrant.

-" N#o&a&l" caus"N 2o# a vali! s"a#c- wa##ant -as &""n !"2in"! Nas

suc- 2acts an! ci#cu%stanc"s w-ic- woul! l"a! a #"asona&ly !isc#""t an! #u!"nt %an to &"li"v" t-at an o22"ns" -as &""n co%%itt"! an! t-at t-"

o&7"cts soug-t in conn"ction wit- t-" o22"ns" a#" in t-" lac" soug-t to &"

s"a#c-"!N0 (uint"#o vs0 'BI un" 5> ,MM)0 -is #o&a&l" caus" %ust &"

s-own to &" wit-in t-" "#sonal <nowl"!g" o2 t-" co%lainant o# t-"

witn"ss"s -" %ay #o!uc" an! not &as"! on %"#" -"a#say0 (P0 V+0 +*

9CO @H PIL0 @@4 ALVARE$ V+0 CFI @H PIL0 >>4 9+ V+0

ADDI+O' 5M PIL0 @@)0

34. What is the !sufficiency test$ in connection with applications

for a search warrant?

N-" t#u" t"st o2 su22ici"ncy o2 a !"osition o# a22i!avit to wa##ant

issuanc" o2 a s"a#c- wa##ant is w-"t-"# i/ 50 105 i 0 0 /h0/

J: *+1 9 *h061 /h+ 01 /h 077i0/ 9 h1 i09 7+

1006 *01. -" oat- #"ui#"! %ust #"2"# to t-" t#ut- o2 t-" 2acts wit-in

t-" "#sonal <nowl"!g" o2 t-" alicant o2 a s"a#c- wa##ant an!/o# -is

witn"ss"s not o2 t-" 2acts %"#"ly #"o#t"! &y a "#son w-o% on" consi!"#s

to &" #"lia&l"0N (DR0 'E1E+IO PR9DE'E V+0 E O'0 E:EC9IVE

9DGE ABELARDO 10 DA*RI RC >> 1anila P"ol" o2 t-"P-iliin"s GR 'o0 M5M D"c"%&"# ,H ,M)

3&. )ay the police and military authorities #alidly search the

citiFens without warrant in checCpoints set up by them? What is the etent

of the search that they may conduct?

7373



In RICARDO VAL1O'E V+0 GE' RE'AO DE VILLA GR 'o0

M>MM +"t"%&"# 5 ,M t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at wa##antl"ss

s"a#c-"s an! s"i3u#"s in %ilita#y an! olic" c-"c<oints a#" not ill"gal as

t-"s" %"asu#"s to #ot"ct t-" gov"#n%"nt an! sa2"gua#!s t-" liv"s o2 t-"

"ol"0 -" c-"c<oints a#" l"gal as w-"#" t-" su#vival o2 t-" o#gani3"!

gov"#n%"nt is on t-" &alanc" o# w-"#" t-" liv"s an! sa2"ty o2 t-" "ol" a#"

in g#av" "#il0 ow"v"# t-" +u#"%" Cou#t cla#i2i"! t-at t-" %ilita#y

o22ic"#s %anning t-" c-"c<oints %ay con!uct VI+9AL +EARC O'L*

'O BODIL* +EARC0

36. 's an unlicensed firearm seiFed in the house of the accused

without warrant by the military authorities> after they were /i#en consent

by the said owner of the house for them to search for rebel soldiers>

admissible in e#idence8

'o0 In VEROY VS. LAYA$UE, =%> SCRA G" t-" +u#"%" Cou#t

-"l! t-at t-" own"# o2 t-" -ous" allow"! t-" olic"%"n to "nt"# -is -ous"

&"caus" t-"y will &" s"a#c-ing 2o# #"&"l sol!i"#s &ut w-"n insi!" t-" -ous"

t-"y inst"a! s"i3"! an unlic"ns"! 2i#"a#%0 As suc- t-"#" was no cons"nt to

s"a#c- 2o# 2i#"a#%s an! as a cons"u"nc" t-" 2i#"a#% is not a!%issi&l" as

"vi!"nc"0

3. 'f the ud/e finds that thereMs probable cause> must he issue a

warrant of arrest as a matter of course8

It !""n!sJ

,0 SAMULDE VS. SALVANI, SEPTEMBER =&, %G!! ('o

&"caus" a wa##ant is issu"! in o#!"# to -av" 7u#is!iction o2 t-"

cou#t ov"# t-" "#son o2 an accus"! an! to assu#" t-" cou#t o2

-is #"s"nc" w-"n"v"# -is cas" is call"! in cou#t0 As suc- i2 t-"

cou#t &"li"v"s t-at t-" #"s"nc" o2 t-" accus"! coul! &" -a!

"v"n wit-out a wa##ant o2 a##"st t-"n -" %ay not issu" sai!

wa##ant0 'ot"J -is cas" involv"s a %ino# o22"ns")50 $OO VS. TAC-AN, 3>> SCRA =&'0 I2 t-" o22"ns"

co%%itt"! is a s"#ious on" li<" t-at o&taining in t-is cas" 2o#

%u#!"# t-" u!g" %ust issu" a wa##ant o2 a##"st a2t"#

!"t"#%ining t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus")

7474



3-. 'f the applicant for a search warrant testifies that his Cnowled/e

of the facts and circumstances was deri#ed from a !hi/hly reliable

informant$> would such fact sufficient to con#ince the court of the

eistence of !probable cause$?

'o <nowl"!g" &as"! on -"a#say in2o#%ation !o"s not 7usti2y t-"

".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus"0 (P#u!"nt" vs0 Day#it su#a0) In 2act w-"n t-"

stat"%"nts in t-" a22i!avits o2 witn"ss"s a#" %"#" g"n"#aliti"s %"#"

conclusions o2 law an! not ositiv" stat"%"nts o2 a#ticula# acts t-" wa##ant

issu"! &y vi#tu" t-"#"o2 is not vali!0 Ponsica vs0 Ignalaga uly >,,M)

3,. 'n the seiFure of alle/ed pirated tapes> what must the applicant

submit to the court in order that the search warrant to be issued shall be

#alid 8

In C"ntu#y Fo. vs0 CA ,@H +CRA @ an! COL91BIA

PIC9RE+ V+0 CA 5@, +CRA ,HH it was -"l! t-at t-" %ast"# coy o2 t-"

all"g"!ly i#at"! ta" s-oul! &" #"s"nt"! &"2o#" t-" 7u!g" in o#!"# to

convinc" -i% o2 t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus")

4. What is the effect on the e#idence obtained in #iolation of

=ections 2 and 3 of *rticle '''?

Any "vi!"nc" o&tain"! in violation o2 +"ctions 5 an! > o2 A#ticl" III

s-all &" ina!%issi&l" 2o# any u#os" in any #oc""!ing0

41. nder the uman =ecurity *ctG*nti(Eerrorism Law> 7epublic

*ct :o. ,32> *ppro#ed on )arch 6> 2 and effecti#e on July 1&> 2>

may police authorities the listen to> intercept and record> with the use of

any mode> form or Cind or type of electronic or other sur#eillance

equipment or interceptin/ and tracCin/ de#ices> or with the use of any

other suitable ways or means for that purpose> any communication>

messa/e> con#ersation> discussion> or spoCen or written words of a person

without #iolatin/ the ri/ht to pri#acy?

*"s un!"# +"ctions an! M o2 t-" law w-ic- #ovi!"sJ

=ection 0 +u#v"illanc" o2 sus"cts an! int"#c"tion an!

#"co#!ing o2 co%%unications0 -" #ovisions o2 RA H5

(Anti6Wi#"taing Law) to t-" cont#a#y notwit-stan!ing a

7575



olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt o22icial an! t-" %"%&"#s o2 -is t"a%

%ay uon a w#itt"n o#!"# o2 t-" Cou#t o2 A"als list"n to

int"#c"t an! #"co#! wit- t-" us" o2 any %o!" 2o#% o# <in! o#

ty" o2 "l"ct#onic o# ot-"# su#v"illanc" "ui%"nt o#

int"#c"ting an! t#ac<ing !"vic"s o# wit- t-" us" o2 any ot-"#

suita&l" ways o# %"ans 2o# t-at u#os" any co%%unication

%"ssag" conv"#sation !iscussion o# so<"n o# w#itt"n wo#!s

&"tw""n %"%&"#s o2 a 7u!icially !"cla#"! an! outlaw"!

t"##o#ist o#gani3ation association o# g#ou o2 "#sons o# o2 any

"#son c-a#g"! wit- o# sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is% o#

consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%0

P#ovi!"! -at su#v"illanc" int"#c"tion an! #"co#!ing

o2 co%%unications &"tw""n lawy"#s an! cli"nts !octo#s an!

ati"nts 7ou#nalists an! t-"i# sou#c"s an! con2i!"ntial &usin"ssco##"son!"nc" s-all not &" aut-o#i3"!0

=ection -0 Fo#%al Alication 2o# u!icial

Aut-o#i3ation06 -" w#itt"n o#!"# o2 t-" aut-o#i3ing !ivision o2

t-" Cou#t o2 A"als to t#ac< !own ta list"n int"#c"t an!

#"co#! co%%unications %"ssag"s conv"#sations !iscussions

o# so<"n o# w#itt"n wo#!s o2 any "#son sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%"

o2 t"##o#is% o# t-" c#i%" o2 consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%

s-all only &" g#ant"! &y t-" aut-o#i3ing !ivision o2 t-" Cou#t o2

A"als 9PO' A' E:6PARE w#itt"n alication o2 a olic"

o# law "n2o#c"%"nt o22icial w-o -as &""n !uly aut-o#i3"! in

w#iting &y t-" Anti6"##o#is% Council c#"at"! in +"ction > o2

t-is Act to 2il" suc- ".6a#t" alication an! uon ".a%ination

un!"# oat- an! a22i#%ation o2 t-" alicant an! t-" witn"ss"s

w-o %ay #o!uc" to "sta&lis-J

• -at t-"#" is #o&a&l" caus" to &"li"v" &as"! on

"#sonal <nowl"!g" o2 2acts an! ci#cu%stanc"s t-at

t-" sai! c#i%" o2 t"##o#is% o# consi#acy to co%%itt"##o#is% -as &""n co%%itt"! o# is &"ing co%%itt"!

o# is a&out to &" co%%itt"!4

• -at t-"#" is #o&a&l" caus" to &"li"v" &as"! on

"#sonal <nowl"!g" o2 2acts an! ci#cu%stanc"s t-at

"vi!"nc" w-ic- is "ss"ntial to t-" conviction o2 any

7676



c-a#g"! o# sus"ct"! "#son 2o# o# to t-" solution o#

#"v"ntion o2 any suc- c#i%"s will &" o&tain"!4 an!

• -at t-"#" is no ot-"# "22"ctiv" %"ans #"a!ily

availa&l" 2o# acui#ing suc- "vi!"nc"0

=ec. ,0 Classi2ication an! Cont"nts o2 t-" O#!"# o2 t-"

Cou#t0 -" w#itt"n o#!"# g#ant"! &y t-" aut-o#i3ing !ivision o2

t-" Cou#t o2 A"als as w"ll as its o#!"# i2 any to ".t"n! o#

#"n"w t-" sa%" t-" o#iginal alication o2 t-" alicant

inclu!ing -is alication to ".t"n! o# #"n"w i2 any an! t-"

w#itt"n aut-o#i3ations o2 t-" Anti6"##o#is% Council s-all &"

!""%"! an! a#" -"#"&y !"cla#"! as classi2i"! in2o#%ationJ

P#ovi!"! -at t-" "#son &"ing su#v"ill"! o# w-os"

co%%unications l"tt"#s a"#s %"ssag"s conv"#sations

!iscussions so<"n o# w#itt"n wo#!s an! "22"cts -av" &""n%onito#"! list"n"! to &ugg"! o# #"co#!"! &y law "n2o#c"%"nt

aut-o#iti"s -as t-" #ig-t to &" in2o#%"! o2 t-" acts !on" &y t-"

law "n2o#c"%"nt aut-o#iti"s in t-" #"%is"s o# to c-all"ng" i2

-" o# s-" int"n!s to !o so t-" l"gality o2 t-" int"#2"#"nc" &"2o#"

t-" Cou#t o2 A"als w-ic- issu"! sai! w#itt"n o#!"#0 -"

w#itt"n o#!"# o2 t-" aut-o#i3ing !ivision o2 t-" cou#t o2 A"als

s-all s"ci2y t-" 2ollowingJ

•

-" i!"ntity suc- as na%" an! a!!#"ss i2 <nowno2 t-" c-a#g"! o2 sus"ct"! "#sons w-os"

co%%unications %"ssag"s conv"#sations

!iscussions o# so<"n o# w#itt"n wo#!s a#" to &"

t#ac<"! !own ta"! list"n"! to int"#c"t"! o#

#"co#!"! an! in cas" o2 #a!io "l"ct#onic o#

t"l"-on" (w-"t-"# wi#"l"ss o# ot-"#wis")

co%%unications %"ssag"s conv"#sations

!iscussions o# so<"n o# w#itt"n wo#!s t-"

"l"ct#onic t#ans%ission syst"%s o# t-" t"l"-on"

nu%&"#s to &" t#ac<"! !own ta"! list"n"! toint"#c"t"! an! #"co#!"! an! t-"i# locations i2 t-"

"#son sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is% o#

consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is% is not 2ully <nown

suc- "#son s-all &" su&7"ct to continuous

7777



-" 7ustic"s o2 CA !"signat"! as s"cial cou#t to -an!l" anti6t"##o#is%

cas"s a2t"# satis2ying t-"%s"lv"s o2 t-" ".ist"nc" o2 #o&a&l" caus" in a

-"a#ing call"! 2o# t-at u#os" t-atJ

•

A "#son c-a#g"! wit- o# sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is% o#consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%4

• O2 a 7u!icially !"cla#"! an! outlaw"! t"##o#ist o#gani3ation o#

g#ou o2 "#sons4

• O2 a %"%&"# o2 suc- 7u!icially !"cla#"! an! outlaw"!

o#gani3ation association o# g#ou o2 "#sons %ay aut-o#i3" in

w#iting any olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt o22ic"# an! t-" %"%&"#s

o2 -is t"a% !uly aut-o#i3"! in w#iting &y t-" anti6t"##o#is%

council toJ

,0 ".a%in" o# caus" t-" ".a%ination o2 t-" !"osits

lac"%"nts t#ust accounts ass"ts an! #"co#!s in a &an<

o# 2inancial institution4 an!

50 gat-"# o# caus" t-" gat-"#ing o2 any #"l"vant in2o#%ation

a&out suc- !"osits lac"%"nts t#ust accounts ass"ts

an! #"co#!s 2#o% a &an< o# 2inancial institution0 -" &an<

o# 2inancial institution s-all not #"2us" to allow suc-

".a%ination o# to #ovi!" t-" !"si#"! in2o#%ation w-"n

so o#!"#"! &y an! s"#v"! wit- t-" w#itt"n o#!"# o2 t-"

Cou#t o2 A"als0

=ec. 2-0 Alication to ".a%in" !"osits accounts an! #"co#!s0

-" w#itt"n o#!"# o2 t-" CA aut-o#i3ing t-" ".a%ination o2 &an<

!"osits lac"%"nts t#ust accounts ass"ts an! #"co#!sJ

• A "#son c-a#g"! wit- o# sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is% o#

consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%4


g#ou o2 "#sons4• O2 a %"%&"# o2 suc- 7u!icially !"cla#"! an! outlaw"!

o#gani3ation association o# g#ou o2 "#sons in a &an< o#

2inancial institution6

6+ALL O'L* BE GRA'ED B* E A9ORI$I'G

DIVI+IO' OF E CA 9PO' A' E:6PARE APPLICAIO' O A

7979



EFFEC OF A POLICE OR LAW E'FORCE1E' OFFICIAL w-o -as

&""n !uly aut-o#i3"! &y t-" Anti6"##o#is% Council to 2il" suc- ".6a#t"

alication an! uon ".a%ination un!"# oat- o# a22i#%ation o2 t-" alicant

an! -is witn"ss"s -" %ay #o!uc" to "sta&lis- t-" 2acts t-at will 7usti2y t-"

n""! an! u#g"ncy o2 ".a%ining an! 2#""3ing t-" &an< !"osits lac"%"nts

t#ust accounts ass"ts an! #"co#!sJ

• O2 A "#son c-a#g"! wit- o# sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is%

o# consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%4


g#ou o2 "#sons4

• O2 a %"%&"# o2 suc- 7u!icially !"cla#"! an! outlaw"!

o#gani3ation association o# g#ou o2 "#sons0

43. )ay a wife #alidly seiFe the diaries> checCs and /reetin/ cards

of the alle/ed paramours of her husband in the latter"s clinic and use the

same as e#idence in a le/al separation case between them?

As -"l! in ULUETA VS. CA, F90: %>, %GG& t-" "vi!"nc"

o&tain"! &y t-" wi2" w-o 2o#ci&ly o"n"! t-" !#aw"#s at t-" clinic o2 -"#

!octo#6-us&an! an! too< !ia#i"s c-"c<s an! g#""ting ca#!s o2 -is all"g"!

a#a%ou#s is ina!%issi&l" as "vi!"nc"0 -is is so &"caus" t-" inti%aci"s o2

-us&an! an! wi2" !o"s not 7usti2y t-" &#"a<ing o2 ca&in"ts to !"t"#%in"%a#ital in2i!"lity0

43. 's the freedom of speech and epression affected by the uman

=ecurity *ct?

*"s un!"# =ection 26 o2 t-" law it #ovi!"s t-at "#sons w-o -av"

&""n c-a#g"! wit- t"##o#is% o# consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%666"v"n i2

t-"y -av" &""n g#ant"! &ail &"caus" "vi!"nc" o2 guilt is not st#ongTcan &"J

;P#o-i&it"! 2#o% using any c"llula# -on"s co%ut"#s o# ot-"# %"ans o2

co%%unications wit- "ol" outsi!" t-"i# #"si!"nc"0?

44. What is the rule on criticisms on the acts of public officers?

A u&lic o22icial s-oul! not &" too onion6s<inn"! wit- #"2"#"nc" to

co%%"nts uon -is o22icial acts0 -" int"#"st o2 t-" gov"#n%"nt an! t-"

8080



soci"ty !"%an!s 2ull !iscussion o2 u&lic a22ai#s0 (9+ vs0 Bustos > P-il0

>,)

4&. )ay the abo#e rule applicable to pri#ate indi#iduals who are

public fi/ures or pri#ate indi#iduals who are candidates for public office?

As -"l! &y t-" +u#"%" Cou#t in t-" cas" o2 BAG9IO 1IDLA'D

CO9RIER CECILLE AFABLE V+0 CO9R OF APPEAL+ RA1O'

LABO R0 HHH +CRA 5M K'ov"%&"# 5 5H t-" a#ticl" involving a

#ivat" in!ivi!ual #unning 2o# 1ayo# o2 Baguio City is still wit-in t-"

%antl" o2 #ot"ction gua#ant""! &y t-" 2#""!o% o2 ".#"ssion #ovi!"! in

t-" Constitution sinc" it is t-" u&lics #ig-t to &" in2o#%"! o2 t-" %"ntal

%o#al an! -ysical 2itn"ss o2 can!i!at"s 2o# u&lic o22ic"0 -is was

#"cogni3"! as "a#ly as t-" cas" o2 9+ V+0 +EDA'O ,H P-il0 >>M K,

an! t-" cas" o2 'EW *OR I1E+ V+0 +9LLIVA' >@ 90+0 5H w-"#"t-" 9+ +u#"%" Cou#t -"l!J

;i/ i +7 /h /+/ *+2*

/h0/ /h + h+1 1i* /h

*h00*/ 01 20i7i*0/i+ +7 *01i10/

7+ /hi 7706. Th i+/0* /+ /h

S/0/ 01 /+ +*i/: +7 *h 1i*i+ i

+ 80/, 01 /h 0180/06 1i81 +

60/, /h0/ /h: + /h0 *+/900*/h i*+8i* +7 i80/ +

5h+ *+1*/ 0: 9 i8+81, 01

+**0i+0 iJ: /+ /h /0/i+ +7

i1i8i10 / :i1 /+ /h 9i*

570, 0/h+6h 0/ /i *h iJ:

0: 9 60/. Th 9i* 97i/ 7+

9i*i/: i + 60/ 01 /h *h0* +7

iJ: /+ i80/ *h00*/ + 0, /h0/

*h 1i*i+ / 9 i8i61. ;

C0:, /h 2/i+1 0/i* *+/i// 70i *+/ + 0

0// +7 9i* i// 0 i/ 10/ 5i/h /h *h00*/ +7 /h i80/

+1/ 5h+ 50 i6 7+ /h /+ */i8 +/ i B06i+ Ci/: 0/

/h0/ /i.

8181



46. )ay the %9)<L<% #alidly prohibit columnists> radio

announcers and E+ commentator for commentin/ for or a/ainst any issue

durin/ the plebiscite period since they can air their #iews in a pro/ram

sponsored by the %9)<L<% itself 8

'o suc- woul! &" an un!u" int"#2"#"nc" on t-" 2#""!o% o2

".#"ssion0 I I+ +ILL A RE+RICIO' O' E COL91'I+

A''O9'CER OR CO11E'AOR+ COICE OF E FOR91

WERE E 1A* E:PRE++ I+ VIEW0 Pl"&iscit" issu"s a#" %att"#s o2

u&lic conc"#n an! i%o#tanc"0 -" "ol"s #ig-t to &" in2o#%"! an! to &"

a&l" to 2#""ly an! int"llig"ntly %a<" a !"cision woul! &" &"tt"# s"#v"! &y

acc"ss to an una&#i!g"! !iscussion o2 t-" issu"s I'CL9DI'G E

FOR910 -" "ol" a22"ct"! &y t-" issu"s #"s"nt"! in a l"&iscit" s-oul!

not &" un!uly &u#!"n"! &y #"st#ictions on t-" 2o#u% w-"#" t-" #ig-t to

".#"ssion %ay &" "."#cis"!0 ( P*0L'E9 +. =*:'D*D +=. %9)<L<%>G0R0 'O0 MM anua#y 5 ,)

4. What are the requisites that a newspaper must comply in order

that its news item on an on/oin/ trial in court will not be actionable for

bein/ libelous?

In Eli3al!" vs0 Guti"##"3@ +CRA HHM it was -"l! t-at in o#!"# t-at

any n"ws it"% #"lating to a 7u!icial #oc""!ing will not &" actiona&l" t-"

sa%" %ust &" Ka a t#u" an! 2ai# #"o#t o2 t-" actual #oc""!ings4 K& %ust &"

!on" in goo! 2ait-4 an! Kc no co%%"nts no# #"%a#<s s-all &" %a!" &y t-"

w#it"#U

4-. What are the tests of obscenity?

-" t-#"" (>) t"sts as -"l! in 1ill"# vs0 Cali2o#nia > L0 E!0 5! H,

a#"J

,0 W-"t-"# t-" av"#ag" "#son alying to cont"%o#a#y

co%%unity stan!a#!s woul! 2in! t-" wo#< a"als to #u#i"ntint"#"st4

50 W-"t-"# t-" wo#< !"icts o# !"sc#i&"s a at"ntly o22"nsiv"

s".ual con!uct4

>0 W-"t-"# t-" wo#< as a w-ol" lac<s s"#ious lit"#a#y a#tistic

olitical o# sci"nti2ic valu"0

8282



4,. )ay the %ity )ayor order the confiscation without a search

warrant ma/aFines which he belie#es to be obscene? What is the correct

procedure for him to follow?

'o0 (Pita vs0 CA ,M +CRA >@5)0 A City 1ayo# %ay not o#!"# t-"

wa##antl"ss s"i3u#" o2 %aga3in"s w-ic- -" &"li"v"s to &" o&sc"n"4

ot-"#wis" -" will &"co%" t-" co%lainant #os"cuto# an! 7u!g" at t-" sa%"

ti%"0 " s-oul! o&tain a s"a#c- wa##ant 2#o% a 7u!g" &y 2ollowing t-"

#oc"!u#" lai! !own &y t-" Rul"s on -ow to s"cu#" a s"a#c- wa##ant0

&. )ay public school teachers #alidly file mass lea#es> instead of

/oin/ on striCe> after their demand to the /o#ernment was not met$

In GE+IE "t al0 vs0 CO9R OF APPEAL+ HHH +CRA , -"l! t-at

;t-"s" %ass actions w"#" to all int"nts an! u#os"s a st#i<"4 t-"y constitut"!a conc"#t"! an! unaut-o#i3"! stoag" o2 o# a&s"nc" 2#o% wo#< w-ic- it

was t-" t"ac-"#s !uty to "#2o#% un!"#ta<"n 2o# "ss"ntially "cono%ic

#"asons0? It is un!isut"! 2act t-at t-"#" was a wo#< stoag" an! t-at

"tition"#s u#os" was to #"ali3" t-"i# !"%an!s &y wit--ol!ing t-"i#

s"#vic"s0 -" 2act t-at t-" conv"ntional t"#% ;st#i<"? was not us"! &y t-"

st#i<ing "%loy""s to !"sc#i&" t-"i# co%%on cou#s" o2 action is

incons"u"ntial +I'CE E +9B+A'CE OF E +I9AIO' A'D

'O I+ APPEARA'CE WILL BE DEE1ED CO'ROLLI'G0

-" #ig-t o2 gov"#n%"nt "%loy""s to o#gani3" I+ LI1IED O

E FOR1AIO'+ OF 9'IO'+ OR A++OCIAIO'+ O'L*

WIO9 I'CL9DI'G E RIG O +RIE0 (Bangalisan vs0 CA

5@ +CRA @,)

&1. What is the procedure to be followed in the application of rally

permits before the %ity or )unicipal )ayor in accordance with 0P 0ilan/

--?

-" alicants 2o# a "#%it to -ol! an ass"%&ly s-oul! in2o#% t-"lic"nsing aut-o#ity o2 t-" !at" t-" u&lic lac" w-"#" an! t-" ti%" when it

will ta<" lac"0 I2 it w"#" a #ivat" lac" only t-" cons"nt o2 t-" own"# o#

t-" on" "ntitl"! to its l"gal oss"ssion is #"ui#"!0 +uc- alication s-oul!

&" 2il"! w"ll a-"a! in ti%" to "na&l" t-" u&lic o22icial conc"#n"! to a#ais"

w-"t-"# t-"#" %ay &" vali! o&7"ctions to t-" g#ant o2 t-" "#%it o# to its

g#ant &ut at anot-"# u&lic lac"0 It is an in!is"nsa&l" con!ition to suc-

8383



#"2usal o# %o!i2ication t-at t-" cl"a# an! #"s"nt !ang"# t"st &" t-" stan!a#!

2o# t-" !"cision #"ac-"!0 I2 -" is o2 t-" vi"w t-at t-"#" is suc- an i%%in"nt

an! g#av" !ang"# o2 a su&stantiv" "vil t-" alicants %ust &" -"a#! on t-"

%att"#0 -"#"a2t"# -is !"cision w-"t-"# 2avo#a&l" o# a!v"#s" %ust &"

t#ans%itt"! to t-"% at t-" "a#li"st oo#tunity0 -us i2 so %in!"! t-"y can

-av" #"cou#s" to t-" #o"# 7u!icial aut-o#ity0 (BAYAN, ARAPATAN,

ILUSAN$ MA$BUBUID N$ PILIPINAS (MP), 01

$ABRIELA vs0 EDUARDO ERMITA in -is caacity as E."cutiv"

+"c#"ta#y 1anila City 1ayo# LITO ATIENA C-i"2 o2 t-" P-iliin"

'ational Polic" G"n0 ARTURO M. LOMIBAO, NCRPO C-i"2 M0J.

$. VIDAL UEROL, an! W"st"#n Polic" Dist#ict C-i"2 $. PEDRO

BULAON$ G0R0 'o0 ,@MHM 1ay 5@)

&2. 's 0P -- unconstitutional for bein/ #a/ue +oid for +a/ueness

Doctrine5 and o#erbroad 9#erbreadth Doctrine)8

'o0 It is v"#y cl"a# t-at it !"als only on u&lic ass"%&li"s t-at !"als

wit- #alli"s %ass actions an! si%ila# acts an! not all <in!s o2 u&lic

ass"%&li"s0 As suc- it is not vagu"0

'"it-"# is t-" law ov"#&#oa!0 It #"gulat"s t-" "."#cis" o2 t-" #ig-t to

"ac"2ul ass"%&ly an! "tition +: /+ t-" ".t"nt n""!"! to avoi! a cl"a#

an! #"s"nt !ang"# o2 t-" su&stantiv" "vils Cong#"ss -as t-" #ig-t to #"v"nt0

&3. 's the %alibrated Pre(empti#e 7esponse %P75 of the *rroyo

*dministration towards rallyists constitutional?

-" Cou#t #"it"#at"s its &asic olicy o2 u-ol!ing t-" 2un!a%"ntal

#ig-ts o2 ou# "ol" "s"cially 2#""!o% o2 ".#"ssion an! 2#""!o% o2

ass"%&ly0 Fo# t-is #"ason t-" so6call"! cali&#at"! #""%tiv" #"sons"

olicy t-" olicy o2 !is"#sing #allyists t-#oug- wat"# cannons -as no

lac" in ou# l"gal 2i#%a%"nt an! %ust &" st#uc< !own as a !a#<n"ss t-at

s-#ou!s 2#""!o%0 It %"#"ly con2us"s ou# "ol" an! is us"! &y so%" olic"

ag"nts to 7usti2y a&us"s0 On t-" ot-"# -an! B0P0 'o0 MM cannot &"

con!"%n"! as unconstitutional4 it !o"s not cu#tail o# un!uly #"st#ict2#""!o%s4 it %"#"ly #"gulat"s t-" us" o2 u&lic lac"s as to t-" ti%" lac"

an! %ann"# o2 ass"%&li"s0 Fa# 2#o% &"ing insi!ious ;%a.i%u% tol"#anc"?

is 2o# t-" &"n"2it o2 #allyists not t-" gov"#n%"nt0 -" !"l"gation to t-"

%ayo#s o2 t-" ow"# to issu" #ally ;"#%its? is vali! &"caus" it is su&7"ct to

t-" constitutionally6soun! ;cl"a# an! #"s"nt !ang"#? stan!a#!0 (BAYAN,

ARAPATAN, ILUSAN$ MA$BUBUID N$ PILIPINAS (MP),

8484



01 $ABRIELA vs0 EDUARDO ERMITA in -is caacity as E."cutiv"

+"c#"ta#y 1anila City 1ayo# LITO ATIENA C-i"2 o2 t-" P-iliin"

'ational Polic" G"n0 ARTURO M. LOMIBAO, NCRPO C-i"2 M0J.

$. VIDAL UEROL, an! W"st"#n Polic" Dist#ict C-i"2 $. PEDRO

BULAON$ G0R0 'o0 ,@MHM 1ay 5@)

&4. )ay the )E7%0 suspend for three 35 months the airin/ of the

pro/ram *n/ Datin/ Daan of 0rother <liseo =oriano as a result of #ul/ar

and uncouth lan/ua/e he uttered a/ainst the host of the pro/ram *n/

Eaman/ Daan of the '/lesia :i Hristo?

A0 *"s as ;su&s"u"nt unis-%"nt?0 In 2act it is a vali! ;#io#

#"st#aint? %"asu#" on t-" a#t o2 t-" 1RCB (+ORIA'O V+0

LAG9ARDIA A#il 5 5) KDiss"nting OinionJ -"

sus"nsion o2 t-" #og#a% is ill"gal0 It constitut"s ;#io# #"st#aint?0" is #"v"nt"! 2#o% -osting t-" #og#a% !u#ing t-" succ""!ing

!ays "v"n i2 -" will 7ust say t-" ;Lo#!s P#ay"#? o# to g#""t ;goo!

%o#ning? to -is vi"w"#s0 P"# ustic" Antonio Ca#io

&4(a. )ay the %ity of %auayan> 'sabela> #alidly close the 0ombo

7adio =tations therein on the /round that their buildin/ was constructed

on an !a/ricultural land$ @that is why the %ity did not issue business

permit for it to operateA which has not been con#erted to !commercial

land$ by the D*7 despite the fact that it has been there for so many years

and was questioned only when the said station was critical of the Dy"s in

'sabela who own the only other radio station therein?

A. Th 0*/ +7 /h Ci/: +7 C00:0, I090 *+/i// i+

/0i/. I/ h0 0: P%>M i 1006 7+ /h + 771 9:

B+9+ R01:+ 0 0 / +7 /h i60 *+. ( 'EW+O9'D+

BROADCA+I'G 'EWOR I'C0 an! CO'+OLIDAED

BROADCA+I'G +*+E1 I'C0 vs0 O'0 CEA+AR G0 D*

FELICI+I1O G0 1EER BAG'O+ 1A:I1O RAC1A FER'A'DE$6

GARCIA an! E CI* OF CA9A*A' G0R0 'os0 ,5 ,H,,A#il 5 5)

&4(b. Distin/uish !clear and present dan/er$> !dan/erous tendency

rule$ and !balancin/ of interest test$.

8585



Cl"a# an! #"s"nt !ang"# an! !ang"#ous t"n!"ncy #ul" (w-"t-"# t-"

wo#!s us"! in suc- ci#cu%stanc"s an! a#" o2 suc- a natu#" as to c#"at" a

cl"a# an! #"s"nt !ang"# t-at t-"y will &#ing a&out t-" su&stantiv" "vils t-at

t-" +tat" -as t-" #ig-t to #"v"nt)

Dang"#ous t"n!"ncy #ul" (I2 t-" wo#!s utt"#"! c#"at" a !ang"#ous

t"n!"ncy w-ic- t-" +tat" -as t-" #ig-t to #"v"nt t-"n suc- wo#!s a#"

unis-a&l")

-" &alancing6o26int"#"st t"st (W-"n a a#ticula# con!uct is #"gulat"!

in t-" int"#"st o2 t-" u&lic o#!"# an! t-" #"gulation #"sults in an in!i#"ct

con!itional a#tial a&#i!g%"nt o2 s""c- t-" !uty o2 t-" cou#ts is to

!"t"#%in" w-ic- o2 t-" 5 con2licting int"#"sts !"%an! g#"at"# #ot"ction

un!"# t-" ci#cu%stanc"s #"s"nt"!0)

&&. )ay =enator Juan Ponce <nrile pre#ent the mo#ie producer of

the <D=* ' 7e#olution mo#ie from includin/ his participation durin/ the

uprisin/ since it #iolates his ri/ht to pri#acy?

'o as &"tw""n En#il"s #ig-t to #ivacy an! t-" 2#""!o% o2

".#"ssion on t-" a#t o2 t-" %ovi" #o!uc"# t-" latt"#s #ig-t #"vail

&"caus" En#il"s a#t in t-" %ovi" !"als sol"ly on -is acts as a u&lic o22ic"#

t-"n0 o ".clu!" -i% as int"g#al a#t o2 t-" #"volution woul! &" a !isto#tion

o2 -isto#y0 ( %Y1! !7CT*+ )&. K7:1 C%70+:, K7%+ +C1

1+!*01, 1T %0., '5 &C!% J'6

&6. )ay the mother of a murdered )ayor stop the filmin/ of the life

story of her son which would include his alle/ed lo#e affairs which

would blacCen his memory?

*"s0 As &"tw""n t-" #ig-t to #ivacy invo<"! &y t-" %ot-"# an! t-"

2#""!o% o2 ".#"ssion invo<"! &y t-" %ovi" #o!uc"# t-" stat" s-all

&alanc" t-"i# #"s"ctiv" int"#"sts0 +inc" t-" %ovi" #o!uc"# is #i%a#ily a2t"#

#o2its only t-" #ig-t to #ivacy s-all #"vail0 (Lagun3a! vs0 Gon3al"s)0

&. What are the two 25 aspects of the 7'8E E9 7<L'8'9=

P79B<=='9: *:D W97='P ? Distin/uish each0

0. F1+ /+ 9i8 01

9. F1+ /+ 0*/.

8686



I' t-" 2i#st suc- 2#""!o% is a&solut"0 " %ay in!ulg" in -is own

t-"o#i"s a&out li2" an! !"at-4 wo#s-i any go! -" c-oos"s o# non" at all0 "

%ay not &" unis-"! "v"n i2 -" cannot #ov" w-at -" &"li"v"s0

In t-" s"con! i2 t-" in!ivi!ual ".t"#nali3"s w-at -" &"li"v"s -is

2#""!o% to !o so &"co%"s su&7"ct to t-" aut-o#ity o2 t-" +tat"0 -is is so

&"caus" #"ligious 2#""!o% can &" "."#cis"! only wit- !u" #"ga#! to t-"

#ig-ts o2 ot-"#s0 E.a%l"J ;Go 2o#t- an! %ultily666cannot %a##y s"v"#al

ti%"s 7ust to co%ly0

&-. )ay a Jeho#ah"s Witnesses )ember who is the %ourt

'nterpreter of 7E% 0ranch 2&3> Las Pinas %ity> be held liable for !/rossly

immoral conduct$ for li#in/ with a married man while her #ery own

marria/e was still subsistin/ 8

'o0 As -"l! in ESTRADA VS. SOLEDAD ESCRITOR, 4G= SCRA

% (R+/i+ +7 /h M+/i+ 7+ R*+i10/i+), 4>! SCRA %, /h

S C+/ h1 /h0/ h i +/ i09 7+ g#ossly i%%o#al con!uct

&"caus"J

• +-" is a %"%&"# o2 t-" "-ova-s Witn"ss"s an! t-" Watc- ow"#

+oci"ty4

•

-at t-" con7ugal a##ang"%"nt was in con2o#%ity wit- t-"i##"ligious &"li"2s4

• -at t-" con7ugal a##ang"%"nt wit- uilaio -as t-" a#oval o2

-"# cong#"gation0

Esc#ito# li<"wis" clai%"! t-at s-" -a! "."cut"! a

;DECLARAIO' OF PLEDGI'G FAIF9L'E++? in acco#!anc"

wit- -"# #"ligion w-ic- allows %"%&"#s o2 t-" "-ova-s witn"ss"s

w-o -av" &""n a&an!on"! &y t-"i# sous"s to "nt"# into %a#ital

#"lations0 -" D"cla#ation t-us %a<"s t-" #"sulting union %o#al an!

&in!ing wit-in t-" cong#"gation all ov"# t-" wo#l! ".c"t in count#i"s

w-"#" !ivo#c" is allow"!0 Esc#ito#s con7ugal a##ang"%"nt cannot &"

"nali3"! as s-" -as %a!" out a cas" 2o# "."%tion 2#o% t-" law

&as"! on -"# 2un!a%"ntal #ig-t to #"ligion0 ow"v"# t-is %o!" o2

living wit- anot-"# ot-"# t-an -is o# -"# sous" &y a %a##i"! "#son

!o"s not aly in lac"s w-"#" !ivo#c" is allow"!0

8787



&,. )ay children of Jeho#ah"s Witnesses in public schools be forced

to sin/ the :ational *nthemO recite the Patriotic Pled/eO and =alute the

Bla/ under pain of bein/ epelled for non(compliance?

'o sinc" suc- is in violation o2 t-"i# #"ligious &"li"2s0 (ROEL

EBRALI'AG E AL V+0 E DIVI+IO' +9PERI'E'DE' OF

+COOL+ OF CEB9 1a#c- , ,>)0 R"ligious 2#""!o% is su"#io# to t-"

statut" #"ui#ing t-" uils to sing the +ational %nthem; recite the atriotic

ledge; and &alute the 9lag. The doctrine laid down in :erona vs.

&ecretar@ of 1ducation was reversed.

6. ow may the ri/ht to tra#el be impaired?

-" li&"#ty o2 a&o!" an! o2 c-anging t-" sa%" wit-in t-" li%its #"sc#i&"! &y law s-all not &" i%ai#"! ".c"t uon law2ul o#!"# o2 t-"

cou#t0 '"it-"# s-all t-" #ig-t to t#av"l &" i%ai#"! ".c"t in t-" int"#"st o2

national s"cu#ity u&lic sa2"ty o# u&lic -"alt- as %ay &" #ovi!"! &y law0

@, . 's the ri/ht to tra#el affected by the uman =ecurity *ct?

*"s =ection 26 #ovi!"s t-at "#sons w-o -av" &""n c-a#g"! wit-

t"##o#is% o# consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is%666"v"n i2 t-"y -av" &""n g#ant"!

&ail &"caus" "vi!"nc" o2 guilt is not st#ongTcan &"J

• D"tain"! un!"# -ous" a##"st4

• R"st#ict"! 2#o% t#av"ling4 an!/o#

9on alication o2 t-" #os"cuto# t-" sus"cts #ig-t to t#av"l

s-all &" li%it"! to t-" %uniciality o# city w-"#" -" #"si!"s o#

w-"#" t-" cas" is "n!ing in t-" int"#"st o2 national s"cu#ity an!

u&lic sa2"ty0 #av"l outsi!" o2 sai! %uniciality o# city wit-out

t-" aut-o#i3ation o2 t-" cou#t s-all &" !""%"! a violation o2 t-"

t"#%s an! con!itions o2 t-" &ail w-ic- s-all t-"n &" 2o#2"it"! as #ovi!"! in t-" Rul"s o2 Cou#t0

-"s" #"st#ictions s-all &" t"#%inat"! uon acuittal o2 t-"

accus"!4 o# t-" !is%issal o2 t-" cas" 2il"! against -i%4 o# "a#li"#

uon t-" !isc#"tion o2 t-" cou#t o# uon %otion o2 t-" #os"cuto#0

8888



&=. M0: F+ Pi1/ M0*+ 80i1: *+ /h 6+8/

/+ i hi hi /08 0 i +1 /h0/ h *+1 / /+ /h

Phiii 7+ hi US i i 0**+10* 5i/h hi *+/i//i+0 i6h/

/+ /08

'o0 (FERDI'A'D 1ARCO+ E AL0 V+0 O'0 RA9L

1A'GLAP9+ E AL0 G0R0 'O0 MM5,, +"t"%&"# , ,M an! t-"

R"solution o2 t-" 1otion 2o# R"consi!"#ation !at"! Octo&"# 5 ,M)0

W-at is #ovi!"! &y t-" P-iliin" Constitution is t-" #ig-t to t#av"l an! not

t-" #ig-t to #"tu#n0 -"s" two (5) #ig-ts a#" !i22"#"nt un!"# t-" 9niv"#sal

D"cla#ation o2 u%an Rig-ts an! Int"#national Cov"nant on Civil an!

Political Rig-ts0 E RIG O RE9R' O O'E+ CO9'R* I+

'O A1O'G E RIG+ +PECIFICALL* G9ARA'EED B* E

BILL OF RIG+ WIC REA+ O'L* OF E LIBER* OFABODE A'D E RIG O RAVEL B9 I I+ O9R WELL6

CO'+IDERED VIEW A E RIG O RE9R' 1A* BE

CO'+IDERED A+ A GE'ERALL* ACCEPED PRI'CIPLE OF

I'ER'AIO'AL LAW 9'DER O9R CO'+I9IO' I+ PAR OF

E LAW OF E LA'D0

63. What is the !residual power$ of the President?

It is t-" ow"# o2 t-" P#"si!"nt in &alancing t-" g"n"#al w"l2a#" an!

t-" co%%on goo! against t-" "."#cis" o2 #ig-ts o2 c"#tain in!ivi!uals0 -"

ow"# involv"! is t-" P#"si!"nts RE+ID9AL POWER to #ot"ct t-"

g"n"#al w"l2a#" o2 t-" "ol"0

64. )ay a person out on bail be #alidly allowed to tra#el abroad?

*"s su&7"ct to t-" 2ollowing #"uisit"s ( 1anotoc vs0 CA ,H5

+CRA ,H)J

" %ust -ow"v"# K, convinc" t-" cou#ts o2 t-" u#g"ncy o2 -is t#av"lK5 t-" !u#ation t-"#"o2 an! K> t-at -is su#"ti"s a#" willing to un!"#ta<" t-"

#"sonsi&ility o2 allowing -i% to t#av"l0

6&. 's the ri/ht to information on matters of public concern

absolute?

8989



'o0 W-il" t-" #ig-t o2 t-" "ol" to in2o#%ation on %att"#s o2 u&lic

conc"#n s-all &" #"cogni3"! an! acc"ss to o22icial #"co#!sQs-all &" a22o#!"!

t-" citi3"n it %ust &" su&7"ct to suc- li%itations as %ay &" #ovi!"! &y law

as w"ll as #"asona&l" con!itions i%os"! &y u&lic o22icials in custo!y o2

sai! #"co#!s li<" t-" ay%"nt o2 t-" "."ns"s o2 #"#o!uction o2 u&lic

!ocu%"nts4 t-" #"u"st %ust &" !on" !u#ing o22ic" -ou#s "tc0

66. )ay the %9)<L<% be compelled to publish the names of the

nominees of the different party(list /roups for the )ay 14> 2 elections

despite the prohibition on such publication as embodied by the Party(List

*ct?

*E+ t-" CO1ELEC %ust u&lis- t-" sa%" !"sit" t-"

#o-i&ition in t-" law0 +uc- #o-i&ition violat"s t-" #ig-t to in2o#%ation

on %att"#s o2 u&lic conc"#n on t-" a#t o2 t-" citi3"n0 (BA'A*REP9BLIC V+0 CO1ELEC 1A* H 5)

6. )ay the President #alidly prohibit members of her %abinet as

well as other officers in the eecuti#e department from attendin/

in#esti/ations in aid of le/islation by %on/ress?

'o0 +uc- woul! violat" t-" #ig-t o2 t-" "ol" to in2o#%ation on

%att"#s o2 u&lic conc"#n0 It is only t-#oug- sai! inv"stigations t-at t-"

"ol" will &" in2o#%"! o2 t-" wo#<ings o2 t-" !i22"#"nt !"a#t%"nts o2 t-"

gov"#n%"nt0 (SENATE OF THE PHILIPPINES, /1 9:

SENATE PRESIDENT FRANLIN DRILON, ET AL., VS. EXEC.

SEC. EDUARDO ERMITA, ET AL., $.R. N+. %&G"", Ai =>, =>>& )

6-. )ay a 0aran/ay #alidly eercise the power of eminent domain?

*"s su&7"ct to t-" a#oval &y t-" P#"si!"nt0( Ba#angay 1atictic vs0

El&inias ,HM +CRA M>)

6,. What are the requisites before an epropriator may #alidlyobtain a writ of possession to taCe o#er possession of the epropriated

property?

It !""n!sJ

9090



,0 I2 t-" ".#o#iation is 2o# a ;N0/i+0 6+8/ +J*/? o#

;0/i+0 i70/*/ +J*/? li<" t-os" cov"#"! &y t-" ;Buil!6

O"#at"6#ans2"#? RA MH s-all &" 2ollow"!0 -is %"ans t-at t-"#"

%ust &" a Ka Co%laint 2o# ".#o#iation w-ic- is su22ici"nt in 2o#%

an! in su&stanc"4 an! K5 t-" ,= o2 t-" %a#<"t valu" o2 t-" #o"#ty

soug-t to &" ".#o#iat"! %ust 2i#st &" ai! to t-" own"# o2 t-"

#o"#ty0 (REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. #UD$E

$IN$OYON, 4"! SCRA 4"4)

50 In o#!ina#y ".#o#iation cas"s t-" #ul" is t-at in t-" cas" o2

BIGLA'G6AWA V+0 9DGE BACALLA >H +CRA @50 It

#ovi!"sJ

P9R+9A' O +ECIO' 5 R9LE @ OF E , R9LE+ OF

CIVIL PROCED9RE A'D E DOCRI'E LAID DOW' I' EROBER' DEVELOP1E' CA+E E O'L* RE9I+IE+ FOR E

I11EDIAE E'R* B* E GOVER'1E' I' E:PROPRIAIO'

CA+E+ AREJ

• /h 7ii6 +7 0 *+0i/ 7+ +i0/i+ 77i*i/ i 7+

01 9/0* 01

• /h 0@i6 +7 0 1+i/ 2i80/ /+ /h ASSESSED

VALUE OF THE PROPERTY SUB#ECT TO

EXPROPRIATION0

>0 I2 t-" ".#o#iation is &"ing !on" &y a Local Gov"#n%"nt 9nit t-"

+u#"%" Cou#t !"cision in t-" cas" o2 THE CITY OF ILOILO VS.

#UD$E LE$ASPI, RTC ==, ILOILO CITY, 444 SCRA =&G, s-all

&" co%li"! wit-J

,0 t-" co%laint 2o# ".#o#iation 2il"! in cou#t is

su22ici"nt in 2o#% an! su&stanc"4 an!

=. /h +i0/+ / 1+i/ /h 0+/

2i80/ /+ %'Q +7 /h 70i 0@/ 80 +7

/h +/: /+ 9 +i0/1 901 + i/

*/ /0 1*00/i+.

. Who determines the ust compensation in epropriation cases?

What are the factors to be considered in determinin/ the same?

9191



D"t"#%ination o2 7ust co%"nsation is a 7u!icial 2unction wit- t-"

assistanc" o# #"co%%"n!ation o2 t-" cou#t6aoint"! co%%ission"#s0

(1anoto< vs0 CA 1ay 5,,M)

-" 2acto#s to &" consi!"#"! in !"t"#%ining t-" 7ust

co%"nsation/%a#<"t valu" a#"J

,0 cost o2 acuisition4

50 t-" cu##"nt valu" o2 li<" #o"#ti"s4

>0 its actual o# ot"ntial us"s4

H0 a#ticula# cas" o2 lan!s4

0 t-"i# si3" s-a" location4 an!

@0 t-" ta. !"cla#ations t-"#"on0

Finally not" t-at as -"l! in t-" cas" o2 R"u&lic vs0 +antos ,H,

+CRA > t-" %a#<"t valu" as #"co%%"n!"! &y t-" &oa#! o2

co%%ission"#s aoint"! &y t-" cou#t w"#" at &"st only ADVI+OR*

A'D PER+9A+IVE A'D B* 'O 1EA'+ FI'AL OR BI'DI'G0

(BERENOTTER, INC. VS. COURT OF APPEALS AND

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, D"c"%&"# ,H ,5)0

1. What are the requisites of !taCin/$ in epropriation cases?

-" R"uisit"s o2 ta<ing a#"J

a0 t-" ".#o#iato# %ust "nt"# t-" #o"#ty4

&0 t-" "nt#anc" %ust not &" 2o# 7ust a %o%"nta#y "#io!4

c0 t-" "nt#y %ust &" un!"# wa##ant o2 colo# o# titl"4

!0 t-" #o"#ty %ust &" !"vot"! 2o# u&lic us"4 an!

"0 t-" own"# %ust &" oust"! 2#o% &"n"2icial us" o2 -is lan!0 (R"0 vs0

Cast"llvi M +CRA >>@)

2. )ay a pri#ate property already used as a pri#ate cemetery beepropriated for a public purpose8

'o a #ivat" #o"#ty w-ic- is al#"a!y !"vot"! to u&lic us" %ay not

&" ".#o#iat"! 2o# anot-"# u&lic u#os"0 (City o2 1anila vs0 C-in"s"

Co%%unity H P-il0 >H)0

9292



3. What are the ri/hts of a person under custodial in#esti/ation

under the !)ahinay Doctrine$ or the !<panded )iranda Doctrine$?

-" #ig-ts a#"J

,0 -" "#son a##"st"! !"tain"! invit"! o# un!"# custo!ial

inv"stigation %ust &" in2o#%"! in a languag" <nown to an!

un!"#stoo! &y -i% o2 t-" #"ason 2o# t-" a##"st an! -" %ust

&" s-own a coy o2 t-" wa##ant o2 a##"st i2 any4 Ev"#y ot-"#

wa#nings in2o#%ation o# co%%unication %ust &" in a

languag" <nown to an! un!"#stoo! &y sai! "#son4

50 " %ust &" wa#n"! t-at -" -as t-" #ig-t to #"%ain sil"nt an!

t-at any stat"%"nt -" %a<"s %ay &" us"! as "vi!"nc"

against -i%4

>0 " %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at -" -as t-" #ig-t to &" assist"! at

all ti%"s an! -av" t-" #"s"nc" o2 an in!""n!"nt an!

co%"t"nt lawy"# #"2"#a&ly o2 -is own c-oic"4

H0 " %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at i2 -" -as no lawy"# o# cannot

a22o#! t-" s"#vic"s o2 a lawy"# on" will &" #ovi!"! 2o# -i%4

an! t-at a lawy"# %ay also &" "ngag"! &y any "#son in -is

&"-al2 o# %ay &" aoint"! &y t-" cou#t uon "tition o2 t-"

"#son a##"st"! o# on" acting in -is &"-al24

0 -at w-"t-"# o# not t-" "#son a##"st"! -as a lawy"# -"

%ust &" in2o#%"! t-at no custo!ial inv"stigation in any 2o#%

s-all &" con!uct"! ".c"t in t-" #"s"nc" o2 -is couns"l o#

a2t"# a vali! waiv"# -as &""n %a!"4

@0 -" "#son a##"st"! %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at at any ti%" -"

-as t-" #ig-t to co%%unicat" o# con2"# &y t-" %ost

"."!i"nt %"ans666t"l"-on" #a!io l"tt"# o# %"ss"ng"#666

wit- -is lawy"# ("it-"# #"tain"! o# aoint"!) any %"%&"#o2 -is i%%"!iat" 2a%ily4 o# any %"!ical !octo# #i"st o#

%inist"# c-os"n &y -i% o# &y any on" 2#o% -is i%%"!iat"

2a%ily o# &y -is couns"l o# &" visit"! &y/con2"# wit- !uly

acc#"!it"! national o# int"#national non6gov"#n%"ntal

o#gani3ation0 I +ALL BE E RE+PO'+IBILI* OF

9393



E OFFICER O E'+9RE A I+ I+

ACCO1PLI+ED4

0 " %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at -" -as t-" #ig-t to waiv" any o2

sai! #ig-ts #ovi!"! it is %a!" volunta#ily <nowingly an!

int"llig"ntly an! "nsu#" t-at -" un!"#stoo! t-" sa%"4

M0 In a!!ition i2 t-" "#son a##"st"! waiv"s -is #ig-t to a

lawy"# -" %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at it %ust &" !on" in w#iting

A'D in t-" #"s"nc" o2 couns"l ot-"#wis" -" %ust &"

wa#n"! t-at t-" waiv"# is voi! "v"n i2 -" insist on -is waiv"#

an! c-oos"s to s"a<4

0 -at t-" "#son a##"st"! %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at -" %ay

in!icat" in any %ann"# at any ti%" o# stat" o2 t-" #oc"sst-at -" !o"s not wis- to &" u"stion"! wit- t-" wa#ning t-at

onc" -" %a<"s suc- in!ication t-" olic" %ay not

int"##ogat" -i% i2 t-" sa%" -a! not y"t co%%"nc"! o# t-"

int"##ogation -as &"gun4

,0-" "#son a##"st"! %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at -is initial waiv"#

o2 -is #ig-t to #"%ain sil"nt t-" #ig-t to couns"l o# any o2 -is

#ig-ts !o"s not &a# -i% 2#o% invo<ing it at any ot-"# ti%"

!u#ing t-" #oc"ss #"ga#!l"ss o2 w-"t-"# -" %ay -av"

answ"#"! so%" u"stions o# volunt""#"! so%" in2o#%ation

o# stat"%"nts4

,,0" %ust &" in2o#%"! t-at any stat"%"nt OR EVIDE'CE as

t-" cas" %ay &" o&tain"! in violation o2 any o2 t-"

2o#"going w-"t-"# inculato#y o# ".culato#y in w-ol" o#

in a#t +ALL BE I'AD1I++IBLE I' EVIDE'CE0

4. What are the ri/hts of a person under !custodial detention$ for

one suspected or arrested as a terrorist under the uman =ecurity *ct?

-" #ig-ts a#" "%&o!i"! un!"# +"ction 5, t-"#"o2 w-ic-

stat"sJ

=ection 210 Rig-ts o2 a "#son un!"# custo!ial !"t"ntion06 -"

%o%"nt a "#son c-a#g"! wit- o# sus"ct"! o2 t-" c#i%" o2 t"##o#is%

9494



o# t-" c#i%" o2 consi#acy to co%%it t"##o#is% is a#"-"n!"! o#

a##"st"! an! !"tain"! -" s-all 2o#t-wit- &" in2o#%"! &y t-" a##"sting

olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt o22ic"#s to w-os" custo!y t-" "#son

conc"#n"! is &#oug-t o2 -is o# -"# #ig-tJ

,0 to &" in2o#%"! o2 t-" natu#" an! caus" o2 -is a##"st to

#"%ain sil"nt an! to -av" co%"t"nt an! in!""n!"nt

couns"l #"2"#a&ly o2 -is own c-oic"0 I2 t-" "#son

cannot a22o#! t-" s"#vic"s o2 couns"l o2 -is o# -"#

c-oic" t-" olic" o# law "n2o#c"%"nt o22ic"#s conc"#n"!

s-all i%%"!iat"ly contact t-" 2#"" l"gal assistanc" unit o2

t-" IBP o# t-" Pu&lic atto#n"ys o22ic" (PAO)0 It s-all &"

t-" !uty o2 t-" 2#"" l"gal assistanc" unit o2 t-" IBP o# t-"

PAOs t-us contact"! to i%%"!iat"ly visit t-" "#son

!"tain"! an! #ovi!" -i% wit- l"gal assistanc"0 -"s"#ig-ts cannot &" waiv"! ".c"t in w#iting an! in t-"

#"s"nc" o2 t-" couns"l o2 c-oic"4

50 in2o#%"! o2 t-" caus" o# caus"s o2 -is !"t"ntion in t-"

#"s"nc" o2 -is l"gal couns"l4

>0 allow"! to co%%unicat" 2#""ly wit- -is l"gal couns"l an!

to con2"# wit- t-"% at any ti%" wit-out #"st#iction4

H0 allow"! to co%%unicat" 2#""ly an! #ivat"ly wit-out

#"st#ictions wit- t-" %"%&"#s o2 -is 2a%ily o# wit- -is

n"a#"st #"lativ"s an! &" visit"! &y t-"%4 an!

0 allow"! 2#""ly to avail o2 t-" s"#vic"s o2 a -ysician o#

-ysicians o2 c-oic"0

&. *re the abo#e ri/hts a#ailable to a suspect if he is under

in#esti/ation by a pri#ate person?

'o0 (E PEOPLE OF E PILIPPI'E+ V+0 O+E I'G LA'

9* R0 "t al0 H +CRA 5HM)0 -" clai% t-at -is a22i!avit is ina!%issi&l"

in "vi!"nc" in acco#!anc" wit- s"ction ,5 K, o2 t-" Bill o2 Rig-ts is not

t"na&l"0 -" ;inv"stigation? un!"# sai! #ovision #"2"#s to ;custo!ialinv"stigation w-"#" a sus"ct -as al#"a!y &""n ta<"n into olic" custo!y

an! t-at t-" inv"stigating o22ic"#s &"gin to as< u"stions to "licit in2o#%ation

an! con2"ssions o# a!%issions 2#o% t-" sus"ct0 +uccinctly stat"! custo!ial

inv"stigation #"2"#s to t-" c#itical #"6t#ial stag" w-"n t-" inv"stigation

c"as"s to &" a g"n"#al inui#y into an unsolv"! c#i%" &ut -as &"gan to 2ocus

on a a#ticula# "#son as a sus"ct (P"ol" vs0 Du"nas #0 H5@ +CRA @@@)0

9595



Cl"a#ly t-"#"2o#" t-" #ig-ts "nu%"#at"! &y t-" accus"! a#" not availa&l"

BEFORE GOVER'1E' I'VE+IGAOR+ E'ER E PIC9RE0

-" #ot"ctiv" %antl" o2 s"ction ,5 a#ticl" III !o"s not aly to

a!%inist#ativ" inv"stigations (P"ol" vs0 u!g" Ayson , +CRA 5,@)4

con2"ssion to a #ivat" in!ivi!ual (i%o vs0 CA 5>5 +CRA >)4 v"#&al

a!%ission %a!" to a #a!io announc"# w-o was not a a#t o2 t-" inv"stigation

(P"ol" vs0 O#!ono >>H +CRA @>)4 o# "v"n to a 1ayo# a#oac-"! as a

"#sonal con2i!ant" an! not in -is o22icial caacity (P"ol" vs0 $u"la >5>

+CRA M)0 In 2act "v"n a vi!"ota"! int"#vi"w w-"#" t-" accus"!

willingly a!%it -is guilt in t-" #"s"nc" o2 n"ws%"n is not cov"#"! &y t-"

sai! #ovision t-oug- t-" t#ial cou#ts w"#" wa#n"! &y t-" su#"%" Cou#t to

ta<" ".t#"%" caution in a!%itting si%ila# con2"ssions &"caus" o2 t-" !istinct

ossi&ility t-at t-" olic" wit- t-" connivanc" o2 unsc#uulous %"!ia

#actition"#s %ay att"%t to l"giti%i3" co"#c"! ".t#a7u!icial con2"ssions

an! lac" t-"% &"yon! t-" ".clusiona#y #ul" &y -aving an accus"! a!%it ano22"ns" on t"l"vision (P"ol" vs0 En!ino >> +CRA >)0

6. When is custodial in#esti/ation deemed to ha#e started so as to

entitle the suspect to be informed of his ri/hts under the !)ahinay

Doctrine$ or the !<panded )iranda Doctrine$D

Custo!ial inv"stigation &"gins w-"n it is no long"# a g"n"#al inui#y

into an unsolv"! c#i%" &ut sta#ts to 2ocus on a a#ticula# "#son as a sus"ct

i0"0 w-"n t-" olic" inv"stigato# sta#ts int"##ogating o# ".acting con2"ssion

2#o% t-" sus"ct in conn"ction wit- an all"g"! o22"ns"0

THE PLACE OF INTERRO$ATION IS NOT

DETERMINATIVE OF THE EXISTENCE OR ABSENCE OF

CUSTODIAL INVESTI$ATION BUT THE TONE AND MANNER

OF UESTIONIN$ BY THE POLICE AUTHORITIES0 Th, /h

50 */+1i0 i8/i60/i+ 5h /h +i* 0/h+i/i, + /hi

0/ +7 + +7 /h 0**1, i1i0/: 0@1 /h 601i6 /hi

0/i*i0/i+ i /h *+ii+ +7 /h *i , 8 5hi /h: 5 /i

50@i6 0+6 /h hi6h50: + /hi 50: /+ /h +i* /0/i+. ( PEOPLEV+0 BARI9I >H, +CRA @)

. *re spontaneous admissions made before a person could be

informed of his ri/hts durin/ custodial in#esti/ation admissible as

e#idence?

9696



*"s0 S+/0+ /0// 8+/0i: 6i8, 0 5h

00/ +0: 01i//1 @ii6 /h 8i*/i 97+ /h 90060:

*0/0i (5h+ i i/h 0 +i* +77i* + 0 05 7+*/

06/), 1+ +/ 70 1 */+1i0 i8/i60/i+. S*h 01ii+,

8 5i/h+/ /h 0i/0* +7 0 05:, 1+ +/ 8i+0/

00/? *+/i//i+0 i6h/ AND THEREFORE

ADMISSIBLE IN EVIDENCE. (PEOPLE V+0 DA'O G0R0 'O0

,,@ >> +CRA , +EP0 , 54 PEOPLE V+0 1A*ORGA

G0R0 'O0 ,>H >H@ +CRA HM 'OVE1BER 5 5)0

-. What are the requisites before an etraudicial confession is

admissible?

o &" a!%issi&l" in "vi!"nc" an ".t#a7u!icial con2"ssion %ust

&"J (i) volunta#y4 (ii) %a!" wit- t-" assistance of competent andindependent counsel 4 (iii) ".#"ss4 an! (iv) in w#iting0

A sus"cts con2"ssion w-"t-"# v"#&al o# non6v"#&al w-"n

ta<"n wit-out t-" assistanc" o2 couns"l wit-out a vali! waiv"# o2 suc-

assistanc" #"ga#!l"ss o2 t-" a&s"nc" o2 co"#cion o# t-" 2act t-at it -a!

&""n volunta#ily giv"n is ina!%issi&l" in "vi!"nc" "v"n i2 a"llants

con2"ssion w"#" gos"l t#ut-0 (PEOPLE V+0 DA'O G0R0 'O0

,,@ >> +CRA , +EP0 , 54 PEOPLE V+0 +A1OLDE

G0R0 'O0 ,5M, >>@ +CRA @>5 9L0 >, 5)0

o &" a!%issi&l" in "vi!"nc" an ".t#a7u!icial con2"ssion

%ust &"J (i) volunta#y4 (ii) %a!" wit- t-" assistance of

competent and independent counsel 4 (iii) ".#"ss4 an! (iv) in

w#iting0

A sus"cts con2"ssion w-"t-"# v"#&al o# non6v"#&al

w-"n ta<"n wit-out t-" assistanc" o2 couns"l wit-out a vali!

waiv"# o2 suc- assistanc" #"ga#!l"ss o2 t-" a&s"nc" o2 co"#ciono# t-" 2act t-at it -a! &""n volunta#ily giv"n is ina!%issi&l" in

"vi!"nc" "v"n i2 a"llants con2"ssion w"#" gos"l t#ut-0

,. 's the presence of a lawyer to assist the suspect durin/ custodial

in#esti/ation sufficient to comply with the requirements of the

%onstitution?

9797



N+. A h1 i PEOPLE VS. PATUN$AN, 3'4 SCRA 4%3,

/h * +7 0 05: i +/ 77i*i/ *+i0* 5i/h /h

*+/i//i+0 2i/ +7 0i/0* +7 *+. Ai/0* +7

*+ / 9 77*/i8, 8i6i0/ 01 i11/. A 05: 5h+ *+1

J/ h0 /h i8/i60/i+ 6+i6 + 5hi 5+@i6 + 0+/h *0

h01: 0/i7i /h ii 2i/ +7 77*/i8 0i/0* +7

*+. N+/ +: 50 /h 0**1 9J*/1 /+ */+1i0 i8/i60/i+

5i/h+/ *+, h 50 i@5i 1i1 77*/i8 0i/0* +7 *+

1i6 /h /0@i6 +7 hi /0-J1i*i0 *+7i+.

-. Brom what time must the counsel assist the suspect durin/

custodial in#esti/ation? Who must choose such counsel?

In PEOPLE V0 I1E'E$ G0R0 'o0 M5@H0 D"c"%&"# ,5 ,, itwas -"l! t-at t-" couns"l %ust &" #"s"nt 2#o% t-" inc"tion o2 t-" custo!ial

inv"stigation not at any ti%" t-"#"a2t"#0 Also t-" lawy"# w-o assists t-"

sus"ct un!"# custo!ial int"##ogation s-oul! &" o2 t-" latt"#s own c-oic"

not on" 2oist"! on -i% &y t-" olic" inv"stigato#s o# ot-"# a#ti"s0 In t-is

cas" t-" 2o#%"# 7u!g" w-os" assistanc" was #"u"st"! &y t-" olic" was

"vi!"ntly not o2 1a#cos i%"n"3 own c-oic"4 s-" was t-" olic" o22ic"#s

own c-oic"4 s-" !i! not as< 1a#cos i2 -" was willing to -av" -"# #"#"s"nt

-i%0 -is is not t-" %o!" o2 solicitation o2 l"gal assistanc" cont"%lat"! &y

t-" Constitution0 Fu#t-"#%o#" t-" 2o#%"# 7u!g" was not #"s"nt w-"n

1a#cos was &"ing int"##ogat"! &y t-" olic"0 W-il" s-" as<"! -i% i2 -" -a!

volunta#ily giv"n t-" stat"%"nts contain"! in t-" ty"w#itt"n !ocu%"nt t-is

is 2a# 2#o% &"ing su&stantial co%lianc" wit- t-" constitutional !uty o2

olic" inv"stigato#s !u#ing custo!ial int"##ogation0

-1. 's the etraudicial confession of a suspect obtained without the

assistance of a lawyer> but speaCs of /ospel truth> admissible in e#idence?

'o0 In PEOPLE V+0 GALI ,> +CRA H@ PEOPLE V+0

PA'FILO CABILE+ 5MH +CRA ,4 an! PEOPLE V+0 A' 5M@ +CRA5 it was -"l! t-at "v"n i2 t-" con2"ssion o2 t-" accus"! s"a<s t-" t#ut- i2

it was %a!" wit-out t-" assistanc" o2 couns"l it is ina!%issi&l" in "vi!"nc"

#"ga#!l"ss o2 t-" a&s"nc" o2 co"#cion o# "v"n i2 it was volunta#ily giv"n0

In o#!"# t-at a con2"ssion is a!%issi&l" t-" 2ollowing #"uisit"s %ust

&" #"s"ntJ

9898



a0 t-" con2"ssion %ust &" volunta#y4

&0 t-" con2"ssion %ust &" %a!" wit- t-" assistanc" o2 a co%"t"nt

an! in!""n!"nt couns"l4

c0 t-" con2"ssion %ust &" ".#"ss4 an!

!0 t-" con2"ssion %ust &" in w#iting0

-" a&ov" #"ui#"%"nts -ow"v"# a#" not alica&l" w-"n t-"

sus"ct %a<"s an sontan"ous stat"%"nt not "licit"! t-#oug- u"stioning

&y t-" aut-o#iti"s B9 GIVE' I' A' ORDI'AR* 1A''ER

WEREB* E ACC9+ED ORALL* AD1IED AVI'G

CO11IED E CRI1E0 -is was t-" !"cision o2 t-" +u#"%" Cou#t in

t-" cas" o2 PEOPLE VS. ANDAN, M0*h 3, %GG" w-"n t-" accus"! %a!"

a volunta#y an! v"#&al con2"ssion to t-" 1unicial 1ayo# t-at -"

co%%itt"! t-" c#i%" i%ut"! to -i%0 As suc- -is uncouns"ll"! con2"ssionis a!%issi&l" in "vi!"nc".

-2. What are the two 25 Cinds of coerced or in#oluntary confessions

under =ection 12> *rt. ''' of the %onstitution?

-" two (5) <in!s o2 involunta#y o# co"#c"! con2"ssions un!"# A#t0

III +"ction ,5 o2 t-" Constitution0 -"s" a#"J

a0 con2"ssion w-ic- a#" t-" #o!uct o2 t-i#! !"g#"" %"t-o!s suc- as

to#tu#" 2o#c" viol"nc" t-#"at inti%i!ation4 an!

&0 t-os" w-ic- a#" giv"n wit-out t-" &"n"2it o2 1i#an!a Wa#nings0

PEOPLE V+0 OBRERO >>5 +CRA ,

-3. What is the status of coerced confessions as e#idence in court?

Co"#c"! o# involunta#y con2"ssions a#" ina!%issi&l" as "vi!"nc"

&"ing t-" ;2#uit o2 t-" oison"! t#""0?

-4. 's the ri/ht to counsel satisfied if the suspect was assisted by the =tation %ommander of the Western Police District while he was bein/

in#esti/ated by the policemen of the same station? ow about if the

in#esti/ation is bein/ conducted by the :0' and the suspect was ordered

assisted by a lawyer(applicant therein?

9999



-"#" is no co%lianc" o2 t-" constitutional #"ui#"%"nt o2 co%"t"nt

an! in!""n!"nt couns"l to assist an accus"! !u#ing custo!ial inv"stigation

w-"n t-" accus"! was assist"! &y t-" +tation Co%%an!"# o2 t-" WPD Atty0

D" los R"y"s w-il" &"ing inv"stigat"! &y ot-"# olic"%"n o2 t-" sa%"

olic" station &"caus" t-" int"#"st o2 t-" olic" is natu#ally a!v"#s" to t-"

accus"!0 In 2act t-" +C in t-" cas" o2 PEOPLE V+0 A'9ARIO 5@ +CRA

@M -"l! t-at a lawy"# alying 2o# a osition in t-" 'BI coul! not vali!ly

assist an accus"! &"ing inv"stigat"! t-"n &y t-" 'BI0 (PEOPLE V+0

OBRERO >>5 +CRA ,)

-&. 's the ri/ht to counsel a#ailable to a suspect durin/ a police

line(up?

-" +u#"%" Cou#t -a! con2licting !"cisions on t-is as"ct &ut "n!"!

u wit- t-" #ul" t-at sinc" t-" accus"! will not &" %a!" to %a<" anyt"sti%ony !u#ing t-" olic" lin"6u t-"n -" is not un!"# custo!ial

inv"stigation an! t-"#"2o#" t-"#" is no n""! 2o# -i% to &" assist"! &y a

lawy"#0 ( P vs0 9s%an assan , +CRA 5@,4 Ga%&oa vs0 u!g" C#u3 ,@5

+CRA @H54 DE LA ORRE V+0 CA 5H +CRA ,@ an! PEOPLE V+0

AO')

-6. 's there a #alid custodial in#esti/ation if the lawyer who assisted

him durin/ custodial in#esti/ation is a public attorney who was not chosen

by the accused himself but /i#en to him free of char/e? %ould the Biscal

also represent the accused durin/ custodial in#esti/ation to satisfy the

requirement of the %onstitution that the accused is assisted by counsel?

-" couns"l %ust &" t-" c-oic" o2 t-" accus"! o# sus"ct0 (P0 vs0

Al"g#ia +"t"%&"# 5M ,) Also t-" Fiscal coul! not -av" #ot"ct"! t-"

#ig-ts o2 t-" sus"ct "v"n i2 t-"y a#" <nown to "ac- ot-"# sinc" t-" Fiscal is

t-"#" 2o# t-" #ivat" co%lainant0 (P0 vs0 1atos6Vi!uaya +"t"%&"# ,,

,)

-6(a. Ehe appellants were arrested by the P*9%EB for Hidnappin/and )urder of two 25 minor children of a businessman from 0ulacan.

While under custodial in#esti/ation by %ol. %esar )ancao> the lawyers

/i#en to assist them tare the lawyers of P*9%EB. Was the confessions

obtained durin/ the custodial in#esti/ation admissible in e#idence?

100100



*"s0 As -"l! in t-" cas" o2 PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS.

DOMIN$O REYES, ET AL., $.R. N+. %"!3>>, M0*h %", =>>G t-"

+u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at sinc" t-" "vi!"nc" s-ows t-at t-" lawy"#s o2

PAOCF assist"! t-"% 2#o% t-" sta#t u to t-" "n! o2 t-"i# custo!ial

inv"stigation an! t-at t-"i# #ig-ts w"#" #ot"ct"! t-" sa%" is a!%issi&l" as

"vi!"nc" "s"cially so t-at t-"#" is no "vi!"nc" o2 co%ulsion0

-6(b. What are the e#idence of #oluntariness in the suspect"s

etraudicial confession maCin/ it admissible in e#idence? )ay such

confession be used a/ainst a co(accusd? p to what etent?

In P+ 8. Pi0, ==G Phi. '"" 01 PEOPLE VS. REYES, $.R.

N+. %"!3>>, M0*h %", =>>G, t-" +u#"%" Cou#t "nu%"#at"! t-" 2ollowing

as "vi!"nc" o2 volunta#in"ss in t-" ".t#a7u!icial con2"ssion o2 a sus"ctJ

-"i# -ysical ".a%ination #"o#ts c"#ti2y t-at no ".t"#nal signs o2

-ysical in7u#y o# any 2o#% o2 t#au%a w"#" not"! !u#ing t-"i# ".a%ination0HH

K> In eople v. ia, w" -"l! t-at t-" 2ollowing 2acto#s in!icat"

volunta#in"ss o2 an ".t#a67u!icial con2"ssionJ (,) w-"#" t-" accus"! 2ail"! to

#"s"nt c#"!i&l" "vi!"nc" o2 co%ulsion o# !u#"ss o# viol"nc" on t-"i#

"#sons4 (5) w-"#" t-"y 2ail"! to co%lain to t-" o22ic"#s w-o a!%inist"#"!

t-" oat-s4 (>) w-"#" t-"y !i! not institut" any c#i%inal o# a!%inist#ativ"

action against t-"i# all"g"! inti%i!ato#s 2o# %alt#"at%"nt4 (H) w-"#" t-"#"

a"a#"! to &" no %a#<s o2 viol"nc" on t-"i# &o!i"s4 an! () w-"#" t-"y !i!

not -av" t-"%s"lv"s ".a%in"! &y a #"uta&l" -ysician to &utt#"ss t-"i#

clai%0

It s-oul! also &" not"! t-at t-" ".t#a67u!icial con2"ssions o2 a"llants

A#nal!o an! Flo#"s a#" #"l"t" wit- !"tails on t-" %ann"# in w-ic- t-"

<i!naing was co%%itt"! t-"#"&y #uling out t-" ossi&ility t-at t-"s" w"#"

involunta#ily %a!"0 -"i# ".t#a67u!icial con2"ssions cl"a#ly stat" -ow

a"llants an! t-"i# co-o#ts lann"! t-" <i!naing as w"ll as t-" s"u"nc"

o2 "v"nts &"2o#" !u#ing an! a2t"# its occu##"nc"0 -" volunta#in"ss o2 acon2"ssion %ay &" in2"##"! 2#o% its languag" i2 uon its 2ac" t-" con2"ssion

".-i&its no susicious ci#cu%stanc"s t"n!ing to cast !ou&t uon its int"g#ity

it &"ing #"l"t" wit- !"tails w-ic- coul! only &" suli"! &y t-" accus"!0

HHK> I!0 at ,0

101101



0i*0/i+ 7+ 0+ 01 97+ /h *+/i+ +7 /h ii i+1

+7 /h /* i+1 + hi. I/ i 0//: ++ /+ 0 0

*+8i*/ + *+6i0*. S*/i+ =4, R %%4 +8i1 /h0/ /h h0

+ 90i 7+ 0 *+8i*/ 07/ 7i0 J16/. Th +: */i+ i 5h

/h *+8i*/ 0i 7+ P+90/i+ 97+ h *+* /+ 8 hi

/* 01 /h0/ /h +77 01 /h 0/: 7+ /h +77 i 5i/hi

/h 8i5 +7 /h P+90/i+ L05.

+"ctions an! ,@ o2 Rul" ,,H o2 t-" Rul"s o2 Cou#t (on t-" !i22"#"nt

<in!s o2 &ail) APPLIE+ O'L* O A' ACC9+ED 9'DERGOI'G

PREVE'IVE I1PRI+O'1E' D9RI'G RIAL OR O' APPEAL0

E* DO 'O APPL* O A PER+O' CO'VICED B* FI'AL

9DG1E' A'D ALREAD* +ERVI'G +E'E'CE0

-,. )ay a ud/e require !cash bond$ only?

'o0 -" Rul"s #ovi!"s 2o# 2ou# (H) ways o2 osting &on! an! it is

g#av" a&us" o2 !isc#"tion on t-" a#t o2 t-" 7u!g" to #"ui#" cas- &on! only0

(Al%"!a vs0 Villalu3 @@ +CRA >M)0

,. )ay an accused char/ed of a capital offense and the e#idence of

/uilt is stron/ be /ranted bail?

*"s0 -" u#os" o2 t-" &on! is to assu#" t-" cou#t o2 t-" #"s"nc" o2

t-" accus"! !u#ing t-" t#ial o2 -is cas"0 I2 t-" #o&a&ility o2 ;2lig-t? is nil

t-"n t-" accus"! %ay &" allow"! to ost &ail0 (BELRA' V+0 E

+ECREAR* OF 9+ICE A#il 5)

,1. )ay a person subect of etradition from another country and

where the cases a/ainst him in said country are bailable> be allowed to

post bail pendin/ the etradition hearin/s?

N+. As -"l! in 9'IED +AE+ V+0 9DGE

P9R9GGA'A' 1AR I1E'E$ >M +CRA @5> t-#oug- 2o#%"#C-i"2 7ustic" Pangani&an t-" +u#"%" Cou#t -"l! t-at a "#son 2acing

".t#a!ition #oc""!ings is not "ntitl"! to &ail "v"n i2 t-" c#i%" -" was

c-a#g"! o2 in a 2o#"ign count#y is &aila&l"0 -is is so &"caus" t-"

constitutional #ovision on t-" #ig-t to &ail un!"# A#t0 III o2 t-" ,M

Constitution 0i +: /+ *ii0 *0, +/ i /01i/i+

+*1i6. (EDUARDO RODRI$UE VS. THE PRESIDIN$

103103



#UD$E, RTC %", MANILA, 4!3 SCRA =G>). Thi i + 9*0 +7 /h

+i9ii/: +7 7i6h/. BUT IN THE CASE OF $OVERNMENT OF

HON$ON$ VS. OLALIA, '=% SCRA 4">, i/ 50 h1 /h0/ /h

+//i0 /01i/ 0: 9 60/1 90i i7 h *0 +8 9: *0 01

*+8i*i6 8i1* /h0/ h i +/ 0 7i6h/ i@ 01 5i 09i1 5i/h 0

/h +1 01 +* +7 /h /01i/i+ *+/. ;C0 01 *+8i*i6

8i1*< i 0 8i1* 5i/h 0 /0101 +5 /h0 ++7 9:+1

0+09 1+9/ 9/ + /h0 +10* +7 8i1*.

,2. 'n etradition cases> is the respondent therein entitled to notice

and hearin/ before the issuance of a warrant of arrest a/ainst him?

'o0 In +ECREAR* OF 9+ICE V+0 9DGE LA'IO' >55

+CRA ,@ (-" 1a#< i%"n"3 Cas") t-" +u#"%" Cou#t on a 6@ vot" -"l!

t-at t-" ".t#a!it"" is "ntitl"! to notic" an! -"a#ing w-"n a #"u"st 2o#".t#a!ition &y anot-"# count#y is still &"ing "valuat"!0 ow"v"# on 1otion

2o# R"consi!"#ation in t-" sa%" cas" in a 6@ !"cision t-" +u#"%" Cou#t

-"l! t-at t-" #os"ctiv" ".t#a!it"" is not "ntitl"! to notic" an! -"a#ing w-il"

-is cas" is still un!"# "valuation &"caus" t-is woul! !"2"at t-" u#os" o2 t-"

a##"st wa##ant sinc" it coul! giv" wa#ning t-at #"son!"nts woul! &" a##"st"!

an! "v"n "ncou#ag" t-"% to 2l"" &ut "ntitl"! to notic" an! -"a#ing i2 t-" cas"

is al#"a!y 2il"! in cou#t0 ow"v"# i2 &ail was g#ant"! to an ".t#a!it" t-"

sa%" %ay not &" canc"ll"! wit-out notic" an! -"a#ing0 Ot-"#wis" -is #ig-t

to !u" #oc"ss will &" violat"!0(EDUARDO RODRI$UE VS. THEPRESIDIN$ #UD$E, RTC %", MANILA, 4!3 SCRA =G>)

,3. What is the !<'P9'=< 7L<$?

I2 t-" "vi!"nc" in a c#i%inal cas" is "v"nly &alanc"! t-" constitutional

#"su%tion o2 innoc"nc" tilts t-" scal" o2 7ustic" in 2avo# o2 t-" accus"! an!

-" s-oul! &" acuitt"! 2#o% t-" c#i%" c-a#g"!0 W-"#" t-" inculato#y 2acts

an! ci#cu%stanc"s a#" caa&l" o2 two o# %o#" int"##"tations on" o2 w-ic- is

consist"nt wit- t-" innoc"nc" o2 t-" accus"! an! t-" ot-"# consist"nt wit-

-is guilt t-"n t-" "vi!"nc" !o"s not 2ul2ill t-" t"st o2 %o#al c"#tainty an! isnot su22ici"nt to suo#t a conviction &"caus" o2 t-" accus"!s constitutional

#"su%tion o2 innoc"nc"0(PEOPLE VS. DE LOS SANTOS, 3'' SCRA

4%')

,4. )ay the court re#erse the order of trial in a criminal case?

104104



'o0 suc- woul! violat" t-" #ig-t o2 t-" accus"! to #"su%tion o2

innoc"nc"0 o &" #"ui#"! to #"s"nt -is "vi!"nc" 2i#st woul! &" %a<ing -i%

#ov" -is innoc"nc" an! not t-" +tat" #oving -is guilt0 (Al"7an!#o vs0

P"ito @ +CRA >55) ow"v"# i2 t-" accus"! !o"s not o&7"ct to suc- a

#oc"!u#" t-"n a #"v"#s" o#!"# o2 t#ial is allow"! &y t-" Rul"s0 (+acay vs0

+an!igan&ayan uly ,lM@) In 2act it s-oul! &" not"! t-at un!"# t-" n"wly

a!ot"! ,M Rul"s o2 C#i%inal P#oc"!u#" (+"c0 >") Rul" ,,)t-" sai!

#oc"!u#" is now ".#"ssly sanction"!0 -usJ

Now"v"# w-"n t-" accus"! a!%its t-" act o#

o%ission c-a#g"! in t-" co%laint o# in2o#%ation

&ut int"#os"s a law2ul !"2"ns" t-" o#!"# o2 t#ial

%ay &" %o!i2i"! acco#!ingly0N

,&. What is the etent of the obli/ation of a counsel de oficio for anaccused in a criminal case?

W-il" an accus"! %ay &" giv"n a couns"l !" o2icio w-ic- is not a

lawy"# o2 -is own c-oic" &"caus" -" coul! not a22o#! t-" s"#vic"s o2 a !"

a#t" lawy"# only t-" 2ait-2ul "#2o#%anc" &y couns"l o2 -is !uty towa#!s

-is cli"nt can giv" %"aning an! su&stanc" to t-" accus"!s #ig-t to !u"

#oc"ss an! to &" #"su%"! innoc"nt until #ov"n ot-"#wis"0 "nc" a

lawy"#s !uty "s"cially t-at o2 a !"2"ns" couns"l %ust not &" ta<"n lig-tly0

It %ust &" "#2o#%"! wit- all t-" 3"al an! vigo# at -is co%%an! to #ot"ct

an! sa2"gua#! t-" accus"!s 2un!a%"ntal #ig-ts0 -" cavali"# attitu!" o2

Atty0 1anolo B#oton"l o2 t-" PAO cannot go unnotic"!0 It is !isc"#ni&l" in

Ka -is #"2usal to c#oss6".a%in" Ol"&y 'a!"#a (t-" co%lainant 2o# RAPE)4

K& t-" %ann"# in w-ic- -" con!uct"! 1a#ic#is 'a!"#as c#oss6".a%ination4

an! Kc -is 2ailu#" not only to #"s"nt "vi!"nc" 2o# t-" accus"! &ut to in2o#%

t-" accus"! o2 -is #ig-t to !o so i2 -" !"si#"s0 (PEOPLE V+0 'ADERA R0

>5H +CRA H)

,6. 'f the accused has the ri/ht to be present durin/ the trial

of his case> can he also refuse to appear durin/ the hearin/s of his case?

N+. Di6 00i6/, +60/i+ +7 /h 1*ii+ 01

5h h i /+ 9 i1/i7i1 9: /h 5i/ 7+ /h +*/i+, h /

9 /. H+58, h *0 80i1: 50i8 hi * 07/

00i6/ 5h h /0/ i + *+/ + i 0 077i108i/ /h0/

5h8 0 5i/ /i+ hi 0 1i6 /h /0/i+ +7 /h

105105



+*/i+? 8i1*, h 01i/ /h0/ h i /h + 9i6 71 /+.

(A2i+ 8. Mii/0: C+ii+, &3 SCRA '4& P 8. #16, %='

SCRA =&G)

,. When may !speedy trial$ be raised by the accused to cause the

dismissal of his case? What Cind of delays must occur before the same

could be in#oCed

In AI1E BER'A V+0 +A'DIGA'BA*A' 1ay 5 5H it was

-"l! t-at t-" #ig-t to s""!y t#ial is violat"! only i2 t-" #oc""!ings w"#"

att"n!"! &y v".atious ca#icious an! o#"ssiv" !"lays0 -" !"t"#%ination

o2 w-"t-"# t-" !"lays a#" o2 sai! natu#" is #"lativ" an! cannot &" &as"! on

%"#" %at-"%atical #"c<oning o2 ti%"0 Pa#ticula# #"ga#! to t-" 2acts an!

ci#cu%stanc"s o2 t-" cas"0 As -"l! in t-" cas" o2 DE LA PE'A V+0

+A'DIGA'BA*A' c"#tain 2acto#s s-all &" consi!"#"! an! &alanc"! to!"t"#%in" i2 t-"#" is !"lay as 2ollowsJ

L"ngt- o2 t-" !"lay4

R"asons 2o# t-" !"lay4

Ass"#tion o# 2ailu#" to ass"#t suc- #ig-t &y t-" accus"!4 an!

P#"7u!ic"! caus"! &y t-" !"lay0

-"#" is no violation o2 t-" #ig-t to s""!y !isosition o2 -is cas"

&"caus" "tition"# 2ail"! to ass"#t -is constitutional #ig-t to a s""!y

!isosition o2 -is cas"0 Du#ing t-" M6y"a# "#io! #io# to A#il , 55

"tition"# !i! not co%lain a&out t-" long !"lay in !"ci!ing -is cas"0

,-. )ay the ri/ht to speedy disposition of cases be in#oCed for the

dismissal of cases pendin/ before quasi(udicial bodies liCe the 9ffice of

the 9mbudsman?

*"s un#"asona&l" !"lays li<" 2ailu#" to !"ci!" a co%laint against t-"

#"son!"nt 2o# %o#" t-an t-#"" (>) y"a#s 2#o% t-" ti%" all t-" l"a!ings w"#"

2il"! violat"s t-" #"son!"nts #ig-t to a s""!y !isosition o2 -is cas" an!t-" cas" %ust &" !is%iss"!0 (D9ERE V+0 +A'DIGA'BA*A' 5M

+CRA 5,4 A'GCA'GCO V+0 O1B9D+1A' 5@ +CRA >,)

-" !"t"#%ination o2 w-"t-"# an accus"! -a! &""n !"ni"! t-" #ig-t to

s""!y t#ial !""n!s on t-" su##oun!ing ci#cu%stanc"s o2 "ac- cas"0

Alt-oug- it too< a&out M y"a#s &"2o#" t-" t#ial o2 t-is cas" was #"su%"! suc-

106106



!"lay !i! not a%ount to violation o2 "tition"#s #ig-t to s""!y t#ial

consi!"#ing t-at suc- !"lay was not att#i&uta&l" to t-" #os"cution0

-" 2acto#s to consi!"# in !"t"#%ining w-"t-"# o# not suc- #ig-t -as

&""n violat"!J

,0 l"ngt- o2 !"lay

50 #"asons 2o# suc- !"lay an!

>0 ass"#tion o# 2ailu#" to ass"#t suc- #ig-ts &y t-"

accus"! an! t-" #"7u!ic" caus"! &y t-" !"lay0

(ii) +""!y #ial Act o2 ,M0 -" aut-o#ity o2 t-"

+"c#"ta#y o2 ustic" to #"vi"w #"solutions o2 -is su&o#!inat"s

"v"n a2t"# an in2o#%ation -as al#"a!y &""n 2il"! in cou#t !o"s

not #"s"nt an i##"concila&l" con2lict wit- t-" >6!ay "#io! #"sc#i&"! in +"c0 o2 t-" +""!y #ial Act o2 ,M0

(+91BA'G V+0 GE'0 CO9R 1ARIAL G0R0 'O0

,H,MM >> +CRA 55 A9G0 > 54 BLA'CO V+0

+A'DIGA'BA*A' G0R0 'O+0 ,>@ M >H@ +CRA

,M 'OV0 5 54 +OLAR EA1 E'ERAI'1E'

I'C0 O'0 OW G0R0 'O0 ,HM@> >>M +CRA , A9G0 55

5)0

,,. Was the failure of the court to ha#e a si/n lan/ua/e epert to

inform the accused who is a deaf(mute of the contents of the criminal

information fatal to the #alidity of the proceedin/s which resulted in the

con#iction of the said accused?

*"s &"caus" t-" accus"! was !"ni"! o2 t-" #ig-t to &" in2o#%"! o2 t-"

natu#" an! caus" o2 t-" accusation against -i%0 As suc- t-" "nti#"

#oc""!ings is null an! voi! an! anot-"# t#ial &" con!uct"! in t-" #"s"nc"

o2 a sign languag" "."#t to in2o#% t-" accus"! o2 t-" #oc""!ings0 (+al"s

vs0 CA ,@H +CRA ,4 P vs0 C#isologo , +CRA @>)

1. )ay an accused in a !omicide$ case be con#icted of

!)urder$ without #iolatin/ his ri/ht to be informed of the nature and

cause of accusation a/ainst him?

*"s0 Ev"n i2 t-" In2o#%ation was cation"! ;Fo#J o%ici!"? only &ut

t-" &o!y o2 t-" In2o#%ation all"g"s ;t#"ac-"#y? o# ;"vi!"nt #"%"!itation?

107107



an! t-" sa%" was #"a! to t-" accus"! -" coul! &" convict"! o2 1u#!"#0 -is

is so &"caus" it is t-" &o!y o2 t-" In2o#%ation t-at is &in!ing not t-" cation

t-"#"o2 an! t-"#"2o#" t-" accus"! was !uly in2o#%"! o2 t-" natu#" an! caus"

o2 accusation against -i%0 (P vs0 R"savaga , +CRA H5@)

11. What is the effect of the testimony of a witness who did not

return to court for his cross eamination? ow about if there is only

partial cross(eamination?

A witn"ss w-o !i! not #"tu#n to cou#t 2o# -is c#oss6".a%ination woul!

#"n!"# -is "nti#" t"sti%ony ina!%issi&l" 2o# &"ing -"a#say0 It li<"wis"

violat"! t-" #ig-t o2 con2#ontation on t-" a#t o2 t-" accus"!0 (O#tigas R0

vs0 Lu2t-ansa @H +CRA @,) I2 t-" witn"ss was a#tially ".a%in"! only t-"

o#tion o2 -is !i#"ct t"sti%ony w-"#" -" was c#oss6".a%in"! s-all &"

a!%issi&l" as "vi!"nc"0( P vs0 +"n"#is +CRA 5)

12. What are the requisites of a #alid trial in absentia? )ay an

accused who umped bail after arrai/nment be #alidly con#icted by the

trial court?

-" #"uisit"s o2 a vali! t#ial in a&s"ntia a#" t-" 2ollowingJ

• -" accus"! was !uly a##aign"!4

•

-" accus"! was noti2i"! o2 t-" -"a#ing4 an!• -" accus"!s a&s"nc" K!u#ing t-" t#ial is un7usti2ia&l"0

13. )ay an accused compel the trial court to issue subpoena to a

Physician who is already worCin/ in the nited =tates to testify on his

treatment of the accused? Would the failure of said witness to appear and

testify for the accused #iolates his ri/ht to subpoena witnesses and the

production of e#idence in his fa#or 8

'o0 +uc- witn"ss is &"yon! t-" 7u#is!iction o2 t-" P-iliin" Cou#ts0

Fu#t-"# -is #ig-t to su&o"na witn"ss"s an! t-" #o!uction o2 "vi!"nc" will

not &" violat"! sinc" t-" -osital coul! #o!uc" sai! #"co#!s an! anot-"#

-ysician coul! t"sti2y on t-" cont"nts t-"#"o20 (Cavili vs0 on0 Flo#"n!o

,H +CRA @,4 Fa7a#!o vs0 Ga#cia M +CRA ,H)

108108



14. )ay the accused be presented by the prosecution as the latter"s

witness?

'o0 +uc- woul! violat" t-" #ig-t o2 t-" accus"! against s"l26

inc#i%ination an! i2 suc- -a"n"! t-" #oc""!ings s-all &" null an! voi!0

(C-av"3 vs0 CA 5H +CRA @@>)

1&. 8enerally> to what Cind of e#idence does the ri/ht a/ainst self(

incrimination applies?

G"n"#ally it ali"s only to ;t"sti%onial co%ulsion0? As suc-

2o#cing a "#son to giv" a sa%l" o2 -is u#in" to !"t"#%in" w-"t-"# a

wo%an is #"gnant (Villa2lo# vs0 +u%%"#s H, P-il0 @5)4 w-"t-"# a "#son is

su22"#ing 2#o% s".ually t#ans%itt"! !is"as" (9+ vs0 ang "ng 5> P-il0 ,H)

o# un!"# t-" in2lu"nc" o2 #o-i&it"! !#ugs (PEOPLE V+0 BA'II G0R0 'O0 ,>5H >> +CRA M@ A9G0 5 54 PEOPLE V+0 CO'I'E'E

G0R0 'O+0 ,M,6 5 >> +CRA , A9G0 5 5) !o"s not violat" t-"

"#sons #ig-t against s"l26inc#i%ination0 Li<"wis" 2o#cing on" to t#y a ai#

o2 s-o"s ants o# s-i#t !o"s not 2all un!"# t-" a&ov" #osc#ition0

16. ow about forcin/ a person to /i#e a sample of his

handwritin/?.

-oug- t-" sa%" !o"s not #"ui#" t"sti%onial co%ulsion t-" #ig-t

against s"l26inc#i%ination will &" violat"! &y sai! act0 -is is so &"caus" it

involv"s t-" us" o2 t-" int"llig"nc" o2 t-" "#son0 (B"lt#an vs0 +a%son

P-il0 )

1. Does the ri/ht a/ainst self(incrimination applicable to ci#il and

administrati#e cases also?

*"s &ut unli<" in c#i%inal cas"s w-"#" t-" accus"! coul! not &"

#"s"nt"! &y t-" #os"cution an! -is #ig-t not to ta<" t-" witn"ss stan! is

a&solut" an a!v"#s" a#ty in a civil o# a!%inist#ativ" cas"s %ay &" #"s"nt"! &y t-" ot-"# a#ty &ut coul! #"2us" to answ"# only i2 t-" u"stion

#ooun!"! calls 2o# an inc#i%inato#y answ"#0

1-. )ay a court steno/rapher who had resi/ned from the

/o#ernment be compelled to transcribe her notes under pain of contempt

without #iolatin/ her ri/ht a/ainst in#oluntary ser#itude?

109109



*"s0 -is is so &"caus" t-" t"sti%ony was ta<"n w-il" s-" was still in

t-" gov"#n%"nt an! as suc- it was -"# o&ligation to t#ansc#i&" t-" sa%"

-aving #"c"iv"! -"# sala#y 2o# t-" !ay w-"n t-" t"sti%ony was ta<"n0

(Acla#acion vs0 Gat%aitan @H +CRA ,>,)

1,. 's the Death Penalty already abolished by the 1,-

%onstitution?

W-il" t-" +u#"%" Cou#t answ"#"! t-" sa%" in t-" a22i#%ativ" in t-"

cas"s o2 P vs0 Gava##a , +CRa >54 P vs0 1asang<ay , +CRA ,,>4 P

vs0 At"ncio ,@ +CRA 5H54 P vs0 Intino +"t"%&"# 5@ ,MM it -"l! in

P"ol" vs0 1uno3 , +CRA , t-at it was %"#"ly sus"n!"!0

11. 's death as a penalty a cruel or unuasual punishment?

'o0 (P vs0 Estoista > P-il0 @H)0 It is only w-"n t-" unis-%"nt is

s-oc<ing to t-" consci"nc" o2 t-" co%%unity an! !is#oo#tionat" to t-"

o22"ns" c-a#g"! t-at t-" "nalty &"co%"s c#u"l an! unusual0 In 2act t-"

+u#"%" Cou#t -"l! in ECEGARA* V+0 +ECREAR* OF 9+ICE t-at

!"at- t-#oug- L"t-al In7"ction is t-" %ost -u%an" way o2 i%l"%"nting t-"

!"at- "nalty0

%%%. Wh0/ 0 /h 2ii/ 97+ 0 0**1 0: 80i1: i8+@1+9 J+01:

-"#" is !ou&l" 7"oa#!y w-"n t-"#" isJ

K, vali! co%laint o2 in2o#%ation4

K5 2il"! in a cou#t o2 co%"t"nt 7u#is!iction4

K> t-" accus"! was vali!ly a##aign"!4 an!

KH t-" accus"! was convict"! o# acuitt"! o# t-"KH t-" accus"! was convict"! o# acuitt"! o# t-"

cas" was !is%iss"! o# ot-"#wis" t"#%inat"! wit-out t-"cas" was !is%iss"! o# ot-"#wis" t"#%inat"! wit-out t-"

".#"ss cons"nt o2 t-" accus"!0 (".#"ss cons"nt o2 t-" accus"!0 (PEOPLE V+0PEOPLE V+0AL1ARIO > +CRA ,)AL1ARIO > +CRA ,)

112. 'f the dismissal was with the epress consent of the accused>

may the dismissal result in double eopardy?

110110



*"s in two (5) instanc"s0

As a g"n"#al #ul" i2 t-" !is%issal is t-#oug- t-"

instanc" o2 t-" accus"! o# wit- -is ".#"ss cons"nt

t-"#" is no !ou&l" 7"oa#!y0 ow"v"# t-is #ul"

a!%its o2 two (5) ".c"tionsJ

,) t-" %otion to !is%iss is &as"! on insu22ici"ncy o2

"vi!"nc" o# D"%u##"# to Evi!"nc"4 an!

#6#6 t-" %otion to !is%iss is &as"! on t-" !"nial o2t-" %otion to !is%iss is &as"! on t-" !"nial o2

t-" accus"!s #ig-t to s""!y t#ialt-" accus"!s #ig-t to s""!y t#ial . - . - PEOPLE V+0PEOPLE V+0

AL1ARIO > +CRA ,)AL1ARIO > +CRA ,)

6!ou&l" 7"oa#!y -as s"t in0 In t-"s" two (5) instanc"s t-" co##"ct

!"sc#ition o2 w-at -a"n"! is t-at t-" accus"! was ;acuitt"!? an! not;t-" cas" was !is%iss"! wit- -is cons"nt?0

It %ust &" oint"! out -ow"v"# t-at in PEOPLE VS. TAMPAL,

=44 SCRA =>= 01 PEOPLE VS. LEVISTE, ='' SCRA =3! t-" +C

#"v"#s"! t-" !is%issal o2 t-" c#i%inal cas" &y t-" t#ial cou#t &as"! on

;s""!y t#ial? sinc" t-" sa%" was not #"!icat"! ;on t-" cl"a# #ig-t o2 t-"

accus"! to s""!y t#ial0? It is only w-"n t-"#" is a cl"a# violation o2 t-"

accus"!s #ig-t to s""!y t#ial t-at t-" !is%issal #"sults in !ou&l" 7"oa#!y0

113. Ehe accused was char/ed of theft of electricity based on the

%ity 9rdinance of 0atan/as %ity. *fter arrai/nment> the case was

dismissed because it was found out that the same has prescribed because it

was filed after more than 6 days. Ehe Biscal filed another information

based on the 7e#ised Penal %ode. as double eopardy set in?

*"s0 I2 t-" accus"! was c-a#g"! o2 ;t-"2t o2 "l"ct#icity? &as"! on t-"

City O#!inanc" o2 Batangas an! not &as"! on t-" R"vis"! P"nal Co!" an!

lat"# on t-" cas" is !is%iss"! &y t-" 7u!g" !u" to t-" 2act t-at t-" c#i%" -as

#"sc#i&"! t-" gov"#n%"nt can no long"# c-a#g" t-" accus"! o2 t-" sa%"

c#i%" un!"# t-" R"vis"! P"nal Co!" sinc" !ou&l" 7"oa#!y -as s"t in0 I2 an

act is unis-"! &y law an! an o#!inanc" acuittal o# conviction in on" s-all

&a# #os"cution 2#o% t-" ot-"#0 (PEOPLE VS. RELOVA, %4! SCRA =G=)

111111



114. Ehe accused was char/ed of /ra#e coercion before the )E%

and was duly arrai/ned. Ehe Jud/e dismissed it without any motion form

the accused because the case is alle/edly outside the )E%"s urisdiction.

*nother information for the same offense was filed with the 7E% which

was liCewise dismissed because of lacC of urisdiction. *s such> the Biscal

filed a 3rd information for /ra#e coercion before the )E%. Ehe accused

pleaded double eopardy. 's he correct 8

*"s0 +inc" t-" accus"! was al#"a!y a##aign"! in t-" , st in2o#%ation

&"2o#" t-" 1C w-ic- -as 7u#is!iction ov"# t-" sa%" an! t-" cas" was

su&s"u"ntly !is%iss"! wit-out -is ".#"ss cons"nt t-"n !ou&l" 7"oa#!y

-as s"t in0

11&. Ehe accused was arrai/ned of homicide and entered a plea of

/uilty but prayed that he be /i#en the chance to pro#e incomplete self(defense which the court /ranted. *fter presentin/ his e#idence to pro#e

!incomplete self(defense$> the court acquitted him because what was

alle/edly pro#en by him was complete self(defense. )ay the accused

#alidly in#oCe double eopardy if the Prosecutor mo#es for the

reinstatement of the case for him to present the e#idence of the

prosecution?

'o &"caus" on" o2 t-" #"uisit"s o2 !ou&l" 7"oa#!y is %issing0 -"#"

was no vali! a##aign%"nt0 -is is so &"caus" -is l"a was on" o2 guilty an!

y"t -" was acuitt"!0 In t-is cas" -" -as to &" #"6a##aign"! 2o# -i% to "nt"#

a l"a o2 ;not guilty? in o#!"# t-at -" coul! &" vali!ly acuitt"!0

116. Ehe accused was con#icted of frustrated murder. Within 1&

days from promul/ation> he filed a )otion for :ew Erial based on a

!newly(disco#ered e#idence$ which was /ranted by the court. *fter the

presentation of the alle/ed !newly(disco#ered e#idence$> the accused was

acquitted. )ay the prosecution appeal the acquittal since the e#idence

presented was not really a newly(disco#ered e#idence but a for/otten one

and that e#en assumin/ that the same is a newly(disco#ered e#idence> itwas insufficient to o#erturn the e#idence of /uilt as pro#en by the

prosecution.

In t-" cas" o2 P vs0 u!g" "#nan!o ,M +CRA ,5, t-" +u#"%"

Cou#t -"l! t-at in!""! t-" "vi!"nc" #"s"nt"! was not ;n"wly6!iscov"#"!

"vi!"nc"? an! t-at assu%ing it to &" so it was not su22ici"nt to ov"#tu#n t-"

112112



"vi!"nc" o2 guilt as s-own &y t-" #os"cutions "vi!"nc"0 ow"v"# t-oug-

t-" !"cision was "##on"ous !ou&l" 7"oa#!y -as s"t in an! t-" gov"#n%"nt

coul! no long"# a"al t-" !"cision0 +o "v"n i2 t-" cou#t o&viously "##"! in

t-" a#"ciation o2 t-" "vi!"nc" #"sulting in a !"cision o2 acuittal inst"a! o2

conviction a"al woul! ut t-" accus"! in !ou&l" 7"oa#!y0 (1a3o vs0

1un0 Cou#t ,,> +CRA 5,)

11. )ay the /o#ernment appeal a ud/ment of acquittal or for the

increase of the penalty imposed?

'o sinc" !ou&l" 7"oa#!y -as s"t in0 (PEOPLE V+0 O'0 VELA+CO

G0R0 'O0 ,5HHH >H +CRA 5 +EP0 ,> 5)0 As %an!at"! &y t-"

Constitution statut"s an! cognat" 7u#is#u!"nc" an acuittal is 2inal an!

una"ala&l" on t-" g#oun! o2 !ou&l" 7"oa#!y w-"t-"# it -a"ns at t-"

t#ial cou#t o2 a 7u!g%"nt o2 acuittal &#oug-t &"2o#" t-" +u#"%" Cou#t onc"#tio#a#i cannot &" -a! unl"ss t-"#" is a 2in!ing o2 %ist#ial as in :alman

vs. &andiganba@an.

ow"v"# i2 t-" accus"! was t-" on" w-o a"al"! t-" !"cision o2 t-"

CFI convicting -i% o2 -o%ici!" (t-oug- -" was c-a#g"! o2 %u#!"#) t-"

a"llat" cou#t %ay convict -i% o2 %u#!"# i2 t-" "vi!"nc" wa##ants an! t-at

t-" low"# cou#t %is6a#"ciat"! t-" "vi!"nc"0 -is is so &"caus" i2 t-"

accus"! a"als t-" !"cision t-" sa%" will &" su&7"ct to a co%l"t" #"6

".a%ination o2 t-" "vi!"nc" on #"co#!0

11-. What is t he =uper#enin/ Bact Doctrine.

It si%ly #ovi!"s t-at an accus"!s conviction s-all not &" a &a# to

anot-"# #os"cution 2o# an o22"ns" w-ic- n"c"ssa#ily inclu!"s t-" o22"ns"

c-a#g"! in t-" 2o#%"# co%laint o# in2o#%ation w-"n t-" g#av"# o22"ns"

!"v"lo"! !u" to su"#v"ning 2acts a#ising 2#o% t-" sa%" act o# o%ission

constituting t-" 2o#%"# c-a#g" o# t-at t-" 2acts constituting t-" g#av"# c-a#g"

&"ca%" <nown only o# w"#" !iscov"#"! a2t"# a l"a was "nt"#"! in t-"

2o#%"# co%laint o# in2o#%ation0 (+"ction Rul" ,, 5 Rul"s o2C#i%inal P#oc"!u#"4 P vs0 a#o< > P-il0 5@4 P vs0 Villasis H@ O0G0 5@M4

1"lo vs0 P"ol" M P-il0 @@4 P vs0 Buling , P-il0 ,54 P vs0 A!il @

+CRA H@54 P0 vs0 ac6an ,M5 +CRA @,4 an! P vs0 City Cou#t o2 1anila

,5, +CRA @>

11,. When may the !e(post facto law$ rule be in#oCed?

113113



Only i2 t-" law soug-t to &" ali"! is a ;c#i%inal law o# "nal?0

Ot-"#wis" t-" sa%" %ay not &" invo<"! as w-"n t-" u"stion"! law

involv"s t-" 7u#is!iction o2 t-" +an!igan&ayan w-ic- is not a "nal law0

E. ost 2acto law #o-i&its t-" #"t#os"ctivity o2 "nal laws0 RA M5H is

not a "nal law0 It is a su&stantiv" law on 7u#is!iction w-ic- is not "nal

in c-a#act"#0 (PA'FILO 10 LAC+O' V+0 E E:EC9IVE

+ECREAR* E +A'DIGA'BA*A' E AL0 RO1EO ACOP

FRA'CI+CO $9BIA R0 G0R0 'o0 ,5M@ anua#y 5 ,)

12. What are the different forms of e(post facto law?

In o#!"# t-at a law is an ". ost 2acto law t-" sa%" %ust &" on"T

a0 w-ic- %a<"s an act !on" c#i%inal &"2o#" t-" assing o2 t-"law an! w-ic- was innoc"nt w-"n co%%itt"! an! unis-"s

suc- action4

&0 w-ic- agg#avat"s a c#i%" o# %a<"s it g#"at"# t-an w-"n it

was co%%itt"!4

c0 w-ic- c-ang"s t-" unis-%"nt an! in2licts a g#"at"#

unis-%"nt t-an t-" law ann"."! to t-" c#i%" w-"n it was

co%%itt"!4

!0 w-ic- alt"#s t-" l"gal #ul"s o2 "vi!"nc" an! #"c"iv"s l"ss o#

!i22"#"nt t"sti%ony t-an t-" law #"ui#"! a t-" ti%" o2 t-"

co%%ission o2 t-" o22"ns" in o#!"# to convict t-" !"2"n!ant4

"0 "v"#y law w-icin #"lation to t-" o22"ns" o# its

cons"u"nc"s alt"#s t-" situation o2 a "#son to -is

!isa!vantag"4

20 t-at w-ic- assu%"s to #"gulat" civil #ig-ts an! #"%"!i"s &ut

in "22"ct i%os"s a "nalty o# !"#ivation o2 a #ig-t w-ic-

w-"n !on" was law2ul4

g0 !"#iv"s a "#son accus"! o2 a c#i%" o2 so%" law2ul

#ot"ction to w-ic- -" -as &"co%" "ntitl"! suc- as t-"

#ot"ction o2 a 2o#%"# conviction o# acuittal o# a #ocla%ation o2 a%n"sty (AY VILLE$AS AMI, 3'

SCRA 4=G ME#IA VS. PAMARAN, %&> SCRA 4'"

TAN VS. BARRIOS, %G> SCRA &!& PEOPLE VS.

SANDI$ANBAYAN, =%% SCRA =4%).

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115115

2010.september preweek reviewer final

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