2 extinction the failure of a response to product a reinforcer causes the response to decrease until...
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2
ExtinctionThe failure of a response to product a
reinforcer causes the response to decrease until the organism no longer emits the response.
When Reinforcers are no longer provided, the behavior stops
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SD
Tap on faucet
marked with blue dot or letter “C”
Response
Turn tap with blue dot or “C”
SR+
Cold water withheld
Turning tap marked with blue dot or “C” occurs less often in the future
EO
Deprived of water for a
long period of time and
person has history of
reinforcement for getting
water when turning the
“C” tapLet’s assume the tap is broken or the water has been turned off to the tap.
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PropertiesProvides zero probability of reinforcementEffectiveness is dependent primarily on
identification of reinforcing consequences and consistent application of the procedure
Extinction does not require the application of aversive stimuli to decrease behavior.
Extinction does not prevent occurrences of a problem behavior.May increase them for a time.
The environment is changed so that the problem behavior will no longer produce the maintaining consequences.
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Forms of ExtinctionProcedural forms
Involve “ignoring” the problem behavior.Often are ineffectiveWhen matched to the behavioral function, the
intervention is usually effective.
Functional forms Involve withholding maintaining reinforcers.
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Misuses of the Term “Extinction”1) Using extinction to refer to any decrease in behavior2) Confusing forgetting and extinction3) Confusing response blocking and sensory extinction4) Confusing non-contingent reinforcement
and extinction
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Using Extinction to Refer to any Behavior DecreaseSome use the term extinction when referring
to any decrease response performance, regardless of what produced the behavior change.
Labeling any reduction in behavior that reaches a zero rate of occurrence as extinction is a common misuse of the term.
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Confusing Forgetting and ExtinctionIn forgetting, a behavior is weakened by the
passage of time during which the individual does not have an opportunity to emit the behavior.
In extinction, behavior is weakened because it does not produce reinforcement.
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Confusing Response Blocking and Extinction
Response blocking is not an extinction procedure
Response blocking prevents the occurrence of the target behavior
With all extinction procedures the individual can emit the problem behavior.
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Confusing Non-contingent Reinforcement and Extinction
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) does not withhold the reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior.
Extinction diminishes behavior by changing consequence stimuli; NCR diminishes behavior by changing antecedent stimuli
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Extinction ProceduresExtinction of Behavior Maintained by Positive
ReinforcementBehaviors maintained by positive
reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors do not produce the reinforcer.
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Extinction ProceduresExtinction of Behavior Maintained by
Negative ReinforcementBehaviors maintained by negative
reinforcement are place on extinction (escape extinction) when those behaviors do not produce a removal of the aversive stimulus
The individual cannot escape from the aversive situation.
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Extinction ProceduresExtinction of Behavior Maintained by
Automatic ReinforcementBehaviors maintained by automatic
reinforcement are placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory consequence (sensory extinction)
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Extinction ProceduresExtinction of Behavior Maintained by
Automatic ReinforcementNot a recommended treatment option for
problem behavior, even self-stimulatory behaviors that are maintained by social consequences or negative reinforcement.
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Extinction EffectsExtinction effects have not been documented
clearly in applied settings.Practitioners should view all of the following
comments on the extinction effects tentatively when the relate to behavioral interventions or applied research.
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Extinction EffectsGradual Decrease in Frequency and
AmplitudeExtinction produces a gradual reduction in
behaviorHowever, when reinforcement is removed
abruptly, numerous unreinforced responses can follow
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Extinction EffectsGradual Decrease in Frequency and
AmplitudeOften difficult for teachers and parents to
apply because of the initial increase in frequency and magnitude and the gradual decrease in behavior.
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Extinction EffectsExtinction Burst
An immediate increase in the frequency of the response after the removal of the positive, negative, or automatic reinforcement.
“an increase in responding during any of the first three treatment sessions above that observed during all of the last five baseline sessions or all of baseline.” (Lerman, Iwata, & Wallace, 1999)
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Extinction Burstd
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time
Responses
Before Extinction(Reinforcement)
During Extinction
Extinction Burst
Spontaneous Recovery
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Extinction Burst
Extinction Burst .
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Extinction Burst
Extinction Burst
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Extinction EffectsProblem behaviors can worsen during
extinction before they show improvement.Extinction bursts usually suggest that the
reinforcer(s) maintaining the problem behavior was successfully identified, indicating that there is a good chance of an effective intervention
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Spontaneous RecoveryThe behavior that diminished during the
extinction process recurs even though the behavior does not produce reinforcement
Short-lived and limited if the extinction procedure remains in effect.
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Resistance to ExtinctionContinued responding during the extinction
process. Behavior that continues to occur during
extinction is said to have better resistance to extinction than behavior that diminishes more quickly.
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Three tentative Statements Relates to continuous and intermittent
reinforcement:A) Intermittent reinforcement may produce
behavior with greater resistance to extinction than the resistance produced by continuous reinforcement
B) Some intermittent schedules may produce more resistant than others
C) To a degree, the thinner the intermittent schedule of reinforcement is the greater the resistance to extinction will be.
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Establishing Operations“Resistance to extinction is greater when
extinction is carried out under high motivation than under low.”
(Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950/1995, p.#75)
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Number, Magnitude, and Quality of ReinforcementThe number of times a behavior produces
reinforcement may influence resistance to extinction.
A behavior with a long history of reinforcement may have more resistance to extinction than a behavior with a shorter history of reinforcement
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Number of Previous Extinction Trials
Successive applications of conditioning and extinction may influence the resistance to extinction.
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Response EffortThe effort required for a response apparently
influences its resistance to extinction. A response requiring great effort diminishes
more quickly during extinction than a response requiring less effort.
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10 Guidelines for Application of Extinction Withholding all reinforcers maintaining the problem behavior
Withholding reinforcement consistently
Combining extinction with other procedures
Using instructions
Planning for extinction-produced aggression
Increasing the number of extinction trials
Including significant others in extinction
Guarding against unintentional extinction
Maintaining extinction-decreased behavior
When not to use extinction
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Withholding all Reinforcers First step in using extinction effectively is to
identify and withhold all possible sources of reinforcement that maintain the target behavior
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Withholding Reinforcement ConsistentlyAll behavior change procedures require
consistent application, but consistency is essential for extinction.
Consistency is the single most difficult aspect in using extinction.
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Combining Extinction with Other Procedures
The effectiveness of extinction may increase when it is combined with other procedures.
Differential reinforcement and antecedent procedures hold promise for reducing extinction effects such as bursting and aggression.
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Using InstructionsBehaviors sometime diminish more quickly
during extinction when teachers describe the extinction procedure to students.
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Plan for Extinction-Produced Aggression
Behaviors that occurred infrequently in the past will sometimes become prominent during extinction by replacing the problem behaviors.
Frequently, these side effect replacement
behaviors are aggressive (Lerman et al., 1999)
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Increasing the Number of Extinction TrialsAn extinction trial occurs each time the
behavior does not produce reinforcement.Whenever possible, applied behavior analysts
should increase the number of extinction trials for the problem behaviors.
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Including Significant OthersIt is important that other persons in the
environment not reinforce undesirable behavior.
All individuals in contact with the learner must apply the same extinction procedure for effective treatment.
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Guarding Against Unintentional ExtinctionDesirable behaviors are often unintentionally
placed on extinction.It is common practice to give the most
attention to problems the squeaky wheel gets the grease and to ignore situations that are going smoothly.
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Maintaining Extinction-Decreased BehaviorApplied behavior analysts leave the extinction
procedure in effect permanently for maintaining the extinction-diminished behavior.
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When Not to Use Extinction
Imitation Extinction can be inappropriate if the behavior
placed on extinction are likely to be imitated by others.
Extreme Behaviors Some behaviors are so harmful to self or others or
so destructive to property that they must be controlled with the most rapid and humane procedure available.
Extinction as a singular intervention is not recommended in such situations.
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ConclusionsIs a very effective techniqueCan be used within a variety of contextsCan be used for a variety of behaviors