PRESENTATION BY:ZONAIRA MUBARAK

A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the premises of the argument provide conclusive proof that the conclusion of the argument is true.

Aristotelian deductive logic focuses on the study of classical arguments (i.e., arguments about classes) which consist of categorical propositions.

A categorical proposition joins together exactly two categorical terms and asserts that some relationship holds between the classes they designate.

It is a proposition used in deductive arguments.

FOR EXAMPLE:

ALL DOGS ARE MAMMALS

TYPES OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION ALONG WITH ANALYSIS OF EACH CATEGORY.

ANALYSIS

• PROPOSITION APROPOSITION E

• PROPOSITION IPROPOSITION O

Refer by the letter "A“

Such a proposition asserts that every member of the class designated by the subject term is also included in the class designated by the predicate term

SYMBOLLICALLY:All S are P

• FOR EXAMPLE:

ALL RESTAURANT OWNERS ARE WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

QUANTIFIER

SUBJECT TERM

PREDICATE TERM

QUALITY: AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT TERM DISTRIBUTEDPREDICATE TERM UNDISTRIBUTED

S P

Refer by the letter “E”

This proposition asserts that nothing is a member both of the class designated by the subject term and of the class designated by the predicate terms.

SYMBOLICALLY:No S are P

• FOR EXAMPLE:

NO RESTAURANT OWNERS ARE WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

QUANTIFIER

SUBJECT TERM

PREDICATE TERM

QUALITY: NEGATIVE

BOTH THE SUBJECT TERM AND THE PREDICATE TERM ARE DISTRIBUTED

S P

Refer by the letter “I”

A proposition of this form asserts that there is at least one thing which is a member both of the class designated by the subject term and of the class designated by the predicate term.

SYMBOLICALLY:Some S is P

• FOR EXAMPLE:

SOME RESTAURANT OWNERS ARE WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

QUANTIFIER

SUBJECT TERM

PREDICATE TERM

QUALITY: AFFIRMATIVE

BOTH THE SUBJECT TERM AND THE PREDICATE TERM ARE UNDISTRIBUTED

S Px

Refer by the letter “O”

Such a proposition asserts that there is at least one thing which is a member of the class designated by the subject term but not a member of the class designated by the predicate term.

SYMBOLICALLY:Some S is not P

FOR EXAMPLE:

SOME RESTAURANT OWNERS ARE NOT WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

QUANTIFIER

SUBJECT TERM

PREDICATE TERM

QUALITY: NEGATIVE

SUBJECT TERM IS UNDISTRIBUTED AND THE PREDICATE TERM IS DISTRIBUTED

X

S P

Every standard form categorical proposition will have the following format:

Quantifier + subject term + copula + predicate term.

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