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Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi DevotoUniversità degli Studi & Fondazione Ca’ Granda Policlinico, Milan Milan - November 25th, 2014 The Costs of Air Pollution: A Forgotten Problem Università Commerciale L. Bocconi - Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Peripato

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Page 1: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Health Effects of Air Pollution

in the Region of Lombardy, Italy

Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’

Università degli Studi & Fondazione Ca’ Granda Policlinico, Milan

Milan - November 25th, 2014

The Costs of Air Pollution: A Forgotten Problem Università Commerciale L. Bocconi - Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Peripato

Page 2: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Lombardy  Region,  Italy  

-­‐  Nearly  10  million  people  -­‐  Area  23,865  km²    -­‐  Pop.  density  412  inh./km²    Rank  first  for:  -­‐  PopulaFon,    -­‐  Gross  internal  Product  

(20%  of  the  naFonal  GP),    -­‐  GP  per  capita  (€  33,648).        

Page 3: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Capital  city  Milan  (1.3  million),  greater  Milan  4.5  millions.    

Territory:    -­‐  Alps  40.5%,    

-­‐  River  Po  plains  47%.  

Rich  agriculture,  advanced  services,  very  acFve  commercial  and  industrial  sectors  (sme).      

Unfavourable  climate:  basin  with  liVle  rain  and  poor  winds.    

Lombardy  Region,  Italy  

Page 4: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Po  River  basin  is  bordered  on  three  sides  by  mountains  and  Atlan9c  weather  disturbances  are  frequently  unable  to  cross  the  Alpine  barrier,  consequently  providing  no  air  mass  exchange.  Unfavourable  context  and  climate  characteris9cs  favour  a  high  level  of  air  pollu9on    

Page 5: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

The  red  and  dark  red  dots  indicate  sta9ons  repor9ng  exceedances  of  the  2010    annual  target  value  (25μg/m3),  as  set  out  in  the  Air  Quality  Direc9ve  (EU,  2008).  

Annual  Mean  Concentra9ons  PM2.5  in  EUROPE  2011  

EEA,  2013  

Page 6: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Annual  Mean  Concentra9ons  PM2.5  in  ITALY  2010    

Modello  MINNI  (Modello  Integrato  Nazionale).  Zanini  et  al.  2011  

4x4Km  Model  

Page 7: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Predicted  Annual  Average  Concentra9on  of  PM10  levels  in  Lombardy,  by  municipality ‏(2007)   

Milan  

Page 8: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Predicted  Annual  Average  Concentra9on  of  NO2    levels  in  Lombardy,  by  municipality  (2007)  

Milan  

Page 9: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Health  Impact  of  Air  Pollu9on  in  the  Lombardy  Region  -­‐  Ra9onale    •  Health  impact  assessment  (HIA):  essenFal  informaFon  to  decision  makers  for  the  development  of  public  health  policies.  

 

•  Air  pollu9on:  small  individual  risks,  considerable  public  health  consequences.  

 

 

Baccini  M.  et  al.  Am  J  Epidem  2011,  2014    

Page 10: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Number  of  health  events  a\ributable  to  PM10  exposure  Whole  Lombardy  Region  (9,642,406  inhabitants  in ‏(2007   

Cause   40µg/m3  

Limit  (EU)  20%    reduc9on  if    >40µg/m3  

20µg/m3  

Limit  (WHO)  20%    reduc9on  if  >20µg/m3  

N   ACR*   N   ACR*   N   ACR*   N   ACR*  

Mortality  

Natural   173   1.8   162   1.7   709   7.4   258   2.7  

Cardiovascular   43   0.4   41   0.4   203   2.1   76   0.8  

Respiratory   56   0.6   53   0.5   243   2.5   91   0.9  

Hospital  admissions  

Cardiac   44   0.5   41   0.4   192   2.0   70   0.7  

Cerebrovascular   60   0.6   57   0.6   274   2.8   102   1.1  

Respiratory   193   2.0   182   1.9   861   8.9   318   3.3  

*ACR:  AEributable  Community  Rate  per  100,000    

Page 11: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

A\ributable  Community  Rate  (ACR)  x  100,000  Natural  mortality  under  PM10<40µg/m3  scenario  

Lombardy  Region  (year ‏(2007   

Page 12: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Cause   40µg/m3  Limit  (EU)  

20%    reduc9on    if    >40µg/m3  

N   ACR*   N   ACR*  

Mortality  

Natural   450   4.7   307   3.2  Cardiovascular   239   2.5   165   1.7  

Respiratory   24   0.2   17   0.2  

Hospital  admissions  

Cardiac   471   4.9   324   3.4  

Cerebrovascular   286   3.0   197   2.0  

Respiratory   471   4.9   322   3.3  

*ACR:  AEributable  Community  Rate  per  100,000    

Number  of  health  events  a\ributable  to  NO2  exposure  Whole  Lombardy  Region  (9,642,406  inhabitants  in ‏(2007   

Page 13: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

A\ributable  Community  Rate  (ACR)  x  100,000    Natural  mortality  under  NO2<40  µg/m3  scenario  

Lombardy  Region  (year ‏(2007   

Page 14: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Health  Impact  of  Air  Pollu9on  in    the  Lombardy  Region  -­‐  Conclusions  

•  Exceedance  of  EU  40μg/m3  limit  has  a  clearly  measurable  impact  on  populaFon  health:    –    PM10  responsible  for  2  deaths  (3  H  admissions)  per  100,000  person/year;    

–   NO2    responsible  for  5  deaths  (13  H  admissions)  per  100,000  person/year.  

 •  A  20%  reducFon  in  the  exisFng  PM10  and  NO2  levels  could  substanFally  reduce  the  burden  of  short-­‐term  deaths  associated  to  ambient  air  polluFon.  

•  Policies  for  the  reducFon  of  air  polluFon  appear  to  be  necessary,  and  their  implementaFon  will  be  rewarding  in  terms  of  the  protecFon  and  improvement  of  individual  and  community  health.  

Page 15: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

Commu9ng-­‐adjusted  short  term  health  impact  assessment  of  airborne  fine  par9cles  

allowing  uncertainty  propaga9on.  •  Annual  averages  of  PM10  exceeding  the  WHO  recommended  threshold  of  20µg/m3  were  responsible  of  865  (80%  CI:  475,  1401)  short-­‐term  deaths,  the  26%  of  which  aVributable  to  averages  exceeding  the  EU  limit  of  40µg/m3.    

•  A  20%  reducFon  of  the  PM10  level  would  have  saved  36%  of  these  events.    

•  The  largest  impact  was  along  the  basin  of  the  Po  river  and  in  the  largest  ciFes.    

•  CommuFng  visibly  contributed  to  the  spaFal  distribuFon  of  the  impact.  

Baccini  M.  et  al.  Am  J  Epidem  2014  

Page 16: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

PM10  –  Annual  Mean  Concentra9ons  2007  

Nostra  Elaborazione  su  daK  ARPA  Lombardia    

Lombardy  Region  (year ‏(2007   

Milan  

Page 17: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

PM10  –  Annual  Mean  Concentra9ons  2013  

Nostra  Elaborazione  su  daK  ARPA  Lombardia    

Page 18: 2-Bertazzi HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION · Health Effects of Air Pollution in the Region of Lombardy, Italy Pier Alberto Bertazzi ‘Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto’ Università

PM10  –  Annual  Mean  Concentra9ons  2014  

Nostra  Elaborazione  su  daK  ARPA  Lombardia