• 本資料は2008年10月8日に開催した「科学技術と産業」国際シンポジウム2008（主催：経済産業省、ジェトロ）にて、M.S.Swaminathan氏が講演された際のプレゼンテーション資料です。

This is Prof.M.S.Swaminathan’s presentation material used in METI-JETRO symposium “Boosting Science and Technology through Industrial Collaboration 2008”, which was held on October 8th, 2008.

・　Swaminathan氏のご好意により、ジェトロが同氏から許諾を得てここに掲載しています。

JETRO posts it on the website with permission by and courtesy of Prof.Swaminathan.

• 無断転載・複製を禁じます。

JETRO reserve all rights and users may not otherwise reproduce, sell, publish, distribute, modify, display, or use all or part of the material without the prior written permission of JETRO.

Prof M S Swaminathan, FRSUNESCO Chair in Ecotechnology & Chairman

M S Swaminathan Research Foundation

Wednesday, October 8, 2008

Boosting Science and Technology through Industrial Collaboration 2008 (JETRO Symposium)

How can Biotechnology contribute to solve the Global Social Problems

“A hungry person listens neither to reason nor religion, nor is bent by any prayer” Roman Philosopher Seneca

Famines are not often famines of food, but of purchasing power

(Bengal Famine 1942-43)

Daruma(Japanese semi-dwarf) X

Fultz(U.S. winter wheat, high yield)

Fultz-Daruma(semi-dwarf, high yield)

Locals(adapted to

U.S. Northwest)X

X Turkey Red(U.S. winter, high yield)

Norin 10(semi-dwarf, winter, high yield)(Dr Gonziro Inazuka in 1935)

Gaines(semi-dwarf, winter,

U.S. adapted)

X Local Strains

New Wheats(semi-dwarf, high yield, adaptable,

rust-resistant, fast-maturing,spring)

Genesis of Green Revolution (Land and Forest Saving Agriculture)

1968 – The Beginning of Green Revolution and an Era of Optimism

Indian farmers achieved as much progress in wheat production in four years (1964-68), as during the preceding 4000 years

o Technology

o Services

o Public Policies

o Farmers’ enthusiasm

Current Challenges

o Increasing cost of food items

o Increasing cost of fertilizer and fossil fuel energy

o Climate change

o Transboundry pests and diseases

o Decline in investment in Public Good Research

Impact of high food prices by region(additional number of undernourished in 2007)

Asia / Pacific 41 million

Latin America / Caribbean 6 million

Near East / North Africa

4 million

Sub-Saharan Africa

24 million

Source: FAO

FAO Estimates that Rising Prices have Plunged an Additional 75 million People below the

Hunger Threshold

Global hunger : Key Messages

o Worrisome trends in global hunger

o High Food Prices (HFP) have exacerbated the hunger situation

o Hunger is a cause of poverty

o A Twin-track approach is needed:

• Filling the yield gap by enhancing small farm productivity

• Strengthen the Nutrition Safety Nets

“Man has lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall. He will end by

destroying the earth”

- Albert Schweitzer

Environment and Development : Early WarningRachel Carson 1962 : Silent Spring

Origin of Green Agriculture

Green Revolution :Commodity-centred increase in productivity

Change In plant architecture, and harvest indexChange in the physiological rhythm-insensitive tophotoperiodismLodging resistance

Evergreen Revolution : increasing productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological harm

Organic agriculture : cultivation without any use of chemical inputs like mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticidesGreen Agriculture : conservation farming with the help of integrated pest management, integrated nutrient supply and integrated natural resource management systems

From Green to an Ever-green Revolution

Mainstream Ecology in Technology Development

Facing the Impact of Climate Change

o Warmer Temperatureo Changes in Precipitationo Droughto Floodso Sea level riseo Pest and Disease outbreakso Higher CO2 in the atmosphere

Deepwater (floating) rice has three special adaptations:

i. ability to elongate with the rise of water levels;

ii. develop nodal tillers and roots from the upper nodes in the water

iii. the upward bending of the terminal part of the plant called 'kneeing' that keeps the reproductive parts above the water as flood water subsides.

Rice – Anchor of Food Security in an era of global warming

Facing the challenge of Floods

True Potato Seed

Answer to the challenge of producing disease free planting material as a result of rise in temperature

Sustaining the Potato Revolution

Bio-Shield against Sea Level Rise

Mangrove Forests

Tsunami and MangrovesTsunami and Mangroves

Loss of lives5 (0.92%)Damage to houses 136 (88.8%)

Loss of lives 0Damage to houses 0

Field trial of transgenic rice plants transformed with superoxide dismutase from A. marina

Genetic Shift

Scientific Foundation of Ever-green Revolution:Integrating Best of Technology

Functional genomics QTL/physical mapping

Mendelian breeding

Microarray Proteomics

Gene discovery

Map-based cloning/ cDNA cloning

Cultivars with good combining ability

Crossing

Phenotypingand selection

Genetic Engineering Transgenics

Marker Aided Selection

Cultivar Selection

Crop Improvement

o identification of novel genetic combinations from the salt tolerant mangrove species

o generation of pre breeding material and o integration of pre- and participatory breeding framework

For ensuring Genetic Efficiency with

Genetic Diversity

MSSRF’s Anticipatory Research Programme aims at developing location specific crop varieties with resistance to salinity through

Pro-Small Farmer Technology : Bikaneri Narma

Bt Cotton Variety

36 days of water withdrawal

Prosopis juliflora has wide adaptation to water stress and drought conditions

Used as source of drought tolerant genes

Control

Genetic Shield against adverse changes in precipitation

Strategies to Increase Nutritional Values of Rice

Micronutrient Current approachVitamin A Genetic engineeringFe Breeding and

Genetic engineeringZn BreedingI None

Endosperm (Macronutrients : 80% starch; 10% protein)

Embryo

Removed by milling

Seed coat and pericarp

Enhanced micronutrientcontent Phytic acid binds

Zn and Fe

Genetic Modification and Nutrition Security

Field grown potato lines Field grown potato lines

Transgenic Wild Type Wild TypeTransgenic

o AmA1 protein is non-allergenico Expression of AmA1 leads to

More than two fold increase in tuber number3-3.5 fold increase in tuber yield in terms of fresh weight35-45% increase in total protein content

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, (2000) Vol. 97, 7, 3724-3729

Total: 33.2 (30.6 – 36.1) million

Western & Central Europe

760 000[600 000 – 1.1

million]Middle East & North

Africa380 000

[270 000 – 500 000]Sub-Saharan Africa

22.5 million[20.9 – 24.3 million]

Eastern Europe & Central Asia1.6 million

[1.2 – 2.1 million]]

South & South-East Asia4.0 million

[3.3 – 5.1 million]

Oceania75 000

[53 000 – 120 000]

North America1.3 million

[480 000 – 1.9 million]

Latin America1.6 million

[1.4 – 1.9 million]

East Asia800 000

[620 000 – 960 000]Caribbean230 000

[210 000 – 270 000]

Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV, 2007

Urgent Need : Effective Vaccine

Genetic Literacy

National Biotechnology Regulatory AuthorityNational Biotechnology Regulatory Authority

“ The bottom line of our national agricultural biotechnology policy should be the economic well being of farm families, food security of the nation, health security of the consumer, biosecurity of agriculture and health, protection of the environment and the security of national and international trade in farm commodities”

(M S Swaminathan Panel 2004)Education, Social Mobilisation and Regulation

Biovillage

Lin

king

Eco

logi

cal a

nd

Liv

elih

ood

Secu

rity

The goal of the Biovalley is to promote along a watershed micro-enterprises supported by micro-credit, which can help to convert bioresources into jobs and income in an eco-friendly manner

Biovalley

Biovalley is to Biotechnology (BT), what Silicon Valley is to Information Technology (IT)

Bio-happiness results from linking bioresources,

biotechnology and businessin an environmentally safe and

socially equitable manner