1xev-do rf performance engineering

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All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2008All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2008

1xEV-DO RF Performance Engineering

CL3724Issue 1.0

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2008

CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Legal Information

This is an Alcatel-Lucent proprietary training course.

All trademarks and service marks specified herein are owned by their respective companies.

The information in this presentation is proprietary and is the sole property of Alcatel-Lucent Inc. For permission to reproduce or distribute, please contact Alcatel-Lucent at 1.720.482.6047

Copyright 2008 by Alcatel-Lucent Inc. All rights reserved.

Legal Information


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Course Description

CL3724 provides a basic overview of the RF engineering optimization processes unique to 1xEV-DO. Alcatel-Lucent’s suggested optimization techniques are discussed utilizing case study data gathered from in-service systems that have recently been optimized.

Case studies will be used to highlight fundamental flaws in the current RF design: such as coverage holes, dropped call regions, multiple pilot areas, and outages due to RF propagation problems. Students will be given the opportunity to resolve these problems by suggesting parameter changes. Various RF optimization techniques will be utilized by the students to improve the performance of the system under study.


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Intended Audience

This course is intended for the following audience:

1xEV-DO Radio Frequency (RF) performance engineers,

RF design engineers,

Optimization engineers,

Technicians with limited 1xEV-DO optimization experience or personnel who will be implementing additional EV-DO RF carriers.


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CDMA/1xEV-DO RF Engineering Curriculum

CL8304

3G-1X

Experienced

RF Engineers

CL3723

CL3716 (basic)

CL8300C (Experienced

engineers)

CL83022G/3G-1X

CL83032G/3G-1X

CL1522/

CL1523

CL8306

1xEV-DO

CL3724

CL8307S

EV-DO,

Rev A

CDMA

Fundamentals

RF Design

Engineering

Base Station

Call Processing

RF Performance

Engineering

Topic

System Performance

Monitoring and

Analysis Tools


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Contents

CL3724 consists of the following lessons:

EV-DO RF Performance Basics

EV-DO Handoff Matrix

EV-DO Revisions Summary

EV-DO RF Troubleshooting

EV-DO Multi-Carrier Optimization

EV-DO Quality of Service (QoS)

Alcatel-Lucent EV-DO Optimization Tools

Case Studies and Solutions

EV-DO Hardware and Other Impacts


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Course Objectives

At the end of this course, you should be able to do the following:

Describe 1xEV-DO network from an RF perspective

Identify the major factors in EV-DO RF performance and troubleshooting

Describe multi-carrier optimization

Describe QoS

Identify the features and functions of EV-DO optimization tools

Analyze EV-DO optimization case studies and outline their solutions

Describe EV-DO hardware and other Impacts


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End of CL3724 Course Introduction



EV-DORF Performance BasicsFactors influencing performance1


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Lesson Objectives

Describe EV-DO RF optimization, its parameters and tests

Describe service measurements

Identify the key performance indicators for EV-DO RF network

Describe key factors in handoff and data throughput


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1xEV-DO Performance and Optimization

Uplink

Input

Router

Downlink Input

Router

Downlink

Input

RouterUplink

Input

Router Flexent Mobility

Server (FMS5)

Flexent Mobility

Server (FMS0)

OMP FX

(Element Management

System)

1x EV-DO BTS 1

1x EV-DO BTS 64

1x EV-DO BTS 384

1x EV-DO BTS 320

PacketData

ServiceNode

(PDSN)

AAA

Ethernet

Ethernet

IP Network

Critical Elements

Router

Internet


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RF Optimization

Several RF attributes influence performance:

RF conditions

Adequate Signal strength

Dominant Pilot coverage

Channel conditions (fading type, amount of shadowing)

Loading on the links

Proper RF parameter settings

Important part of RF optimization

Some key RF parameters on the next slide

Overlay on an existing 3G1x offers a good starting set


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RF Optimization Parameters

Neighbor Lists

CBR/UCR adjustments (cell attenuation)

Antenna adjustments (downtilt, azimuth, beamwidth)

Neighbor Search window size

Handoff parameters (Detection, Drop and Comparison thresholds; Drop Timer; Max Legs)

Access parameters

Active /Reverse Traffic Search window size

Reverse overload/power control parameters

Reverse rate transition probabilities

Tx/Rx delays

Paging and Inter-RNC handoff related

Dormancy timer

Most

Moderate

Rarely


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RF Optimization Tests

Test Set-Up

Cabled Pre-Test

Sector Testing

Cluster Drive Testing

Session Transfers: EV-DO to 3G-1X and 3G1X to EV-DO

Protocol Stack Parameter Optimization

Drive Test RF Optimization Examples


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1xEV-DO Drive Test Set-up

Test terminal

Performance/Optimization/Analysis software in laptop


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Verify the Test Set-up – Make a Test Call w/o 1xEV-DO Air Interface

Verify the drive test equipment and backhaul network w/o an RF link

BTS

RF Couplers/Attenuators to

allow direct-connect


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Sector Testing


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Cluster Drive Test Example


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Service Measurements and Key Performance Indicators

Often SM based KPIs provide initial pointer for problems affecting performance

Further investigation/detection of root cause may require drive/stationary tests

Most of such issues should have been detected prior to commercial launch

Networks are “dynamic”; so can’t identify/resolve all problems upfront

Cell adds, traffic pattern changes, subscriber growth, new AT adds

Many problems affecting performance leave similar signatures

One or more KPIs / associated metrics are impacted

Troubleshooting requires elimination of potential sources to get to the root cause

Broader effect of any performance fine-tuning on end-user performance can only be characterized via SM



Key Performance Indicators


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Key Performance Indicators

Evaluating RF Performance in a wireless Data network centers around a few key questions:

How successfully can the calls be setup in the network?

How reliably can the calls be sustained in the network?

How’s the throughput performance (per user and sector level)?

Certain primary metrics that help address above questions are termed KPIs

Reduce a host of SM counts to a manageable starting point for analysis

Role of KPIs in

Performance evaluation

Benchmarking

Performance troubleshooting

Planning (capacity and growth)

System engineering studies

Performance feature validation


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KPIs for 1xEV-DO

KPIs are indicators of:

Coverage

Capacity

Network optimization

System provisioning

Service quality experienced at the end user

Similar to 3G1x Data network, three KPIs can be defined for 1xEV-DO Network

Established Connection (Call) Rate

Dropped Connection (Call) Rate

Data Throughput


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Analysis using KPIs

Each KPI can be computed on a per sector basis Actual analysis may be performed on a per sector basis

Several counts available with sector granularity

A particular problem may exclusively impact one or more isolated sectors

However, often a cluster of contiguous cells may be required

Impact often widespread

E.g, due to external interference, excessive loading

Skewed metrics due to mobility

E.g., call attempts may be pegged on cell, but AT has moved into neighboring cell before problem

occurs

Active set on a different cell

E.g., Failure to perform handoff with the impacted cell pegs drop call on the surrounding cell

Certain critical mass required for meaningful analysis Call attempts / data usage

Sufficient historical benchmark


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KPI: Established Connection Rate

Measure of the success with which calls can be set up

Mathematically, expressed as:

Term Definitions

Connection Requests (CR)

Similar to Origination or Termination Seizures in 2G/3G1x

Simply means an access or a call attempt to establish a connection received at

the AN from the AT (after UATI assignment)

Connection Failures (CF)

Several failures associated with call setup after traffic channel assignment

Failure to acquire mobile, other reasons

RequestsConnection

FailuresConnectionRequestsConnectionRateConnectiondEstablishe


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KPI: Established Connection Rate (cont.)

Established Connection Rate can be expressed separately for AT Initiated calls - first attempt following session establishment or

after dormancy AN Initiated calls (similar to terminations) - reactivation from

dormancy only Some important symmetrical peg counts for each call type are

listed below:

AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Request

AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempt Failures - Reverse Link Not Acquired

AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempts Failures – No Traffic Channel Complete Received

AT (AN) – Initiated Connection Attempt Failures – No Resources Available

AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempt Failures – Other Reasons pre-TCA

AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempt Failures – Other Reasons post-TCA

CR

CF


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Call Setup Flow

ControllerAT BTS

Route Update & Connection Request Msg

Allocate Traffic Channel Request

Allocate Traffic Channel ResponseAcAck

DRC Cover Indication

Send Traffic Chn AssignmentTraffic Channel Assignment

Send DRC + Pilot and ramp up

Reverse Traffic ChannelMobile Acquired Indication

Send RTC AckRTC Ack

Traffic Channel Complete Traffic Channel Complete

Ack

Configuration Negotiation Procedures

Connection Request

Traffic Channel Assigned

No TCC Received

Rev Link Not

Acquired

Negotiation Failure

Other Reasons

AT receives a command (from client or network

page) to initiate a call. AT updates overhead

messages and waits for the next Access Slot to

transmit. Assumes AT was already assigned UATI


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RF Access Failure/ Block Calls - Call Setup Flow

ControllerAT BTS

Route Update & Connection Request Msg


Allocate Traffic Channel ResponseAcAck




Reverse Traffic ChannelMobile Acquired Indication

Send RTC AckRTC Ack


Ack

Configuration Negotiation Procedures

•Blocked Call

RF Access Failure

AT receives a command (from client or

network page) to initiate a call. AT updates

overhead messages and waits for the next

Access Slot to transmit. Assumes AT was

already assigned UATI


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Paging Effectiveness

AT Cell HDR

C

RouteUpdate & ConnectionRequest(AN-Initiated)

AcACK

TrafficChannelAssignment

Send DRC + Pilot and ramp up RTC

RTCAck

TrafficChannelComplete

Allocate Traffic Channel Req

DRCCoverInd

Allocate Traffic Channel Resp

SendTCA

MobileAcquiredInd

SendRTCAck

TCC

ACK

Send PagePage

TPA10 Buffer recv’d

data from the PDSN.

AT is dormant, suspend

Timer is not active

Data packets

CRinit AT Attempts PageAttemptsPaging

Failures Paging1Rate Succ Paging


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Paging Effectiveness (cont.)

Page transmission Failures Page Attempt “not responded to”

Page Attempts Page Attempts AT initiate Connection Requests

PF

PA


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Enhanced Idle State (EIS) Protocol

Permits shorter slot cycles for reducing paging delay

Permits longer slot cycles for improving battery life

Permits dynamic slot cycles defined for different ATs

Permits “not-monitored time” defined for improving paging delivery

•Connection is

•dropped and

•AT switches to

•the idle state•Period 1 duration •Period 2 duration

•Period 3 duration

•Interval 1 •Interval 2 •Interval 3

•continues for idle

•state duration


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EIS Performance Expectations

Slot Cycle 6 (SC6)= 426.67 msecSlot Cycle 7 (SC7)= 1.28 secSlot Cycle 9 (SC9)= 5.12 sec

Slot cycle i Period i

0x00 to 0x06

0x07 to 0x1c

slots 4x slotcyclei 2

slots 768 x 7 0

2

xslotcyclei


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EIS Performance Expectations – PING RTT

Slot Cycle 6

Slot Cycle 9

Slot Cycle 7


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EIS - Page Mask

The RNC will not send the AT unicast message during the Mask period.

To prevent the AT from missing a unicast message, a Page mask is

used. This allows the AT to specify periods during its idle state when the

AT will tune away to monitor different technologies (e.g., 3G1x paging,

IEEE 802.11).


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Block Call Rate

Defined as Traffic channel Assignment denied

Maximum users reached on all sectors reported in the Route Update Message for a given Connection Request

ASIC or MAC indexes limitations.

Maximum number of users reached, HROC not able to release connections.

CPFAIL# 15007=CPFAIL_CARRIER_SELECTION_FOR_TRAFFIC_CHANNEL_FAILED

Some components of Other Reasons

E.g., calls blocked due to total dormant sessions on a TP exceeding limit. There is a finite number of session the RNC can support

“TP Utilization Threshold”, currently set to 85%.

No specific blocking due to power overload

Different than 3G-1X where IAOC can block calls.

Forward link when transmitting always uses fixed full power

Reverse link power is managed by controlling transmission rates via Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) or Rate Limit mechanisms


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Fast Connect Call Flow

ControllerPrior connection ended normally.

AN received Conn Close with

Suspend flag enabled. AN receives

data from the network while AT is

in suspend mode (<5sec from the

prior Conn Close). AN decides to

invoke Fast Connect

BTS


Allocate Traffic Channel Response




Reverse Traffic Channel Mobile Acquired Indication

Send RTC AckRTC Ack


Ack

Fast Connect (request)

FC TCA Sent

FC Fail - No

TCC Rcvd

FC Fail - Rev

Link Not

Acquired

FC Fail No Resources

FC - Established

Conn

Blocks

RF Failures

RequestsConnectFast

TCAtoespRNoFailuresConnectFastConnectsFastforRateCalldEstablishe

_1


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Drop Call Rate

Measure of unintended interruptions / call releases due to RF or network impairments

• Mathematically, expressed as:

• Unintended Connection Releases

• Similar to Lost call or CPFAIL call shutdown for 2G/3G1x

• CPFAIL# 44000=CPFAIL_REVERSE_LINK_LOST_IN_CONNECTED

• CPFAIL# 420XX= Several Causes

• Two main peg counts

• Connection Released - RF Link Lost

• Connection Released - Other Reasons

• Established Connections

• Connection Requests minus Connection Failures

• Derived from numerator for Established Connection Rate metric

sConnectiondEstablishe

ReleasesConnectionUnintendedRateCallDrop


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How is a Call Dropped ?

• Connection Released - RF Link Lost –

Two ways this can happen:

• Cell can no longer decode DRCs at all handoff legs, possibly because:• Of bad Reverse Link: excessive path loss, external interference, mobile has tuned away to

receive a voice call on 3G1x or has spent too much time on a particular 3G1x search in hybrid mode

• AT loses forward link (erased frames), can’t recover within DRC Supervision Timer (240 ms), stops transmission of the Reverse Link

• Handoff failures • Cell sends Traffic Channel Assignment but times out waiting for Traffic Channel Complete

message after 3 attempts

• Handoff flow illustrated on the following slide

• Cell times out waiting for any “Ack” required message (such as, Neighbor List message) after 3 tries on the Forward Traffic channel

• Connection Released - Other Reasons• Internal software errors

• Timeouts

• Failure building/sending messages

• Call states not in sync between TP and AP


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Handoff Example

Pilot

Strength

T_ADD

T_DROP

Send Route Update

Above T_ADDRecv’ TCA

Move Pilot to

Active Set

Sends TCC

BS sends

TCA

Below T_DROP

Starts T_TDROP

timer

Timer expires

Sends RU msg

BS sends TCA

Moves Pilot

To the Neig. Set

Send TCC


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Handoff Call Flow (Soft Add or Drop)

Connection Released -

RF Link Lost

Soft/er HO failures

due to no AT Response

Controlle

r

AT Existing

BTS

Route Update Message

Allocate Traffic Channel Req.

Allocate Traffic Channel Response

ACK

Send Traffic Channel AssignmentTraffic Channel

Assignment

Traffic Channel

Complete Traffic Channel Complete

ACK

New

BTS

Soft/er HO failures -

no resources

Soft/er HO Other

failures - post TCA

Soft/er HO Other

failures - pre TCA

Soft/er HO attempts

Soft/er HO TCA Sent


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Inter-RNC Idle Handoff - Call Flow

UATI Request

A11 Reg Request

A11 Reg Resp

UATI Assignment

UATI Complete

(request Upper Old UATI)

(Upper Old UATI)

Assign First(CC+UATI 024)IS Xfer Attmpt

Fail Other Reason

Fail No Resp Prev Subnet

A13 Conf

A13 SI Req.

A13 SI Resp.

Release Session

PDSN Can’t Connect

Source IP Addr Not FoundReject

LEGENDAT Target RNC Source RNC PDSN

Common

A11 Reg Udpate

A11 Reg Ack

Attempts

Failures


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Inter-RNC Idle handoff success:

A comprehensive characterization of inter-RNC idle handoff session setup success rate

Includes failures encountered during A13 session transfer

Includes Prior Session / Color Code / Assign First

•Same metric regardless of the method chosen (Color Code or Assign First)

Failures

INT_SUBNET_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_OTHER_REASON(main reason is target RNC did not receive UATI complete from the AT)

ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_RJCT_MSG_RCVD(A13 Reject msg sent by source RNC as it could not locate the UATI since its session was already closed)

ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_SRC_IP_ADR_NT_FOUND

ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_NO_RSP_ PRV_SBNET

ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_ORG_PDSN_CANT_CONN

ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_PRIOR_SES_NO_RSP

INT_SUBNET_IDL_TRFR_PRIOR_SES_BAD_REQ

Requests SetupSession subnet -Inter

Failures SetupSession subnet -Inter 1Rate Success HO ISub


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Data Throughput

Defined as amount of data transferred per unit time

Two different measurement points

End user experience

Sector level capacity

Throughput can be characterized at various protocol layers

RLP layer offers a suitable measurement point Can be computed readily from existing SM counts

Rev. A introduced different QoS flows: Best Effort, Convers. Speech, Convesr. Video, etc

Higher layers (PPP/IP/TCP/Application) outside our infrastructure

Lower layer (Physical) too far away to reflect proper end user experience

Mathematically, can be expressed as (in kilobits per sec or kbps)

SubpacketsFramesTimeSlots

hourinreceivedd or transmitteoctetsRLPOriginalThroughputSectorreverseForward

81

100010

81

SectorPersConnectionActiveAverage

hourinreceivedd or transmitteoctetsRLPOriginalThroughputUserPerreverseForward


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Data Throughput (Cont.)

Each throughput metric can be computed separately for forward and reverse links

Term Definitions

Number of Original RLP Octets Transmitted in 1 hour Includes original data only (that is, no RLP layer retransmissions)

Bytes sent to the AT on the downlink

Note some RLP data may never reach the AT either because RLP NAK or RLP re-transmission is lost over the air

No way to account for it (usually very small - of the order of 0.02%)

Number of Original RLP Octets Received in 1 hour Includes original data only (that is, no RLP layer retransmissions)

Bytes sent by the AT on the uplink

Average Active Connections per Sector Computed similarly as the Erlangs counts in 2G/3G1x

Every 10 seconds, AP increments a counter with the # of active users on the sector


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Data Throughput dependencies

Achieved throughputs are a function of transmitted packet rates

Transmission rates in turn depends on several factors

Amount of data to be sent (backlog) Application dependent

Internet delays

Transport protocol (TCP/UDP)

Backbone network issues (packet drops, routing configuration)

Client and server configuration issues

RF conditions (coverage, mobility, dominant pilot, etc.) For forward link, AT itself requests rate to be able to achieve 1% packet error

On the reverse link, AT may lower rates if it estimates insufficient transmit power headroom

Loading conditions Fwd link - the more the # of active users, the fewer the slots per user

Rev link - overload control to manage AT transmitted rates

All backbone network integrity related issues need to be resolved prior to/ in the

initial stages of commercial use

Using controlled stationary and drive tests

Difficult to pinpoint with SM


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Forward Link Scheduler Rel. 0

Alcatel-Lucent supports Proportional Fair Scheduler on the forward link

Proportional -At a given instant, AT experiencing strongest SNR (and hence requesting highest DRC rates) has a higher probability of getting serviced in a given sector

Fair - In a typical field environment, short term RF variations cause SNR at individual users within a sector to peak at different times, so high likelihood of giving everybody a chance

Goal is to maximize sector throughputs while minimizing data starvation for the disadvantaged users

Serve the AT with the highest ratio of [ current_DRC / short_term_filtered_average_of_transmitted_rate ]

Hold back data for other users until the ratio improves


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Forward Link Scheduler Rev. A

RTx Queue

FTx Queue

DARQ Queue

Flow a

Flow b

Flow x

User 1

User 2

User n

Calculate bit stuffing metrics for each flow

Generate a list of candidate Instances

Select one (or several) best candidate Instance(s)

Maximize the packing efficiency

Calculate a priori probability (Optional)

Make scheduling decision

FL Scheduler


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Forward Link Scheduler Rev. A

Mac Flow Layers Example Bound Priority

Signaling SLP and etc… Naks, auth, etc… AN 1

Speech Application VoIP or VT SN 2

Video-48K Application VT SN 3

CMCS Application SIP SN 4

BE Application FTP SN 5

Video 48

Speech

CMS

BE

Scheduler

EV-DO Modem (EVM) Card

Δ Time = Queue time

MAC L

ayer P

acket A

rrival

PH

Y L

ayer P

acket O

TA Tra

nsm

ission


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Reverse Link Rate Control Rel. 0

No specific scheduling algorithm on the reverse link

Each user can transmit at max allowed rate subject to AT’s view of available tx headroom and backlog

Cell manages maximum allowed rates in overload conditions

Preserve coverage

Avoid instability due to overload

Maintain DRC and ACK channel performance - important for fwd link throughputs

Two methods

Reverse overload control using Reverse Activity Bit (RAB)

If the bit is set, AT will probabilistically halve its transmission rates

Coupled with rate transition probabilities

Cell will set the bit when overload conditions based on estimated loading (depends on number of users and received energy levels) and RSSI are met

Rate Limit

Active only when RAB based control is disabled

Cell will lower the maximum rate broadcast on the Control channel

Translations settings for max allowed users for each rate


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Reverse Link Rate Control Rev. A

Token Bucket Single Flow

T2Pinflow

(new resource based on RNC assigned priority to flow)

BucketLevelSat(maximum allowed bucket size)

BucketLevel(unused accumulated resource)

PotentialT2POutput(maximum allowable withdrawal)

DataT2POutflow

(actual T2P withdrawal)


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Reverse Link Rate Control Rev. A

High T2PInflow Zero Inflow

RAB from

BTS

T2PInflow

Multiplexe

r(flow

properties,

QoS)

Select PS;

Subject to

several

constraints

PHY. TM

T2

PO

utflo

w

T2

PO

utflo

w

TxT2P

PotentialT2POutflow

PotentialT2POutflow

T2

P_

to_

Q

QRAB

Token Bucket Multiple Flow


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Short and Long Term RAB Filtering

All of the RAB bits received from all the sectors in its active set are

logically ORed and are filtered.

•RAB bits•from all•sector in•active Set

RABDetector

Short termIIR Filter

Samplingat 6.67-ms

rate

Samplingat 6.67-ms

rate

Long termIIR Filter

(4 slotsdefault TC)

(384 slotsdefault TC)

•FRAB

•QRAB

-1,1

-1,1

-1,10, 1

AT


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T2PInflow Equation

T2PInflow

ni,ΔT2PInflow

ni,T2POutflow1/τ

1-ni,T2PInflowτ11

ni,T2PInflow

T2POuflow

1QRAB

1QRAB

,T2P,FRABT2PUp

,T2P,FRABT2PDn

ni,ΔT2PInflow

1QRABPb

b1-

bPriority

T2PDn

T2PUp

01QRABPT2PUp1QRABPT2PDn-

0ΔT2PInflowET2POutflowET2PInflowE

T2PInflow is updated according,

where,

At steady state,

Steady state T2PInflow

(determines resource

allocation, QoS) is obtained by

solving this equation


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Priority function Example

The long term T2PInflow is one the factors that determines QoS of the flow

Long term T2PInflow is determined by the intersection of “priority function” and loading “b/(1-b)”

Three flows, red has fixed allocation (delay sensitive), blue has a fixed allocation but can benefit from higher rate (delay sensitive) and green elastic allocation (delay tolerant) and uses available resource to achieve high rates

Priority Functions

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25

T2PInflow

T2P

Up

/T2P

Dn

Flow 1 Flow 2 Flow 3 b/(1-b)=-10 b/(1-b)=0 b/(1-b)=1 b/(1-b)=17

High RoT

Low RoT

b/(1-b)

T2PInflow vs. loading

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

17

16

15

14

13

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

10

12

14

16

18

20

b/(1-b) dB

T2P

Infl

ow

Flow 3

Flow 2

Flow 1


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3G1X HSPD vs EV-DO Rev.0 HDR vs EV-DO Rev.A HDR

RX Power

dB

Ec/Io

dB

SINR

dB

DRC

kbps

Download

FTP

kbps

Upload

FTP

kbps

Download

HTTP

kbps

Upload

HTTP

kbps

Latency

ms

-70.79 -3.27 na na 125 138 146 140 332

-64.48 -1.45 9.96 2,184 1,189 150 1,313 150 149

-68.60 -1.47 9.81 2,130 923 150 1,246 151 206.07

-63.08 -0.97 11.66 2,873 1,261 818 1,352 944 84.51

-63.61 -1.49 9.89 2,638 685 766 848 881 149

•3G1X HSPD

•EVDO R.0

•EVDO R.A

•Average of numerous drives in 2 small cities – different sites each drive

Expectations –Examples


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Lesson Summary

At the conclusion of this lesson, you should be able to

Describe EV-DO RF optimization, its parameters and tests

Describe service measurements

Identify the key performance indicators for EV-DO RF network

Describe key factors in handoff and data throughput


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CL3724: End of Lesson



EV-DO Handoff Matrix (HOM)2


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Why HOM?

Handoff matrix data is used to adjust neighbor lists and improve handoff performance.

HOM is an on-demand tool which users run on the OMP when HOM data is needed. Unlike service measurements data, the HOM tools are NOT running all the time.

The EV-DO HOM tools are similar to the CDMA HOM (handoff matrix) tools with several significant differences.


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What Does EV-DO HOM Do?

The EV-DO HOM tool is explained in this module.

For a single service node (SN) and for a specified period of time,

EV-DO HOM counts the undeclared neighbors and the successful and

attempted handoffs from each sector in the SN to every other

sector in the system.

It reports the following:

Added and dropped legs – both completed and attempted for:

Soft and softer handoffs

Soft, softer, and hard handoffs

Undeclared neighbors* (using PN offset) for each sector

The start and end times of the handoff data collection

*An undeclared neighbor is a PN offset that is not in the current set of strongest pilots for the AT

but is strong enough for the AT to propose as a handoff candidate. Undeclared neighbors that

occur frequently in HOM data may need to be added to neighbor lists.


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How Does EV-DO HOM Work?

During an EV-DO HOM Study, each successful add or drop of a call leg

from active sessions is recorded as a handoff. Attempts are counted

also.

Each AP maintains a matrix where it counts the number of handoffs

and the undeclared neighbors for each source and target pair of

sectors (the “From” sectors and the “To” sectors).

At the end of the study, the counting stops automatically and is stored

on the APs until the user requests a report of the accumulated data.

The OMP pulls all the HOM data from all the APs that collected it and

merges it into one ascii file on the OMP.

The data is written on the OMP in a default directory on the OMP in

the format specified by the user.

Idle transfers and handoffs from idle sessions are not reported.


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How Do I Use EV-DO HOM?

To start an EV-DO HOM study:

/omp/bin/evstarthom [-h][-t DURATION]

-h Display the help information

-t Duration of the study (10-1440 minutes, default is 10 minutes)

To collect EV-DO HOM data or to stop a running study early:

/omp/bin/evdisphom [-o file_name] [-fshw]

-o Output file name for HOM data

-f Output the data in colon-delimited format. With no –f option, data is output in table format.

-s Stop a study early, before its duration has elapsed. No data is collected.

-h Display the help information

-w Wait for no longer than 15 minutes to collect data. When used with –s, study is stopped and data is written to a file on the OMP shortly after the data is available from the APs.

Users who want to run these commands must use logins that are in the ECP group on the OMP.

The new FAF for EV-DO HOM must also be active.

HOM data file is written in /omp-data/logs/hom/evdo_summary_files.


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What Data Does EV-DO HOM Collect?

EVDO HANDOFF MATRIX RELEASE 25.0Start Date: 08/29/2005 Start Time: 08:00:26Stop Date: 08/29/2005 Stop Time: 23:00:02Service Node ID: 33 Reporting RNC(s): 20, 21, 22

DECL: DECL: TO CELL TO

TO UNDEC: SECT TO FROM FROM SECT PN UNDEC: ACTIVE ADD ADD DROP DROP CELL SECT DECL OFFSET CHAN# AP IP COMPL ATTEMP COMPL ATTEMP83 2 N 108 875 N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A83 2 Y 113 2 10.204.232.15 1 1 1 183 2 Y 113 3 10.204.232.15 5 6 5 583 2 N 128 875 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A83 2 Y 133 1 10.204.232.8 8 9 9 983 2 Y 133 3 10.204.232.8 3 3 5 583 2 Y 138 1 10.204.232.10 0 6 0 083 2 N 140 875 N/A N/A 1250 N/A N/A83 2 N 156 875 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A


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Lesson Summary


Identify the main RF optimization tools for EV-DO

Describe the features and functions of HOM

Analyze sample reports from various RF optimization tools


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EV-DO Revisions Summary3


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Lesson Objectives

Give a brief summary on EV-DO revisions


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EV-DO Evolution and Differentiators


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Enhanced DO and DO Rev A Evolution

Other

MSM5500 MSM6500 MSM6550 MSM6800

CSM5500

CSM6800

EV-DO Rev 0

Device HW BTS HW EV-DO Capability

PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM5500 MSM6500 MSM6550 MSM6800

CSM5500

CSM6800

EV-DO Inter-User QoS

Content Server, Controller, Sub Database/ Manager

MSM6500 MSM6550 MSM6800

CSM5500

CSM6800

EV-DO BCMCS w/o Enhanced Physical Layer

PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM6500 MSM6550 MSM6800

CSM5500

CSM6800

EV-DO Intra-user QoS

PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A Enhanced Physical Layer

PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A QoS

Content Server, Controller, Sub Database/ Manager

MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A BCMCS (Gold/ Platinum)

Enhanced PDSN and AAA IMS Core

MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A w/ VoIP


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Rev A Benefits

Improved Forward Link Larger payloads drive data rates to

3.1Mbps

Improved MAC supports over 100 users per sector

Packet Division Multiplexing improves performance in good channel conditions

New Channel enabling Increased Forward Throughput

Improved Reverse Link Up to 1.8 Mbps data rate

Throughput and latency gains with hybrid ARQ

Improved MAC Layers on reverse link

Quality of Service (QoS) Inter-User – Priority by User

Intra-User – Priority by Application

Requirements for VoIP/PTT applications

Broadcast/ Multicast Service (BCMCS)*

Multimedia content to multiple users

Improved support for real-

time packet applications,

including VoIP, Gaming, Push-

to-Talk (PTT)

Can leverage advanced all-IP

architectures to further

improve performance and

deployment flexibility

Enhanced capabilities to

enable service flexibility and

new revenue generating

features


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Rev 0 vs. Rev A Data Rates

38.4 kbps

76.8 kbps

153.6 kbps

307.2 kbps

614.4 kbps

921.6 kbps

1,228.6 kbps

1,843.2 kbps

2,457.6 kbps

9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

38.4 kbps

76.8 kbps

153.6 kbps

Forward Link Reverse Link

Rev 0 Data RateRev 0 Data Rate

Rev A Data RateRev A Data Rate

4.8 kbps

9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

38.4 kbps

76.8 kbps

153.6 kbps

307.2 kbps

614.4 kbps

921.6 kbps

1,228.6 kbps

1,536.0 kbps

1,843.2 kbps

2,457.6 kbps

3,072.0 kbps

4.8 kbps

9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

38.4 kbps

76.8 kbps

115.2 kbps

153.6 kbps

230.4 kbps

307.2 kbps

460.8 kbps

614.4 kbps

921.6 kbps

1,228.6 kbps

1,843.2 kbps


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Rev A Performance

Reverse linkRLP throughput

Number of activepacket data usersper sector-carrier

Number of VoIPcalls per sector-carrierwith 2% blocking

-Four way receive diversity

-Two way receive diversity

AT with single antenna

AT with dual antenna

Dual antenna receiveforward and reverse links

Dual antenna receiveforward and reverse links

200 kbps

1000 kbps 1100 kbps

800 kbps

680 kbps

400 kbps

700 kbps

340 kbps

Rev 0 Rev A

20

N/A

30

45 (35 Erlang)

Forward linkRLP throughput


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New Rev A Protocols

New Protocols

added in Rev A

Adapts data

reliability, latency,

and data rate for

each session as a

function of its QoS

requirement

Comparable Rev 0

protocols are the

default protocol

Although major

changes in Rev A are

at the MAC and

Physical layers,

protocol changes

occur on every

layer except Session

and Security layers

Multi-flow Packet Application

Flow ControlProtocol

Radio Link

Protocol

Location Update Protocol

Data Over Signaling Protocol CDMA2000

Circuit Services

Notification Protocol

CDMA2000 Circuit Services Notification

Application

Multimode Capability Discovery Protocol

Multimode Capability Discovery

ApplicationApplication

Layer

Enhanced Forward Traffic Channel MAC

Protocol

Enhances Control Channel MAC

Protocol

Subtype 2 Reverse Traffic Channel MAC

Protocol

Enhanced Access Channel MAC Protocol

Subtype 3 Reverse Traffic Channel MAC

Protocol

Subtype1 Reverse Traffic Channel MAC

Protocol

Stream Layer

Session Layer

Mac Layer

Security Layer

Connection Layer

Physical Layer

Virtual Stream Protocol

Session ManagementProtocol

Address ManagementProtocol

Session ConfigurationProtocol

Enhanced Idle State Protocol

Generic SecurityProtocol

DH Key ExchangeProtocol

SHA-1 AuthenticationProtocol

Subtype 1 Physical Layer Protocol

Subtype 2 Physical Layer Protocol


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Lesson Summary

At the conclusion of this lesson,

you should be able to

Know about EV-DO revisions


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EV-DO RF TroubleshootingTroubleshooting Techniques

Resolution4


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Lesson Objectives

Perform basic troubleshooting of RF problems (such as lack of coverage, excessive pilots, interference, and non-optimized neighbor lists)

Examine inter-RNC border issues and RNC grouping


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Lack of RF Coverage

Description

Inability to close either link

Reverse link more susceptible compared to fwd link esp. at higher RF loading

Areas suffering from heavy shadowing (in-building, route blocked by buildings, trees, etc.)

Impact on all 3 KPIs

Symptoms / Identification Techniques

First identify the affected area by focusing on cells with simultaneous impact on several SM metrics

Low Established Call rate

High Dropped call rate

Low Data Throughput

High RLP re-transmission rate ratio of RLP Octets Re-transmitted to RLP Octets Transmitted on the fwd link

ratio of Missing RLP Octets Requested to RLP Octets Received on the rev link

Best detected via drive tests / stationary sampling AT rx power < -105 dBm, AT rx SNR < -10dB, AT transmit power > 20 dBm


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Lack of Coverage – Link Supervision

AT supervises the forward link by monitoring its own DRC Channel

See flowchart

RAN supervises the reverse link by monitoring the AT’s DRC Channel

If only a small number of good DRCs are received during a certain time period, then the connection is released.

Transmit DRC

Consecutive

null-rate DRC for

TFTCMDRCSup

?

No

Yes

No

Yes

Stop RTC

Less than

NFTCMPRestartTx consec.

non-null-rate DRC for

TFTCMPRestart

?

Abandon connection

Start RTC

TFTCMDRSupervision = 240 ms

TFTCMPRestart = 5.12 s

NFTCMPRestartTx = 16 slots

TFTCMDRSupervision = 240 ms

TFTCMPRestart = 5.12 s

NFTCMPRestartTx = 16 slots


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RF Access Failures – Established Connection Rate

•AT didn't receive AcAck message

•Max. Number of Probes reached.

•Weak RF Conditions. Ec/Io of Ref PN -10 dB.

• AT didn't receive TCA/RTCAck or the AT shut off reverse link transmitter due to DRC supervision failure and because of this AN couldn't acquire AT on the reverse link

Access Failure

Access Failure

Access Failure


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Access Procedure

x = - Mean Rx Power (dBm) + x0 = - Mean Rx Power (dBm) +

OpenLoopAjust + ProbeInitialAdjust

PersistenceTest

1 2 3 N1

1

PersistenceTest

1 2 3 N2

2

PersistenceTest

1 2 3 Np

NsProbe Sequence No.

PowerIncrements

Step

~ ~

Ts

x0


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Enhanced Access Channel (EAC) MAC

Transmit Power

Preamble9.6 kbps Data Channel

Pilot Channel

1 Frame 4 Frames

Transmit Power

Preamble

19.2 kbps Data Channel

Pilot Channel

4 slots2 Frames

REV 0 Access Channel

Transmit Power

Preamble 9.6 kbps Data Channel Pilot Channel

4 slots4 Frames

Transmit Power

Preamble

38.4 kbps Data

Channel

Pilot Channel

4 slots1 Frame

Access Channel Capsule

Access Channel Capsule

Access Channel Capsule Access Channel

Capsule

REV A Access Channel


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Pilot Strength Correction Factor (PSC)

Open Loop Power Control for AT’s transmit Power:

Ec/Io of the desired sector to which access probes are directed:

Rev. A modifies the ProbeInitialAdjust and makes it dynamic:


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EAC and PSC Expectations


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Access Channel Translations

SN General – General 2

SN Pilot


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Access Channel Translations


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Translation Parameters: Recommended Values

Preamble Length Slots: 4, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier – Enhanced Access Channel)

Probe Time Out Adjust (in units of 16 slots): 0, (Service Node –Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier – Enhanced Access Channel)

Sector Access Max Rate (kbps): 38.4, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier – Enhanced Access Channel)

Pilot Strength Correction Min (dB): 0, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier – Enhanced Access Channel)

Pilot Strength Nominal (dB): 0, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier – Enhanced Access Channel)

Pilot Strength Correction Max (dB): 5, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier – Enhanced Access Channel)


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Translation Parameters: Recommended Values (Cont.)

Terminal Access Rate Max (kbps): 9.6, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel MAC)

EAC Power Offset Nominal (2’s complement in units of 0.5dB): 0, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel MAC)

EAC Power Offset 9k6 (2’s complement in units of 0.25dB): 0, (Service Node – Enhanced Access Channel MAC)




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Enhanced Control Channel

•0

•0

•1

•1

•2

•2

•3

•3

•2•5•4

•2•5•4

•2•5•5

•2•5•5

•2•5•6

•2•5•6

•2•5•8

•2•5•8

•Arrival of•page at

•Base Station

•Arrival of•page at

•Base Station

•2-slot•offset

•2-slot•offset

•page•TX Start

•page•TX Start

•page•TX end

•page•TX end

•Control Channel Cycle

•Control Channel Cycle

•256 slots (426.66 ms)

•256 slots (426.66 ms)

•Connection setup time reduction

•Sub-sync control•channel cycle

•64 slots (106.66 ms)

•6•6

•1•3•0

•1•9•4

•Rev 0 Control Channel Cycle

•Rev A Control Channel Cycle

•Synchronous•control channel

•Packet

•Asynchronous•control channel

•Packet

•Sub-synchronous•control channel

•Packet


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Lack of Coverage – Drop Call Rate

Dropped Call


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Lack of Coverage – Drop Call Rate


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Lack of Coverage – Data Throughput

Low Throughput = Low SINR


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Lack of RF Coverage (cont.)

Mitigation Strategies

Drive test based optimization to improve and verify coverage changes

Antenna adjustments (azimuth, remove excessive downtilt)

Use a higher beamwidth antenna

Add a repeater (esp. for in building locations)

Add a cell

Secondary benefits possible in terms of overall performance improvement

Improved pilot coverage on forward link can result in improved DRC rates

Except CBR option, all others improve rev link coverage, possible reduction in

interference due to AT power mitigation


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Excessive Pilots

Cell 22

Cell 91

Cell 121

Cell 201

Cell 150

Cell 72AT in 3-way Soft Handoff

PN156

PN216

PN300

PN186

PN234

PN330


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Excessive Pilots (Cont.)


On a relative basis (compared to other cells), look for cells with higher value of:

Ratio of “Greater than 1-way CRs” to “Total CRs”

[ Connection Requests with 3 or more Pilots + Connection Requests with 3 Pilots + Connection Requests with 2 Pilots ] / [AT + AN Initiated Connection Requests]

Soft and softer handoff attempts (excessive HO activity)

Although more indicative of mobility, combine with other metrics

In case of one-to-one overlay on an existing 2G/3G1x system, look for pilot pollution using 2G/3G1x SM on the underlying cells:

High ratio of Total Walsh Code to Primary or Secondary CE to Total CE usage

High instances of candidate Pilots seen above Tadd/Tcomp

Handoff Matrix analysis for high soft/er handoff %

Undeclared Neighbor List to locate overshooting pilot not in the neighbor list

Simultaneous impact on Est. Connection Rate and Data Throughput


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Excessive Pilots (Cont.)


Similar to Lack of RF coverage, drive tests more effective

Assuming wide enough impact on the routes

RF optimization efforts aimed at creating dominant Pilot

CBR (simultaneous adjustment - up on some cells/down on others)

Antenna adjustments (downtilt, azimuth)

Add a cell if all efforts to break the tie fail

usually such areas also have low or marginal coverage

Minimize impact from the distant overshooting Pilot (“kill it or use it”)

CBR increase or downtilt

Otherwise, include in the neighbor list

Active/Optimize the SoftSlope Handoff Algorithm


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Problem Areas Identified

Best ASP SINR

(dB)

20 to 100 (0)

10 to 20 (159)

5 to 10 (960)

0 to 5 (1327)

-5 to 0 (748)

-10 to -5 (73)

-30 to -10 (1)

Overlay

Origination Failure (1)

Low Throughput Areas

Low throughput and Origination

Failure

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

Area 6

Area 3

Area 4Area 5


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Average RLP TP

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

RLP Throughput - ForwardMean = 644.907 Std Dev = 385.904

4054 occu

rences

kbps[0,1) [1,80) [80,270) [270,450) [450,700) [700,1000) [1000,2500)

PDF CDF


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Low SINR Area 1 - Pilot Pollution

2_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_500

2_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_132

2_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_352

29_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_504

29_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_84

29_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_392

36_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_340

36_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_324

36_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_400

75_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_12

75_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_108

75_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_56

78_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_336

78_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_428

91_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_64

91_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_116

91_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_476

100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16

180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436

182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332

182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380

182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268

121212121212121212

161616161616161616

161616161616161616

121212121212121212

121212121212121212

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108565656565656565656

565656565656565656

116116116116116116116116116565656565656565656

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

436436436436436436436436436

436436436436436436436436436969696969696969696

436436436436436436436436436

332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332324324324324324324324324324

324324324324324324324324324

436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268

268268268268268268268268268

432432432432432432432432432

432432432432432432432432432

848484848484848484

268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116404040404040404040404040404040404040504504504504504504504504504404040404040404040404040404040404040

504504504504504504504504504

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

104104104104104104104104104


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99

Low SINR Area 1 - Pilot Pollution [Cont.]

BestASPPN CountOfBestASPPN AvgOfAvgOfATReceivePower AvgOfAvgOfBestASPEcIo

116 62 -71.5 -6.7

268 14 -73.5 -6.8

504 5 -74.8 -7.8


CL3724-SG.en.ul

100

Low SINR Area 2 – Pilot Pollution

1_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_40

1_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_148

2_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_500

2_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_132

2_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_352

29_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_504

29_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_84

29_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_392

75_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_12

75_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_108

75_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_56

88_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_52

88_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_212

88_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_308

91_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_64

91_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_116

91_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_476

125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72125_1_72

125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120125_2_120

125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368125_3_368182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332

182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380

182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268

161616161616161616

121212121212121212

121212121212121212

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

116116116116116116116116116565656565656565656

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

332332332332332332332332332

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108

268268268268268268268268268

268268268268268268268268268

116116116116116116116116116

432432432432432432432432432

268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116504504504504504504504504504404040404040404040268268268268268268268268268504504504504504504504504504504504504504504504504504504404040404040404040132132132132132132132132132

504504504504504504504504504

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500


CL3724-SG.en.ul

101

Low SINR Area 2 – Pilot Pollution [Cont.]


132 98 -70.5 -5.8

504 46 -70.4 -6.2

40 19 -72.7 -6.6

212 1 -65.2 -4.8


CL3724-SG.en.ul

102


1_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_401_1_40

1_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_2_1721_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_1481_3_148

6_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_4

29_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_504

29_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_84

29_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_392

36_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_340

36_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_324

36_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_400

63_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_432

63_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_164

63_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_140

180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436

180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316

180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328

182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332

182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380

182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268

187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296

187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376

187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

268268268268268268268268268504504504504504504504504504108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

436436436436436436436436436324324324324324324324324324436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380296296296296296296296296296380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268

104104104104104104104104104

432432432432432432432432432

268268268268268268268268268

432432432432432432432432432

432432432432432432432432432

432432432432432432432432432268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332400400400400400400400400400

340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

108108108108108108108108108

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116504504504504504504504504504

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116504504504504504504504504504404040404040404040404040404040404040504504504504504504504504504132132132132132132132132132132132132132132132132132132404040404040404040


CL3724-SG.en.ul

103



268 27 -70.6 -5.7

432 21 -69.3 -5.6

104 4 -68.0 -7.2


CL3724-SG.en.ul

104


2_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_500

2_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_132

2_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_352

10_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_112

10_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_104

10_3_4410_3_4410_3_4410_3_4410_3_4410_3_4410_3_4410_3_4410_3_44

31_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_236

31_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_316

38_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_456

38_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_100

38_3_17638_3_17638_3_17638_3_17638_3_17638_3_17638_3_17638_3_17638_3_176

75_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_12

75_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_108

75_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_56

88_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_5288_1_52

88_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_21288_2_212

88_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_30888_3_308

91_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_64

91_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_116

91_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_476

100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80

100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16

100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492100_3_492

169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168169_2_168

169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128169_3_128

173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412173_1_412

173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156173_2_156

173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144173_3_144

183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208

183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184

183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196183_3_196

121212121212121212

161616161616161616

161616161616161616

161616161616161616

161616161616161616

121212121212121212

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

184184184184184184184184184

104104104104104104104104104

500500500500500500500500500

176176176176176176176176176100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492444444444492492492492492492492492492444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492444444444492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492 808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080


CL3724-SG.en.ul

105



500 17 -61.4 -5.4

104 15 -60.3 -6.2

176 14 -59.6 -5.4

184 5 -60.9 -6.9

100 3 -59.3 -6.0


CL3724-SG.en.ul

106

Low SINR Area 5 – Pilot Pollution (Overshoot)

10_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_11210_1_112

10_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_10410_2_104

14_1_8014_1_8014_1_8014_1_8014_1_8014_1_8014_1_8014_1_8014_1_80

14_2_6014_2_6014_2_6014_2_6014_2_6014_2_6014_2_6014_2_6014_2_60

21_2_22421_2_22421_2_22421_2_22421_2_22421_2_22421_2_22421_2_22421_2_224

31_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_23631_1_236

31_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_31631_3_316

34_1_24434_1_24434_1_24434_1_24434_1_24434_1_24434_1_24434_1_24434_1_244

34_2_29234_2_29234_2_29234_2_29234_2_29234_2_29234_2_29234_2_29234_2_292

38_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_45638_1_456

38_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_10038_2_100

66_1_3266_1_3266_1_3266_1_3266_1_3266_1_3266_1_3266_1_3266_1_32

66_2_24066_2_24066_2_24066_2_24066_2_24066_2_24066_2_24066_2_24066_2_240

67_1_8867_1_8867_1_8867_1_8867_1_8867_1_8867_1_8867_1_8867_1_88

67_2_30467_2_30467_2_30467_2_30467_2_30467_2_30467_2_30467_2_30467_2_304

75_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_12

78_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_336

78_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_428

100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80100_1_80

100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16100_2_16

121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120121_1_120

121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132121_2_132

151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136151_1_136

183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208183_1_208

183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184183_2_184

213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172213_1_172

213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468213_2_468 217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460217_1_460

217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228217_3_228

219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164219_2_164

108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140108_1_140

108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96108_2_96

72_1_40472_1_40472_1_40472_1_40472_1_40472_1_40472_1_40472_1_40472_1_404

241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264241_1_264

241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276241_2_276

242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28242_1_28

242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496242_2_496

247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8247_1_8

247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32247_2_32

252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484252_1_484

252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88252_2_88

259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36259_1_36

259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128259_2_128

261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24261_1_24

261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500261_2_500

227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104227_1_104

227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480227_3_480

87_1_25687_1_25687_1_25687_1_25687_1_25687_1_25687_1_25687_1_25687_1_256

87_2_44887_2_44887_2_44887_2_44887_2_44887_2_44887_2_44887_2_44887_2_448

226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112226_1_112

226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48226_2_48

98_1_28498_1_28498_1_28498_1_28498_1_28498_1_28498_1_28498_1_28498_1_284

256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52256_1_52

256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72256_2_72

99_1_17699_1_17699_1_17699_1_17699_1_17699_1_17699_1_17699_1_17699_1_176

99_2_499_2_499_2_499_2_499_2_499_2_499_2_499_2_499_2_4

236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504236_1_504

236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488236_2_488

169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44169_1_44

686868686868686868686868686868686868

686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868686868

500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500606060606060606060

500500500500500500500500500606060606060606060

500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500500

136136136136136136136136136136136136136136136136136136

136136136136136136136136136

136136136136136136136136136

136136136136136136136136136

808080808080808080

808080808080808080

808080808080808080

161616161616161616

161616161616161616

121212121212121212500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100492492492492492492492492492444444444444444444444444444492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492492

Best ASP PN

(PN)

450 to 511 (410)

400 to 450 (169)

350 to 400 (139)

300 to 350 (927)

250 to 300 (235)

200 to 250 (1)

150 to 200 (23)

100 to 150 (1085)

50 to 100 (591)

0 to 50 (93)


CL3724-SG.en.ul

107

Low SINR Area 5 – Pilot Pollution (Overshoot) [Cont.]


500 20 -52.8 -6.2

136 10 -53.9 -6.1

60 7 -51.8 -8.3

68 2 -50.8 -7.9


CL3724-SG.en.ul

108

2_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_5002_1_500

2_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_1322_2_132

2_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_3522_3_352

6_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_46_1_4

29_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_50429_1_504

29_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_8429_2_84

29_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_39229_3_392

36_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_34036_1_340

36_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_32436_2_324

36_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_40036_3_400

63_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_43263_1_432

63_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_16463_2_164

63_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_14063_3_140

75_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_1275_1_12

75_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_10875_2_108

75_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_5675_3_56

78_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_33678_1_336

78_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_42878_2_428

91_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_6491_1_64

91_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_11691_2_116

91_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_47691_3_476

180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436180_1_436

180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316180_2_316

180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328180_3_328

182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332182_1_332

182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380182_2_380

182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268182_3_268

187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296187_1_296

187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376187_2_376

187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104187_3_104

121212121212121212

121212121212121212

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

565656565656565656

108108108108108108108108108

108108108108108108108108108565656565656565656

565656565656565656

116116116116116116116116116565656565656565656

116116116116116116116116116

332332332332332332332332332

116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332108108108108108108108108108332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

332332332332332332332332332

436436436436436436436436436

969696969696969696

436436436436436436436436436

324324324324324324324324324332332332332332332332332332

324324324324324324324324324

436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436436380380380380380380380380380296296296296296296296296296380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380380268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268

268268268268268268268268268

268268268268268268268268268

116116116116116116116116116

432432432432432432432432432268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268268332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340340332332332332332332332332332436436436436436436436436436332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340

340340340340340340340340340

332332332332332332332332332

340340340340340340340340340

108108108108108108108108108

332332332332332332332332332

108108108108108108108108108

332332332332332332332332332

116116116116116116116116116268268268268268268268268268116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116

116116116116116116116116116504504504504504504504504504268268268268268268268268268504504504504504504504504504404040404040404040404040404040404040

504504504504504504504504504

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

132132132132132132132132132

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500

500500500500500500500500500



CL3724-SG.en.ul

109



332 84 -78.4 -6.3

436 7 -77.7 -6.3

108 4 -78.9 -5.7


CL3724-SG.en.ul

110

External Interference

Description

Presence of strong unintended signal impacts the ability to demodulate

desired signal

Raises noise floor at the AT/cell

Several flavors

Inband spurious transmitter - most common

Spill-over from legitimate transmission in the adjacent channel

Inadequate filter roll-offs (transmitter or receiver)

Narrow spectral spacing

Non “1-to-1 overlay” (such as, skipping over some 2G/3G1x cells when deploying

1xEVDO)

Inter-modulation products generated from strong signal on the neighboring

channel due to amplifier non-linearity at the receiver front-end


CL3724-SG.en.ul

111

External Interference (Cont.)


Detecting the presence / source is often very difficult The higher the magnitude of interference, easier to detect

Often requires shutting down 1xEVDO transmission - therefore, best to detect in pre-

commercial stages

On the reverse link, look for high levels of Short and Long Term Average RSSI Rise at relatively fewer Connection Requests

Rev Frame Error (Reverse Link Frame Error / Total Reverse Link Frame)

Total Setpoint for Reverse Outer Loop Power Control (per rate)

On the forward link, Will require drive tests in the areas with impact on KPIs

Look for high FER and/or low transmission rate in areas with high AT Rx power and low SNR,

after eliminating other factors such as, missing neighbors, search window issues, Pilot

pollution

For Inter-Mod, best course is to look for a much larger reduction in

received signal at AT / cell compared to an attenuation inserted in-line IM product attenuates at a much faster rate than the desired signal


CL3724-SG.en.ul

112

External Interference (Cont.)


In many cases, identifying an external interferer is the difficult part, fix is

relatively easy - shut off the interferer

Other sources are not easy to resolve

Narrow spacing

Change frequency planning

Skipped cell deployment

Increase channel spacing or add 1xEVDO cells to maintain one-to-one overlay

Inadequate filter roll-offs

Involves hardware change (sharper rolloffs)

IM products

Robust receiver (e.g, switchable attenuation)


CL3724-SG.en.ul

113

Non-optimized Neighbor Lists (NL)

Description

Neighboring sectors with sufficient strength not entered in the NL translations

Causes interference to the Active set

lower SNR/requested rates on the fwd link

higher AT power on the rev link due to “subdued” diversity

Keeps AT from tuning to a stronger Pilot in idle mode

Other NL integrity issues

Reciprocity - A is in B’s NL, but B is not in A’ NL

PN ambiguity

Cell A has X and Y on the NL, both have same PN

Cell A has X and B; neighboring cell B has Y; both X and Y have same PN

Cross face omission

Too many neighbors - pay attention to NL > 15 neighbors

AP IP address check - inconsistencies in the AP’s IP address specified for each

neighbor and the actual one


CL3724-SG.en.ul

114

Non-optimized NL (Cont.)


Scrub neighbor lists, on cells with impact on all 3 KPIs (esp. Est call rate)

Ensure recommendations are followed - include cross face and first tier inwards

facing sectors at a minimum

Use custom tools (such as, LUNAR’s NLAlert, HOM-UNL) to identify NL integrity issues

If one-to-one 2G/3G1x underlay, look for parity of NL on both


Fix NL issues identified above by adding neighbors or PN re-planning as the case may

be

Usually dropping NL is not a good idea unless absolutely sure and NL is getting full

For standalone 1xEVDO deployments, drive test is the best choice

Drive test with wide Remaining set srch window

Fine tune as additional system level tools (such as HO Max/UNL) become available

If performance on both 2G/3G-1x and 1xEV-DO not up to mark with similar NL

Fine tune NL using HO Max and Undeclared NL (UNL) on 2G/3G-1x


CL3724-SG.en.ul

115

10_1 (PN192) and

201_2 (PN231) almost at

same EcIo levels

Neighbor List - Ec/Io Levels

Street


CL3724-SG.en.ul

116

Service

Node ID

FMS Frame

ID

BTS

ID

Sector

ID

Neighbor

ID

Neighbor

BTS ID

Neighbor

Sector ID

Neighbor Pilot PN Offset (units of 64

PN chips)

121 20 196 1 1 10 1 192

121 20 196 1 2 10 2 195

121 20 196 1 3 191 1 318

121 20 196 1 4 194 1 309

121 20 196 1 5 196 2 384

121 20 196 1 6 196 3 387

121 20 196 1 7 201 1 228

121 20 196 1 8 201 2 231

121 20 196 1 9 202 1 138

121 20 196 1 10 203 2 375

121 20 196 1 11 203 3 378

121 20 196 1 12 203 1 372

121 20 196 1 13 205 2 222

121 20 196 1 14 205 3 225

121 20 196 1 15 206 3 135

121 20 196 1 16 208 2 42

Neighbor List - NL of 196_1 (PN381)


CL3724-SG.en.ul

117

Neighbor List – 3G-1X Handoff Matrix Data

NbrFMS NbrBTSId NbrSectorID HANDOFF PercHO

121_20 201 2 4903 12.52619

121_20 203 2 3782 22.18844

121_20 191 1 2854 29.47984

121_20 203 3 3173 37.58622

121_20 205 3 3112 45.53676

121_20 10 2 2918 52.99167

121_20 10 1 2768 60.06336

121_20 201 1 2201 65.68647

121_20 205 2 2318 71.6085

121_20 196 2 2364 77.64805

121_20 194 1 2274 83.45767

121_20 202 2 1471 87.21578

121_20 194 3 1292 90.51658

121_20 192 2 879 92.76225

121_20 207 3 924 95.12289

121_20 208 2 501 96.40284

121_20 206 3 265 97.07986

121_20 203 1 203 97.59849

Changes implemented:In the neighbor list of 196_1, moved 201_2 to the top of the list (nbrid #1)


CL3724-SG.en.ul

118

10_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_192

10_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_195

10_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_198

191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318

191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321191_2_321

192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444

192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447

192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450

194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309

194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312

194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315

196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381

196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384

196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387

201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228

201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234

202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138

202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141

202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144202_3_144

203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372203_1_372

203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375

203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378

Best ASP SINR

(dB)

20 to 100 (0)

10 to 20 (87)

5 to 10 (69)

0 to 5 (122)

-5 to 0 (27)

-10 to -5 (5)

-30 to -10 (0)

Before the neighbor list of 196_1 ASP SINR


CL3724-SG.en.ul

119

10_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_192

10_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_195

10_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_198

191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318

192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444

192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447

192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450

194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309

194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312

194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315

196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381

196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384

196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387

201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228

201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234

202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138

202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141

203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375

203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378

Best ASP SINR

(dB)

20 to 100 (0)

10 to 20 (137)

5 to 10 (66)

0 to 5 (121)

-5 to 0 (21)

-10 to -5 (0)

-30 to -10 (0)

After the neighbor list changes on sector 196_1 ASP SINR


CL3724-SG.en.ul

120

10_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_19210_1_192

10_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_19510_2_195

10_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_19810_3_198

191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318191_1_318

192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444192_1_444

192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447192_2_447

192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450192_3_450

194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309194_1_309

194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312194_2_312

194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315194_3_315

196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381196_1_381

196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384196_2_384

196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387196_3_387

201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228201_1_228

201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_2_231201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234201_3_234

202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138202_1_138

202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141202_2_141

203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375203_2_375

203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378203_3_378

RLP Throughput - Forward

(kbps)

2,000 to 2,500 (0)

1,300 to 2,000 (0)

1,000 to 1,300 (0)

320 to 1,000 (268)

80 to 320 (34)

1 to 80 (4)

0 to 1 (0)

Before RLP Throughput


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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After: RLP Throughput –Fwd at Metric Blvd


CL3724-SG.en.ul

122

Inadequate Search Window Size

Pilot A

at cell

Earliest arrival of

pilot A at AT

PN Phase

PN Phase

BS A transmitting

pilot A

(reference pilot)

AT, looking

for an Active Set pilot

AT, looking for a

Neighbor or

Remaining Set pilotPN Phase

Pilot B at BS

AT assumes pilot B is (B - A) * 64 chips away

from the earliest arrival of the reference pilot.

Pilot B is (B - A) * 64 chips away

PN Phase

Earliest arrival of

pilot B at AT

Neighbor SetSearch Window

Active SetSearch Window

BS B transmitting

pilot B

Strong multi-path Spreading delay !

Useful PNs can be left out !


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Inadequate Search Window Size (Cont.)


Best detected via drive tests

First eliminate issues with coverage/ non-optimized neighbor list

On the forward link, often symptoms similar to those from external

interference

Good AT receive power, but poor SNR

Pilot scanner helps in case of 2G/3G1x, no such tool available yet for 1xEVDO

Data from one-to-one 2G/3G1x underlay will help

LUNAR can help warn potential need for larger size if phase for a particular

Active/Neighbor pilot in a Route Update Message is at edge of the window

However, can’t alarm if Pilot is not reported in RUM at all


Increase the neighbor list search window size by one step until AT is able

to detect the Pilot

1xEVDO allows Neighbor set search window size to be specified per pilot

If a distant overshooting Pilot, try containing its coverage via down tilt

or CBR attenuation or use if not able to contain


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Mobile Search Window Considerations

Delay

Spread

Pilo

t C

ha

nn

el R

ela

tive

Str

en

gth

64lN Chips

Correlation Time in Chips

PoP2 P3

P3

P2P1

Po

P1At the BS

Transmitter

At the MS

Rake Receiver


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Mobile Search Window Considerations

A

D1

D2B

Minimum neighbor search window in chips is:

2 x (D2 - D1) x 6.6 + 2 x largest delay spread / Tc

Where:

• D1 and D2 are in miles

• 6.6 chips = 1 mile

• Delay spread

Urban 7 microseconds

Suburban 2 microsecondsNote: 1 / (light x Tc) = 6.6


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Cell Search Window Considerations

Time in PN Chips

Delay

Spread

Td,A

SRCH_WIN_A

Rela

tive

Ec/I

oo

f

Mu

ltip

ath

Sig

na

ls

And Cell Search Window


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Access Search Window

Tx_delay

Rx_delay

GPS

time

Frame

Boundary

At RLM

Cell

Mobile

Mobile assumed

Time reference

Frame boundary at mobile

Delay

Delay

Earliest PN Offset,

Receive frame boundary

Access Search Window with start point at Rx_delay and width =

2 * sector_size * 6.6


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Improper PN Planning

Cell 11

Cell 10

Cell 13

Cell 12•PN10

•PN10

•PN11

Masquerading

Two Sectors

Same PN


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Improper PN planning (Cont.)


NL integrity tools can detect certain problems with inadequate PN reuse

margin

Other ones may be more difficult to detect, will require drive tests Look for areas with high Fwd packet error rate, but good SNR

Often may require turning off close in cell to see if SNR still remains good, and eliminating

other problem sources (hardware/software, other NL / search window integrity issues)

If SNR continues to remain strong, then look for distant overshooting cell or cell with

inadequate PN reuse margin

Requires good understanding of terrain to identify potential interfering cell


After identifying the distant problem cell, try containing its coverage

using downtilt/CBR

Inadequate PN reuse margin case will require PN re-planning / Pilot

Increment adjustments A good idea to pay more attention upfront in the design stage


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RNC Border Issues

RNC 1 RNC 2 RNC 3

Border Border

IP IP


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Inter-RNC Border Issues (Cont.)


Chances of high Inter-RNC Handoff Failures degrading Call Drop Rate

Inter-RNC Handoff Method

IP connectivity between the RNCs

Call Processing Codes

10007, 10008, 13005, 13006

Refer to Inter-RNC Idle Handoff Metrics in the KPI section

High occupancy of Access Channel

Established Connection Rate metric and the AT/AN initiated connection attempt failure rate is degraded.

Reduced Data Throughput in and Inter-RNC Active Handoff due to latency between the RNCs involved in the connection


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Inter-RNC Border Issues (Cont.)


Define RNC border in low data usage areas

New ATs (MSM5500 vs MSM6500 or MSM6800)

Inter-RNC delay (one-way) be less than 25ms to avert performance issues associated with Inter-RNC active handoffs

Change the Inter-RNC Handoff Method to Color Code

Avoid RNC border that runs parallel to major highways/roads

Avoid RNC borders near major office buildings, water bodies and island cells (a few cells in a RNC surrounded by cells on a different RNC)

If a new RNC is needed in heavy usage area (capacity need), instead of adding new cells on to a new RNC, re-distribute cells evenly across RNCs

RNC grouping feature


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Access Terminal’s Ping-Pong Behavior at RNC Boundary –MSM5500 v/s MSM6500(6800)

AT’s ping-pong problem

A dormant AT stationed at RNC boundaries may perform Idle Handoffs back-and-forth

ATs based on MSM6500 chipset uses additional margin for Idle Handoffs to reduce the ping-pong effect and thereby possibly reducing Idle Handoff attempts and failure rate

For example, if AT performs Intra-RNC Idle Handoff when the Pilot strength of the target sector is D dB stronger than the current Pilot in the active set, then MSM6500 based AT performs Inter-RNC Idle Handoff when the Pilot strength of the target sector is (D+d) dB stronger than the current Pilot in the active set, d > 0

The additional margin of d dB is not used for the first Inter-RNC Idle handoff attempt since AT doesn’t know that this Pilot is from a different Color Code

The value of d may not be fixed. At low values of Ec/Io, the margin d may be reduced

MSM5500 AT uses the Pilot strength differential of D dB for both Intra and Inter-RNC Idle Handoffs


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Chester’s (MSM5500) Ping-Pong Behavior – Lab Results

Best Active Set Pilot (ASP) PN – Best

Active Set Pilot PN that the AT is

currently Idling on


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LGVX8000 (MSM6500) Ping-Pong Behavior – Lab Results


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AirPrime (MSM5500) versus LGVX8000 (MSM6500) – Field Results

0

1

Tim

esta

mpD

T

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

02/1

8/2

005

AirPrime

LG

4 Pilots, 2 from each RNC; 0 and 1 represent two different RNCs

Field data above indicates reduction of about 20% to 25% in AT ping-ponging with

MSM6500 chipset


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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RNC Grouping Overview

Allows multiple RNCs to form a group in which the AT can be served by one RNC but controlled by another RNC in the group

Provides the capability so that the AT does not have to register when crossing an RNC boundary. If the group is configured so the AT does register when it crosses an RNC boundary, the AT is able to keep the same session.

Improves the overall system performance by avoiding the idle handoff ping ponging and RATI ping-ponging at RNC boundaries.

The PCF entity with the A10 termination sends page messages across RNC boundaries to any cell within the group.


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RNC Grouping Overview (cont.)

Max. 63 RNC members/Group, 6 Groups/Service Node (SN)

Subnet mask is (automatically) changed to 70 (from 104) when that RNC is added to a Group. RNC group member creation uses data from ColorCodeMap table

When changing Color Code or AN IP address in the ColorCodeMap table, the corresponding RNC member is deleted and re-added to the group.

Add or Delete of a RNC to a RNC group will force all ATs within the group to reregister

Subnet Mask=70

AT requests Idle Handoff between RNCs in a group. Same UATI is re-assigned unless session is transferred. AT requests Prior Session Handoff between RNCs in a group

Subnet Mask=64

AT doesn’t request Idle Handoff and Prior Session Handoff between RNCs in a group

No session transfer between RNC members in the same group unless Load Balance criteria is met (For Subnet Mask=70)


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Load Balancing

When AT moved between members in the same group, and when UATI req is received and serving RNC is different from the controlling RNC or Last Seen RNC, the controlling RNC will perform Load Balancing and determine if the session should be transfer to the serving RNC.

The Criteria for Load Balancing is as follows:

L=no of sessions * 100 / Max no of sessions

L_cont > Session Load Threshold

L_cont > L_serv + Session Load Differential

Controlling RNC completed the session parameter negotiation

No Traffic Channel is in the progress of being setup

No EIS message begin deferred

No paging for the AT in progress

When session not transferred, the Cont RNC assign the same UATI back to the AT. If the session is transferred, the new Cont RNC assign the new UATI


CL3724-SG.en.ul

140


Subnet mask included in the SectorParameters message is used as a bit mask by the AT to ignore certain bits of the SectorID field in the SectorParameters message

Subnet Mask=70

Both Member ID and Group ID are parsed by the AT, forcing it to re-register

(UATIRequest) when moving across RNC boundaries within the RNC group (still

keeps same UATI). This will allow load balancing across RNC group members.

l Subnet Mask=64

The member ID is not parsed by the AT, and hence won’t be forced to re-

register (UATIRequest) when moving across RNC boundaries within the RNC

group. This implies RNC group members won’t perform session load balancing


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141


Sector ID

Sector ID Provisioning is always turn on

Sector ID will also include Sector ID Version, RNC Group ID, RNC Member ID. These will be “0” if the RNC is not in a Group

Sector ID Version Included can be set to yes or no. If set to no, Sector ID version will be “0”

Sector ID Version is sync across all the RNCs in the same group

AT will re-register (UATI Req) when Sector ID version is changed (when Sector ID included flag is set to yes)

Sector ID version will be incremented if the following occurs

RNC is added or removed from the group, including changes due to CCMap changes

RNC member in the group is rebooted or goes down or lost communication

There is a OHM Session Lost (eg. both pri/bkup OHM failed)

Sector ID parameters is changed

There is a communication lost between members in the RNC in the same group

Subnet Mask changed


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Paging with RNC Grouping

Paging algorithm without RNC Grouping:

Page Last Active Set a given number (translation parameter) of times

If no response, send Page message to the entire RNC

If still no response, A10 data that triggered Page is discarded

New Paging Algorithm with RNC Grouping:

Page last active set (same as before)

No response, send Page to Last Seen RNC

No response, send Page to Neighbor RNCs within group (Last two seen RNCs)

No response, send Page to the entire RNC Group

If still no response, A10 data that triggered Page is discarded


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Enabling/disabling RNC Grouping

The CCMap Table needs to be provisioned correctly for including a RNC into a Group

Neighboring RNCs, not in the group, need to have their CCMap table populated for all RNCs within the group and not just the geographically adjacent RNCs within the group

Create RNC Group(s) on the respective SN

Add or remove RNC to the Group to enable/disable RNC Grouping

Modify Subnet Mask between 70 and 64 when the RNC is in a group

Subnet Mask parameter is updateable with both RNC and Cell loads

Set SectorID Version Included flag to Yes

SectorID Provisioning will always be ON


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RNC Grouping in OMC-RAN


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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RNC Grouping in OMC-RAN (contd.)


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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CL3724-SG.en.ul

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CL3724-SG.en.ul

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CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Hardware Issues

Description Faulty hardware impacting call quality

Such as, bad filter, channel card (EVM), CBR/UCR, T1/E1, antenna connection issues, drifts in timing circuitry (island mode problem)

Any h/w issues at FMS will have broader impact (multiple cells), so easier to detect


Correlated degradation in several metrics

Always look for unusual alarms first

Currently ROP supports alarming for AP, TP and cell issues

RF hardware issues, if not caught by alarms, become more apparent with drive tests

Low mobile rx power, high mobile transmit power

In some cases, Established call rate looks nominal, but most call attempts don’t even go through (cell cannot hear the mobile )

Isolating the fault device may require replacing several h/w devices in the chain


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Hardware Issues (Cont.)


Detection is the more difficult part, esp. for intermittent mal-functions; resolution is easy

First verify if software restore/ fresh install / hardware reseating clears out the problem

Otherwise, replace the faulty device

Escalate to development


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Authentication Failures

Description

There are two stages of authentication During new session establishment via AAA - does not impact any KPIs on the RAN since it is

performed after establishing traffic channel

During successive reactivations from dormancy


Host of counts for the latter type of failure Number of Security Protocol Negotiation Failures

Number of Session Key Length Negotiation Failures

Number of key Response message timeouts

Number of Session Security Digest Mismatches

Number of Session Security ATKeyComplete message time-outs

Number of packet discards in SHA-1 Authentication Protocol

Number of Authentication Failures for postponed Security packets on old 1XEV_call Control

Number of authentication failures for postponed security packets on new 1XEV-Call Control

Number of Encryption Attribute negotiation failures

Pegged at the TP level


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Authentication Failures (Cont.)


If the number of authentication failures of the latter type is unacceptably high, first course of action should be to verify software / configuration issues

Given early in the 1xEVDO deployment cycle, will require development support to troubleshoot and resolve


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High Forward Link Traffic Loading

Description

Higher demand than the available RF bandwidth (assume sufficient cell/network resources)

Per user throughput / end-user experience suffers due to fewer time-slots per user


In the data world, divergence between requested and assigned rates often used as indicator of congestion

Difference between Requested DRC rates and Total Packets Transmitted on the Forward link (weighted average over different rates for each) may be used

Lower RLP Octets Transmitted on the Forward Link / Established Call is another indicator

Need calibration with real field data to model

Ensure peak Sector Throughput is not sacrificed

Otherwise may suggest other issues (hardware, interference, optimization, etc.)


Investigate potential for RF optimization (coverage, pilot pollution, NL/srch win issues, etc)

Add a carrier

Add a cell to serve heavy traffic area


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High Forward Link Traffic Loading

FL Time Slot Busy %

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

10

/16

/20

06

1:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

6:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

11

:00

10

/16

/20

06

16

:00

10

/16

/20

06

21

:00

10

/17

/20

06

3:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

8:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

13

:00

10

/17

/20

06

18

:00

10

/17

/20

06

23

:00

10

/18

/20

06

5:0

0

10

/18

/20

06

10

:00

10

/18

/20

06

15

:00

10

/18

/20

06

20

:00

10

/19

/20

06

2:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

7:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

12

:00

10

/19

/20

06

17

:00

10

/19

/20

06

22

:00

10

/20

/20

06

4:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

9:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

14

:00

10

/20

/20

06

19

:00

317/1

317/2

317/3

Engineering Limit

Per User Throughput FL (kbps)

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

900.0

1000.0

10

/16

/20

06

1:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

6:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

11

:00

10

/16

/20

06

16

:00

10

/16

/20

06

21

:00

10

/17

/20

06

3:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

8:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

13

:00

10

/17

/20

06

18

:00

10

/17

/20

06

23

:00

10

/18

/20

06

5:0

0

10

/18

/20

06

10

:00

10

/18

/20

06

15

:00

10

/18

/20

06

20

:00

10

/19

/20

06

2:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

7:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

12

:00

10

/19

/20

06

17

:00

10

/19

/20

06

22

:00

10

/20

/20

06

4:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

9:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

14

:00

10

/20

/20

06

19

:00

317/1

317/2

317/3

FLTS% = EVM_TOTAL_BUSY_PCNT_SLOTS/10E6

RLP_TXED_FTC/10E3*8/3600 / (EVM_ACTIVE_USAGE / 2160000)


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Heavy Reverse Link Traffic Loading

Description

High reverse link traffic shrinks reduce footprint, so it impacts ATs at edge of coverage

Contributes to higher rev noise floor => higher AT transmit power => AT senses smaller head room to the max transmit power => lowers reverse transmit rates

Impact on Established Connection rate (if cell is not able to detect probes) and Data Rate Throughput


Look for correlated increase in several metrics High Short and Long Term Average/Peak RSSI Rise, High RFER

Higher average Eb/No setpoint (ratio of Total Setpoint for Reverse Outer Loop Control and Total Number of Frames for Reverse Outer Loop Control )

Increase in Number of Connections Force Released

High AT/AN Initiated Connection Requests

Eliminate other potential sources with similar impact External Interference

Faulty hardware (Filter, improper antenna cabling, diversity incapacitation in the CBR/UCR)

…. By verifying the degradation occurs only at high traffic


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Heavy Reverse Link Traffic Loading (Cont.)


Several options depending on near term deployment/growth plans

Possible order to follow

Lower reverse overload control thresholds to lower transmission rate - to preserve coverage

Increase Pilot overlap (HO region) to mitigate AT transmit power - beware of impact on forward link throughput performance

Add a carrier

Add a cell - ensure proper optimization is performed to reduce overlap


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High Reverse Link Traffic Loading

Avg Active Connections per Sector/Carrier

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

10

/16

/20

06

1:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

6:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

11

:00

10

/16

/20

06

16

:00

10

/16

/20

06

21

:00

10

/17

/20

06

3:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

8:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

13

:00

10

/17

/20

06

18

:00

10

/17

/20

06

23

:00

10

/18

/20

06

5:0

0

10

/18

/20

06

10

:00

10

/18

/20

06

15

:00

10

/18

/20

06

20

:00

10

/19

/20

06

2:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

7:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

12

:00

10

/19

/20

06

17

:00

10

/19

/20

06

22

:00

10

/20

/20

06

4:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

9:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

14

:00

10

/20

/20

06

19

:00

317/1

317/2

317/3

Engineering Limit

PEAK_ACTIVE_CONN_PER_SECTOR

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

10

/16

/20

06

1:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

6:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

11

:00

10

/16

/20

06

16

:00

10

/16

/20

06

21

:00

10

/17

/20

06

3:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

8:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

13

:00

10

/17

/20

06

18

:00

10

/17

/20

06

23

:00

10

/18

/20

06

5:0

0

10

/18

/20

06

10

:00

10

/18

/20

06

15

:00

10

/18

/20

06

20

:00

10

/19

/20

06

2:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

7:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

12

:00

10

/19

/20

06

17

:00

10

/19

/20

06

22

:00

10

/20

/20

06

4:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

9:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

14

:00

10

/20

/20

06

19

:00

317/1

317/2

317/3

Engineering Limit

Avg RSSI Rise

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

10

/16

/20

06

1:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

6:0

0

10

/16

/20

06

11

:00

10

/16

/20

06

16

:00

10

/16

/20

06

21

:00

10

/17

/20

06

3:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

8:0

0

10

/17

/20

06

13

:00

10

/17

/20

06

18

:00

10

/17

/20

06

23

:00

10

/18

/20

06

5:0

0

10

/18

/20

06

10

:00

10

/18

/20

06

15

:00

10

/18

/20

06

20

:00

10

/19

/20

06

2:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

7:0

0

10

/19

/20

06

12

:00

10

/19

/20

06

17

:00

10

/19

/20

06

22

:00

10

/20

/20

06

4:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

9:0

0

10

/20

/20

06

14

:00

10

/20

/20

06

19

:00

317/1

317/2

317/3

Engineering Limit


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Reverse Link Load Control

Rev A relies on the generation of the Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) to

control reverse link loading. The RAB bit:

Identifies sector loading trends and determines when flow reduction is

required

Indicates when the cell load increases above a Rise over Thermal

(RoT) target value

In Rev 0, each sector in the AT active set transmits an RAB once

during every 26.67-ms frame (37.5 times a second).

In Rev A, each sector in the AT active set transmits an RAB once

every 1.667-ms slot (600 times a second).


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Reverse Overload Control

Translation Parameter HROC Enable Flag (for CSM6800 Modem):Current Recommendation: On_Chip_RoC with LNFFNew Recommendation: On_Chip_RoC with SINF with Reverse Link Silence Duration of 1 frame and Reverse Link Silence Period of 1 frame

Both Reverse Link Silence Duration and Reverse Link Silence Periodrequire SVEBM reboot as well

It is recommended to change Reverse Link Silence Duration and Reverse Link Silence Period to 1 and 1 respectively before changing the HROC mode from LNFF to SINF. This is to ensure that SBEVM does not fails to initialize if both Duration/Period and mode are changed simultaneously

Will require two evc down/up (one for Duration/Period and another for mode) to update HROC mode from LNFF to SINF


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Reverse Overload Control (contd.)


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Rise over Thermal (RoT) Target Value

The RAB bit is

generated as a

function of a target

Rise over Thermal

(RoT) value. RAB=1RAB=1

On_chip_RAB_thresholdOn_chip_RAB_threshold

RAB=0RAB=0


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On-Chip Reverse Link Overload Control

SN General – General 2


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Congestion Overload Control (COC)

Normal Block Mute

COC Metric

Exit_Block_Thresh Enter_Block_Thresh Call_Mute_Thresh


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Basic COC Mechanism

Number of RAB=1 in RAB history used as COC metric

COC should trigger when all the existing calls are transmitting at the lowest rate

_ ROC had sufficient time to force active ATs to lowest rate via RAB

Block new (Rev 0/A) calls first then mute Rev 0 and Rev A BE (R28) calls_ COC metric is compared against call block and call mute thresholds_ Required to ensure system stability

Quickly mute large number of call (half of active calls), then slowly get them back in

_ Release the load quickly and efficiently.

Mute calls via Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit message_ BRRL transmitted every 8 Sync CC (3.4s). During block/mute state, BRRL is send every 16 frames (427ms; configurable) via Async CC_ Rev A BE flows are muted in via Grant message

If COC is triggered by external interference, then mobiles may be muted for an extended period of time depending on the level of interference


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COC States with QoS Disabled

Rev. A will treat the different flowsRelative to their QoS !


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COC States (contd.)

Normal State• In this state COC metric is continuously updated (every frame) and compared against Enter Block Threshold• If >= the block threshold, COC enters Call Block state. New calls (Rev 0 and Rev A) are blocked. Soft/Softer handoffs are allowed

Block State• In this state COC metric is compared (every 16 frames) against Exit Block Threshold and Enter Mute Threshold

COC state is re-evaluated every congestCheckPeriod (configurable; tunable parameter; default value 16 frames)View – Per Sector-Carrier,RNC; Max Value – 63 frames

• Block state will at least last 16 frames• If < below the exit block threshold, return to normal state• If >= call mute threshold, enter Mute state


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COC States (contd.)

Mute State• In this state, ½ of the total active Rev 0 / Rev A BE callswill be muted first via BRRL message (rate limit = 0) andGrant Message, respectively

• In this state COC metric is compared (every 16 frames)against Enter Mute Threshold

• If < mute threshold, the number of calls to be muted will be reduced by 1/16 of the total active Rev 0 / Rev A BE calls

Will take about 3.4 secs to exit the mute state if COC metric < mute threshold

• If >= mute threshold, ½ of the remaining un-muted Rev0 / Rev A BE calls will be muted

When the remaining un-muted Rev 0 / Rev A BE calls are less than 1/8 of the total Rev 0 / Rev A BE active calls, all of them will be muted


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Translation Parameters: Recommended Values

Call Mute RAB Pct

Service Node / Sector Carrier

1.1 -> disable

Enter Block RAB Pct

Service Category Reverse Link Congestion Overload Control

1.1 -> disable

Exit Block RAB Pct

Service Category Reverse Link Congestion Overload Control

Recommended value 0.75


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TP Overload

Description

When the processor occupancy reaches certain threshold on both the TPs under an AP, new session requests arriving at that AP are blocked

Deficit between Connection Request and Traffic channel Assigned

Tunable threshold called “TP Utilization Threshold” (currently 85%)

Safeguard mechanism to maintain performance (minimize packet drops, delays, etc.)


Direct count called Number of Sessions Denied due to TP in overload

Proactively monitor per-TP counts to preempt potential TP overload

TP processor occupancy

Packet drop rate (Ratio of Number of dropped packets to Packet Arrival rate )


Follow Alcatel-Lucent recommended Network Engineering Guidelines for 1xEVDO

Hardware/Software upgrade/ features may increase processor occupancy over time (UTP)

Can allocate fewer BTS per AP/TP assembly to alleviate traffic handled


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Maximum Number of Connections Reached

Description

Max # of users per cellsite controlled via several means

ASIC limitation

Max number of users translation (one for Rev. 0 and another for Rev. A)

Available Mac Indices for traffic channels

When either of the limit is reached, the “blocking” sector is omitted in the TCA for new calls

If all legs on the Connection Request message are “blocking”, the calls are denied Traffic Channel - impact on Established Call rate

Note each sector always tries to force release users nearing dormancy when the max users reached

Longest idling user gets released first, and so on

In order to be released, must have been inactive for > t_force_release ( 2 sec)

Even if the call is setup on a weaker cell, potential impact on Established Call rate


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Maximum Number of Connections Reached (Cont.)


Several SM counts can be used to identify call blocking scenario

AT/AN Initiated Connection Attempt Failures - No Resources Available

SM count to peg Max Number of Connections Reached on each blocking sector

Does not mean the call was blocked, but good precursor

Number of connections force released

Correlate with Average Active Connections per sector


Check coverage of the impacted/vicinity cells

Reduce coverage to offload traffic to neighboring cells if adequate room

Active Softslope Handoff Algorithm

Add carrier

If Number of carriers is exhausted, add a cell to reduce traffic demand/cell in the area


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Maximum Number of Legs Reached

Description

Handoff add is prevented if call already at max allowed number of Active set legs

Controlled by translation - Maximum Legs in Handoff - recommendation is 4

Potential impact on Drop call rate and Throughput (either link) due to handoff failures


Usually max legs of 4 are adequate in most environments

But impact possible in heavily pilot polluted areas especially without soft swap support

Mitigated with current capability of multiple add and drop

Direct count: Soft and Softer handoff attempts not processed – Maximum number of Legs Reached

KPI impact on neighboring sectors


Attempt to mitigate pilot pollution with traditional RF optimization techniques

In the short term, can try increasing the Maximum Legs in Handoff

Try 5 first; use 6 as last resort - Beware of other trade-offs (Max MAC indices, max number of connections reached, etc.)

Alternative is to expedite handoff drop conditions - lower Drop Timer translation


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No Resources at the Candidate Leg

Description

Handoff add is prevented if the candidate leg does not have resources to support the traffic channel

Could be due to insufficient Reverse Channel Resources or MAC Indices

Note that Max number of Connections only blocks new calls, not handoffs

Potential impact on Drop Call Rate and Data Throughput (either link) due to handoff failures


Direct count : Soft and softer handoff failures – lack of resources in the candidate sector

KPI impact on neighboring sectors


Check coverage of the impacted/vicinity cells

Reduce coverage to offload traffic to neighboring cells if adequate room

Add carrier

Add a cell (longer lead time) to reduce traffic demand per cell in the area


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Backhaul Restrictions

Description

Alcatel-Lucent utilizes un-channelized or raw T1/E1 backhaul for 1xEVDO between BTS and FMS No packet pipe concept unlike 2G/3G1x

Good throughput performance requires adequate backhaul (T1/E1) provisioning

A backhaul provisioning example Each T1/E1 can deliver ~1100/~1400 kbps at the RLP layer for a 3-sector cell

2 T1/E1s per cell can support an average of 680/780 kbps RLP layer throughput per sectorassuming dual antenna ATs

Enough to support 80/ 92% of typical sector throughput of 850kbps required to serve dual antenna ATs

Traffic may not be uniform across sectors, so 2T1/E1 adequate for 850kbps capacity

Above numbers apply to forward link Each T1/E1 is symmetrical

1xEVDO reverse link sector throughput much smaller and uses only one of the 2 T1/E1s

Refer to Alcatel-Lucent recommended Network Engineering Guidelines for 1xEVDO


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Backhaul Restrictions (Cont.)


No direct indication in SM, but always a good idea to check backhaul provisioning when investigating a low throughput cell

Also, look for alarms to isolate out of service T1/E1 line, transmission line errors or termination equipment

High Packet loss / Latency - “Dirty T1” Ping from AT/client to server under benign RF

Ping from RNC to LIU/FLM

Often issues with only 1 T1 on multi-T1 cell

Load balancing across multiple T1s on a cell (forward link) Bytes should be balanced across T1s (not # of packets)


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Backhaul Restrictions (Cont.)


Rectify any hardware issues found with the backhaul

Alcatel-Lucent equipment

Escalation to third party for issues with the leased line

If backhaul is not enough to support demanded traffic, indicate need for additional T1/E1 to the operator


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Hybrid Mode

•EV-DO •3G-1X

EV-DO Borders outside the blue region

Hybrid Operation inside the blue region •Hybrid Handoff

• Description


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Hybrid Handoff Failures Examples

Hybrid handoff is considered successful when the AT closes the EV-DO connection and

originates a call on 3G1x.


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Hybrid Mode (Cont.)


Primary cause for failure will likely be the connection attempt failures due to no traffic channel complete received from the AT

Degradation of Established Connection Rate

At the Coverage Edge, check for high AT_INIT_CONN_REQ_POOR_RF_ALLOW_SESS and AT_INIT_CONN_REQ_POOR_RF_DENY_SESS counts

Handoffs to 3G1x can be identified by looking for high number of Normal AT Connection Release relative to rest of the release counts (dominated typically by Dormancy Timer expiration).

High RF Link Lost tuneaway counts

New peg count to try to characterize the Inter-technology hand offs.


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Hybrid Mode (cont.)


Newer Chipsets (MSM6500 or MSM6800)

Recommend using higher SCI to alleviate throughput impact

SCI=2 a good balance between 1xEVDO throughput performance and call setup delays on 3G1x

Ensure 1xEVDO has good coverage throughout the core area to minimize handoffs to 3G1x

Active the Session Deny Thresholds on technology borders or sectors with marginal EV-DO coverage on the GUI


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Mobile IP (MIP) Mode

Description Mode that allows AT to roam from one network to another while

maintaining network connections by retaining IP address

Simple IP requires change of IP address adding to the handoff delays at network boundaries

Facilitates 1xEVDO to 3G1x handoff without session tear-downs

Transparent to RAN; but impact on

AT - maintains dual stacks and performs additional processing to preserve transparency at client

Network components - use of Home Agent and Foreign Agent

Reduces Data throughput (either link)

Higher processing burden on the AT

1xEVDO to 3G1x handoff at low SNR


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Mobile IP (MIP) Mode (Cont.)


Look for possibility of MIP handoffs to 3G1x in core 1xEVDO coverage area On 1xEVDO, pegged as Normal release

No SM on 3G1x to identify this

Faster Qualcomm chipsets (MSM6500/MSM6800) minimize throughput loss

Pay special attention to performance of new commercial ATs via controlled tests


Ensure good coverage on 1xEVDO to minimize MIP handoffs to 3G1x in the core area

Ensure software (PPP) compression parity between 1xEVDO and 3G1x configuration

If enabled on one side and disabled on the other, potential handoff issues


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AAA

IP Network Issues

FABTS

AT

RLPPCF

Call

Co

ntr

ol

1xEV Controller

Fra

me

Sele

ct

BTS

BTS

AT

AT Other

1xEV Controllers

and Routers

Other

PDSNs

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Other

ATs

Other

ATs

NMS

backhaulRouter

Laptop

card, PDA,

mobile etc.

Interface between

AT and rest of the

system

interface, and buffers data to the

Performs call control, frame

selection and RLP processing.

PCF connects to PDSN over R-P

interface, and buffers data to the

user.

OA&M functions

for 1xEV-DO RAN.

Maintains link (PPP)

with AT. Maps AT to

the IP address.

Performs authentication,

authorization, and

accounting functions.

¤2 - 2

HA

AAA

internet1

2

34

5

6 7 8

9 10 11


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IP Network Issues - RNC

Improper configuration of RNC elements can impact throughput performance

Maintain/verify proper IP connectivity across various IP elements Within the RNC

RNC to cell

Cell to PDSN

Use of high bandwidth ping to isolate bottlenecks

Duplicate IP address assignments can lead to high packet loss/latency


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IP Network Issues - Improper Router Settings

Imbalanced Throughput between Carriers

Same number of users, same RF conditions on both channels?

The router was missing the IP addresses of the T1s serving FLM2 !!!!


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IP Network Issues - PDSN

Beware of any mismatches in the RNC to PDSN ethernet interface configuration

Line mode: Full duplex, Half duplex, Auto Config

Line Speed: 10Mbps, 100 mbps, Auto Detect

Mismatch between two endpoints will cause collisions, packet drops and/or large variations in latency

Becomes more apparent with multiple users

E.g., Full duplex on one side / Auto-config on the other side

Applies to any intervening switches/router between the PDSN and the RNC

Allocate adequate bandwidth between RNC and PDSN

Pipe big enough to support DO traffic and also 1x Data traffic, if sharing the PDSN


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Core Network – delay and packet loss

2.4 Mbps RF channel

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

% PER

FT

P T

hro

ug

hp

ut

(Kb

ps)

0 ms delay

50 ms delay

250 ms delay

2.4 Mbps RF channel

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

% PER

WE

B T

hro

ug

hp

ut

(Kb

ps)

0 ms delay 50 ms delay

250 ms delay

6 & 16 ms

delay data

points


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EV-DO Protocol Stack End to End


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TCP Layer (1)

TCP throughput time series

For both downlink and uplink, at both server and client

ppp-server

commview-client

Throughput drops,

usually a problem

indicator

HTTP

FTP

Upload

FTP

Download HTTP

FTP

Upload

FTP

Download


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TCP Layer (2)

TCP round-trip time (RTT)

For download RTT, server trace is used. For upload RTT, client trace is used.

Download RTT Upload RTT

HTTP

FTP

UploadFTP

Download

HTTP

Latency spikes,

usually a problem indicator


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TCP Layer (3)

TCP events:

TCP timeout, TCP out-of-sequence, TCP checksum error, and TCP reset

TCP timeout and out-of-

sequence,

usually an indication of packet

loss.


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TCP Layer (4)

TCP outstanding window

For download, server trace is used. For upload, client trace is used.

Shows

• TCP window size;

• TCP congestion control

events, such as slow start,

congestion avoidance, fast

retransmit and fast

recovery.

HTTP

FTP

Upload

FTP

Download

TCP congestion

avoidance.

It correlates with the

throughput drop.


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ppp-server

IP Layer (1)

IP throughput time series

For both downlink and uplink, and at both server and client.

HTTPFTP

Upload

FTP

Download

commview-client

HTTPFTP

Upload

FTP

Download

Throughput drop


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IP Layer (2)

IP packet latency

End-to-end packet latency in downlink and uplink

HTTPFTP

Upload

FTP

Download

Downlink Latency Uplink Latency

Ping

HTTP

FTP

Upload

FTP

Download

Ping

Latency spikes


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RLP Layer (1)

RLP layer throughput time series

Both downlink and uplink

Shows New data throughput, Duplicate data throughput, Retransmit data throughput, and Total throughput respectively.

HTTPFTP

Upload

FTP

Download


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RLP Layer (2)

RLP events:

RLP hole (Nak): both downlink and uplink

RLP Nak Timeouts: downlink at AT

RLP reset: AT and AN requested

RLP Nak Timeout (or

Abort) indicates a RLP hole

at AT cannot be filled when

timer expires.

It correlates with the PPP

FCS error & throughput

drop.

Downlink OTA losses are

usually in multiples of 122

bytes, and rarely exceed

couple of thousand bytes.


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Physical Layer (1)

RF condition

SINR (C/I)

DRC request


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Troubleshooting Example (1)

EVDO field issue: Low throughput

Findings from 3GDQoS tool:

Many TCP timeouts & out-of-sequence due to pkt loss,

which invokes TCP congestion control & window shrink.

Most of the loss occurs outside RAN


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EVDO field issue: High latency


High latency contributed by wireline network


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EVDO field issue: Low throughput


Significant RLP loss inside RAN


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Access Terminal (AT)

Test with known / well characterized terminals

Recommend the use of terminals with dual diversity receive antennas

Most PCMCIA based 1xEVDO based terminals offer diversity reception (unlike handhelds)

Beware of desensitization issues

Interference from clock sources within the laptop

Near field effects of antenna spaced close to the PCMCIA card - could hurt signal stability

Use 1xEVDO-only mode during RF optimization

Allows full focus on the 1xEVDO system

Could follow up with Hybrid mode drive for performance benchmarking

Locate and optimize areas for 1xEV to 3G1x handoffs

Chipset types

5500

6500

6800

6850 (MC-EVM)


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Client Settings

64K TCP window, VJ off, PPP data compression on;

W/4 simultaneous TCP connections, the web browsing throughput for MIP/Hybrid mode still provides tremendous gain in throughput.

Web Browsing Throughput

(MIP/Hybrid IE w/4 cnx)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Clean RF Condition

Web

Bro

wsi

ng IP

-Lay

er T

hrou

ghpu

t (kb

ps)

VJ_off PPP_on 64K

VJ_on PPP_on 64K

VJ_off PPP_off 64K

VJ_off PPP_on 32K

VJ_off PPP_on 32K

VJ_off PPP_off 32K

VJ_off PPP_on 16K

VJ_off PPP_on 16K

VJ_off PPP_off 16K


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Miscellaneous Failures category

Description Several other failures not discussed earlier can occur during call setup

stage or during call Potential causes Call Processing states not in sync between the AP and TP

Cannot sent messages

Timeouts

Other internal errors

Allocate traffic channel failure

TP selection algorithm fails

TP at max dormant session limit

Symptoms / Identification Techniques Show up in one or more of the following depending on the stage the

anomaly encountered AT-initiated Connection Attempt Failures – other failures

Connection released – other reasons

Soft and Softer handoff Failures – Other Reasons


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Miscellaneous Failures (Cont.)


Often may require custom traces and development support to debug further

Continue to update guidelines based on experience


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Lesson Summary


Perform basic troubleshooting of RF problems (such as lack of coverage, excessive pilots, interference, and non-optimized neighbor lists)

Examine inter-RNC border issues and RNC grouping


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EV-DO Multi-Carrier Optimization5


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Lesson Objectives


Analyze inter-frequency handoffs


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Multi-Carrier Scenarios


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Multi-Carrier Optimization Objectives

Minimize call drops and RF access failures in the core area

Provide desired coverage/capacity in the Fn core area

Ensure reliable Fn to {Fi} handoffs as the user approaches the inter-frequency handoff boundary

Minimize RF access failures near the {Fi}/Fn border

Provide reliable inter-frequency handoffs for EV-DO calls originated on Fn in areas external to the expected inter-frequency handoff boundary


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Idle Mode Hashing and Load Balancing

For Border sectors:

Ndiff = (MaximumnumberofUsersSupportedforRevA)*(hdrSNSpare6/100)


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EIS - Enhanced Hashing Support

Allow different hashing classes to be defined for different channels(carriers)

AT is given a class mask to match against the class of a channel (DOcarrier) in the Sector Parameter message

•Class mask is a configuration attribute of the Enhanced Idle StateProtocol

With enhanced hashing, Rev A and Rev 0 carriers in a mixRev0/RevA multi-carrier cell can be put in different hashing classes

•Rev A mobiles hash only to Rev A carriers or to both Rev A and Rev 0 carriers–Controlled via translation parameter

•Rev 0 mobiles hash only to Rev 0 carriers or to both Rev 0 and Rev A carriers–Controlled by the operator


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EIS - Mobile Hashing Algorithm

Supports hashing across carriers based on AT’s technology capability

•Useful only in case of mix Rev A / Rev 0 carrier•Helps segregate Rev A mobiles on Rev A carrier and Rev 0 mobiles on Rev 0 carrier

– Uses Channel List and Extended Channel List information in the Sector Parameters Message (SPM)

– Similar to CDMA Channel List and Extended CDMA Channel List Messages in CDMA 3G1x

– Applies only to Rev A capable mobiles that support EISRev A mobiles without EIS capability will hash to Rev 0 carrier

– Current commercial Rev A mobiles support EIS

•Rev A mobiles hash to a Rev A carrier following Session Setup– Rev 0 channel is listed in Channel List whereas Rev A channel is listed inExtended Channel List in SPM– All mobiles hash to Rev 0 carrier prior to Session Setup– Rev A channel in the Extended Channel List is visible only following EISnegotiation– May impact Access/Control Channel occupancy on Rev 0 carrier

•Hashing based on EIS is not used in case of single carrier, multiple Rev 0 carriers and multiple Rev A carriers


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Translation Parameters – Recommended Values

Enhanced Idle State Protocol Enabled (Service Node-Enhanced Idle State Protocol)

This parameter is used to enable/disable the EIS feature

The recommended setting is Yes

Rev A AT Hash to Rev 0 Carrier Allowed (Service Node-Enhanced Idle State Protocol)

This parameter is used to control Rev A mobiles hashing to Rev 0 carriers.

The recommended setting is Yes, i.e. Rev A mobiles are allowed to hash to both Rev A and Rev 0 carriers.

Rev 0 AT Hash to Rev A Carrier Allowed (Service Node-Enhanced Idle State Protocol)

This parameter is used to control Rev 0 mobiles hashing to Rev A carriers.

The recommended setting is Yes, i.e. Rev 0 mobiles are allowed to hash to bothRev 0 and Rev A carriers


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Basic Call Processing Scenario for IFHO


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216

Mobile Assisted and AN Directed IFHO Algorithms

IFHO

Enabled legs

in active set?

Different channels

reported in RUM?

Is strongest

diff Chan Pilot

>Strongest same

channel pilot-1

diff Chan Pilot

> same channel

pilot+2

IFHO-enabled

Active legs

> all other Active

legs

IFHO-enabled

active legs

<Directed IFHO

threshold

Perform IFHO

Soft handoff

yes no

yes

yesyes

yes yes

no

no

no

no

no

Mobile

assisted

IFHO

Directed

IFHO


CL3724-SG.en.ul

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Off-Frequency-Search Algorithm

Off-Frequency-Search algorithm is strictly AT’s implementation and AN has no control over it

AT performs OFS when the serving pilot strength falls below –5 dB

To minimize impact on the data throughput performance in connected state

To minimize impact on battery life in idle state

AT performs OFS during scheduled 3G1x tuneaway

AT tunes to target frequency after returning from 3G1x

Once every 5.12s if the above pilot strength conditions are met

OFS is supported in the following states/modes:

Connected State MSM6500 (Hybrid mode)

Idle State MSM5500/6500 (EVDO only and Hybrid mode)


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Mobile Assisted and AN Directed IFHO Algorithms

If AT reports Pilots from different channel, AN Directed IFHO is not triggered even if the AN Directed IFHO threshold is met

Implies cannot disable MAIFHO if AT reports different channel pilot information

If PilotAddThreshold for different channel is set to a very high value, AT may not report different channel pilot information effectively disabling MAIFHO

In general, need to set both AN Directed and MAIFHO thresholds

Mobile uses PilotAddThreshold and PilotDropThreshold for Different Channels (translation parameters) to report pilots from target carrier following OFS

Latest recommendations:

Threshold for AN Directed IFHO: -5 dB

Thresholds for Mobile Assisted IFHO: 1: 3dB, 2: 1.5dB

Need to fine tune these threshold values depending on RF/Terrain conditions as well as scenarios (Wedding Cake versus Disjoint), etc.


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How to Enable Inter-Frequency Handoffs

Define the different carrier neighbors in the Neighbor Sector forms

Set (up to 6) AN Directed IFHO Target neighbors in the Neighbor Sector form

Create/populate IFHO Targets for a sector-carrier

Set IFHO Enabled to yes in the Sector-Carrier form

Set IFHO Thresholds in the Sector-Carrier form

For MAIFHO

Strongest DiffChan/SameChan PilotPN Differential for IFHO

Combined DiffChan/SameChan Signal Differential for IFHO

For AN Directed IFHO

PilotPN Signal Strength Threshold for IFHO

Set Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List Sent to AT to a non-zero value

Increase Maximum Entries in Neighbor List Sent to AT by the number of Diff. Channel neighbors to avoid possible truncation in the number of same channel neighbors. Max. Entries in NL can go up to 31.


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Inter-Frequency Handoff Translation Parameters

Flag to Enable IFHO (Sector carriers –general)

Inter Frequency handoff Enabled

Thresholds for Mobile Assisted IFHO (Sector carriers –general)

Strongest DiffChan/SameChan PilotPN Differential for IFHO (1)

Combined DiffChan/SameChan Signal Differential for IFHO (2)

Threshold for Directed IFHO (Sector carriers –general)

Pilot PN Signal Strength Threshold for IFHO

Configurations for Directed IFHO

Directed Inter Frequency Handoff (IFHO) Target (Neighbor Sectors)

Inter Frequency Handoff (IFHO) Target Band Class (IFHO Target)

Inter Frequency Handoff Target Channel Number (IFHO Target)

Others

Maximum Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT (Sector carriers –general)

Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List Sent to AT (Sector carriers –general)

Reset Report Time Interval for IFHO for RUMS (Service Node –general section 1)


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Neighbor List for IFHO

Access network maintains two sets of neighbor lists: Same Channel and Different Channel neighbor lists

Different Channel neighbors are identified by setting “ChannelIncluded” field to 1 in both SectorParameters and NeighborList messages

Maximum size of the combined neighbor list is defined by the translation Maximum Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT

Maximum size of different channel neighbors is limited by the translation Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT

Maximum number of entries for same channel neighbors is determined by (Maximum Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT - Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT)


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Provisioning of Neighbor List

Key IFHO neighbors must be provisioned at the top of the neighbor list (NeighborID <=12)

By default, the first 12 NeighborIDs occupy the 12 IFHO neighbor list entries (Max. Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT = 12)

Common Carrier / Wedding Cake scenario

Directed IFHO neighbors have the highest priority among different channel neighbors regardless of the NeighborIDs

Will make it to the Directed IFHO neighbor list (up to 6)

If more than 6 neighbors are marked as Directed IFHO neighbors, first 6 neighbors with the lowest NeighborIDs will make it to the Directed IFHO neighbor list


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Combined Neighbor List sent to AT

MSM5500/6500 mobiles support only one frequency per each neighbor Pilot PN

Becomes an issue when a Pilot PN is a neighbor on both same and different channels

If such a Pilot PN is marked only as different channel neighbor, AT will not search/report this PN for soft/softer handoff. May lead to a drop call

Access network workaround

Different channel neighbors that are also same channel neighbors, will not be included in the combined neighbor list

Logic is that such neighbors are most likely to be added in the active set as soft/softer handoffs on the same channel before they become strong enough to have impact on mobile assisted IFHO

Once in the active set, these Pilot PNs can be included in the neighbor list as different channel neighbors

MSM6800 (Rev A) mobiles support multiple frequency per each neighbor Pilot PN


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Border Sector/Carrier -- IFHO Wedding Cake Example

F1/F2 region

Cell A Cell B

F1 region

Border Sector/Carrier

F2 is the carrier that would be marked as a

border sector/carrier; if customers decided to

do it. Border enable will modify the load

balancing algorithm and the Sector

Parameters Message.


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Sector Carrier and Target Forms – 567_1

Optional ?

Check NL ?


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Neighbor Sector Form – 567_1 (id=1)


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Optional


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Border Sector/Carrier ---- IFHO Disjoint Carrier Example

F2 region

Cell A

Cell B

F1 region

Border Sector/Carrier

F2 is the carrier that would be marked as a

border sector/carrier; if customers decided to

do it. Border enable will modify the load

balancing algorithm and the Sector

Parameters Message.


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Check NL ?

Optional ?


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Neighbor Sector Form – 234_1


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Neighbor Sector Form – 319_2


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Adding Carrier Recommendations - 1


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On 200_gamma (F2) ?

Cell 100Cell 200


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Dropping Calls on Borders ?

F1/F2 region

Cell A Cell B

F1 region

Did you drop on F2 or F1 ?Why ?

Potential solutions ?


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Translation Application Note # 4

Please refer to TAN # 4 for recommended settings and more information.


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Intergeneration Handoffs – Personality Switch


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Session/Connection Setup

UATI Assignment

Connection

Establishment for

Session Configuration

Session Configuration

Connection

Establishment with

new parameters

AT AN


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Session Configuration Protocol (SCP)

SCP is in the session layer and is used to negotiate all application, protocols and related attributes that will be used during the entire session

After negotiation the connection is dropped and re-established for the setting to take place

Any change to the negotiated parameters requires re-running of SCP, dropping and re-establishing the connection

SCP always takes place on the traffic channel

SCP supports two phases of negotiation

AT initiated negotiation

Used to negotiate protocols

AN initiated negotiation

Used to override default value of the attribute


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SCP for Rev. 0

Performed for every new session and whenever a subtype need to be changed

SCP is costly and connection has to be released & re-established for new setting to take effect

How to establish a Rev. A session?

How to handle Rev. A and Rev.0 session across coverage boundaries?

How to avoid renegotiating the entire session to change a single attribute?

Connection Establishment

ConfigurationRequest

ConfigurationResponse







ConfigurationComplete

ConfigurationComplete

(SessionConfigurationToken)

ReleaseConnection

AT AN

AT-in

itia

ted

AN

-initia

ted

ConfigurationStart


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Rev A Session/Personality


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Multiple Personalities

A personality is a complete set of negotiated protocol subtypes,

application subtypes, attributes values and public data

Indexed by the four most significant bits of the

SessionConfigurationToken (SCT)

Each AT can support up to “PersonalityCount” (attribute) personalities

Personality with “0” index in defined as the main personality, which is

used together with “HardLink” subtype to avoid negotiating identical

attributes across multiple personalities

Only one personality is in use at a time

AT includes the current SCT (personality in use) in the access channel

MAC header (this is how the AN figures out the personality in use)

Default Packet Rel. 0 and Default Packet Rev. A personalities are

introduced in R27. R28 and later have MFPA and EMFPA, these will be

covered in the QoS section


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Generic Attribute Update Protocol

Need an alternative light weight protocol for changing attributes

It is not always desirable to run SCP, since the connection has to be released and re-established for the changes to take effect

GAUP is used to change parameter values of certain attributes

The standard clearly defines these attributes

Protocol and application subtypes cannot be individually GAUPed

Protocol and application subtypes can be GAUPed via personality switch

Connection release is not required except when GAUPing personality


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Generic Attribute Update Protocol

GAUP uses generic message to change values of GAUPable attributes

Attribute Update Request (send by initiator AN or AT)

Attribute Update Accept (send by receiver AN or AT)

Attribute Update Reject (send only by the AN)

GAUP messaging can sent over access channel, control channel or traffic channel

GAUP can be sent any time during a connection or a session


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Personality Switching

Rather than use SCP whether the AT cross a coverage boundary, negotiate multiple personality and switch personality as needed at the coverage boundary

How is the personality switched?

The SCT is a GAUPable attribute

The AN sends an “AttributeUpdateRequest” (AUR) with new SCT in the attribute field

Personality switch strategy

No connection, Personality Switch

“Rev. A to Rev 0” or “Rev.0 to Rev. A”

Connection is open, Personality Switch Handoff

downgrade only “Rev. A to Rev. 0”


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Idle Personality Switch

Note: Personality switch for an idle AT only occurs when it accesses the network. If an idle AT moves across Rev A and Rev 0 cells without accessing the network, the personality switch is not performed.

RouteUpdate/ConnectionRequest

Rev 0 Sector Rev A AT

Idle, Rev ASCT = 0001

(Using Access Channel with SCT =0001 in header)

ACAck

AttributeUpdateRequestTrafficChannelAssignment

(SCT=0000)/

Using Control Channel)

Pilot + DRC

RTC Ack

AttributeUpdateAccept



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RouteUpdate (Rev A and Rev 0 pilots)

Rev 0 Sector in Rev A RAN

Rev A AT

Active Rev ASCT = 0001

AttributeUpdateAccepted


AttributeUpdateRequest (SCT=0000)

ConnectionClose/TrafficChannelAssignment

ConnectionClose

Pilot + DRC

RTC Ack

Determined if hand-down is needed

In the near future idle personality switch from A to 0 will also be triggered based on the pilot

strength evaluation and the Personality Switch Threshold, similar to the active personality switch

from A to 0.

Active Personality Switch from Rev A to Rev 0


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Personality Switch Trigger (w/Connection)

RouteUpdateMessage

Any

Candidate

Rev. 0 only?

RNC creates two lists:

• Rev. A list: Active Set members with

Keep=1, ranked by decreasing strength

• Rev. 0 list: Candidate that support Rev. 0

only, ranked by decreasing strength

Combined Rev. A

Strength>=Combined Rev. 0

only + PresonalitySwitchThreshold

?

Follow regular

process

Perform Personality Switch.

Handoff to strongest six among

(Active Keep=1, candidates)

Ignore Rev.0 only

candidates

No

Yes

Yes

No


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Rev. A Mobile Assisted IFHO

• Consider only Active set members with keep=1 and Rev-A-enabled Candidates that are on the Combined Neighbor List

• Create one list for each frequency represented in the RUM:

- One list for current frequency

- One list for each different frequency

Is strongest Rev-A-enabled same-channel pilot at

>= different channel pilot+1?

YES

Select different-frequency list with greatest combined signal strength

NO

Combined SS of strongest

different-channel list >= Combined

SS of current frequency +2?

Handoff to different-frequency using strongest up-to six candidates of the list

YES

NOCombined SS of revised different-frequency list >= current frequency

list +2?

• Perform Personality Switch to Rev-0 on Active Set

•Handoff to different-frequency using strongest up-to six candidates of the list

YES

NO

Add back Rev-0-only

pilots into the

strongest different-

channel list

Perform soft/softer evaluation

• Precedence is given to

Rev. A to Rev. A IFHO

• If such a handoff is not

possible then consider Rev.

A to Rev. 0


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Rev. A Mobile Assisted IFHO [Cont.]

Mobile Assisted IFHO is evaluated if the PilotPN strength measurements formdifferent frequencies (FIHO candidate channels) are reported in the RouteUpdatemessage.A Mobile Assisted IFHO is triggered if: The strongest different channel (IFHO candidate channel) pilot strength (Strngt

DiffChan) is larger than the strongest same channel pilot strength (Strngt SameChan) minus a Strongest DiffChan/SameChan Pilot PN Differential for Mobile Assisted IFHO (dB) threshold represented as delta 1. The Strongest DiffChan/SameChan Pilot PN Differential for Mobile Assisted IFHO (dB) threshold is a translation parameter entered on the Sector Carrier – General EMS Gui page and ranges between 1 and 7 dB in 0.5 dB increments with a 5-dB default.

The combined (all) Rev A different channel pilot strength (Cmbnd Rev A DiffChan) is equal to or larger than the combined same channel pilot strength (Cmbnd SameChan) by the Combined DiffChan/SameChan Signal StrengthDifferential for Mobile Assisted IFHO (db) threshold represented as delta 2. This threshold is also a translation parameter entered on the Sector Carrier – General EMS Gui page and ranges between 1 and 7 dB in 0.5 dB increments with a 5-dB default.


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Rev. A Mobile Assisted IFHO [Cont.]

The first condition test determines if an IFHO should be performed by

determining if the PilotPN of the strongest IFHO candidate is greater than the

PilotPN of the strongest virtual handoff candidate’s PilotPN minus a differential

(delta 1). If the first condition is not met, a virtual soft handoff is perform on the

same channel.

If the condition is met, the second condition is tested to determine if the IFHO handoff can be made to a Rev A carrier, maintaining the Rev A connection. If the combined PilotPN signal strengths of all Rev A IFHO candidates is equal to, or greater than the combined PilotPN strengths of all virtual handoff candidates plus the delta 2 differential, Rev A IFHO is triggered.

If the second test criteria is not met, Rev 0 IFHO personality switch candidacy is determined by comparing the PilotPN strengths of the combined Rev 0 and Rev A IFHO candidate (different) channels with combined PilotPN strengths of all virtual handoff candidates plus the delta 2 differential. If the former is equal to or greater than the latter, a Rev 0 personality switch and IFHO is executed; otherwise a virtual soft handoff is performed.


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Lesson Summary



Analyze inter-frequency handoffs


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258

• Multiple Flows will impact the Call Capacity in OHM and TP and BTS. Multiple Flows is built on top of Rev-A. Every flow can be viewed as a connection. So if a Connection typically has 2 flows expect the capacity to be reduced by 50% in terms of the number of calls in the Traffic Processor. Voice and Video Flows involve smaller packets causing more impacts to Traffic Processor.

• OHM is involved in QoS setup for every flow and also for Admission Control decisions when a flow is activated. More messages are being sent between TP, OHM and BTS to support multiple Flows causing significant performance impacts to OHM.

QoS - Capacity and Performance


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Handoff Matrix Summary reports



EVDO Hardware and Other Impacts9


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Lesson Objectives

Identify the hardware upgrades needed for Rev A and other EVDO RF functionalities

Identify the components of the Universal Network Cabinet (UNC)


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Modem Upgrade (CSM6800)

The SB-EVM/SB-EVMm:

uses Qualcomm ASIC Tile based on CSM6800 chipset (rev. A and rev. 0)

provides higher capacity in terms of number of channels supported: supports 192 CEs in RL for 96 users (2-Way diversity) and 288 flows in the forward link. Full capacity of 192 users and 576 flows. In Rev A a flow is termed as an open reservation in which a stream of data between the AT and a specific web location.

has an optional tile that could add additional 192 CEs for greater capacity or the same capacity with 4-Way diversity.

provides Pilot Interference Cancellation


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What is the RL PIC in EVDO?

In the RL of EVDO, The pilot signal is important for RL power control and channel estimation/demodulation of AT, but is interference for other ATs.

For the VoIP where a large number of ATs transmit at low data rates (9.6kbps, 256 bit), a significant percentage of AN received power is from pilot signals transmitted by the ATs.

By removing this pilot interference, the EVDO RL can support more VoIP users.

Qcom is offering PIC as an optional FPGA feature supported by the CSM6800 solution

For the 3GPP2 channel mix, about 60-70% of the overall pilot power can be cancelled from users in the sector

Pilot

30%

DRC/DSC/

ACK/RRI

Data

40%


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PIC Preliminary Improvement

For the 3GPP2 fading channel mix, about 70% of the overall pilot interference from in-sector ATs can be cancelled by PIC in the EVDO Rev link.

Simulation indicates the VoIP capacity improvement

PIC could provide about 15% more VoIP users in EVDO, or giving the users about 27% more data power at the same data rate.

With PIC=70%, the voice capacity becomes about 41 Erlangs (52 users/sector).


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Rev. A Four Way Diversity

From 2Rx to 4Rx antennas at AN, the long-term pilot Ecp/Nt requires about 2.3 dB less with TG = 4 subpkts.

Taking into account all channels, the average Ec/Nt per antenna for 256 payload provide about 40% improvement, which can be used to estimate the performance improvement of full-buffer throughput.

Link Budget (or Cell Coverage)

The gain of Tx power at AT is about 2.4 dB. For the data rate, the coverage could be doubled as long as a similar performance (1% RPER) is kept.

Reference:

J. Salz and J. Winters, “Effect of Fading Correlation on Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile Radio”, IEEE Trans. On Veh. Tech., Vol. Vt-43(4), pp 1049-1057, Nov. 1994.

M. Fan and E. Esteves, “The Impact of Antenna-Array Receiver on the Reverse Link Performance of CDMA2000 1xEV High Rate Packet Data Systems”, IEEE VTC2003, Fall Orlando, FL.


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Rev. A Capable ATs (MSM6800)

Equalizer (better DRC distribution due to better SINR)

Helps to reduce multi-path (ISI) interference

• Helps achieving higher data rates such as 3.1 Mbps

Helps to suppress interference from other sectors and other carriers

Different Operation Modes in Hybrid (less interruption when checking on 3G-1x)

•“Rev. A capable access terminals may provide performance benefits in Rev. 0 operation over previous generation of handsets. Two contributing factors are Simultaneous Mode operation and channel equalization on the forward link.”


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SINR Improvement


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2GB Memory AP-CPU Upgrade

CP2140

Increases the number of UATI Sessions to 65K(R27)/100k(R28) per AP

1GB Cards maximum number of session per RNC frame 320K

2GB Cards maximum number of session per RNC frame 800K(R28)


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Two or more functions combined

Bearer function

Control function

OA&M function

DACS

IP Backhaul

Network

Packet

Data

Network

Ethernet

Switch

MCC/

TLWS

Router

PDSN

9270

1xRNC

Frame Relay

Backhaul

Network

9281

PS

DACS

Ethernet

Backhaul

Network

Ethernet

Switch

9271 EV-DO

RNC

1xEV-DO

Backhaul

Network

PSTN

DACS Router

3G1X CDMA

Base Station

Mixed-mode

Base Station

3G1X CDMA

Base Station

1xEV-DO

Base Station

Access

Terminal

Access

Terminal

Access

Terminal

Access

Manager

(9290

MM/MMC)

9256 OMP

9253

OMC-RAN

OA&M

Network

CDMA/EV-DO Network with new product names


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OMP-FX and OMC-RAN

OMP-FX

SUA

Emergency Access

Data Repository

ROP

Tools and Scripts

ECP Direct Connection

SM Collection/Dist.

TICLI

SDP

RC/V

Cut-thru to FPS(5E)

TICLI

RC/V GUI

FPS Management

Super Overview

Integrated Fault Management

North Bound Interface

OMC-RAN

System CLI


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AP

AP

To External Network(PDSN/AAA)

To OA&M Network(OMP-FX/OMC-RAN/MSC)

GigEFiber

100 Base T (to OAM Network)

100 Base T (to OAM Network)

Layer 2Switch A

Layer 2 Switch B

CajunSwitch

B

CajunSwitch

A

TP

TP

TP

TP

GigEFiber

GigEFiber

STPGigEFiber

VRRP

RAN Data VLAN

Inter-Router VLAN

Inter-Router VLAN

Hand-off Network VLAN

GigE/FE

GigE/FE

IPBH for EV-DO

Most of the QoS features on MLPPP.


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1x T1/E1 # n

DO T1/E1 # n

1x T1/E1 #1

T3/OC-3/OC-12

E3/STM-1/STM-3

AggregationRouter B

DO RNC

RNCs

MSC

FMM APs

PSUs

RNCs

T1/E1

Mux

CELL

SITEs

1xEV-DO

&

3G1x

Aggregation Router A

MLS A

MLS B

VRRP STPDO T1/E1 #1

EBH for EV-DO

OAM

Ethernet

Access

Transpor

t

Network

100 Base-FX

UNI1_cell

UNIn_cell

UNI_nw_standby

UNI_nw_active

Multiple cell

sites

Multiple cell

sites

CELL

SITEs

1xEV-DO

&

3G1x

Shared Aggregation Router and MLS pairs

Converged Backhaul Network

1000

Base-SX


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Universal Network Cabinet (UNC)-Based 1xEV-DO RNC

Doubles the capacity of current R1SR RNC frame

Two independent Universal Shelves, each housing four independent FMS-410S (SUN Netra CT410 server) drawers

Two independent Extreme X450a-48t Ethernet MLS switches (cabinet switches), providing redundant LAN networks within cabinet

Cabinet switches provide the following feature over the R1SR RNC frame Cajun switch:

• L3 capability

• IPV6

• Increased security

• Gigabit port speed

• Larger number of fiber ports

• Greater fiber bandwidth


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Cross Technology Capabilities

3G-1x Circuit Services Notification Application (a.k.a., Cross-Paging)

Objectives:

Permit MS/AT to Monitor cdma2000 (Only) to Save Battery Life While Still Operating Correctly for Packet Data Service via HRPD

Permit an MS/AT that is Monitoring HRPD for Packet Data to Receive Important cdma2000 Events (E.g., Page, SMS, Crossing of cdma2000 Paging Zone Boundary, etc.)

Multimode Capability Discovery Application Discover the Specific Capabilities of Multi-mode Devices, e.g., the Ability to Support Hybrid MS/AT

Operation

Discover the Limitation of the AT’s Multimode Operating Capabilities (e.g., Can or Cannot Simultaneously Monitor Common Channels of HRPD and cdma2000)


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Cross-Notification Examples

Delivery of Unicast SMS to the MS/AT over the

HRPD Air Interface

HRPD BS MSC

a

b

time

HRPD: 3G1XServices packet

(data burst message)

c

MS/AT

ADDS Page Ack

ADDS Page

T3113

d

HRPD: SLP ack)


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Delivery of a Page to the MS/AT over the HRPD

Air Interface

cdma2000

BSMSCMS/AT

a

b

time

d

c

e

HRPD BS

1x: Page Response Message

Paging Request (conditional)

T3113

Paging Request

HRPD: 3G1XServices packet

(General Page Message)

Complete L3 Info: Paging Response

T3113


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Delivery of High

Rate Packet Data

Service Option

Page

cdma2000

BSMSC PDSN

MS/

AT

c

time

b

d

e

fT

3113

g

T3210

i

a

j

k

HRPD BS

n

m

l

o

h

Data flow

Connection establishment

HRPD: 3G1xServices packet (Registration)

HRPD: 3G1xServices packet (Registration Request Order)

Location Updating Accept

Location Updating Request

Paging Request

1x: page with SO 59

1x: Page Response

Complete L3: Info Paging

Response

T311

BS Service Response

BS Service Request

1x: Release Order

and L2 Ack

HRPD: 3G1xServices packet (Registration Accepted Order)

Data flow

MaxIdleTunnelTime

1x: Registration

Location Updating Request

Location Updating Accept

1x: Registration

Accepted Order

p

q

r

s

packet data

T3210



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Hybrid Mode


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Simultaneous Mode

•Mid Cell FTP Throughput

Simultaneous: 1398 Kbps

Hybrid: 1087 Kbps

Both Rev. 0


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HPT


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Forward Link Handoff with DSC

In Rev 0, service may

be interrupted during

handoff to BTS2.

In Rev A, BTS2 is

notified of an

impending handoff by a

DSC value, which is

transmitted DSClength

slots before the DRC

Cover change.

The value of DSClength

is specified by the

Enhanced Forward

Traffic Channel

protocol.

Forward link serving cell

BTS1

Forward link serving cell BTS1



DRC Cover change

DRC detection at BTS1 & BTS2

•Transfer to BTS2

BTS1 send DSC change indication (DSCI)BTS2 send Forward Desire Indication (FDI)

BTS1 send Forward Stop Indication (FSI)

DRC Cover change

BTS2 Starts transmission

time

•time

DSC Length

Forward Link Handoff in Rev A

Forward Link Handoff in Rev 0

Service interruption

DRC Cover change

•Transfer to BTS2

SCC detection at BTS1 & BTS2


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Forward Link Handoff with DSC


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Data over Signaling (DoS) Protocol

Typically, the user data traffic is processed by the RLP protocol.

DoS provides an alternate path for the data.


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Core Transport Network

When IP routing occurs between multiple sites, an edge router or gateway is required at each site to enable communication outside the local subnet

Network IP Routers

MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) and Diffserv support to provide timely

delivery of VoIP packet frames through one or more managed IP networks.

The diffserv code points must be chosen appropriately and an appropriate per-hop behavior must be specified in each router.

PDSN :The hardware and software architecture impact to the PDSN is vendor dependent.

Expected to comply with TIA-856-A-1, TIA 1054, IS835D and TIA-878-A

Standards

Comply with Enhanced Multi Flow Procedures in TIA-878-A for establishment and release of auxiliary A10 connections both concurrent and asynchronous with establishment and release of the main A10 connection.

Support A10, IP Flow Based, Accounting.

Support Flow Mapping and Treatments for HRPD Non-Specific Traffic Flow Templates via the Resv/ResvConf message procedures defined in TIA-835-D.

Support ROHC in conjunction with SO 67 and Alcatel-Lucent DSCP marking and processing assumptions

Support the Ty interface to the PDF and shall perform Bearer Control Point/PEF function as defined in 3GPP2 MDD SBBC standard X.S0013-012-0 v1.0.


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35 VoIP Erlang – Simulations

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VoIP Only

5 BE Users

10 BE Users

BE users have little impact on VoIP performance.


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Aggregate BE Throughput (RLP) – Simulations

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VoIP Erlang

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BE throughput reduction is non-linear, especially when the VoIP loading is low.

VoIP packets take more slots per VoIP call comparing with high loading case.

loss of RF efficiency for the VoIP occupied slots, as BE traffic can only be carried in MUP as “piggy-back” traffic.


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Lesson Summary


Identify the hardware upgrades needed for Rev A and other EVDO RF functionalities

Identify the components of the Universal Network Cabinet (UNC)


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Course Summary

You are now able to do the following:

Describe 1xEV-DO network from an RF perspective

Identify the major factors in EVDO RF performance and troubleshooting


Describe QoS

Explain the features and functions of EVDO optimization tools

Analyze EVDO optimization case studies and outline their solutions

Describe EVDO hardware and other Impacts


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Requirements to Obtain Course Credit

To get credit for taking this course do the following:

1. Complete the course

2. Complete the end-of-course assessment or L2A

3. Complete the course evaluation

1xev-do rf performance engineering

Documents

rights reserved

route update

web browsing

postponed

updates overhead

distant overshooting

softer handoff

established