2006 ibc guide to scs - dr. klote and doug evans

8/12/2019 2006 IBC Guide to SCS - Dr. Klote and Doug Evans

1/20

I Cu`ho td Wedfo Gdltrdk l tbo : 1 @JG

@WJL> 032-9-?2==9-1?0-0

Gdvor Hos`cl> Huilo IgdjiGdvor Irt H`rogtdr> Hìlli Bikkeirf]ujk`git`dls Eilicor> Eiry Kdu Kuà@kkustritdr/@ltor`dr Hos`cl> Hr. FkdtoEilicor da Hovokdpeolt> Jotb Xujjs

GD]PZ@CBX :==3

@LXOZL X@DL KDHO GD_LG`r

Gdvor pbdtd gdurtosy da bo Adrue Wbdps it Giosirs ]ikigo, Kis Qocis

IKK Z@CBXW ZOWOZQOH. Xb`s pujk`git`dl `s i gdpyr`cbtoh wdrf dwloh jy tbo @ltorlit`dlik Gdho Gdulg`k. S`tbdut ihvilwr`ttol pore`ss`dl arde tbo gdpyr`cbt dwlor, ld pirt da tb s jddf eiy jo roprdhugoh, h`str`jutoh dr trilse`ttoh l ily adre drily eoils, `lgkuh`lc, w`tbdut kè`tit`dl, okogtrdl`g, dpt`gik dr eogbil`gik eoils (jy wiy da oxiepko ilh ldt kè`tit`dl, pbdgdpy`lc, dr rogdrh`lc jy dr l il `ladreit`dl stdrico ilh rotròvik systoe). Adr ladreit`dl dl pore`ss`dl td gdpy eitorìkoxgoo`lc ai`r uso, pkoiso gdltigt> @GG ]ujk`git`dls, 8=?9 S Akdsseddr Zh, Gdultry Gkuj B`kks, @K 1=832, ]bdlo 222-@GG-WIA(8::-3:77).

Xbo ladreit`dl gdlti`loh l tb`s hdgueolt s jokòvoh td jo iggurito6 bdwovor, `t `s jo`lc prdv`hoh adr ladreit`dlik purpdsos dlilh `s `ltolhoh adr uso dlky is i cu`ho. ]ujk`git`dl da tb`s hdgueolt jy tbo @GG sbdukh ldt jo gdlstruoh is tbo @GG olcic`lc lrolhor`lc olc`loor`lc, kocik dr dtbor prdaoss`dlik sorv`gos. _so da tbo ladreit`dl gdlti`loh `l tb`s wdrfjddf sbdukh ldt jo gdlsòroh jy tbo usor is i sujst`tuto adr tbo ihv`go da i roc`storoh prdaoss`dlik olc`loor, ittdrloy dr dtbor prdaoss`dlik. a sugb ihv`goroqu`roh, `t sbdukh jo sducbt tbrducb tbo sorv`gos da i roc`storoh prdaoss`dlik olc`loor, k`golsoh ittdrloy dr dtbor prdaoss`dlik

Xrihoeirfs> @ltorlit`dlik Gdho Gdulg`k ilh tbo @GG kdcd iro trihoeirfs da @ltorlit`dlik Gdho Gdulg`k, @lg.

A`rst ]r`lt`lc> Hogoejor :==3

]r`ltoh `l tbo _l`toh Wtitos da Ieor`gi


2/20

79

Gbiptor 7GDHO EILHIXOH WEDFO JIZZ@OZW

Xb`s gbiptor prdv`hos cu`hilgo rocirh`lc gdho-roqu`roh sopirit`dls tbit irooxpogtoh td sorvo is piss`vo sedfo jirròrs. Xbo wiy td tb`lf ijdut roqu`roh sedfojirròrs `s wbotbor tbo gdho `ltolhs td provolt sedfo d ~ c ` l t ` l c `l dloiroi spigo arde e`crit`lc igrdss i spogà`g ju`kh`lc okoeolt> Xboro iro eilypiss`vo jirròrs tbit eiy jo usoh td hok`loito sedfo zdlos. Foop `l e`lh tbit ia`ro-ritoh issoejky hdos ldt issuro tbo issoejky `s gdlstrugtoh td rostr`gt sedfoe`crit`dl. Wovorik`JG sogt`dls ihhross a`ro-ros`stilgo-ritoh sopirit dls tbit iro iksd`ltolhoh td igt is sedfo jirròrs soo A`curo 7.9 .

Hos`clit`lc sedfo zdlos/sedfo jirròrs `s i gddrh`litoh oaadrt jotwool tboipprdprìto hos`cl toie eoejors. Xb`s eiy `lgkuho tbo irgb`togt, eogbil`gikolc`loor ilh a`ro prdtogt`dl olc`loor. Wedfo zdlos eu st iksd jo gddrh`litoh w`tb a`roikire `l`tìt`lc hov`gos tbit igt`vito eogbil`gik sedfo gdltrdk systoes. Xb`s gil`lgkuho ldt dlky sedfo hotogtdrs, jut iksd witor akdw `lh`gitdrs adr iutdeit`gspr`lfkor systoes. Wedfo zdlos sbdukh jo sbdwl dl tbo irgb`togturik, eogbil`gik,a`ro ikire ilh iutdeit`g spr`lfkor hriw`lcs, is wokk is gdltrdk hìcries wboroippk`gijko.

Wedfo jirròr gdlstrugt`dl `s roqu`roh td eo ot tbo prdv`s`dls dutk`loh `l Wogt`dl3=0 ilh issdgìtoh roaorolgoh sogt`dls>

WOGX@DL 3=0 WEDFO J ZZ@OZW3=0.9 Colorik Wedfo jirròrs sbikk gdepky w`tb tb`s sogt`dl.3=0.: Eitorìks. Wedfo jirròrs sbikk jo da eitorìks pore`ttoh jy tboju`kh`lc typo dagdlstrugt`dl.3=0.7 A`ro-ros`stilgo rit`lc. I -bdur a`ro-ros`stilgo rit`lc `s roqu`rohaur sedfo jirròrs.

Oxgopt`dl> Wedfo jirròrs gdlstrugtoh da e`lèue =.9=-`lgb-tb`gf :.? rde)stook `l Crdup 9-7 ju`kh`lcs.Dlo-bdur a`ro-ros`stilgo rit`lcs iro dlo da tbo koist a`ro-ros`st`vo wikk ilhakddrrdda-go`k`lc issoejkòs ivi`kijko dpol`lc prdtogt`vos iro ivi`kijko tbit bivokdwor a`ro-prdtogt`dl rit`lcs).

I C_@HO XD WEDFO DLXZDK @L XBO : 1 @JG


3/20

7-: GDHO-E LH XOH WEDFO JIZZ@OZW~ ~ ~

A`curo 7.9Gdho eilhitohsedfo jirròrs

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Wogt dl I-I da b`cb-r`so tdwor w`tb kdw-r`so oxpils`dl

Ldt Wbdwl> Wujnogt td `ltorprotit`dl> Irois da roauco Itrì wikks 99 ilh 9: dggupilgòs Eikk/tolilt ltoraigo Dggupi lgy sopirit`dls Zos`holtìk rddes/su`tos ]rdsgolùe wi kks/dpol`lcs Wbiats Wedfo jirròrs (hos`clitoh)

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I C_@HO XD WEDFO GDLXZDK @L XBO :==1 @JG


4/20

GDHOEILHIXOH WEDFO JIZZ@OZW 7 7

Xbo oaaogt da iutdeit`g spr`lfkors gil iksd jo gdls`horoh td hotore`lo à i @-bdurrit`lc `s roikky logossiry. Wogt`dl 0=0.0.8 ikkdws tbo a`ro td jo gdls`horoh stoihy stitowbol iutdeit g spr`lfkors bivo igt`vitoh. @t eiy iksd jo tbit tbo a`ro `s auok-kè`toh.Wogt`dl 0=0 `s ldt `ltolhoh td jo usoh wbol ulgdltrdkkoh a`ros gil jo oxpogtoh. @l ilygiso, `t `s tbo hos`cl toies rospdls`j`k`ty td hotore`lo à iutdeit`g spr`lfkors bivoigt`vitoh ilh poradreoh tbo`r oxpogtoh aulgt`dl dr à tbo a`ro `s auok -kè`toh. Xb`silikys`s gil hoedlstrito bdw j`c tbo a`ro `s. wboro `t `s ilh bdw eugb boit `s jo`lccoloritoh. Xbo pd`lt boro `s tbit i 9-bdur rit`lc eiy ldt jo logossiry td auka`kkprdpor aulgt`dl`lc da tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe. Ovol i ckiss wikk w`kk ros tr`gtsedfo e`crit`dl ilh eiy jo i roisdlijko sedfo jirròr à `t gil jo oxpogtoh td roei`l`l pkigo adr i suaa`gòlt hurit`dl (:= e`lutos por Wogt`dl 0=0.8.1). Wogt`dl 3=0.7spogà`gikky eilhitos -bdur sedfo jirròrs, jut tbo gdho iksd crilts tbo hos`clorsilh IBN tbo dpt`dl da gdls`hor`lc iktorlito eotbdhs ilh eitorìks dl i giso-jy-gisojis`s @a tbo hos`clors w` sb td prdpdso il oqu`vikolgy adr tbo a`ro-ros`stilgo rit`lc da isedfo jirròr, `t `s rogdeeolhoh tbit tboy gdlhugt prokè`liry h`sguss`dls w`tb tboIBN is oirky is pdss`jko.

3=0.8 Gdlt`lu`ty. Wedfo jirròrs sbikk adre l oaaogt`vo eoejrilogdlt`ludus arde duts`ho wikk td duts`ho wikk lh arde tbo tdp da tboad ulhit`dl dr kddr/go`k`lc issoejky jokdw td tbo ulhors`ho da boakddr drrddasboot`lc hogf dr skij ijdvo `lgkuh`lc gdlt`lu`ty tbrducb gdlgoikohspigos sugb is tbdso adulh ijdvo suspolhoh go`k`lcs lh `lgkuh`lc`ltorst`tìk strugturik lh eogbil`gik spigos. Xbo suppdrt`lcgdlstrugt`dl sbikk jo prdtogtoh X iaadrh tbo roqu`roh .a`ro-ros`stilgorit`lc da bo wikk dr akddr suppdrtoh `l ju`kh`lcs dadtbor tbil Xypo k`J/N@J dr QJ gdlstrugt`dl.

Oxgopt`dl> Wedfo jirròr wikks ro ldt roqu`roh l `lXorst`tìk spigos wborosugb spigos iro hos`cloh lh gdlsXrugtoh w`tb go`k`lcs tbit prdv`ho ros`stilgo td tbo pissico da `ro lh sedfo oqu`vikolt td tbit prdv`hoh jy tbosedfo jirròr wikks.Sbotbor spogàòh dr ldt, edst da tboso roqu`roeolts iro djv`dus logoss`tòs adr

prdpor poradreilgo da ily eotbdh adr rohug`lc sedfo e`crit`dl. Dlo s`clà`giltèpigt `s tbit sedfo jirròrs iro roqu`roh td jo gdlt`ludus arde oxtor`dr wi kk tdoxtor`dr wikk. Iktbducb roqu`roh adr spogà`g dggupilgy gkissà`git`dls ilh bdr `zdltikox`ts, tb`s gdlstri`lt wis ldt spogà`gikky eilhitoh jy o`tbor tbo 008 dr tbo 003oh`t`dls da tbo _JG adr sedfo jirròrs Xboro eiy jo tèos tbit sedfo zdlos iroostijk`sboh biv`lc ld oxtor`dr wikks. ]rdv `hoh tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe aulgt`dlsw`tb`l tbo `ltoltdaWogt`dl 0=0, il iktorlito eotbdh eiy jo prdpdsoh jy tbo hos`clorsadr gdls`horit`dl jy tbo IBN. W`lgo tbo roqu`roeolt adr sedfo jirròrs jo`lcgdlt`ludus arde oxtor`dr wikk td oxtor`dr wikk sooes edro ippk`gijko td piss`vo sedfogdltrdk, tb`s iktorlito eotbdhs dpt`dl eiy jo edro ippk`gijko wbol eogbil`giksystoes iro usoh.

Dlo oxiepko da tb` s `s i e`lèue -bdur wikk `lstikkoh bdr`zdltikky. Iktbducb `teu t jo roi k`zoh tbit tb`s s ld kdlcor roikky i -bdur ritoh issoejky, ritotk wikks`lstikkoh bdr`zdltikky iro aroquoltky iggoptoh is gdepkìlt. Dlo eust jo giroauk w`tbtbo strugturik suppdrt da tboso issoejkòs. Xd prdv`ho prdtogt`dl td tbo strugturiksuppdrts, tbo stuhs sbdukh jo w`tb`l tbo issoejky Xbo suppdrt`lc eogbil`se sbdukhldt jo w`ros ittigboh td tbo hogf ijdvo, s`lgo tboro wdukh jo e`lèik, à ily,prdtogt`dl arde a`ro. Xb`s typo da go`k`lc sbdukh ldt bivo ily dpol`lcs `ltd tbo vd`hijdvo, dr ipprdprìto dpol`lc prdtogt` vos eust jo usoh Nt `s ulk`foky ily kiy-`l t`kogo`k`lcs w`kk eoot tbo `ltolt da tb`s oxgopt`dl. @a tbo go`k`lc pdrt`dl da iakddr/rdda-go`k`lc issoejky `s prdpdsoh td eoot tb`s oxgopt`dl, sujstiltìt`dl da

I C_@HO XD WEDFO GDLXZDK @L XBO := 1@JG


5/20

7 8

WEDFO LH A@ZOH E]OZW

GDHO EILHIXOH WEDFO JIZZ@OZW

e`lèik koifico ilh atro ros`stilgo td ihnigolt spigos eust jo `lgkuhoh `l tboilikys`s.

3=0.? Dpol`lcs. Dpol`lcs `l i sedfo jirròr sbikk jo prdtogtoh `liggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 39?Oxgopt`dl> @l Crdup k-: wboro hddrs iro `lstikkoh irrdss gdrr`hdrs. i pi`rdadppds`to-sw`lc`lc hddrs w`tbdut igoltor eukk`dl sbikk jo `lstikkoh biv`lcA`sùl piloks w`tb a`ro-prdtort`dl-ritoh ckiz`lc eitorìks `l a`ro-prdto gt`dl-ritoh arieos. tbo iroi da wb`gb sbikk ldt oxgooh tbit tostoh Xbo hddrssbikk jo gkdsoa`tt`lc w`tb`l dporit`dlik tdkorilgos, ilt` sbikk ldt bivo ulhorguts, kduv]rs dr cr`kkos. Xbo hddrs sbikk bivo boih ilh niej stdps, istriciksdr rijjots it eoot`lc ohcos ilh sbikk jo iutdeit`g gkds`lc jy sedfo hotogt`dl `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 39?.8.3.7. ]ds`t`vo-kitgb`lc hov`gos iro ldtroqu`roh.

Xijko 3 @?.8 roqu`ros dpol`lc prdtogt`vos `l sedfo jilòrs td bivo i e`lèuea`ro-prdtogt`dl rit`lc da : e`lutos.

3=0.1 ]olotrit`dls. ]olotrit`dls da sedfo jirròrs sbikk gdepky w`tbWogt`dl 39:3=0.3 Nd`lts. Nd`lts eiho l dr jotwool sedfo jirròrs sbikk gdepky w`tbWogt`dl 3973=0.2 Hugt ilhi`r trilsaor dpol`lcs. ]olotrit`dls `l i sedfo jirròrjyhugts ilh i`r trilsaor dpol`lcs sbikk gdepky w`tb Wogt`dl 391

Adr sedfo jirròrs td poradre is `ltolhoh dpol`lcs eust jo prdporky soikoh tdkè`t koifico. Nd`lts jotwool sedfo jilòrs gil `lgkuho tbo boih-da-wikk prdtogt`dlilh ovol ohco-da-skij prdtogt`dl jotwool akddrs. Ovol e`ldr `lihoquigòs l tbosos`tuit`dls gil gdepdulh ilh ihvorsoky iaaogt tbo `ltocr`ty da tbo sedfo jilòr. Adrpolotrit`dls nd`lts ilh hug_i r trilsaor dpol`lcs. gdepkìlgo w`tb Wogt`dls 3 @: 397ilh 3 @1 bokps olsuro tbit sedfo jilòrs w`kk jo gdlstrugtoh w`tb`l tbo koificokè`tit`dls da Wogt`dl 0=0.

Wogt`dl 391 spogà os wboro a`ro ilh sedfo hiepors iro roqu`roh. Wedfohiepors iro il `lh`git`dl da gdho- ltolhoh sedfo jirròrs.WOGX@DL3 1H_GXW ILH I@Z XZILWAOZ D][email protected] Colorik. Xbo prdv`s`dls da b`s sogt`dl sbikk cdvorl tbo prdtogt`dldahugt polotrit`dls ilh i`r trilsaor dpol`lcs `l issoejkòs roqu`roh tdjo prdtogtoh.391.k @ Hugts w`tbdut hiepors. Hugts tbit polotritoa`ro-ros`stilgo-ritoh issoejkòs ilh iro ldt roqu`roh jy tb`s sogt`dl tdbivo hiepors sbikk gdepky w`tb tbo roqu`roeolts daWogt`dl 39:391.: @lstikkit`dl. A`ro hiepors, sedfo hiepors, gdej`lit`dla`ro/sedfo hiepors ilh go`k`lc rihìt`dl hiepors kdgitoh w`tb`l i`rh`str`jut`dl ilh sedfo gdltrdk systoes sbikk jo `lstikkoh `l iggdrhilgow`tb tbo roqu`roeolts da tb`s sogt`dl, tbo eiluaigturor s `lstikkit`dl`lstrugt`dls ilh tbo hiepor s k`st`lc.

I C_@HO XD WEDFO GDLXZDK L XBO :==1 @JG


6/20


7/20

7-1 GDHO-EILHIXOH WEDFO JIZZ@OZW

hotogtdr igt`vitoh gkdsuro hdos ldt ippky td hiepors tbit hd ldt polotrito ritohissoejkòs ilh iro dlky loohoh adr prdpor gdla`curit`dl da BQIG, dr sedfo gdltrdksystoes.

Sbol sedfo gdltrdk systoes iro `lstikkoh `l tbo ju`kh`lc, tbo spogà`g a`ro ikire`l`tìt`lc hov`gos tbit giuso tbdso sedfo hiepors td prdporky gdla`curo eust johdgueoltoh `l tbo gdltrdk hìcries ]ds`t`vo `lh`git`dl da dpol/gkdsoh stitus `sroqu`roh jy Wogt`dl 0=0.91 adr sedfo/gdej`lit`dl hiepors tbit iro pirt da i sedfogdltrdk systoe ilh/dr tbit iro `lstikkoh w`tb`l sedfo jirròrs sopirit`lc sedfo zdloswboro o`tbor zdlo `s sorvoh jy tbo eogbil`gik sedfo gdltrdk oqu`peolt.

Iktbducb `t eiy jo ipprdprìto (ilh roqu`roh) td `lstikk sedfo hotogtdrs `l tbosuppky s`ho da i sedfo gdltrdk systoe, dlo eust jo giroauk wbol `lstikk`lc sedfohotogtdrs `l hugts tbit iro pirt da tbo oxbiust s`ho da i sedfo gdltrdk systoe.Sbol ikk ispogts da tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe iro aulgt`dl`lc prdporky, tboso sedfohotogtdrs gil jo prdcrieeoh 9= `l`tìto sedfo oxbiust ai stritoc`g pdrt`dl da tbosedfo gdltrdk systoe `lh`gitos èprdpor aulgt`dl`lc (sugb is ail ai` kuro dr i hiepor`lgdrrogtky pds`t`dloh, wb`gb gdukh ikkdw sedfo td e`crito igrdss sedfo jirròrs),tbo sieo sedfo hotogtdr gil jo prdcrieeoh td `l`tìto hiepor gkdsuro. W`lgo hieporgkdsuro w`kk typ`gikky jo prdcrieeoh is tbo ai`kuro edho da sedfo gdltrdk systoes,sedfo hotogtdrs w`kk aroquoltky ldt jo logossiry it hiepors `l ldlhoh`gitohsedfo gdltrdk systoes. Wedfo hotogtdrs w`kk riroky jo loohoh it sedfo hiepors `lhoh`gitoh sedfo gdltrdk systoes. Xboroadro, `lstikk `lc sedfo hotogtdrs td gkdsosedfo hiepors ippkòs prèir`ky td i`r-bilhk`lc systoes tbit iro ldt usoh adr eoot`lctbo prdv`s`dls da Wogt`dl 0=0.

391.? Sboro roqu`roh. A`ro hiepors sedfo hiepors, gdej`lit`dla`ro/sedfo hiepors ilh go`k`lc rihìt`dl hiepors sbikk ja prdv`hoh ittbo kdgit`dls prosgr`joh `l Wogt`dls 391.?. 9 tbrducb 391 ? ? Sboro ilissoejky `s roqu`ro td bivo jdtb a`ro hiepors ilh sedfo hiepors,gdej`lit`dl a`ro/sedfo hiepors dr i a`ro hiepor ilh i sedfo hieporsbikk jo roqu`roh.

A`ro hiepors (ldt sedfo hiepors) iro roqu`roh jy Wog t`dls 391.?. 9 ilh 39 1.?.: `la`rowikks ilh a`ro jirròrs, rospog t` vo ky. atoe : da tbo oxgopt`dl td Wogt`dl 391 ? .:ikkdws a`ro hiepors td jo hokotoh wbol tboy iro pirt da i hugtoh systoe usoh adreoot`lc tbo prdv`s`dls da Wogt`dl 0=0. Woo tbo h`sguss`dl ijdvo adr Wogt`dl 391.:. @.391.?.: A`ro jirròrs Hugts ilh i`r trilsaor dpol`lcs da `ro jirròrssbikk jo prdtogto w`tb ipprdvoh a`ro hiepors `lstikkoh `l iggdrhilgow`tb tbo`r k`st`lc. Hurts ilh i`r trilsaor dpol`lcs sbikk ldt polotrito ox`tolgkdsuros ilh ox`t pissicowiys oxgopt is pore`tto jy Wogt`dls9=:=9: ilh 9=:9 .? rospogt`voky.

Oxgopt`dl> A`ro hiepors iro ldt roqu`roh it polotrit`dls da `ro jirròrswboro ily da bo adkkdw`lc ippky>V@toe @ da tbo oxgopt`dl `s ldt ropr`ltoh boro.U

:. Hugts iro usoh is pirt dail ipprdvoh sedfo gdltrdk systoe `l iggdrhilgow`tb Wogt`dl 0=0 ilh wboro tbo uso daia`ro hiepor wdukh `ltotaoro w`tb tbodporit`dl dai sedfo gdltrdk systoe.V@toe 7 da tbo oxgopt`dl `s ldt ropr`ltoh boro.UWoo tbo h`sguss`dl adr Wogt`dl 391 .:.9Xbo sogdlh soltolgo da tb`s roqu`roeolt `s gdls`stolt w`tb, ilh logossiry td eoot,tbo `ltolt da Wogt`dls 9=:=.9 : ilh @=:9.?. Hiepors gilldt ovol jo usoh td e`t`citohugts ilh i`r trilsaor dpol`lcs `ltd ox`t olgkdsuros, dr ox`t pissicowiys. Xboso typos



8/20

GDHOEILHIXOH WEDFO JIZZ@OZW 7 3

da dpol`lcs ilh ikk dtbor polotrit`dls iro rostr`gtoh td dlky tbdso logossiry td sorvotbo olgkdsuro. ]rdv`hoh ily sbiat olgkdsuros gdlti `l`lc hugts ilh dtbor i`rtrilsaor cr`kks tbit dpol `l td ox`t olgkdsuros i r o prd tog toh oqu `vikoltky td tbo ox `tolg kdsuro tbrducbdut tbo `r olt`ro kolctb. tboy gil jo gdls`ho roh il oxtols`dl da tboox`t olgkdsu ro ilh eoot tbo `ltolt da tb`s sogt`dl. Is oxtols`dls da tbo ox`t olgkdsuro,tboso olgkdsuros (sbiats) iro ld t ikkdwoh td gd lti`l ily gdlh u`t, pkuej`lc, hugts drilytb`lc okso tbit `s ldt loohoh td sorvo tbo ox` t olgkdsuro.

391.?.7 Wbiat olgkdsuros. Wbiat olgkdsuros tbit iro pore`tt]h td jopolotritoh jy hugts ilh i`r trilsaor dpol`l (s sbikk jo prdtog toh w`tbipprdvoh a`ro ilh sedfo hiepors `lstikkoh `l iggdrhilgo w`tb tbo`r

xgopt`dls>9 A`ro hiepors iro ldt roqu`roh it polotrit`dls dasbiats wboro>

9.9 Wtook oxbiust sujhugts ]xtolhit koist :: `lgbos (??0 ee) vort`rikky `loxbiust sbiatsprdv`hoh tboro s i gdlt`ludus i`rakdw upwirh td tbo dut-s`ho, dr ..@Oxgop t`dl 9.: `s ldt ropr`ltoh boro. @

9.7 Hugts iro usoh is pirt dail ipprdvoh sedfo gdltrdk systoe hos`clohilh `lstikkoh l uggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0 ilh wboro tboa`ro hieporw`kk `ltoraoro w`tb tbo dporit`dl da bo sedfo gdltrdk systoe6 dr ..

@Oxgopt`dl 9.8 `s ldt ropr`ltoh boro.:. @l Crdup J ilh Z dggupilgòs, oqu`ppoh tbrducbdut w`tb il iutdeit`gspr`lfkor systoe `l iggdrhil go w`tb Wogt`dl 0=7.7.9.9, sedfo hiepors iroldt roqu`roh it polotrit`dls dasbiats wboro>

: 9 F`tgbol. gkdtbos hryor, jitbrdie ilh td`kot rdde oxbiust dpol`lcs iro`lstikkoh w`tb stook oxbiust sujhugts, biv`lc i wikk tb`gfloss dait koist=.=90 `lgb (=.82 ee)6 ilh:.: Xbit oxtolh it koist :: `lgbos ??0 ee) vort`gikky6 ilh:.7 Il oxbiust ail `s `lstikkoh it tbo uppor tore`lus da tbo sbiat tbit `spdworoh gdlt`ludusky `l iggdrhilgo w`tb tbo prdv`s`dls da Wogt`dl0=0.99, sd is td ei`lti`l i gdlt`ludus upwirhi`rakdw td tbo duts`ho.

VOxgopt`dl 7 `s ldt ropr`ltoh boro.8. Wedfo hiepors iro ldt roqu`roh it polotrit`dls da sbiats wboro hugts irousoh is pirt dail ipp rdvoh eogbil`gik sedfo gdltrdk systoe hos`cloh `liggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0 ilh wboro tbo sedfo hiepor w`kk ltoraoro w`tbtbo dporit`dl da tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe.

Woo tbo h`sguss`dl adr Wogt`dl 391.:. 9.Xb `s oxgopt`dl ikkdws de`ss`dl da tbo a`ro hiepors dlky. Xd`kot oxbiust sbiats iroaroquoltky hos`cloh ilh gdlstrug toh td tifo ihviltico da tb`s oxgopt`dl. Xb`s

oxgopt`dl `l gdlnu lg t`dl w`tb Oxgopt`dl : da tb `s sogt`dl gil jo usoh td ikkdwde `ss`dl da tbo sedfo hiepor `l J ilh Z dggupilgòs soo jokdw adr gkirà`git`dl).

Xbo gdlt`ludus i`rakdw upwirh td tbo oxtor`dr `l gdlnulgt`dl w`tb tbo ::- `lgb (??0ee ) sujhugt ikkdws jdtb tbo sedfo ilh a`ro hiepors. rospogt`voky, td jo de`ttoh.Xboso ails iro roqu`roh td jo pdworoh gdlt`ludusky `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl0=0. 99 , wb` gb roqu`ros jdtb prèiry ilh sogdlhiry sdurgos.

Woo tbo h`sguss`dl adr Wogt`dl 391.7.:.9.

I C_@HO XD WEDFO DLXZDK @L XBO :==1 @ G


9/20

7 2

GDE @LOH ^DL@LC

GDHO EILHIXOH WEDFO JIZZ @OZW

391.?.8.9 Gdrr`hdrs. I k`stoh sedfo hiepor hos`cloh td ros`st tbo pissicoda sedfo sbikk jo prdv`hoh it oigb pd`lt i hugt dr i`r trilsaor dpol`lcpolotritos i gdrr`hdr olgkdsuro roqu`roh td bivo sedfo ilh hriat gdltrdkhddrs `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 39?.8.7.

Oxgopt`dls>9 Wedfo hiepors iro ldt roqu`roh wboro tbo ju`kh`lc `s oqu`ppoh tbrducbdutw`tb il ipprdvoh sedfo gdltrdk systoe `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0, ilhsedfo hiepors iro ldt logossiry dr tbo dporit`dl ilh gdltrdk da bo systoe.: Wedfo hiepors iro ldt roqu`roh `l gdrr`hdr polotrit`dls wboro tbo hugt `sgdlstrugtoh dastook ldt koss tbil =.=90-`lgb =.82 ee) l tb`gflossilh tboroiro ld dpol`lcs sorv`lc tbo gdrr`hdr.

Oxgopt`dl k ikkdws sedfo hiepors td jo de`ttoh `l ju`kh`lcs au kky prdtogtoh jyil ipprdvoh sedfo gdltrdk systoe, wbol tboy iro ldt logossiry adr tb o dporit`dlilh gdltrdk da tbo systoe. Xb`s ikkdwilgo sbdukh dlky jo gdls`horoh dl igiso-jy-giso jis`s. Sbol tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe `s dporit`lc prdporky, sedfohiepors gil jo prdcrieeoh td roei`l `l tbo dpol pds`t`dl ilh st`kk ikkdw tbo sedfogdltrdk systoe td aulgt`dl w`tb`l tbo `ltolt da `ts hos`cl. Sbol i`rakdw solsdrs hd ldt`lh`gito ihoquito i`r edvoeolt, tboso hiepors gil jo prdcrieeoh td gkdso ilhei`lti`l tbo piss`vo sedfo jirròr. a sedfo gil e`crito arde dlo sedfo zdlo tdildtbor tbrducb i hugtoh dr ldlhugtoh hiepor wbol ails iro daa, rogdcl`t`dl datb`s ikkdwilgo `s ldt ipprdprìto. I a`ro hiepor eust st`kk jo `lstikkoh wbolroqu`roh oksowboro.

391.?.? edfo jirròr.v I k`stoh sedfo hiepor hos`cloh td ros`st tbo .pissico da sedfo sbikk jo prdv`hoh it oigb pd`lt i hugt dr i`r trilsaordpol`lc polotritos i sedfo jirròr. Wedfo hiepors ilh sedfo hieporig>tuit`dl eotbdhs sbikk gdepky w`tb Wogt`dl 391.7.:.9

Oxgopt`dl> Wedfo hiepors iro ldt roqu`roh wboro tbo dpol`lcs `l hugts irokè`toh td i s`lcko sedfo gdepirteolt ilh tbo hugts iro gdlstrugtohda took.Xbo oxgopt`dl rogdcl`zos tbit tbo sedfo gdepirteolt eiy jo gdls`horoh

td `lgkuho olgkdsoh tujos (hugts) oxtolh`lc arde tbo zdlo

]iss`vo sedfo gdltrdk systoes ut`k`zo sedfo jirròrs td kè`t sedfo e`crit`dl.Xboso piss`vo jirròrs hoa`lo piss`vo sedfo zdlos Eogbil`gik sedfo gdltrdksystoes ut`k`zo ails td prdhugo prossuro hàaorolgos igrdss sedfo jirròrs drostijk`sb i`rakdw td kè`t ilh h`rogt sedfo edvoeolt. Xboso eogbil`gik systoeshoa`lo igt`vo sedfo zdlos.

I sedfo gdltrdk edho `s hoa`loh is il dporit`dlik gdla`curit`dl da i systoe drhov`go adr tbo purpdso da sedfo gdltrdk. Wedfo gdltrdk zdlos gil jo hoa`loh jytbo`r edho da dporit`dl (piss`vo/igt`vo) ilh, `l sdeo lstilgos, eiy gbilco tbo`rhos`clit`dl jisoh dl tbo edho da dporit`dl.

@t `s gorti`lky w`tb`l tbo ltolt da gdho td ikkdw eukt`pko piss`vo sedfo zdlos td jooxbiustoh sèuktilodusky, prdv`hoh sedfo `s ldt trilsaorroh igrdss gdho-`ltolhohsedfo jirròrs (`lgkuh`lc olgkdsoh akddrs). Wdeopiss`vo sedfo zdlos eiy gdlst`tutoi pdrt`dl da i kircor igt`vo sedfo zdlo. Sbol ail s iro dporit`lc prdporky ilhhiepors/hddrs iro prdporky pds` t`dloh, eukt`pko piss`vo zdlos eiy jo sorvohsèuktilodusky, prdv`hoh tbit wbol ails ai`k td dporito prdporky dr hiepors/hddrsiro ldt prdporky pds`t`dloh, tbo systoe `s hos`cloh td ai`k sugb tbit tbo piss`vo jirròrsgil ei`lti`l tbo `ltocr`ty da tbo piss`vo sedfo zdlo(s).

I C_@HO XD WED O GDLXZDK @L XBO :==1 t G


10/20

G D H O E L H X O H W E D F O J Z Z ~ ~ ~ W

GDHO EILHIXOHWEDFO ^DLOW

Gdlvorsoky, `t `s roisdlijko td eogbil`gikky oxbiust i pdrt`dl da i kirco piss`vozdlo, prdv`hoh sedfo `s ei`lti`loh `l tbo colorik iroi da dr`c`l. @l tboso s` tuit`dls,dlo kirco piss`vo sedfo zdlo eiy jo eiho up da sovorik igt`vo sedfo gdltrdksystoes tbit igt`vito `lhopolholt y.

Ldw kot s tifo i kddf it spogà`g gdho-eilhitoh sedfo zdlos ilh wbol `t eiy joroisdlijko td sorvo eukt`pko piss`vo sedfo zdlos sèuktilodusky.Wogt`dl @==: hoa`los i bdr`zdltik ox`t ilh gkiràòs tbit `t `s `ltolhoh td ostijk`sb il

iroi tbit s siao arde a`ro ilh sedfo dr`c`lit`lc `l tbo iroi arde wb`gb osgipo `s eiho.Xboroadro. ulhor jdtb piss`vo ilh igt`vo gdlh`t`dls, bdr`zdltik ox`ts ikwiysgdlst`tuto sedfo jirròrs.

Dlo gdlt`cudus aig`k`ty eiy jo vòwoh is eukt`pko ju`kh`lcs wbol a`ro wikks irogdlstrugtoh `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 3=?. _lhor jdtb igt`vo ilh piss`vogdlh`t`dls, a`ro wikks iro `ltolhoh td igt is sedfo jirròrs. Xb`s `s ospogìkky truowbol a`ro wikks iro usoh td okè`lito sedfo gdltrdk roqu`roeolts arde hàaoroltpdrt`dls da i gdlt`cudus aig`k`ty.

Wogt`dls @ =:=.9.: ilh @=:9 .? hd ldt ikkdw dpol`lcs dtbor tbil ox`t hddrs `ltd sti`rolgkdsuros dr ox` t pissicowiys. Eogbil`gik sedfo gdltrdk `s, tboroadro, ldt ikkdwohtd sèuktilodusky sorvo tboso ritoh ox`t olgkdsuros ilh ihnigolt spigos. Jisoh dl tb`sroqu`roeolt, sti`r olgkdsuros ilh ox`t pissicowiys eust ikwiys jo hos`cloh isgdepkotoky `lhopolholt sedfo zdlos arde tbo roei`lhor da tbo ju`ku`lc.

Wti`r oltrilgo vost`jukos. hosgr`joh `l Wogt`dl 0=0.:=.:, iro roqu`roh td josopiritoh arde tbo ju`kh`lc ilh arde tbo sti`r olgkdsuro jy i :-bdur a`ro jirròr. Isspogàòtk `l Wogt`dls 0=0.:=.7.: ilh 0=0.:=.8.9, hddrs `ltd tbo vost`juko arde tboju`kh`lc ilh arde tbo vost`juko `ltd tbo sti`r olgkdsuro iro roqu`roh td jo sedfo- ilhhriat-gdltrdk issoejkòs `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 39?.8.7. Xboroadro sti`roltrilgo vost`jukos ilh ikk dtbor pdrt`dls da tbo ju`kh`lc gdlst`tuto sopiritosedfo zdlos.

Hugts sorv`lc ox`t pissicowiys, sti`r olgkdsuros ilh sti`r oltrilgo vost`jukosiro iksd gdls`horoh il oxtols`dl da tbo rospogt`vo ox`t gdepdlolt ilh iro,tboroadro, roqu`rotk td jo sopiritoh arde ikk dtbor pdrt`dls da tbo ju`kh`lc. Xd eoot tb`sgdepirteoltit`dl roqu`roeolt, sbiats (wbotbor hugtoh dr ldt) prdv`h`lc sedfogdltrdk adr tboso prdtogtoh ox`t pitbs iro ldt ikkdwoh td gdlti`l hugts, gdlhu`t drp`p`lc sorv`lc ily dtbor pdrt`dl da tbo ju`kh`lc tbrducbdut tbo olt`ro kolctb da tbosbiat.

Wogt`dl 391.?.7 roqu`ros sedfo hiepors it dpol`lcs `ltd sbiats. Is sugb, sbiatsgdlst`tuto vort`gik sedfo zdlos.

Akddrs hoa`lo piss`vo sedfo zdlos. Sbol twd akddrs iro dpol td oigb dtbor isikkdwoh jy Oxgopt`dl 3 da Wogt`dl 3=3.:, tbo ltorgdllogtoh kovoks eiy jo vòwoh is is`lcko piss`vo sedfo zdlo.

Wogt`dl 89=.7.8 roqu`ros sticos td jo sopiritoh arde tbo soit`lc iroi w`tb i wikkbiv`lc ldt koss tbil i :-bdur a`ro-ros`stilgo rit`lc. Wogt`dl 89=.7.? roqu`ros tboprdsgolùe dpol`lc prdtogt`dl td `ltorgopt bdt cisos, akieos ilt` sedfo adr :=e`lutos. Xboso roqu`roeolts `lh`gito tbit sticos iro gdls`horoh sopirito sedfozdlos arde tbo ihnigolt pujk`g soit`lc iroi.

Xijko @D 3.9 spogàòs tbo a`ro-ros`stilgo rit`lc da gdrr`hdrs. Oxgopt adr ros`holtìkdggupilgòs, edst ju`kh`lcs roqu`roh td gdepky w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0 w`kk ldt roqu`roI C_@HO XD WEDFO D XZDK L XBO : 1 @JG


11/20

7-9= T D Y E L E D F T Z T

a`ro-ros`stilgo-ritoh gdrr`hdrs. Is ~ p o g ` a ` o h `l Xijko 39?.8, ikk dpol`lcs `ltda`ro-ros`stilgo ritoh gdrr`hdrs iro roqu`roh td jo prdtogtoh. Wogt`dl 39?.8.7. 9 roqu`roshddrs `l sedfo jirròrs ilh ritoh gdrr`hdrs td jo sedfo- ilh hriat-gdltrdk issoejk òs.Gkiss @ :?=A (9: @ G sedfo hiepors iro iksd roqu`roh. Xbo gdho> bis ikwiys`ltolhoh tbit ritoh gdrr`hdrs gdlst`tuto piss`vo sedfo zdlos. Sbol gdrr`hdrs irohos`cloh td jo oxbiustoh sèuktilodusky w`tb ihnigolt pdrt`dls da tbo ju`kh`lc, tbosystoe sbdukh jo hos`cloh sugb tbit tbo gdrr`hdr `s pds`t`vo rokit`vo td tbo pdrt`dl datbo ju`kh`lc jo`lc oxbiustoh.

Wogt`dl 8=8.? roqu`ros itrì td jo sopiritoh arde ldlitrùe spigos jy i 9 bdur a`rojirròr. Xijko 39?.8 roqu`ros i e`lèue 7/ 8-bdur dpol`lc prdtogt`dl, jut hdos ldtspogà`gikky roqu`ro sedfo- ilh hriat-gdltrdk hddrs. Xboro hdos ldt ippoir td jo iroqu`roeolt adr sedfo hiepors o`tbor. Xif`lc tboso gdlstri`lts `ltd iggdult, dlo eiygdlgkuho tbit itrùe olgkdsuros iro ldt roqu`roh td aulgt`dl is sedfo jirròrs. Xb `sgdlgkus`dl gdltrih`gts tbo dr`c`lik `ltolt da tbo itrùe prdv`s`dls, wb`gb oxpogtohwikks sopirit`lc itrì arde ldlitrùe spigos td aulgt`dl edro is sedfo jirròrs tbila`ro jirròrs. Hotore`lit`dl da tbo `ltolhoh sopirit`dl roqu`roeolts jotwool itrì ilhldlitrùe spigos eust jo gddrh`litoh jotwool tbo hos`cl toie/dwlor ilh tbo IBNpr`dr td hos`cl.

Wè`kir td tbo progoh`lc h` sguss`dl dl itrì, tbo dr`c`lik kovo k da prdtogt`dl`ltolhoh adr gdvoroh eikk ju`kh`lcs bis ldt jool ro`toritoh `l tbo @JG. Xboro s ldkdlcor ily roqu`roeolt adr sedfo gdltrdk systoes sorv`lc tolilt spigos td jo sopiritoarde tbdso sorv`lc tbo eikk. Iktbducb tbo dr`c`lik eikk prdv`s`dls `ltolhoh tbit tboeikk/tolilt `ltoraigo w`tb`l gdvoroh eikk ju`kh`lcs jo gdls`horoh i sedfo jirròr, tb`skovok da prdtogt`dl `s ldt spogà`gikky roqu`roh jy tbo @JG. Sbol i kk ox `t pitbs tbrducbi b`cb-jiy eikk iro it tbo kdwost kovok, `t eiy jo roisdlij ko td oxbiust ikk sed fo ardetbo eikk, wbotbor `t dr`c`litos `l tbo eikk dr il ihnigolt tolilt iroi. Sbol ox`t pitbsiro tbrducb uppor kovoks da eukt`pko-kovok eikks , il olc`looroh ilikys`s eust joporadreoh td gdla`re tbit ox `t pitbs w`kk ldt jo ihvorsoky èpigtoh jy sedfodr`c`lit`lc dl i kdwor kovok o`lc hriwl igrdss ox`t pitbs dl uppor kovoks. Xbo hos`cltoie/dwlor ilh IBN eust jo `l gdlgurrolgo w`tb tbo cdiks adr tbo sedfo gdltrdkipprdigb adr gdvoroh eikk ju`kh`lcs pr`dr td hos`cl.

Daa`go spigos iro dt roqu`roh td jo sopiritoh arde ihnigolt daa`go tolilts. Sikksiro ldt roqu`roh td oxtolh aukk bo`cbt, ldr iro a`ro/sedfo hiepors roqu`roh. Wè`kirikkdwilgos ox`st adr ihnigolt roti`k tolilts. Iktbducb sedfo dr`c`lit`lc `l dlosugb tolilt spigo `s ldt eilhitoh jy gdho td jo gdlti`loh w`tb`l tbo spigo dadr`c`l, `t sooes ulk`foky tbit ydu wdukh ipprogìto ydur daa`go dr roti`k stdro jo`lcgdls`horoh pirt da ydur lo`cbjdrs ' sedfo zdlo. Xb`s sujnogt sbdukh jo h`sgussohjotwool tbo ju`kh`lc dwlor ilh tbo hos`cl toie. @a oigb sugb tolilt `s td jo i sopiritosedfo zdlo, tbo IBN looh dlky jo eiho iwiro da tb`s irrilcoeolt.

Wogt`dls 3=2 ilh 399 roqu`ro Z9 cuostrddes td jo sopiritoh arde ihnigolt ul`tsjy ldt koss tbil -bdur a`ro-ros`stilgo-ritoh gdlstrugt`dl. ]dr dtbor tbil gdrr`hdrwikks, Xijko 39?.8 roqu`ros dpol`lcs `l a`ro pirt`t`dls (Wogt`dl 3=2) td jo 7/ 8-bdurritoh, jut hdos ldt roqu`ro sedfo- ilh hriat-gdltrdk issoejkòs. l ihh`t`dl . Wogt`dl391.?.8 dlky roqu`ros a`ro hiepors ilh ldt sedfo hiepors `l a`ro pirt`t`dls tbit hd ldtgroito gdrr`hdr . Jisoh dl tboso roqu`roeolts, dlo eiy gdlgkuho tbit tbo gdho hdosldt `ltolh cuostrdde sopirit`dls t aulgt`dl is sedfo jirròrs. t eiy jo gdlgkuhohtbit tbo ihh`t`dlik kovok da prdtogt`dl prdv`hoh adr Z-9 cuostrddes, sugb is iutdeit`gspr`lfkors tbrducbdut ilh sedfo hotogt`dl. `s suaa`gòlt td wirrilt i a`ro-ros`st`vosopirit`dl dlky. @a tbo hos`clors, dwlors ilh I@NN iro ulgdeadrtijko w`tb tb`s kovok daprdtogt`dl, ihh`t`dlik prdtogt`dl `s ikwiys iggoptijko.

Zitbor tbil oviguito dggupilts, bdsp `tiks ilh gdrrogt`dl aig`k` tòs uso i hoaolh-`lpkigo stritocy. Is sugb, Wogt`dls 8=3.8 ilh 8=2.1 roqu`ro sedfo jirròrs adr k-: ilh

- - - I C_@HO XD WEDFO GDLXZDK @L XBO :==1 @JG


12/20

8 9

Gbiptor 8]ZOWW_Z@ÎX@DL WPWXOEW

]ZOWW_Z@ÎX@DL GDLGO]X Xbo prossur`zit`dl eo tbdh da sedfo gdltrdk usos prossuro hàaorolgos prdhugoh jyails igrdss jirròrs td gdltrdk sedfo edvoeolt. A`curo 8.9 sbdws i prossuroh` aaorolgo jo`lc usoh td gdltrdk sedfo edvoeolt igrdss i jirròr. S`tb`l tbo jirròr`s i hddr. Xbo b` cb prossuro s`ho da tbo jirròr `s i spigo td jo prdtogtoh sugb is iroauco iroi, ocross rduto dr dtbor pirt da tbo ju`kh `lc. Xbo kdw prossuro s`ho da tbojirròr `s oxpdsoh td sedfo arde i a`ro. I`rakdw tbrducb tbo cips irdulh tbo hddr ilhtbrducb gdlstrugt`dl grigfs provolts sedfo `la`ktrit`dl td tbo b`cb prossuro s`ho. Xb`si`rakdw tbrducb sugb seikk dpol`lcs sbdukh ldt jo gdlausoh w`tb tbo i`rakdw hos`cleotbdh XJG 0=0.3) wb`gb `s ipprdprìto adr kirco dpol`lcs sugb is dpol hddrwiys ish`sgussoh `l Gbiptor ?.

A`curo 8.9]rossurohàaorolgo igrdss ijirròr gdltrdkk`lcsedfo akdw

0=01 ]ZOWW_Z@ÎX@DLEOXBDH

@Wedfo

B`cb ]rossuro W`hoKdw ]rossuro W`ho

Xbo gdeedlky usoh prossur`zit`dl systoes iro zdloh sedfo gdltrdk , prossur`zohsti`rs ilh prossur`zoh okovitdrs. Xbo jis`g gdlgopts da prossur`zit`dl iro h`sgussohjokdw, ilh prossur`zoh sti`rs ilh prossur`zoh okovitdrs iro h`sgussoh `l Gbiptors @@ilh 9:.

0=0.1 ]rossur`zit`dl eotbdh Xbo prèiry eogbil`gik eoils dagdltrdkk`lc sedfo sbikk jo jy prossuro hàaorolgos igrdss sedfo jirròrsEi`ltolilgo da i tolijko olv`rdleolt `s ldt roqu`roh `l tbo sedfogdltrdk zdlo dan ro dr`c`l

Xb`s sogt`dl, `l gdlnulgt`dl w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0.8.1, gkoirky spogàòs tbit tboprossur`zit`dl eotbdh `s dlky `ltolhoh tD gdlti`l sedfo w`tb`l tbo zdlo da dr`c`l adrit koist := e`lutos. Xb`s hos`cl ipprdigb `s ldt i purco systoe, ldr s `t `ltolhoh tdprdv`ho i tolijko olv`rdleolt `l tbo zdlo da dr`c`l. Weikkor olgkdsoh spigos w`tb kdwtd edhorito go`k`lc bo`cbts w`kk typ`gikky uso o`tbor i eogbil`gik/igt`vo prossur`zit`dlipprdigb dr i ldleogbil`gikkpiss`vo ipprdigb. Eogbil`gik systoes w`kk ldreikkyuso oxbiust i`r td bokp rohugo prossuro `l tbo iroi da a`ro dr`c`l. Xbo prdpdsoh sedfo

I C_@HO XD WEDFO GDLXZDK @L XBO : 1 @JG


13/20

8-:

HOW@CL ]ZOWW_ZOH@AAOZOL O

E`lèue ]rossuroHàaorolgo

]ZOWW_Z@ÎX@DL WPWXOEW

gdltrdk ipprdigb ikdlc w`tb `ts hos`cl `ltolt sbdukh jo h`sgussoh w`tb tbo IBN pr`dr tdhos`cl ilh suje`ttoh adr rovòw ilh ipprdvik.

VA 0=0 19 E`lèue prossuro hàaorolgo. Xbo ezeeue prossurohàaorolgo igrdss i sedfo jirròr sbikk jo =.=?-`lgb witor cico (=.=9:8f]i) `l aukky spr`lfkoroh ju`kh`lcs.@l ju`kh`lcs pore`ttoh td jo dtbor tbil aukky spr`lfkoroh, tbo sedfogdltrdk systoe sbikk jo hos`cloh td igbòvo prossuro hàaorolgos it koisttwd tèos tbo eixèue gikgukitoh prossuro hàaorolgo prdhugoh jy tbohos`cl a`ro

Xbo e`lèue prossuro hàaorolgo da =.=? `lgbos da witor 9:.8 ]i) w`kk jo voràòhjy tost`lc `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0.?. 9. Sbol tbo prossur`zit`dl eotbdh `susoh, =.=? `lgbos da witor 9:.8 ]i) igrdss sedfo jirròrs sopirit`lc ihnigolt sedfozdlos gdlst`tutos gdho gdepkìlgo. Xbo ail s gipig`ty g ae dr Kke`l) `s ldt rokovilttd tb`s hos`cl eo tbdh ilh looh ldt jo tostoh dr gdla`reoh. Vt `s tbo rospdls`j`k`ty da tbohos`cl prdaoss`dliks ilh gdltrigtdrs td igbòvo tbo roqu`roh =.=? `lgbos da witor @ :.8]i) prossuro hàaorolgo.

Xbo rit`dlik ilikys`s da tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe loohs td sbdw tbit tbo systoeei`lti`ls it koist tbo e`lèue prossuro hàaorolgo da =.=? `lgbos da witor @:.8 ]i)ulhor gdlh`t`dls da stigf oaaogt ilh w`lh oaaogt.

Wedfo gdltrdk systoes iro hos`cloh td dporito w`tb`l i prossuro hàaorolgo rilcoXb`s rilco `s jotwool tbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo ilh tbo eixèueprossuro hàaorolgo.

Xbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo `s colorikky s t`pukitoh jy tbo gdho. Adrtbo prossur`zit`dl eotbdh, Wog t`dl 0=0.1. 9 stitos tbit tbo e` lèue hos`cl prossurohàaorolgo `s =.=? `lgbos da witor 9:.8 ]i). Adr sti`r prossur`zit`dl systoes. Wogt`dl0=0.:=.? stitos tbit tbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo `s =.9? `lgbos da witor73.7 ]i) . Adr okovitdr bd`stwiy prossur`zit`dl , Wogt `dl 3=3.98 .:. 9 stitos tbit tboe`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo `s =.=8 `lgbos da witor @=.= ]i). Xb`s sogt`dl

h`sgussos e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgos, ilh wbit f`lh da poradreilgo gil jooxpogtoh arde vir`dus vikuos da e`lèue prossuro hàaorolgo.Xbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo `s i vikuo da prossuro hàaorolgo tbit tbo

sedfo gdltrdk systoe loohs td ei`lti`l ulh or hos`cl gdlh`t`dls da stigf oaaogt ilhw`lh oaaogt. Xbo ilikys`s prosoltoh boro `s `l tolhoh td prdv`ho `ls`cbt `ltd tbo kovok dasedfo prdtogt`dl tbit gil jo ilt`g`pitoh jy tbo vikuos da e`lèue prossurohàaorolgo `l tbo gdho. Xbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo gil jo gikgukitoh is isiaoty aigtdr pkus tbo judyilgy prossuro hàaorolgo da tbo a ro>

9]. 5 9]?A 3.18bV @ - @ Nlul X= + 81= X= - - 81=Adr WN> 9] . 5 9]s + 781=b V 9 - 9 U

ed X= + :37 X A + :37wboro>

9] ,.9 5 E`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo, `lgbos da witor ]i).]?A 5]rossuro hàaorolgo siaoty aigtdr, `lgbos da witor ]i).

8.9)



14/20

5H`stilgo ijdvo loutrik pkilo, at (e).5 Xoeporituro da surrdulh`lcs. "A (G).

X 5 Xoeporituro da bdt cisos, dA (G).adr purpdsos da Oquit`dl (8. 9 . tbo loutrik pkilo s i bdr`zdltik pkilo jotwool tbo

a`ro spigo ilh surrdulh`lc spigo it wb`gb tbo prossuro hàaorolgo jotwool tbo a`rospigo ilh tbo surrdulh`lc spigo `s zord. Xbo :==1 oh`t`dl daLA]I 0:I 9 rogdeeolhsgdlsorvit` vo vikuos> (@ ) bis twd-tb`rhs tbo akddr td go`k`lc bo`cbt, (:) 5 =.=7 lgbos dawitor (3.? ]i), ilh (7) XA 593== A (0:3 G) adr aukky hovokdpoh a`ros. Xbo siaotyaigtdr s gbdsol td iggdult adr tbo ldreik akugtuit`dls `l prossuro huo td gbilcos `lw`lh ilh jirdeotr`g prossuro. adr i spr`lfkoroh a`ro, toeporituro da bdt cisos, X .- `s iwo`cbtoh ivorico vikuo da tbo sedfo kiyor toeporituro ilh tbo kdwor kiyortoeporituro.

Oxiepko 8.N. ]irt @ sbdws tbit tbo e`lèue prossuro hàaorolgo loohoh td gdltrdksedfo arde i aukky hovokdpoh a`ro `l spigo w`tb i 0-addt (:.38 e) go`k`lc bo`cbt `s =.9=`lgbos da witor (:8.0 ]i). ]il : da tb`s oxiepko sbdws tbit tbo e`lèue prossurohàaorolgo loohoh td gdltrdk sedfo arde i suggossaukky spr`lfkoroh a`ro `l spigo w`tb i0-addt (:.38 e) go` k`lc bo`cbt `s =.=? `lgbos da witor (9:.8 ]i) . Xboso vikuos icroow`tb tbdso prosoltoh `l LA]I 0:I.

TTT TTTTTTTTTTOxiepko 8.9 E`lèue Hos cl ]rossuro Hàaorolgo]irt 9> Adr i go` k`lc bo`cbt da 0 aoot , wbit `s tbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo w`tb i aukkyhovokdpoh a`ro4tk]?, 5=.=7 `l @ 9=X= 53= drXA 5 93== "a

:b (0) 5 1at7k] . 5 k],r +3.18bV - - T T - - U 5 =.=7 + 3.18(1)V @ - @ U 5 =.9= `l. pX= + 81= XA + 81= 3= + -+1= 93== + 81=]irt :> Adr i go`k`lc bo`cbt da 0 aoot , wbit s tbo e`lèue hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo w`tb ispr`lfkoroh a`ro4k],A 5 =.=7 `l B]X= 53=A:b 5 - ( 0) 5 1at7Xbo go`k`lc bo`cbt `s B 5 0 at.Xbo hoptb da tbo sedfo kiyor `s h 5 =.0 at.Xbo sedfo kiyor toeporituro `s 593== AX A 5 h + ( 5 93==(=.0) + 3=(0 - =.0) 5 :77=A

k 0

V k @ U V @ @ U .k]e l 5 k] A+3.18b - 5 D.YN + 3.18(1) - 5 =.=? e. BpX= + 81= X A + 81= 3= + 81= :77 + 81=



15/20

>

@

@

8-8

Eixèue ]rossuroàaorolgo

A`curo 8.:Hddr dpol`lc adrgoadr s`ho b`lcohsw`lc`lc hddr

A`curo 8.7Wgiko adreoisur`lc hddrdpol`lc adrgo


Wogt`dl 0=0.1.: da tbo @JG stitos tbit tbo eixèue i`r prossuro hàaorolgo igrdsssedfo jirròr sbikk jo hotore`loh jy roqu`roh hddr-dpol`lc dr gkds`lc adrgos. Xigtuik adrgo roqu`roh td dpol ox`t hddrs wbol tbo systoe s `l tbo sedfo gdltrdk edsbikk jo `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 9==2.9 .:. Wogt`dl 0=0.1 da tbo XJ G stitos tbit thddr adrgo td sot i s`ho-b`lcoh, sw`lc`lc hddr `l edt`dl `s gikgukitoh jy >

A 5 A + I Eho : S-h) (8.:)

wboro>5Hddr iroi, squiro aoot (e ).

hA

5 H`stilgo arde hddr bilhko td kitgb ohco da hddr, aoot (e).5 Xdtik hddr dpol`lc adrgo, pdulhs (L).

Ah 5 Adrgo roqu`roh td dvorgdeo gkds`lc hov`go, pdulhs (L).F 5Gdoaa`gòlt ?.: (9.=).S 5Hddr w`htb, aoot (e).E 5 Hos`cl prossuro hàaorolgo, `lgbos da witor (]i).

Oquit`dl (8.:) `s ippk`gijko adr hddrs tbit hd ldt st`gf td tbo arieo ilh bivprdporky kujr`gitoh b`lcos (`.o., kè`toh at`gt`dlik adrgos). Xbo tdtik hddr dpol`ladrgo, A ilh tbo hddr iro sbdwl `l A`curo 8.: .

B@CB ]ZOWW_ZO W@HO~ 8 wh +-/Fldj

A`curo 8.7 `s i sgiko tbit gil jo usoh adr eoisur`lc tbo tdtik hddr dpol`lc adrgo, ADlo olh da tbo sgiko `s ittigboh td tbo hddr, ilh tbo dtbor olh `s pukkoh ult`k tbo hddstirts td edvo. Sbol hd`lc tb`s, tbo fldj loohs td jo turloh sd tbit tbo hddr kitgb `h`solcicoh. Arde Oquit`dl (8.:) `t gil jo sool tbit wbol tbo prossuro hàaorolgigrdss tbo hddr s zord, tbo tdtik hddr dpol`lc adrgo, A s tbo sieo is tbo adrgo roqu`rohtd dvorgdeo tbo gkds`lc hov`go, Ng Il oisy wiy td hotore`lo tbo adrgo roqu`roh tddvorgdeo tbo gkds`lc hov`go `s td eoisuro tbo tdtik hddr dpol`lc adrgo wbol tboro `ld prossuro hàaorolgo igrdss tbo hddr.

]ukk Boro _lt`kIttigboh td Hddr Dpols

/H d T d ~ l d j ~ ~ ~ ~ k

@ @ @ @kk @ @kk[ @[[ @[[[[ @[@kk @@@z .. .

Wogt`dl 9==2.9 .: kè`ts tbo eixèue adrgo td sot i hddr `l edt`dl td 7= pdulhs( 977 L). Xbo ipprdprìto gderigtdrs, IBN ilh/dr tbo Wpogìk @lspogt`dl Icolgy, irooxpogtoh td vorày tbit dpol`lc adrgo kè`tit`dls iro `l gdepkìlgo. Xbo rit`dlikilikys`s da tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe loohs td sbdw tbit tbo adrgo td sot i hddr `ledt`dl hdos ldt oxgooh 7= pdulhs (N77 L) ulhor gdlh`t`dls dastigf oaaogt ilh w`lhoaaogt.



16/20

]ZOWW_Z@ÎX@DL WPWXOEW 8-?

Oxiepko 8.: sbdws tbit i hddr 7 aoot w`ho jy 3 aoot b`cb (=.098 e w`ho jy :.97 eb`cb) w`tb i hddr gkdsor tbit roqu`ros 0 pdulhs da adrgo ilh i prossuro hàaorolgoigrdss `t da =.7? `lgbos da witor bis i hddr dpol`lc adrgo da 7= pdulhs 977 L . Xb`seoils tbit i prossuro hàaorolgo da=.7? `lgbos da witor (23 ]i) `s ijdut tbo eixèuetbit gil jo usoh adr i 7-addt jy 3-addt hddr (=.098 e jy :. 97 e w`tbdut oxgooh`lc tboiNkdwijko hddr-dpol`lc adrgo. Sbol prossuros croitor tbil tb`s iro oxpogtoh,pdwor-iss`stoh hddrs eiy jo loohoh.

Oxiepko 8: Hddr Dpol`lc AdrgoSbit `s tbo hddr dpol`lc adrgo adr i hddr 7 aoot w`ho jy 3 aoot b`cb w`tb i hddr gkdsor tbit roqu`ros 0pdulhs da adrgo ilh i prossuro hàaorolgo igrdss `t da =.7? `lgbos witor cico4 Xbo fldj `s 7 `lgbosarde tbo ohco da tbo hddr.S5 atA g 5 09j

h 5 =.:? atI5 R 35:9 at :

F5 ?.:99]5=7? `l Bp

Arde Oquit`dl (8.:)>@

5 S I ~ ] ) 5 0 ?.:(7)(:9) =7?) 5 7= kjho : S - h) :(7 - =.:?)

]ZOWW_Z@^ X@DLWPWXOEW

]rossur`zoh sti`rs ilh prossur`zoh okovitdr bd`stwiys iro adres da prossur`zit`dlsystoes, jut tboy iro ldt h`sgussoh boro. ]rossur`zoh sti` rs iro troitoh `l Gbiptorilh Ippolh`x O, ilh prossur`zoh okovitdrs iro h`sgussoh `l Gbiptor k:

Xbo systoes h`sgussoh boro iro wbit LA]I 0:I roaors td is zdloh sedfo gdltrdk.^dloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes iro sdeotèos gikkoh ''prossuro silhw`gb systoes. al izdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoe, i ju`kh`lc s h`v`hoh `ltd i luejor dasedfo zdlos, oigbsopiritoh arde tbo dtbors jy sedfo jirròrs. @l tbo ovolt da i a`ro, prossuro hàaorolgosprdhugoh jy eogbil`giN ails iro usoh td kè`t tbo sedfo sproih td tbo zdlo `l wb`gbtbo a`ro `l`tìtoh. Xbo gdlgoltrit`dl da sedfo `l tb`s zdlo cdos ulgbogfoh.Iggdrh`lcky , `l zdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes, `t `s `ltolhoh tbit dggupilts oviguitotbo zdlo wboro tbo a`ro `s is sddl is pdss`jko.

Aroquoltky, oigb akddr da i ju`kh`lc s hos`cloh is i sopirito sedfo gdltrdk zdlo, juti sedfo zdlo gil jo pirt da i akddr dr ovol edro tbil dlo akddr. A`curo 8.8 (i) sbdws itikk ju`kh`lc wboro oigb akddr `s i sedfo gdltrdk zdlo. Xb`s a`curo sbdws tbo gkiss`giksedfo gdltrdk gdlgopt da oxbiust`lc tbo a`ro akddr ilh prossur`z`lc tbo akddr ijdvo ilhjokdw tbo a`ro akddr. A`curo 8.8 (j) sbdws i spriwk lc ju`kh`lc wboro oigb akddr `sh`v`hoh `ltd i luejor da sedfo gdltrdk zdlos. kl tb`s a`curo tbo sedfo zdlo `s oxbiustohilh tbo surrdulh`lc zdlos iro prossur`zoh.

I C_@HO XD WEDFO GDLXZDK @L XBO : 1 @JG


17/20

~ ~ ~ W ~ W ~ _ ~ X @ D L P E T W

A`curo 8 8Irrilcoeolts dzdlos adr zdlohsedfo gdltrdksystoes

gt`vit`dl

v+ /- +

r / / /(i) Zo kit`voky Wbdrt Ju` kh `lc

Wyejdks>- Wedfo dlo+ ]rossur`zoh Wpigos

Wedfo ^dlo

+

Ldtos>9. E`s `holtà`git`dl da tbo a`ro kdgit`dl gilrosukt `l `lgdrrogtky prossur`zec tbo zdlow`tb tbo a`ro ilh adrg`lc sedfo `ltd dtborzdlos ilh `ltd sti`rs. Gkiss`gik zdlohsedfo gdltrdk sbdukh dlky jo usoh w`tboxtroeo giut`dl.: Jogiuso da gdlgorl ijdut ad rg`lc sedfo`ltd sti`rs is hosgr`joh ijdvo, gkiss`gikzdloh sedfo gdltrdk `s dlky rogdeeolhohadr rokit`voky sbdrt ju`kh`lcs.7 ^dloh sedfo gdltrdk wdrfs jost adrju`kh`lcs w`tb dpol akddr pkils dr gdrr`hdrsw`tb ldreikky dpol hddrs.8. ^dloh sedfo gdltrdk hdos ldt wdrf wokkw`tb ju`kh`lcs wboro tbo akddrs iro h`v`hoh`ltd eily rddes sugb is bdtoks ilhipirteolt ju`kh`lcs.

+- .. Wedfo ^dlo+

- /// / / / / / / / / /////////, //////..=(j) Wp riwk`lc Ju`kh`lc ^ Edk

Nl ihh`t`dl td tbo gkiss`gik zdlo sedfo gdltrdk ipprdigb da oxbiust.`lc tbo zdlo w`tbtbo a`ro ilh prossur`z`lc ihnigolt zdlos, tboro iro i luejor da dtbor dpt`dls. Xwddpt`dls adr zdloh sedfo gdltrdk iro @) oxbiust`lc tbo a`ro zdlo ilh ld troiteolt daihnigolt zdlos, ilh :) volt`lc tbo a ro zdlo td tbo duts`ho ilh prossur`z`lc ihnigoltzdlos. I piss`vo ipprdigb td zdloh sedfo gdltrdk gil iksd jo usoh tbit bis atro zdlovol t lc ilh ld troiteolt da ihnigolt zdlos.

_lkoss dtborw`so stitoh, tbo h`sguss`dls tbit adkkdw ippky td tbo gkiss`gik zdlosedfo gdltrdk ipprdigb.

@t `s gdeedl td igt`vito zdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes jisoh dl s`cliks arde sedfohotogtdrs, spr`lfkor witor akdw dr boit hotogtdrs. Adr prdpor dporit`dl da zdloh sedfogdltrdk systoes, `t `s èpdrtilt tbit tbo a`ro kdgit`dl jo gdrrogtky `holtàòh. Wedfohotogtdrs w`tb tbo oxgopt`dl da tbdso kdgitoh `l BQ IG hugts bivo tbo ihviltico tbittboy rospdlh vory qu`gfky td a`ro. Wpr`lfkor witor akdw ilh boit hotogtdrs bivo i kdw`lg`holgo da aik so ikires. Ihvilgos `l sedfo hotogtdr togbldkdcy bivo s`clà giltkyrohugoh gdlgorls ijdut aikso ikire . I s`clik arde it koist twd sdurgos edfohotogtdrs, spr`lfkor witor akdw dr boit hotogtdrs) `s rogdeeolhoh td issuro igt`vit`dl`l tbo ovolt da i gdepdlolt ai`kuro.

Wedfo hotogtdrs kdgitoh `l BQIG hugts gil jo i sogdlhiry eoils da igt`vit`lczdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes. Wugb hugt sedfo hotogtdrs eust ldt jo tbo prèiryeoils da igt`vit`dl adr twd roisdls> @) hugt sedfo hotogtdrs iro skdw td rospdlh tdsedfo arde duts`ho tbo BQIG systoe, (:) gkdcc`lc w`tb hust ilh dtbor pirt`gukitosgil provolt hug t sedfo hotogtdrs arde dporit`lc.

^dloh sedfo gdltrdk eust ldt jo igt`vitoh jy s`cliks arde eiluik pukk stit`dls,jogiuso pukk stit`dls hd ldt holtày tbo kdgit`dl da tbo a`ro. I porsdl soo`lc i a`ro eiystirt td ox`t tbo ju`kh`lc dlky td igt`vito tbo pukk stit`dl i luejor da akddrs iwiy arde



18/20


@ltorigt`dl w`tb]rossur`zoh Wti`rs

Dpol kddr ]kils

A`curo 8 ?

I akddr d il`hoik`zoh dpol pkildaa`go

8-3

tbo a ro. Jogiuso i s`clik arde i pukk stit`dl hdos ldt `holtày tbo a`ro kdgit dl, eiluikpukk stit`dls eust ldt jo usoh td igt`vito zdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes.

Is stitoh ijdvo, tbo gkiss`gik sedfo gdltrdk ipprdigb gdls`sts da oxbiust`lc tbosedfo zdlo ilh prossur`z`lc tbo surrdulh`lc zdlos. ^dloh sedfo gdltrdk `s datol `lju`kh`lcs w`tb prossur`zoh sti`rs. Xbo oxbiust dl tbo a`ro akddr `lgroisos tbo prossurohàaorolgo arde tbo sti`rs td tbo sedfo zdlos. ilh tbo prossur`zit`dl da tbosurrdulh`lc zdlos hogroisos tbo prossuro hàaorolgo arde tbo sti`rs td tbo surrdulh `lczdlos. Wdeotèos tbo prossuro hàaorolgo da tbo sti`rs `l tbo surrdulh`lc zdlosjogdeos locit`vo, ilh tboro `s akdw arde tbo surrdulh`lc zdlos `ltd tbo sti`rs. Xb`sdss da prossur`zit`dl `l tbo surrdulh`lc zdlos gil jo i gdlgorl is h`sgussoh

jokdw.Is ikroihy stitoh, zdloh sedfo gdltrdk loohs td bivo tbo a`ro kdgit`dl prdporky`holtàòh. Dl riro dggis`dls tbo a`rst hotogtdr ig t`vitoh wis iwiy arde tbo a`ro akddr

huo td ulusuik sedfo e`crit`dl. Wdeotèos tbo wrdlc a`ro kdgit`dl `s `holtàòh huotd il `lstikkit`dl orrdr. Sb`ko sugb e` s`holtà`git`dl da bo a`ro kdgit`dl `s ulusuik, tbogdlsoquolgos looh td jo tifol `ltd iggdult hur`lc systoe hos`cl. Wugbe`s`holtà`git`dl da tbo a`ro kdgit`dl gdukh rosukt `l prossur`z`lc tbo a`ro akddr ilhadrg`lc sedfo `ltd dtbor akddrs ilh `ltd sti`rs.

Jogiuso e`s`holtà`git`dl da tbo a`ro kdgi t`dl gil rosukt `l `lgdrrogtky prossur`z`lctbo zdlo w`tb tbo a`ro ilh adrg`lc sedfo `ltd dtbor zdlos ilh `ltd sti`rs, zdloh sedfogdltrdk sbdukh dlky jo usoh w`tb oxtroeo giut`dl. Xb`s e`s`holtà`git`dl da tbo a`rokdgit`dl gil bippol @) wbol i hotogtdr iwiy arde tbo a`ro `s tbo a`rst dlo igt`vitoh dr:) wbol tbo hotogtdrs woro `lstikkoh w`tb `lgdrrogt kdgit`dl `holtà`git`dl. Xl ulusuiks`tuit`dls sedfo bis e`critoh td tkddrs iwiy arde tbo a`ro akddr ilh igt`vitoh

hotogtdrs tboro joadro ily hotogtdrs dl tbo a`ro akddr woro igt`vitoh.Adr sedfo gdltrdk systoes prdporky gdee`ss`dloh `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl

0=0.92 ilh tostoh woofky `l iggdrhilgo w`tb Wogt`dl 0=0.9:, tbo pdtoltìk adrhotogtdrs `lstikkoh w`tb `lgdrrogt kdgit`dl `holtà`git`dl `s e`lè`zoh. Jogiuso dagdlgorl ijdut adrg`lc sedfo `ltd sti` rs is hosgr`joh ijdvo. gkiss`gik zdloh sedfogdltrdk `s dlky rogdeeolhoh adr rokit`voky sbdrt ju`kh`lcs 1 dr 2 stdròs).

^dloh sedfo gdltrdk wdrfs jost adr ju`kh`lcs w`tb dpol akddr pkils. A`curo 8.?sbdws il `hoik`zoh pkil da i akddr w`tb il dpol daa`go pkil. Jogiuso tbo akddr pkil `sdpol, prossur`z`lc ilh oxbiust`lc akddrs s oisy td iggdepk`sb. Xbo akddr `s oxpogtoh

Wyejdks>WS Wti`rsSX Sdeol s d `kotEX Eol s Xd`kot2 Okovitdr

-++ Hddr

~ ~ ~ ~ ~swDpol Daa`go Wpigo

Dpol Daa`go Wpigo

~ ~ ~ ~ @sw

Ldto> ^dloh sedfo gdltrdk wdrfsjost adr ju`kh`lcs w`tb dpol akddrpkils.

I C_@HO XD WEDFO DLXZDK @L XBO :==1 @JG


19/20

8-2

Cddh adr Wpriwk`lcu`kh`lcs

Giut`dl


td bivo daa`go aurl`turo ilh daa`go h`v`hors, ju t dtborw`so tbo spigo `s dpol. Sboltboro `s i a`ro dl dlo akddr, tbit tkddr `s oxbiustoh ilh rbo akddrs ijdvo ilh jokdw iroprossur`zoh. Xb`s rohugos tbo pdtoltìk adr sedfo td cd td tbo akddrs ijdvo ilh jokdwtbo a`ro akddr. Xb`s prdv`hos prdtogt`dl arde akddr-td-akddr sedfo sproih adr a`ros tbitgil bippol ilywboro `l il daa`go spigo. Datol dpol pkil daa`gos bivo i luejor daseikk daa`gos jy tbo w`lhdws dr `l tbo `ltor`dr, ilh sugb seikk daa`gos hd ldt colorikky`ltoraoro w`tb tbo poradreilgo da tbo zdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoe.

Wedfo gdltrdk zdlos iro typ`gikky kirco spigos, sd tbit tbo sedfo oxbiust gdls`stsda oxbiust`lc i kirco iedult da i`r tbit h`kutos tbo sedfo arde tbo a`ro sd tbit tbotoeporituro da tbo cisos `l tbo oxbiust ail `s rokit`voky kdw. @t wis ldt eolt`dlohijdvo, jut tbo sedfo gdltrdk zdlo gil gdls` t da i luejor da akddrs wb`gb iksd wdrfstd foop tbo toeporituro da tbo cisos `l tbo oxbiust rokit`voky tdw. rt `s ldt ipprdprìtotd roky dl spr`lfkors td gddk sedfo hdwl, jogiuso tbo sedfo toeporituro ardesuggossaukky spr`lfkoroh a`ros tbit iro sbòkhoh arde spr`lfkor spriy gil jo rokit`vokyb`cb Vis b`cb is :77 A kk:G)U.

^dloh sedfo gdltrdk gil iksd wdrf wokk adr ju`kh`lcs tbit bivo gdrr`hdrs w`tbldreikky dpol hddrs. Oxiepkos da tb`s iro @ ) i lurs`lc w`lc da i bdsp`tik ilh :) ildaa`go wboro tbo gdrr`hdr hddrs iro ldreikky dpol hur`lc wdrf`lc bdurs . Is stitohijdvo, gkiss`gik zdloh sedfo gdltrdk `s dlky rogdeeolhoh adr rokit`voky sbdrtju`kh`lcs.

^dloh sedfo gdltrdk gil iksd wdrf wokk w`tb spriwk`lc ju`kh`lcs tbit bivo iluejor da w`lcs.Xbo sedfo gdltrdk zdlos gil jo oigb tkddr da oigb w`lc is sbdwl `lA`curo 8.8 j). Xb`s ipprdigb wdrfs wokk w`tb i bdr`zdltik oviguit`dl da tbo zdlo datbo a`ro td dtbor zdlos dl tbo sieo akddr.

^dloh sedfo gdltrdk hdos ldt wdrf wokk w`tb ju`kh`lcs wboro tbo akddrs iroh`v`hoh `ltd eily rddes sugb is bdtoks ilh ipirteolt ju`kh`lcs. Xb`s sogt`dl hdos ldtippky td piss`vo sedfo gdltrdk wb`gb `s ihhrossoh `l Gbiptor 7 Xbo h`sguss`dl tbitadkkdws adgusos dl ipirteolt ju`kh`lcs, jut `t `s iksd gdepkotoky ippk `gijko td bdtoks,gdlhde`lùes ilh daa`gos w`tb ldreikky gkdsoh gdrr`hdr hddrs.

I pirt`gukirky pddr systoe ipprdigb adr ipirteolt ju`kh`lcs `s td eifo oigbipirteolt ilh tbo gdrr`hdrs sopirito sedfo gdltrdk zdlos. Wugb i kirco luejor daseikk zdlos rosukts `l il dvorky gdepkox systoe. `tb sugb sei kk sedfo gdltrdkzdlos, tbo sedfo oxbiust gdls`sts da oxbiust`lc dlky i k`ttko i`r td h`kuto tbo sedfoarde tbo a`ro sd tbit tbo toeporituro da tbo cisos `l tbo oxbiust ail `s rokit`voky b`cb.Xbo ihvilticos da kirco sedfo gdltrdk K dlos bivo ikroihy jool h`sgussoh.

Sb`ko kè`t`lc zdloh sedfo gdltrdk td tbo gdrr`hdrs eiy sooe i cddh ipprdigb adril ipirteolt ju`kh`lc, tboso gdrr`hdr-dlky zdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes prdv`ho k`ttkosedfo prdtogt dl. Xbo edst gdeedl a`ro sgolir`ds adr tboso ju`kh`lcs gdls`st da a`ros`l tbo ipirteolts. Xbo gdrr`hdr-dlky systoes hd ldt prdv`ho akddr-td-akddr prossurohàaorolgos adr a`ros `l tbo ipirteolts, sd sedfo gil akdw vort`gikky td ipirteoltsijdvo ilh jokdw tbo ipirteolt w`tb tbo a`ro. Xboroadro, gdrr`hdr-dlky zdloh sedfogdltrdk systoes hd ldt prdv`ho ily sedfo prdtogt`dl adr tbo eindr a`ro sgolir`ds `lipirteolt ju`kh`lcs. Bdwovor, tbo gdrr`hdr-dlky zdloh sedfo gdltrdk systoes bivoikk da tbo gdlgorls ijdut `ltorigt`dl w`tb prossur`zoh sti`rs h`sgussoh ijdvo.

Adr tbo roisdls h`sgussoh ijdvo, gkiss`gik zdloh sedfo gdltrdk `s ldtrogdeeolhoh adr ju`kh`lcs wboro tbo akddrs iro h`v`hoh `ltd eily rddes sugb isbdtoks ilh ipirteolt ju`kh`lcs.



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I rit`dlik ilikys`s da tbo sedfo gdltrdk systoe `s roqu`roh `l iggdrhilgo w tbWogk`dl 0=0.8 da tbo @JG. Ju`kh`lcs w`tb zdloh sedfo gdltrdk eiy iksd bivo dtborsedfo gdltrdk systoes sugb is prossur`zoh sti`rs ilh prossur`zoh okovitdrs. Sboltboso systoes iro igt`vitoh, tboy `ltorigt w`tb oigb dtbor, ilh tbo rit`dlik ilikys`s dasedfo gdltrdk sy torls looh td jo hdlo w`tb ikk tbo systoes dporit`lc tdcotbor is tboywdukh hur`lc i a`ro . I lotwdrf gdeputor prdcrie su 6b is DLXIE sbdukh jo usohadr tbo rit`dlik ilikys`s.

9LA] 0:I. Wtilhirh dr WedfoGdltrdk Wystoes _t`k`z`lc Jirròrs ilh ]rossuroHàaorolgos. Yu`lgy, EI> Lit`dlik ]`ro ]rdtogt`dl Issdgìt`dl, :==1.

2006 ibc guide to scs - dr. klote and doug evans

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