1xev 2ddo rf coverage and capacity
TRANSCRIPT
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 1
1xEV-DO RF Coverage and Capacity
Muhieddin Najib
Core RF Engineering
September 21, 2004
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 2
Contents
Introduction 1xEV-DO physical-layer attributes Reverse link structure
Forward link structure
H-ARQ
Coverage Performance Factors Impacting RF Performance
Forward and Reverse SNR
Predicting Forward 1xEV-DO coverage and throughput using IS-95 Ec/Io stats
Coverage Performance of 1xEV-DO Overlaying IS-95
TTLNA/H-MFRM in 1xEV-DO
Reverse-link data rate requirement for maximizing forward data rate
Ec/Io in 1xEV-DO vs Ec/Io in 1xRTT
Capacity performance H-ARQ performance MUD gain
Receive diversity
Rate Distribution
Sector physical-layer throughput
Max number of connections
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 3
Introduction
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 4
1xEV-DO Attributes
Dedicated data only carrier of 1.25 MHz spectrum
12 data rate modes with different coding and modulation to meet
the changing conditions of the communication channel. Allows for
2.45 Mbps in the forward link.
TDM based using P-F data scheduler. This and the systemscapability of dynamically estimating the channel eliminate the
need for forward SHO and power control.
H-ARQ (early termination)
Higher order modulation
They collectively improve the forward throughput and spectral
efficiency
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 5
Forward Data Rate Combinations
AT can select one of 12 datarate options
Data is encoded, scrambled,interleaved, modulated,
repeated, de-multiplexed into16 parallel channels andthen spread using 16-bitorthogonal Walsh codesbefore transmission
AP always transmits at the
rate requested by DRCchannel
Data Rate
[kbps]
Packet Length
[bytes]
Number of
slots FEC rate Modulation
38.4 128 16 1/5 QPSK
76.8 128 8 1/5 QPSK
153.6 128 4 1/5 QPSK
307.2 128 2 1/5 QPSK 614.4 128 1 1/3 QPSK
307.2 256 4 1/3 QPSK
614.4 256 2 1/3 QPSK
1228.8 256 1 1/3 QPSK
921.6 384 2 1/3 8-PSK
1843.2 384 1 1/3 8-PSK
1228.8 512 2 1/3 16-QAM
2457.6 512 1 1/3 16-QAM
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 6
Forward Physical-Layer Implementation
Forward resources are TDMed byactive users. All PA power isallocated to one user at a time.
Forward Pilot and reverse PC bitsare also TDMed with data and user
signature. AT is served by the best server. BS
is reported by the AT everyscheduling period using DRCCover
One or more time slots are assignedto a user to transmit each packet.
The Data rates and slot lengths varywith user channel conditions
Channel allocation is not fixed; ATlistens for a preamble to determine ifit is being sent a packet
Access Point (AP) transmission diagram
Medium
Access
Control
Pilot Traffic
Reverse
Activity
Reverse
Power
Control
Forward
Control
DRCLock
User 1 User 2 User 3
Power
Time
Idle
1 slot2 slots 2 slots
1.67 ms
usersignature
pilotbursts
pilotPowercontrol
Powercontrol
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Reverse Physical Channel Structure
Access Traffic
Reverse
Pilot Data ACKPilot Data
Data
Rate
Control
Reverse Link
Time-multiplexed(7 : 1 ratio) &
spread using W0. W8
W4
000 0
001 9.6
.
.
.101 153.6
ReverseRateIndicator
MediumAccessChannel
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Forward Data Rate AdaptationReverse DRC
AT continuously measures received SNR from pilot bursts
AT maps SNR measurement to highest data rate it can decode and uses DRC channel toinform Access Point of desired data rate
DRC is sent every slot, but AT selects new DRC and DRCCover values every DRCLength slots
12 possible data rate options, so DRC channel is a 4-bit word
DRC bits are encoded and spread using W8
DRC power is set at 3 dB below pilot with DRCLength of 4
Mapping of Ec/Nt to DRC index is not constant throughout the life of the data call connection,but changes over time in response to the channel conditions. Therefore, the same receivedEc/Nt doesnt always produce the same data rate request. The mapping is controlled by thefeedback loop between AN and AT to adapt to packet errors. If a packet is received in error thethresholds for the various DRC indexes are increased (e.g., by 0.25 dB). After receiving anumber of good frames, the threshold is decreased.
DRC also provides AN with best server information (using DRCCover with 3 bits/lot)1.67 ms
(a)
Pilot-DRC Pilot-DRC Pilot-DRC(b)
(estimate data rate) (request data rate) (TX at requested rate)
Channel estimation and Data Request Channel timing diagram: (a) access
terminal receive; (b) access terminal transmit.
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HybridARQReverse ACK
Original HDR uses fixed number of slots per packet In 1xEV-DO, acknowledgement is also provided at the physical layer
Adjacent slots in multi-slot packets are sent every four slot intervals
Allows AT to process and send acknowledgments in addition to time diversity.
AT sends a 1-bit ACK or NAK for each slot received on reverse ACK
ACK bits are coded and set at 3 dB above pilot
Transmit
Slot 2
Transmit
Slot 3
NAK NAK ACK
New Packet
Transmit
Slot 1
softcombining
Differentuser
Transmit
Slot 1
Example: data rate 38.4 kbps
If all transmission attempts (16 for38.4 kbps) are exhausted withoutproducing an ACK, then the
packet is considered erroneousand will be scheduled for re-transmission
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Throughput gain for N-time-slots packets if the packet is successfully
terminated by the nth
time slot is N/n
Conservative initial rate request in multi-slot packets can be utilized by
H-ARQ through early termination.
H-ARQ Gain
Example: DCR = 76.8 kb/s
Modulation: QPSK (2 bits/symbol)
Coding rate = 1/5
Packet length = 128 bytes
Packet size = 128 x 8 = 1024 bits
Max. number of slots (N) = 8
Packet terminated in 8thslot
Packet duration = 8 x 1.67 = 13.33 ms
Data rate = 1024/13.33 = 76.8 kbps
Packet terminated in 2ndslot
Packet duration = 2 x 1.67 = 3.34 ms
Effective data rate = 1024/3.34 = 307.2 kbps
H-ARQ gain = 4 = 6 dB.
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Proportional Fairness AlgorithmMulti-User Diversity
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Time
SignalLevelRelativetoAverage(dB) AT 1
AT 2
AT 3
T0
T1
T2
Test Run 1
23%
23%
25%
29%
AT#1 AT#2 AT#3 AT#4
Test Run 2
25%
21%28%
26%
AT#1 AT#2 AT#3 AT#4
Test Run 3
25%
21%28%
26%
AT#1 AT#2 AT#3 AT#4
User share of
sector throughput,
showing
proportional fair
scheduling.
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Higher-Order Modulation
3A
A
-A
A-A
-3A
-3A 3A
Q Channel
I Channel1110 1111
1010 1011
1101 1100
1001 1000
0110 0111
0010 0011
0101 0100
00000001
10/1A
Q Channel
I Channel
-c -s s c
s
c
-s
-c
010
011 001
000
100
101111
110
)8/cos(c
)8/sin(s
01
ii bs
BPSK Signal Constellation: 1 bit per symbol
8-PSK Signal Constellation: 3 bits per symbol
16QAM Signal Constellation: 4 bits per symbol
Q Channel
I Channel
01 00
11 10
][iQiIi
bbs
2/1 2/1
2/1
2/1
QPSK Signal Constellation: 2 bits per symbol
Higher-order modulationsrequire more power (higher
SNR) to achieve the same
PER, but they have better
spectral efficiency (doubles
per quadrupling the
modulation order).
SNR is determined by power,
thermal noise, interference
and fading.
Since forward power is fixed
in 1xEV-DO and noise is
stationary, higher spectral
efficiency can be realized by
assigning higher-order
modulation to the user whosseeing less interference and
less fading (which is
evidenced by high SNR).
This is the key principle
underlying the interaction
between channel estimator
and forward data scheduler.
2A
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Turbo Encoder
Turbo codes provide higher coding gain than same-rate Convolutionalcodes
Performance improvement is due in part to built-in pseudo-randominterleaver
Largest coding gain is realized in
Low mobility
High data rate applications
Multipath environment
More complexity and increased delay
Convolutional
Encoder
Pseudo-random
Interleaver
Convolutional
Encoder
Symbol
Repetition
&
Puncturing
b0c1
c2
b0
c1
c2
Data
Input
Constraint Length = 4
Constraint Length = 4
.
.
.
ForwardCoding
Rates: 1/5,
1/3
Reverse
Coding
Rates: 1/4
or 1/2
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage
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Reverse Eb/No Requirements with ACK on
All channels are referenced to pilot (only pilot is power controlled)
Start with Pilot Ec/Nt = - 21.35 dB (for mobility with 1% PER on DataChannel)
ACK channel is 3 dB above pilot (ACKGain = 3 dB)
DRC channel is 3 dB below pilot (DRCGain = - 3 dB)
Data channel is 3.75 dB above pilot (for 9.6 kp/s)
Power margin required for ACK, DRC and Data channels above pilot =
total AT tx power / pilot power, In dB, Margin = 10*LOG(1+10DataGain/10+10ACKGain/10+10DRCGain/10)
Total Ec/Nt = Pilot Ec/Nt + ACK/DRC/Data margin
Total Eb/Nt = Total Ec/Nt + Processing Gain
9.6 kb/s 19.2 kb/s 38.4 kb/s 76.8 kb/s 153.6 kb/s
DataGain, dB 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5
Power margin for
Data, ACK, DRC7.68 9.15 11.12 13.7 17.76
Total Ec/Nt, dB - 13.7 - 12.2 - 10.2 - 7.7 - 3.6
Total Eb/Nt dB 7.41 5.86 4.82 4.39 5.44
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Reverse Eb/No Requirements with ACK off
If the AT is not receiving packets, then the reverse ACK channel becomes
inactive (ACKGain = -inf dB). In general, the ACK channel is a low frequency event
Power margin required for DRC and Data channels above pilot = total AT
TX power / pilot power, In dB, Margin = 10*LOG(1+10DataGain/10+10DRCGain/10)
Total Ec/Nt = Pilot Ec/Nt + DRC/Data margin
Total Eb/Nt = Total Ec/Nt + Processing Gain
9.6 kb/s 19.2 kb/s 38.4 kb/s 76.8 kb/s 153.6 kb/s
DataGain, dB 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5
Power margin for
Data, DRC5.88 7.95 10.39 13.32 17.61
Total Ec/Nt, dB - 15.47 - 13.40 - 10.96 - 8.03 - 3.74
Total Eb/Nt dB 5.60 4.66 4.09 4.01 5.30
LB Gain relative
to ACK on, dB1.81 1.20 0.73 0.38 0.14
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Data Rate(kb/s)
Ec/Nt Eb/Nt Ec/Nt Eb/Nt
38.4 -5.99 9.06 -8.49 6.56
76.8 -2.87 9.17 -5.37 6.67
153.6 -1.10 7.93 -3.60 5.43
307.2 0.63 6.65 -1.87 4.15
614.4 3.37 6.38 0.87 3.88
921.6 6.15 7.40 3.65 4.90
1228.8 7.66 7.66 5.16 5.16
1843.2 10.67 8.91 8.17 6.41
2457.6 12.61 9.60 10.11 7.10
without Diversity with Diversity
Forward Eb/Nt Requirements
Higher Eb/Ntrequirement
for 8-PSK and16-QAM Ec/Nt to DRC rate option mapping algorithm is AT proprietary. Above
results represent average Ec/Nt (plus sigma) as seen on QC terminals inmobility environment.
In general, the AT dynamically adjusts the Ec/Nt thresholds to map to aparticular DRC option to maintain desired PER. Please see next slide for ameasured distribution.
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NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 19
DRC distribution vs. pilot Ec/NtDRC Requested vs C/I
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
C/I
DRCRequ
est
DRC Requested
LAV
Chester terminal without receive diversity
400 MByte FTP
DRC
option
Data Rate
(kbps)
# of
slots
1 38.4 16
2 76.8 8
3 153.6 4
4 307.2 2
5 614.4 16 307.2 4
7 614.4 2
8 1228.8 1
9 921.6 2
10 1843.2 1
11 1228.8 2
12 2457.6 1
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DRC distribution vs. pilot Ec/Nt
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Ec/Nt (dB)
DRC(
kb
ps)
DRC
Data collected from a 30-cell unloaded network
With receive diversity
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 22
1xEV-DO Reverse Link BudgetMobility
Frequency of Operation MHz 1900.0
CDMA RF Carrier Bandwidth MHz 1.2288
No = KT dBm -174.0
Noise Bandwidth (B) dBHz 60.89
BTS Noise Figu re (F) dB 4.00Noise at Cell Input dBm -109.11 = No + B + F (all in dB)
BTS An tenna Gain dB i 17.5
BTS RX Cable/Jumpers/Connectors Loss dB 3.84
BS Antenna Height m 35.0
Path Loss Slope dB/Dec. 34.8
Mobile Station Antenna Height m 1.5
MS Antenna Height Correction Factor dB 0.05
Clutter Propagation Correction Factor dB 0.0
Path Loss a t 1 Km dB 136.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)
IS-95
Units9.6 kb/s
voice
9.6
Kbps
19.2
Kbps
38.4
Kbps
76.8
Kbps
153.6
KbpsComments
Data Rate kbps 9.6 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6
Processing Gain dB 21.07 21.07 18.06 15.05 12.04 9.03
Mobile/AT Max. Power dBm 23.0
Mobile/AT Antenna Gain dBi 0.00
Mobil e/AT E iRP dBm 23.0
Pilot Ec/No per ant. for 1% PER on Data Ch. dB -----
DataGain (Reverse Data to Pilot ratio) dB ----- 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5 Coding Rate = for 153.6, otherwise
ACKGain (Reverse ACK to Pilot ratio) dB -----
DRCGain (Reverse DRC to Pilot ratio) dB ----- DRCLength = 4.
Data + ACK + DRC power margin dB ------ 7.68 9.15 11.12 13.70 17.76 = 10*LOG(1+10Data/10
+10ACK/10
+10DRC/10
)
Total Ec/No per antenna dB -14.07 -13.67 -12.20 -10.23 -7.65 -3.59 = pilot Ec/No + Data/ACK/DRC power margin
Total Eb/No per antenna dB 7.00 7.41 5.86 4.82 4.39 5.44 = Total Ec/No + Pg
Rx. Sensitivity dBm -123.18 -122.77 -121.30 -119.34 -116.75 -112.69 = No + B + F + Ec/No (all in dB)
Sector Loading % 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% L
Interference Margin dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IM = -10*LOG10(1 - L)
Average Body Loss dB 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL
Building/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL
Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s1
Fast fading power control headroom margin dB 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 s2
Fading Composite Standard Deviation dB 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 sc = sqrt(s12+ s2
2)
Cell Edge Reliability % 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% Pedge
Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Fade Margin without SHO dB 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 FM w/o SHO = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, sc)
Fade Margin with SHO dB 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 FM w/ SHO
SHO Gain at Cell edge dB 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 = FM w/o SHO - FM w/ SHO
Total Margin dB 27.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 = IM + BL + PL + FM w/ SHO (all in dB)
Max. A ll owable Loss with no Margins dB 159.84 159 .43 157 .96 156 .00 153 .41 149 .35 = mobi le EiRP + BTS an t. ga in - RX cab le l oss - Rx Sx
Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 132.61 134.20 132.73 130.77 128.18 124.12 = MPL w/o margin - TM
RF Cell Radius km 0.79 0.88 0.80 0.70 0.59 0.45 Using Okumura-Hata models
1xEV-DO Release 0
IS-95 & 1XEV-DO rel 0 Reverse Link Budgets
Urban
23.0
0.00
23.0
3.0
-3.0
-21.35
ACK on
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 23
Mobility
Frequency of Operation MHz 1900.0
CDMA RF Carrier Bandwidth MHz 1.2288
No = KT dBm -174.0Noise Bandwidth (B) dBHz 60.89
BTS No is e F ig ure (F) dB 4.00
Noise at Cell Input dBm -109.11 = No + B + F (all in dB)
BTS Anten na Gain dB i 17 .5
BTS RX Cable/Jumpers/Connectors Loss dB 3.84
BS Ant enna Height m 35.0
Path Loss Slope dB/Dec. 34.8
Mobile Station Antenna Height m 1.5
MS Antenna Height Correction Factor dB 0.05
Clutter Propagation Correction Factor dB 0.0
Path L os s a t 1 Km dB 13 6.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)
IS-95
Units9.6 kb/s
voice
9.6
Kbps
19.2
Kbps
38.4
Kbps
76.8
Kbps
153.6
Kbps
Comments
Data Rate kbps 9.6 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6
Processing Gain dB 21.07 21.07 18.06 15.05 12.04 9.03
Mobile/AT Max. Power dBm 23.0
Mobile/AT Antenna Gain dBi 0 .00
Mob ile/AT E iRP d Bm 23 .0
Pilot Ec/No per ant. for 1% PER on Data Ch. dB -----
DataGain (Reverse Data to Pilot ratio) dB ----- 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5 Coding Rate = for 153.6, otherwise
DRCGain (Reverse DRC to Pilot ratio) dB ----- DRCLength = 4.
Data + DRC power margin dB ------ 5.88 7.95 10.39 13.32 17.61 = 10*LOG(1+10Data/10
+10DRC/10
)
Total Ec/No per antenna dB -14.07 -15.47 -13.40 -10.96 -8.03 -3.74 = pilot Ec/No + Data/DRC power margin
Total Eb/No per antenna dB 7.00 5.60 4.66 4.09 4.01 5.30 = Total Ec/No + Pg
Rx. Sensit ivit y dBm - 123. 18 -124. 57 -122. 51 -120. 06 -117.14 -112.84 = No + B + F + Ec/ No (all in dB)
Sector Loading % 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% L
Interference Margin dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IM = -10*LOG10(1 - L)
Average Body Loss dB 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL
Building/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL
Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s1Fast fading power control headroom margin dB 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 s2
Fading Composite Standard Deviation dB 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 sc = sqrt(s12+ s2
2)
Cell Edge Reliability % 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% Pedge
Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Fade Margin without SHO dB 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 FM w/o SHO = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, sc)
Fade Margin with SHO dB 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 FM w/ SHO
SHO Gain at Cell edge dB 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 = FM w/o SHO - FM w/ SHO
Total Margin dB 27.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 = IM + BL + PL + FM w/ SHO (all in dB)
Max. A llowab le L os s wi th n o Ma rgins dB 1 59 .8 4 16 1.23 15 9.17 15 6.72 15 3.80 1 49 .5 0 = mob ile E iRP + BTS an t. g ain - RX c able los s - Rx Sx
Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 132.61 136.00 133.94 131.49 128.57 124.27 = MPL w/o margin - TM
RF Cell Radius km 0.79 0.99 0.87 0.74 0.61 0.46 Using Okumura-Hata models
1xEV-DO Release 0
IS-95 & 1XEV-DO rel 0 Reverse Link Budgets
Urban
23.0
0.00
23.0
-3.0
-21.35
1xEV-DO Reverse Link Budget
ACK off
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 24
1xEV-DO Forward Link Budget
Mobility
Frequency of Operation MHz 1900.0
# of RX Antennas at AT 1
CDMA RF Carrier Bandwidth MHz 1.2288
No = KT dBm -174.0
Noise Bandwidth (B) dBHz 60.89
Terminal No ise Figure (F) dB 8.0
Noise at Terminal Input (NoBF) dBm -105.11
Forward power at the DPM output port dBm 40.22
BTS Antenna Gain dBi 17.5
BTS Tx Cable Loss dB 3.84
Maximum BTS traffic EiRP dBm 53.88
BTS Antenna Height m 35.0
Path Loss Slope dB/Dec. 34.8
Terminal Antenna Height m 1.5
Terminal Antenna Gain dBi 0.0
MS Antenna Height Correction Factor dB 0.05
Clutter Propagation Correction Factor dB 0.0
Path Loss at 1 Km dB 136.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)
CommentsEffective Data Rate kbps 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6
Processing Gain dB 15.05 12.04 9.03 6.02 3.01 1.25 0.00 -1.76 -3.01
Target Ec/No dB -5.99 -2.87 -1.10 0.63 3.37 6.15 7.66 10.67 12.61
Target Eb/No dB 9.06 9.17 7.93 6.65 6.38 7.40 7.66 8.91 9.60
Rx. Sensitivity dBm -111.10 -107.98 -106.21 -104.48 -101.74 -98.96 -97.45 -94.44 -92.50 = No + B + F + Ec/No (all in dB)
Average Body Loss dB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL
Forward Loading at Cell Edge dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IMBuilding/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL
Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s
Cell Edge Reliability % 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% Pedge
Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Fade Margin dB 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 FM = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, s)
Total Margin dB 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 = BL + IM + PL + FM (all in dB)
Max. Allowable Loss with no Margins dB 164.97 161.85 160.08 158.35 155.61 152.83 151.32 148.31 146.37 = BTS EiRP + mobile ant gain - Rx Sx
Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 137.29 134.17 132.40 130.67 127.93 125.15 123.64 120.63 118.69 = MPL w/o margin - TM
RF Cell Radius km 1.08 0.88 0.78 0.70 0.58 0.48 0.44 0.36 0.32 Using Okumura-Hata models
1XEV-DO rel 0 Forward Link Budget
Urban 1 Antenna
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 25
1xEV-DO Forward Link Budget
Mobility
Frequency of Operation MHz 1900.0# of RX Antennas at AT 2
CDMA RF Carrier Bandwidth MHz 1.2288
No = KT dBm -174.0
Noise Bandwidth (B) dBHz 60.89
Terminal Noise Figure (F) dB 8.0
Noise at Terminal Input (NoBF) dBm -105.11
Forward power at the DPM output port dBm 40.22
BTS Antenna Gain dBi 17.5
BTS Tx Cable Loss dB 3.84
Maximum BTS traffic EiRP dBm 53.88
BTS Antenna Height m 35.0
Path Loss Slope dB/Dec. 34.8
Terminal Antenna Height m 1.5
Terminal Antenna Gain dBi 0.0
MS Antenna Height Correction Factor dB 0.05
Clutter Propagation Correction Factor dB 0.0
Path Loss at 1 Km dB 136.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)
CommentsEffective Data Rate kbps 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6
Processing Gain dB 15.05 12.04 9.03 6.02 3.01 1.25 0.00 -1.76 -3.01
Target Ec/No dB -8.49 -5.37 -3.60 -1.87 0.87 3.65 5.16 8.17 10.11
Target Eb/No dB 6.56 6.67 5.43 4.15 3.88 4.90 5.16 6.41 7.10
Rx. Sensitivity dBm -113.60 -110.48 -108.71 -106.98 -104.24 -101.46 -99.95 -96.94 -95.00 = No + B + F + Ec/No (all in dB)
Average Body Loss dB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL
Forward Loading at Cell Edge dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IMBuilding/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL
Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s
Cell Edge Reliability % 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% Pedge
Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Fade Margin dB 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 FM = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, s)
Total Margin dB 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 = BL + IM + PL + FM (all in dB)
Max. Allowable Loss with no Margins dB 167.47 164.35 162.58 160.85 158.11 155.33 153.82 150.81 148.87 = BTS EiRP + mobile ant gain - Rx Sx
Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 139.79 136.67 134.90 133.17 130.43 127.65 126.14 123.13 121.19 = MPL w/o margin - TM
RF Cell Radius km 1.28 1.04 0.92 0.82 0.69 0.57 0.52 0.42 0.37 Using Okumura-Hata models
1XEV-DO rel 0 Forward Link Budget
Urban 2 Antennas
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 26
Coverage Performance Summary(Relative to IS-95 EVRC of same frequency)
38.4
kbps
153.6
kbps
307.2
kbps
1228.8
kbps
2457.6
kbps
1 RXAntenna
136% 99% 88% 55% 40%
2 RXAntennas
161% 116% 104% 65% 47%
9.6
kbps
19.2
kbps
38.4
kbps
76.8
kbps
153.6
kbps
ACK on 111% 101% 89% 75% 57%
ACK off 125% 109% 93% 77% 58%
Forward
Link
ReverseLink
1xEV-DO provides a 1-1 overlay with existing IS-95
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 27
TTLNA in 1xEV-DO can be used to enhance reverse link coverage
Same principles as in IS-95 and 1xRTT apply Reduced Overall Noise Figure on reverse path improves reverse link coverage
Coupled with high power MFRM (MFRM-H) application, forward link coverage can be enhanced aswell
Analysis assumptions TTLNA amplifier gain = 12 dB; NF = 1.8 dB
Urban, Suburban and Rural Morphologies
Antenna tower: 35m urban; 45m suburban; 60m rural Cable/connector/Jumpers loss: 5.44 dB rural; 4.48 dB suburban; 3.84 urban (including 0.5 dB for
antenna jumper loss)
Analysis is based on 4 dB BTS noise figure
TTLNA duplexer causes approximately 0.4 dB insertion loss in the forwardpath
Implementation of TTLNA may cause slight decrease in forward link coverage if implemented
sporadically throughout the system (since coverage is likely to be interference limited across theboard implementation of TTLNA would likely cause no impact to forward link)
It is recommended that high power radio (MFRM-H) is implemented inorder to improve forward link coverage and maintain link balance inthermal limited coverage
In this case, the forward link improves by up to 4.37 dB
TTLNA/H-MFRM in 1xEV-DO
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 28
Reverse Link Coverage
Approximate Cell Radius
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
9.6 Kbps 19.2 Kbps 38.4 Kbps 76.8 Kbps 153.6 Kbps
(km)
Urban Urban TTLNA
Approximate Cell Radius
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
9.6 Kbps 19.2 Kbps 38.4 Kbps 76.8 Kbps 153.6 Kbps
(km)
Sub Urban Sub Urban TTLNA
Approximate Cell Radius
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
9.6 Kbps 19.2 Kbps 38.4 Kbps 76.8 Kbps 153.6 Kbps
(km)
Rural Rural TTLNA
Coverage improvement up to*:Urban: 4.7 dB
Suburban: 5.2 dB
Open Rural: 5.9 dB
Cell count reduction*:Urban: 85%
Suburban: 100%
Open Rural: 125%
TTLNA helps improve performance
in 1:N deployment
*If coverage is not terrain limited and design is
not capacity limited.
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 29
Reverse-Link Data rate requirement for
Maximizing Forward Rate
Services like TCP requires acknowledgementsfrom reverse link
Maximum achievable reverse link throughput can
be a bottleneck for maximum achievable forward
link throughput
TCP uses a close loop feedback mechanism
which requires the receiver to reply
acknowledgement to the sender. If the ACK is not
received within a time window, the segment is re-
transmitted.
Excessive delay of ACK due to slow speed in the
reverse link direction can reduce the forward
throughput, even if the RF condition allows a
higher forward throughput.
Below the minimum required reverse link rate,
the maximum achievable forward link rate
reduces linearly with the reduction of reverse
link rate.
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 30
Achievable Forward Rate as a Function of Reverse Rate
Simulation
A minimum reverse data rate of
34.8 kb/s is required to supportforward rate of 1.2288 Mb/s.
Max Fwd Rate vs Rev Rate
8082
8486889092949698
100
19.2 38.4 76.8
Reverse Rate [kbps]
NormalizedFwdRate[%]
LAV Good RF condition (DRC = 2.4576 Mbps was
obtained for more than 97% of DRC requests)
About 76.8 kbps reverse rate isrequired to achieve max fwd rate
When reverse rate drops to 38.4,there is a minor degradation
Significant degradation in forwardTput if reverse rate drops to 19.2kbps
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 31
Comparing Simulation and LAV Tput
Results
RL Rate [kbps] Simulation Fwd
AppL Rate, kbps
LAV Test 1 Fwd
AppL Rate, Mbps
LAV Test 2 Fwd
AppL Rate, Mbps
9.6 (fixed) 0.26 - 0.38
19.2 (fixed) 0.59 1.47 0.86
38.4 (fixed) 1.03 1.77 1.83
76.8 (fixed) ** - 2.09
153.6 (fixed) ** 1.79 1.95
Variable Rate (AT
determines rate)
- 1.62 1.9
** In the simulation the maximum achievable rate was set to 1.2288 Mbps,
so the forward link rate can never exceed this value.
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 32
Forward 1xEV-DO Coverage vs IS-95
(or 1xRTT) based on Ec/Io stats
95)IS(forPowerPAMax
PowerTrafficL
PowerPAMax
PowerPilotp
powerPilot
powerSynch2
powerPilot
powerPaging1
1
211
Lp95IS
DOxEV1
EcIo
EcIo
IS-95 (or 1xRTT)
Ec/Io stats can
be used in:
network
acceptance &
performance
warranty
Predicting
forward Tput
performance
90thpercentile:
0% traffic loading: measured difference = 2.0 dB; calculated difference = 1.8 dB
55% traffic loading: measured difference = 8.3 dB; calculated difference = 8.6 dB
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
-20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Best Server Ec/Io, dB
Probability[Ec/Io
Abscissa
1 User 2 Users 4 Users 10 Users 20 Users
A single user traveling through out the cell
coverage area receive at least 180 kb/s for
90% of the time. This user will experience
a median throughput of 450 kb/s.
When therere 4 active users in the cell,
each user receive at least 50 kb/s for 90%
of the time. Each of user will experience a
median throughput of about 160 kb/s.
Full Queue
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 44
1xEV-DO Physical-Layer Throughput
# of Active
Users
Sector Tput
(kbps)
User Tput
(kbps)
Sector Tput
(kbps)
User Tput
(kbps)
1 503 503 824 824
2 620 310 936 468
3 698 233 999 3334 746 187 1045 261
10 857 86 1131 113
20 913 46 1196 60
One Receive Antenna Two Receive Antennas
Mobile Speed ProfileStationary 10%
3 km/hr 30%
10 km/hr 30%
30 km/hr 20%
120 km/hr 10%
Sector throughput increases by about 18% in the FWAenvironment without diversity and by 12% with diversity.
Nortel official forward aggregate Throughput
is 910 kb/s.
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 45
Measured User Throughput- Dependency o n Speed and Divers i ty -
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Median Ec/Nt (dB)
Throughput(kb/s)
0.826 km/h - 1 Ant. 0.826 km/h - 2 Ant.
3 km/h - 1 Ant. 3 km/h - 2 Ant.
120 km/h - 1 Ant. 120 km/h - 2 Ant.
Single-user
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 46
1xEV-DO Reverse-Link throughput
1xEV-DO physical-reverse-link throughput is in the order of
200 kbps, which is similar to 1xRTT form RF point of view.
Variations:
Power margin for reverse ACK and DRC channels (may have
insignificant effect when Tput is averaged over the whole coveragearea)
Lower PER requirement in 1xEV-DO
Data rate asymmetry and requirement of transmitting more overhead
acknowledgement on reverse link to support high data rates on forward
link
Reverse rate control mechanisms and how they are optimized (e.g.,RAB threshold, transition probabilities, ReverseRateLimit) - this couldlead to larger differences esp with loaded network.
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 47
Measured Throughput- Dependency on Locat ion -
Terminal
Locations
Forward
Throughput
(kbps)
Reverse
Throughput
(kbps)
Edge 98 65.4
Middle 245 64.3
Middle 208 64.6
Close 456 65.4
Sector total 1007 259.7
4 Active
Terminals
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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 48
User Capacity
Reverse Link 96 CEMs.
Two (2) channel elements per sector are reserved for reverse accesschannels, leaving 90 channel elements for traffic channels.
The channel element models (CEMs) at the Access Point are pooled acrossthe three sectors.
This results in 30 links per sector for equally loaded sectors and up to amaximum of 90 links per sector if all traffic is on one sector.
Divide by CE usage to obtain the primary number of connections.
For 1.6 CE/user, number of primary connections varies between 18 up to 56users per sector.
Forward Link 20 to 24 users per sector.
Note that the sector throughput saturates beyond 10 users
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