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Technologies in Irrigated Agriculture :

. . ,International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)

8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Tech Irrigated Agriculture

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Chair-

Panelists

Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, ICIDMuhammad Tusneem, Planning Commission Pakistan

n a n, a n rr ga on

Plamen Bozakov, ADB

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MISSION OF ICID

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drained lands

 through

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 drained

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 managemen   o  wa er, env ronmen  an  managemen   o  wa er, env ronmen  an  

application of  irrigation, drainage and application of  irrigation, drainage and 

c

2010 oo 

managemen 

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oo 

managemen 

ec n ques. 

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8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Tech Irrigated Agriculture

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Irrigated

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• Lack of Food

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2010

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2010

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2010

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Ref: www.worldometers/info

8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Tech Irrigated Agriculture

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• 1.02 billion people undernourished

   i  g  a   t  e • 907 million in developing countries

   I  r.

hunger and related causes• In economic terms, developing countries

lose $ billions in lost productivity andc

2010 earnings

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2010

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Disaster Starvation

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Extreme events :

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c

2010

1.02 billion

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2010

1.02 billion

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Smallholder farms: 50%Smallholder farms: 50% The rural landless: 22%The rural landless: 22%

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    A  g  r   i

THETHE

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The urban poor: 20%The urban poor: 20%

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ForestsForestsdwellers,dwellers,

c

2010 pastoralists,pastoralists,fishermen: 8%fishermen: 8%

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2010

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  u

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    A  g  r   i

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c

2010

Ref: FAO

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2010

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Irrigated

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   I  r

c

2010

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rr gat on

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2010

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  u

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    A  g  r   i

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   I  r

c

2010

Dry Season - Water Scarcity

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  u

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    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

Irrigation Canals supply water

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IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED

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WorldWorld -- FoodFoodNONNON--

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--

c

2010

 Ref: Postel

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2010

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  u

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2010

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  u

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20 %

    A  g  r   i

70 %

   i  g  a   t  e  

   I  r

Agriculture Domestic Industryc

2010

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Water Withdrawals

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    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

Ref: World Bank

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  u

   l   t  u  r

• Irrigation in developing countries

    A  g  r   i  

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

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More Water Used

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    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

 

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Higher Statusc

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

• Irrigation in developing countries

    A  g  r   i  

•

   i  g  a   t  e

 

low : 20 % (paddy) to 90 % drip

   I  r • Average for developing countries ~43 %

• Calls from NGOs for improvement inwater productivitywater efficiency &

c

2010 g er crop y e s

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  u   l   t  u  r

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

    A  g  r   i

WATERWATER

   i  g  a   t  e

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

   I  r

NATURENATURE

c

2010

r rr r

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The Challenges of Irrigated

  u   l   t  u  r Agriculture in the 21st Century

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

By

   I  r Dato’ Ir. Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah

PresidentInternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage

ICIDc

2010 19 March 2003 

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  u   l   t  u  r

More Crop Per Drop

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

 

c

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

Way Forward

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

 Modernisation

c

2010

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“Irrigation Modernisation 

  u   l   t  u  r

 technical and managerial 

    A  g  r   i  

combined with 

   i  g  a   t  e

institutional reforms with the ob ective to im rove 

   I  r resource utilisation 

, , ,environmental) 

” c

2010

 

P ili I i i h l iP ili I i i h l i

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Prevailin Irri ation technolo iesPrevailin Irri ation technolo ies

  u   l   t  u  r Vast range of technologies and tools are

available for improved operation, better

   A  g  r   i

management and efficient use of irrigationwater

   i  g  a   t  e

Off-farm technologies   I  r

On-farm technolo ies

c

2010

 

OffOff--Farm TechnologiesFarm Technologies

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OffOff--Farm TechnologiesFarm Technologies

• Water is conve ed from its source

  u   l   t  u  r

(reservoir, lakes. river, wells ) to the field

   A  g  r   i  

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

OffOff--Farm TechnologiesFarm Technologies

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OffOff--Farm TechnologiesFarm Technologies

• Technolo ies for flow measurement

  u   l   t  u  r

regulation, operation, diversion and

 –

    A  g  r   i  

Canal lining - conventional and non-

   i  g  a   t

  e 

Piped conveyance network, Modern flow

   I  r 

Upstream/ downstream controls, Total

Supervisory control and data acquisition

c

2010

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T rk h h n Irri i n i n 

policy from traditional to modern systemsince 2003

Modern Control Structures

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Modern Control Structuresin Conveyance Network

  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

c

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

Ultrasonic water 

   i  g  a   t

  e 

Parshall flow

 

recorder   I  r

 

South Africa

South Africac

2010

Improved Flow measurement

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Improved Flow measurementCases in Australia, China and India

Australia

  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

Intake and water gauge at ZhangheIrrigation System (ZIS), China

c

2010

India

While Costs and Benefits in each one ofthese Cases are not easily available, someindication on Australian case is available

Imperial Valley USA

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Imperial Valley USASupervisory control

  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

c

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

c

2010 Recycling Irrigation Supply using Pumps

Not only Irrigation, in many

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,

importance

  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e Waterlogged field

   I  rSaline soil

c

2010 SSD installation

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

2.5 % of existing infrastructure needs toc

2010

 (207 million ha)

OnOn--Farm TechnologiesFarm Technologies

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gg

  u   l   t  u  r

Water supplied at the field head is

   A  g  r   i  

methods :

   i  g  a   t

  e Modern surface methods

   I  r 

Micro irrigation

c

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

c

2010 More efficient irrigation systems

S rinklers for

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S rinklers for

rice in Brazil

  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r ater use

reduced to onequarter ¼ c .flood irrigation

c

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t

  e

   I  r

c

2010

 

 Micro irrigation technology

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g gy

 has dramatically changed the

way crops are irrigated 

MICRO IRRIGATION IN INDIAMICRO IRRIGATION IN INDIA

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-- A SUCCESS STORYA SUCCESS STORY

  u   l   t  u  r m on a  

Water saving:30% to 60%

    A  g  r   i  

   i  g  a   t  e

Decreasing groundwater availability Success factors 

   I  rLiberal subsidy by Central and State Governments (up to 70%) 

Well developed pump and pipe industry,

Strong manufacturing base 

> c

2010

 

Govt. promoting horticulture in a big way 

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Objective:Objective:

  u   l   t  u  r

GROUND DATA COLLECTIONGROUND DATA COLLECTION

Pest, weed etcPest, weed etc

 sensing, GIS, GPS and related technologies forsensing, GIS, GPS and related technologies forefficient and precision plantation managementefficient and precision plantation management

   A  g  r   i BASIC LAYERSBASIC LAYERS

Soil MapSoil Map

Yield MapYield Map

Land Use MapLand Use Map

Remote Sensing DataRemote Sensing Data

Weather DataWeather Data

SocioSocio--EconomicEconomic

 production and quality of environmentproduction and quality of environment

   i  g  a   t  e

MODELLING for optimum input andMODELLING for optimum input andoutputoutput

ACTION MAP for optimum inputACTION MAP for optimum input

CadastralCadastral MapMap

   I  r

c

2010

Use of Technology - Precision Farming

Use of Waste WaterUse of Waste Water

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Wastewater ~

  u   l   t  u  r

 

50% treated to secondary level

30% treated to tertiary level

    A  g  r   i 4% discharged via cesspits

16% inadequately treated

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

Mix junction using effluent and saline water c

2010 The immense potential of WW reuse is seen in the MiddleEastern Region paticularly in Israel, Egypt etc

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

Costs & BenefitsCosts & Benefits -- Australian Exam leAustralian Exam le

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  u   l   t  u  r ,

in favour of the farmer by about 8% could

   A  g  r   i  

liters/day.

   i  g  a   t  e

• ew e ec ron c me ers e ng n ro ucecan now deliver flow rates of up to 25

   I  r m on ers ay.

• Besides, other measures for systemimprovement are undertaken at a cost ofabout $A 300 million.

c

2010 • Benefits are obvious….

Australia invests on Hard solutions :Australia invests on Hard solutions :

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an examp ean examp e

  u   l   t  u  r

Type of Technology

Area

coveredCost/ ha

    A  g  r   i (ha)  

Canal automation with SCADA 204,506 627

   i  g  a   t  e

Canal lining with - HDPE

- concrete

3,702

564

4048

4468   I  r

- geo-textile/ beaching 23,768 142

Piped conveyance of irrigation water 11,803 6,490

Modern water delivery outlets (Flumegate/117,054 481

c

2010

 

Source: Data received from Australian National Committee of ICID (ANCID)

Soft tools for O &M and EvaluationSoft tools for O &M and Evaluation

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  u   l   t  u  r

• Soft tools/ models/ decision supportoCanal operation simulation models

o

FAO’ 

RAP 

And 

MASSCOTE,

oCanal operation simulation models

o

FAO’ 

RAP 

And 

MASSCOTE,

    A  g  r   i sys em are sprea ng as a se o

soft optionsoBenchmarking  of  irrigation schemes ( FAO‐IWMI‐ ICID),oBenchmarking  of  irrigation schemes ( FAO‐IWMI‐ ICID),

   i  g  a   t  e

• Developed for improved operation,maintenance, monitoring and

oInternet based irrigation scheduling

oSatellite remote sensing and GIS for assessing irrigated 

oInternet based irrigation scheduling

oSatellite remote sensing and GIS for assessing irrigated 

   I  r • Evaluation of irrigation systemsarea, extent of  water‐logging,  crop water area, extent of  water‐logging,  crop water 

, 

.,

oParticipatory irrigation management (IMT/PIM)

, 

.,

oParticipatory irrigation management (IMT/PIM)c

2010

Stages of the Benc hmarking Proc ess

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(1)Identification &

Planning

  u   l   t  u  r

(8)Verification &

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

 

Interpretation(7)Action

   I  r(4)Comparisons &

Identification of BP

(6)Integration &

Decision making

(5)Analysisc

2010

FAO’s MASSCOTEFAO’s MASSCOTE

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

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  u   l   t  u  r

• Developing appropriate/affordable

   A  g  r   i

• Effective dissemination of available

   i  g  a   t  e

technologies

irrigation managers andfarmers   I  r

• Effective financing system for purchase of

resource poor farmers

c

2010 • reng en ng e na ona rr ga onextension / advisory services

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  u   l   t  u  r

• Capacity building of local institutions

    A  g  r   i • Revamping of irrigation agencies

•

   i  g  a   t  e

 

sectors

   I  r • sma c e ween preva ng ec no ogyand local needs

• Limited R&D in developing countries

c

2010

-water in peri-urban agriculture

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  u   l   t  u  r

    A  g  r   i

   i  g  a   t  e

   I  r

c

2010

Ref: Salah Darghouth, WB

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  u   l   t  u  r

• Barriers to adopting new technologies – policies,

   A  g  r   i , ,

• Role of major stakeholders – beneficiaries,

   i  g  a   t  e

, ,

organizations

   I  r 

investments in hardware and software?

, - ,

change challenges

c

2010