2. first aid basics

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Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

First Aid


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First Aid is a skilled application of accepted

principles of treatment on the occurrence of anaccident or in cases of sudden illness usingfacilities or materials available at the time.

It is a emergency to save life of person when

accident occur, therefore responsibility of firstaider has become great.

First Aid is treatment given to a casualty:

To sustain life,

To prevent his condition for becoming worse,

To promote his recovery

Purpose


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Responsibility of First Aid provider

1. To assess the situation.

2. To arrive at a diagnosis for each causality.

3. To give immediate and adequate treatment,bearing in mind that a casualty may have more

than one injury and some casualties requiresmore urgent attention than others.

4. To arrange without delay for the disposal of acasualty according to the seriousness of his

condition.

in the management of a casualty


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Assessment and Initial response

Be calm, take charge,

Give confidence to the conscious casualty,

Talk to him, listen to him and reassure him

Check for

-Safety of casualties and of yourself

-Breathing, bleeding and consciousness

Get others to help and tell them what they should do

If necessary, send for ambulance, police, fire service.


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Diagnosis for:

History: The story of how the accident happened orthe illness began.

Signs: Variation from normal, ascertained by theFirst Aider constituting

pallor;

blueness of face, lips inner sides of eyelids, or

of nail beds of finger and toes. There may be evidence of poisoning.

Symptoms: Sensation described by causality such as I feel pain.

I am cold.

My arm is numb.


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Level of Consciousness

Any change of level is important.

Full consciousness.

Able to speak and answer questions normally.

Drowsiness. Easily roused, but lapses into unconsciousness.

Stuporcan be roused with difficulty; The casualtyis aware of painful stimuli,

Coma cannot be roused by any stimuli.

Diagnosis for:


7/58Safety Module: First aid, Rev 0.0 Mar 2007

Action

If the cause of the condition is still active, remove it

- a log of wood on the casualtys leg- contaminated clothing

- remove the casualty from the cause-traffic : water,poisonous fumes, etc.

Give the treatment you consider essential.

Sustain life.Emergency resuscitationControl bleeding and shock.

Treatment



The First aider will ensure that the causality isconveyed without delay to his home, a suitableshelter or an appropriate hospital.

In serious cases it may be necessary to summon a

doctor. A brief written should accompany the casualty.

Disposal

Action



First Aider

The certificate awarded has a limited validity tothree years thus ensuring that First Aider are-

1. Highly trained.2. Regularly examined.

3. Kept up to date in knowledge and skill.



CPR

CPR stand for cardiopulmonary

resuscitation, a combination ofrescue breathing (mouth-to-mouthresuscitation) and chestcompressions;

CPR can restore circulation ofoxygen-rich blood to the brain.Without oxygen, permanent braindamage or death can occur in lessthan 8 minutes.

CPR may be necessary duringdifferent emergencies, includingaccidents, near-drowning,suffocation, poisoning, smoke

inhalation & electrocution injuries.
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When Is CPR Needed?

It should only be performed when a person isn'tbreathing or circulating blood adequately.

Whenever CPR is needed, remember to call foremergency medical assistance.

Three Parts of CPRThe three basic parts of CPR are easilyremembered as "ABC":

A for airway,

B for breathing, andC for circulation.
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A is for airway. The victim's airway must beopen for breathing to be restored. The airway

may be blocked when a person losesconsciousness or may be obstructed by food orsome other foreign object.

B is for breathing. Rescue breathing is begunwhen a person isn't breathing. Someoneperforming rescue breathing essentiallybreathes for the victim by forcing air into thelungs. This procedure includes breathing intothe victim's mouth at correct intervals andchecking for signs of life.

C is for circulation. Chest compressions cansometimes restore circulation. Two rescuebreaths should be provided and followedimmediately by cycles of 30 chestcompressions and 2 rescue breaths.

When Is CPR Needed?



CPR does work.

When initiated within 4

minutes, the survival rate

is 43%.

When initiated within 4

to 8 min, the survivalrate is 10%.



First aid for situations Dressing & Bandages Dressing

A dressing is a covering applied to a wound or to injured part and

may be used:1. To assist in controlling bleeding.

2. To protect a wound from further injury.

3. To prevent or lessen infection.

First aid to poisoning: Take the history. Elimination of poison or to lessen the absorption. High concentrate of common salt for vomiting. Tea powder or charcoal tablet to lessen the absorption.

First Aid to Electric shock: Switch off electrical supply by using wood, rubber gloves. Take to safe side. Follow CPR procedure.



Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness is caused by illness, injury or emotional shock.

Causes of Unconsciousness

1. Carbon monoxide poisoning2. Drug overdose

3. Poisoning

4. Heart attack

5. Head injury

6. Diabetic coma

First aid for situations



General rules for treatment ofunconscious person:-

1. Ensure an abundant supply of fresh air.

2. Remove from harmful gases or impureatmosphere.

3. Keep back crowds.4. Open windows & doors.

5. Check breathing & pulse, if, stopped than applyCPR.




Asphyxia:Asphyxia is a loss of consciousness due to the presence of too

little oxygen or too much carbon dioxide in the blood. Thevictim may stop breathing for a number of reasons (i.e.drowning, electric shock, heart failure, poisoning, orsuffocation).

Heart failure, brain damage, and eventual death will result if

the victim's breathing cannot be restarted.

Signs & symptoms of Asphyxia:1. Shortness of breath.

2. Pulse slow and irregular3. Lips, nose, ears, fingers are bluish gray.4. Complete loss of consciousness.5. Pulse slow and irregular.6. Breathing intermittent or absent.



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General rule for treatment of Asphyxia1. Ensure that there is a free passage for air.2. Apply artificial respiration immediately, every

seconds counts.

(Artificial must be continued until naturalbreathing is restored)



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Fractures:

Fracture is the term, used to indicate that a boneis broken or cracked.

Signs & Symptoms1.Pain at or near the seat of fracture.

2.Swelling about the seat of fracture.

3.Deformity of limbs.

4.Unnatural movement at the seat of fracture.

Treatment of Fracture:Immobilize the fracture By the use of bandages, by the usesplints.

Place the patient as early as possible to hospital.

First aid for situations.
http://library.thinkquest.org/10624/bones.html


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Burns:

Causes Dry heat such as fire, a piece of hot metal.

Contact with any object charged with a high tension electriccurrent or by lighting.

Friction Corrosive chemicals.

overexposure to the sun

Treatment

1. Avoid handling the affected area more than is necessary.2. Do not remove burned clothing.

3. Dont break blister.

4. Immobilize the affected area by suitable means.



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Wounds

A wound is a break in the continuity of the tissue of thebody which thus permits the escape of blood and theentrance of disease producing germs or other injuriousagents.

Treatment

1. Placed the casualty in a suitable position, bearing in themind that blood escapes with less force.2. Elevate the bleeding part except in a case of fractured

limb.3. Expose the wound, removing as little clothing as possible.4. Do not disturb any blood clot already formed.

5. Apply dressing, pad and bandage.



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First aid kit

First-aid manual

Sterile gauze

Adhesive tape

Adhesive bandages inseveral sizes

Elastic bandage Antiseptic wipes

Soap

Antibiotic cream (triple-antibiotic ointment)

Antiseptic solution (likehydrogen peroxide)

Hydrocortisone cream (1%)

Acetaminophen & ibuprofen

sharp scissors

safety pins

calamine lotion

alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol

thermometer

plastic gloves (at least 2 pairs)

flashlight and extra batteries

mouthpiece for administeringCPR

your list of emergency phonenumbers

blanket

Include the following in first-aid kits


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BLEEDING FROM NOSE

Mark the patient sit on a chair with head

slightly bent forward in an airy place. Loosen the clothes of neck and chest.

Advise the patient to breathe through mouth.

Patient should not try to speak, swallow,

cough. Spit or sniff as this may disturb theblood clot.

Nose should be kept pinched with thumb, and

forefinger.

Cold compresses over nose and forehead mayhelp.

Do not remove clot from nose.

No plugs are to be used.

If bleeding persists for more than 30 minutes,the atient must be sent to a hos ital.


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Burns with Acid And Alkali

Signs and symptoms Severe burning of mouth and throat

Difficult in swallowing and breathing

Sever abdominal pain

Thirst

ShockDark closured and blood vomiting


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First aid Immediately remove contaminated clothing.

Wash with sodabicarb solution(2 teaspoons

baking powder in one pint of water) and in

case of alkali burn wash with weak solution of

vinegar.

Again wash with water.

Cover with sterile dressing

Transfer to hospital.


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ASPHYXIA

Asphyxia or suffocation is condition of

partial or complete stoppage of breathingdue to lack oxygenation in the blood. Braincells start to die if oxygen supply isinterrupted for just there minutes.

Important causes

Lack of Oxygen in the Air

Obstruction of the Air Passage Failure of Respiratory Mechanism

Depression of Respiratory Centre


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Signs and symptoms

Rapid distressed breathing and gasping

Blueness (cyanosis) of the skin, face lips,

nails, ears and nose.

Swollen neck veins

Confusion, irritability and gradual loss of

consciousness.

If hypoxia continues and is not reversed,

breathing and heart may stop.

Fi Aid


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First Aid measures Immediate removal of cause or remove

casualty from the cause.

Artificial respiration or CPR if required Treat shock.

Immediate transfer to a hospital

If unconscious. Transfer in the recovery

position.

Suffocation by smoke Cover your mouth and nose with wet cloth or

handkerchief before entering the room where

the casualty is.Always crawl or keep low while entering theplace.

Open all the windows and doors.

Remove the casualty to the open balcony or


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FIRST AID FOR INHALATION OF CLORINE

Remove the casualty in fresh air.

Immediately to an open area

Clothes are to be loosened and shoes shouldbe removed.

Patient should be placed on his back with

head and back elevated and kept warm. Milk, butter milk, lime juice, etc. may be

given in mild cases, for relief from throatirritation

Nothing by mouth to an unconscious patient.

If liquid chlorine or chlorinated water hascontaminated skin or clothing giveemergency shower.

Contd..


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Skin areas should be washed with soap and water.

No attempt should be made to neutralized chlorine

with chemical.

No ointments should be applied for 24 hours.

If eyes have been affected washed with running waterfor at least 15 minutes

Give 2 or 3 drops of o.5% solution of pontocaine orother effective topical anesthetic in the affected eyes

In case of Swallowing of liquid chlorine immediatelygive lime water, milk of magnesia or fresh water todrink.

No attempt should be made to induce vomiting aphysician must be called in immediately.

SNAKE BITE


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SNAKE BITE

SNAKE BITE
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SNAKE BITE

Signs and Symptoms Presence of fang marks. Two or four means a

poisonous snake bite ; continuous teeth markof 8 or 4 means a non-poisonous snake bite.

Dull, numbing pain and swelling at the bitesite.

May be slight bleeding at the sting sitePainful cramps and muscle stiffness in theabdomen or shoulders, chest and back.

Nausea, vomiting

Giddiness.

Restless, drowsiness ,breathless, convulsions

fever, chills, sweating

Foam from the mouth.

Person may become unconscious.Contd..

First Aid


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Reassure the patient.

Immediate application of the broadbandage (preferably crape bandage)above the bitten area.

Immobilize the limb with splints.

Wash thoroughly the bitten area withwater or soap and water.

Arrange quickest evacuation to a hospital.

Donts

Do not let the patient walk, run or shout.

Do not excise or burn the wound of bite. Do not let the patient sleep.

Do not apply tourniquet.

Do not give alcohol.

First Aid


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DOG BITE

Thorough washing of the bitten part withsoap and water. Even licks should bewashed.

If the wound is swollen, apply icewrapped in a towel for ten minutes.

Cover wounds with sterile dressings andsend to hospital / clinic.


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Remove any ticks found on the skin.

Pull gently and carefully ticks mouthpart not to crush the tick because thesecretions released any spread

disease.

Wash the wound area with soap andwater

Apply clod compress to relieve pain andswelling

Apply calamine lotion to relieve itching.

TICK BITES


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HEAD INJURIES

OPEN a head injury with an associatedhead wound.

CLOSEDwith on obvious sing of injury

CONCUSSION is a closed head injury, of all thehead injuries, this is the most insidious, casualty.

Contd..

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS History of trauma

Head wounds

Deformation and / or crepitus of the skull

Altered level of consciousness

Evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose

May have unequal pupils

Headache

Raccoon eyes or Battles sign

ausea and / or vomiting

estlessness and irritability, confusionlurred or double vision

Snoring respirations if unconscious

Cont

CARE AND TREATMENT


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CARE AND TREATMENT

ABC

Call for an ambulance

Treat any woundsComplete rest

Head injury without any symptoms should be watch

for at least 24 hr

Ifunconscious or drowsy, put casualty in the stableside position while supporting the cervical spine

llow any CSF to drain freely if in stable side

position, put that side down with a pad over the ear
http://www.australianfirstaid.com.au/images/hains6.jpg


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HEART ATTACK AND ANGINA


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FACTORS

Lack of exercise

Smoking

Poor diet

High blood pressure

Hereditary

Strain and stress

High cholesterol

Cont


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Pale, cool skin

Chest pain or discomfort, possibly afterexertion, a heavy meal or stress

crushing, or vice-like pain, usually inthe centre of the chest, sometimes also inthe jaw and arm

sweating

rapid, irregular, or weak pulse

rapid, shallow respirations, or difficultybreathing

nausea and/or vomitingmay feel the need to pass a bowel motion

lethargy

Contd..


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CARE AND TREATMENT

ABC


Position of comfort, usually sitting

Complete restReassurance

Assist with medication

Discourage visit to the toilet/do not allow to

walk.

HEART FAILURE


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HEART FAILURE

When the heart is unable to perform its proper function.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Pale, cold, clammy skin

Chest discomfort, difficulty breathing

Bubbly, gasping breaths

Frothy sputum

Swelling of the extremities, especially at theankles, whichmay show dimples

partial collapse


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CARE AND TREATMENT

ABC


Position of comfort, usually sitting &supported

Do not elevate legs

Reassurance


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

UnconsciousnessNo pulse

Usually no respirations, though there may bebrief irregular, gasping breaths

CARE AND TREATMENT

Immediate CPR


Contd..

CARDIAC ARREST

When the heart ceases to function.


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Pesticide poisoning

If the pesticide has been spilled on theskin or

clothing

Remove the clothing immediately if it has

been contaminated and thoroughly wash theskin with soap and water.

Rinse the affected area with water; washagain and rinse.

Gently dry the affected area and wrap it inloose cloth or a blanket.

Avoid ointments, greases, powders, and othermedications unless instructed by a medicalauthority.

If the pesticide has entered into the eyes.


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Hold the eyelid open

Immediately start washing the eye with cleanrunning water for 15 minutes

Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water

Avoid contamination of the other eye if only oneeye is involved.

Cover the eye with a clean piece of cloth and

seek medical attention immediately.If the pesticide has been inhaled.

Get the victim to fresh air immediately.

Do not allow the victim to walk.

Have the victim lie down and loosen clothing. Keep the victim warm and quiet.

If the victim is convulsing watch the breathing andprotect the head.

Keep the chin up to keep air passages free for

breathing. If breathing stops or is irregular, give


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.If the pesticide has been swallowed.

Most important decision to be made iswhether or not to induce vomiting.

Never induce vomiting if the victim isunconscious or convulsing. The victim couldchoke to death on the vomits.

Never induce vomiting if the victim has

swallowed petroleum products (kerosene,gasoline, oil, lighter fluid,).

Never induce vomiting if the victim hasswallowed a corrosive poison a strong acid or

alkali (base). A corrosive poison will burn thethroat.

if you are certain the victim has swallowed adilute preparation, have the person vomit

immediately


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How to induce vomiting

First give the patient at least two glasses of

water. Do not use carbonated beverages.

If possible use ipecac syrup to induce

vomiting.

After vomiting has occurred, give the patient 2

to 4 tablespoons of activated charcoal inwater.

Never administer activated charcoal at the

same time as ipecac syrup,

TREATMENT OF FRACTURES


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TREATMENT OF FRACTURES

PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

Treat fractures on the spot.Immobilization of the fracture.

(a) By bandages (Triangular or roller)

(b) By splints

For open fractures treat the bleeding and the wound

Treat shock if present.Always be gentle in handling fractures

DONTS Do not try to set broken bones.

Do not let him walk unless injury is of upper arm.

Do not try to push in a protruding bone.

Do not evacuate spinal fracture cases on a canvasstretcher.

Do not move casualty unless injured part is secured /supported.

Arrange medical aid or evacuation.
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FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF SPINE

Do not let the victim attempt to move.

Greatest care be taken not to bend neck

or back.

Transfer the victim to a hard stretcher

(not canvas stretcher). Fix the victim on the stretcher with the

blankets round him.

The victim should always be

transported in supine (face upwards)

position.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF


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FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OFRIBS

Apply two broad bandages round the chest

firmly without removing the dress.Ask the patient to breathe out and then tie the

knots below the arm pit on the uninjured side.

Support the arm on the injured side with a

sling.

Lay the casualty with the head and the

shoulders raised and the body inclined

towards the injured side.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF CLAVICLE


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FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF CLAVICLE

Place the arm on the injured side

across the chest.Support the arm in an elevatedsling by a triangular bandage.

Secure the arm to the chest with

abroad bandage over the sling.Transfer in sitting position.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF THIGH BONE
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FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF THIGH BONE Apply a long splint on the inner side of the

affected limb from groin to heel.

Apply an outer longer splint from armpit to heel.

Apply Bandages at seven places to fix the twosplints

- At the chest

- At the Hip Joint- Above the fracture- Below the fracture side- At the knees.- At the middle of legs

At ankle (tie feet and ankles together with figureof 8 bandage)

If nothing is available for splints. Use the seconduninjured leg as splint.

FIRST AID FOR DISLOCATION


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FIRST AID FOR DISLOCATION

Do not try to reduced the dislocation

Apply split and bandage

FIRST AID FOR SPRAIN

Rest the injured part.

Apply Ice or cold compress.Compress the injury (with thick layer ofcotton wool secured by a bandage).

Elevate the injured part.

Summary
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y

Act quickly, quietly & methodically, giving priority tothe most urgent condition.

Ensure that there is no further danger to thecasualty or to your self.

If breathing has stopped or is falling, clear theairway, if necessary, start emergency resuscitation,

control bleeding. Do not give anything by mouth tothe casualty who is unconscious.

Determine the level of consciousness; possibility ofpoisoning; Guard against shock; Correct position ofcasualty.

Watch and record any changes in the condition ofcasualty.

Do not allow people to crowd around the casualty.