1.syamsul bahrin zaibon module
TRANSCRIPT
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MOBILE GAMEBAED LEANING (GBL)ENGINEEING MODEL
A b
Da Aa Ha Sa Gaa Sc A a Scc
Dc P
U Uaa Maaa
bSa Ba Zab
2011
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EMIION O E
I a aa
U Uaa Maaa, I a a U Lba a a
aaab c. I a a c
a a, a, ca a b a b
() , abc, b Da. I a a c
bca a aca a a b a
. I a a c a b
a U Uaa Maaa a ca c a b a a
aa .
R c a aa ,
a, b a :
Da Aa Ha Sa Gaa Sc A a Scc
U Uaa Maaa
06010 UUM S
Ka Da Aa
Maaa
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DECLAAION
I ca a a a b b a
a a a a aca. Ia b a b
a b ac a a c .
Sa Ba Zab
2011
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ABAC
Mb aba a (GBL) a a a a a c c a
b . I a c ac aa b aa a a ac a a, a
ac, a c a ac b
. T a GBL, ac a
a a, c GBL. I a
, a a a b c
a a a. T b
a ac; c a ; cca
b c; a c cc. A a a
a b c, a c a a
a a b a baa .
T, c a a b a GBL
E M ba a b a a a ca a
a a. I aca,
b c GBL aca c
c a, c, , a ab. I acc a, a
cc ac a a, c a; ()
aa b, () , () , () aa, a ()
cc. Sb, GBL aa a:
b, c, cab, b, ca, c, aaab, a
a. M aa a cc a, a; ,
c aa, a a . Ga,
GBL E M a acc b cac
. T a a b a a ca a
GBL . H, a a a
a a . I a a,
a a ; AaDDIa
Eaa, IPcO, Ga L Cc, a GBL E M;
a ca b 70 . T a ca a
GBL E M c a ab 7.0 ( 10) a
ca (c a 7.0). T ANOVA
a a ca c b a c
c a cab. A c a cab a
ca , c GBL E M a a
. A a a a GBL
E M b ca GBL aca a
a ca a acca cb . I a,
ca cb a aa
aa . F, aac c, c GBL
a a ca cb.
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ABAK
Paa baaa a a (GBL) aa aa a aa
aa aaa a a a a. Ba aaa baa a a bba aa a aaa aaa aa
ca aa baa aa aa a aa baaa,
baa aa aaa aa, a aa baa a
baaa a aa a a. U aa
GBL, aa caaa a a a a
a baa GBL. O , baa baa
aa a aa a baa aa a a.
M b caaa baa aa a a, aaaa aa a
b aa a b baaa, aa a a a, a aa
a aa aa aa. Waa baa aa, aa
a baaa aa a aa a b aa aa baa
aa baaa aa a a aaa aa a.
O , aa a bcaa aa caaa aa a
M Kaa GBL a baa aa a aa baa
aa a baaa. Scaa a, aa ca aa aa
aa baa GBL a aa, , aa, a aa.
Ba caa a b, aa a ab aa a
a a aa a () a a aaa, () caaa, () baa, ()
aa, a () a. Sa , aa aa GBL aa:
aa, a, aa, a, aa, baa, a,
a . Paa aa aa a caa a; aa aa,
baa a a a , a aa . Ua,
a caaa a ba aaaa a ba aa aa
. M a aa ba aa aa a baa
a GBL. D , a aaa a baaa b ba
a ba a aa aa aa ba. Daa aa
aa , a aa aa baaa; AD
DIE, IO, G L C a
M Kaa GBL, a a baa 70 . Ha aaa
a baaa caaa aa b 7.0 (a 10)
a a baa a a b ( a a 7.0).
Ka ANOVA a aa baa a aaa a
aa ca a a aa. Waa a a
aa a bba caa a, caaa b
. Ka a baaa caaa b b
aaa aa baa GBL a a baa caa a
aa aa aa . Sa , baa a aa aa aa
a a a a. Aa a aa, a aa
a GBL a aa a a baa a.
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ACKNOLEDGEMEN
Aaa, a a a a a b Aa ..
c . I c a P.
D. Naa Sa, , , ac, a
c. N Maaa a
U Uaa Maaa .
I a a ca a a Ia Tc a
Ma a, U Uaa Maaa ca a
.
Sca a Aa , ac a aca a
GBL .
Fa a a, I a a H. Zab & H. A,
a a, Haa, a a Sa, a a a
a ac a a a.
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ABLE OF CONEN
PERMISSION TO USE ...........................................................................................................
DECLARATION.....................................................................................................................
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................... LIST OF AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS ..........................................................................
CHAE 1: BACKGOND OF D .............................................................................. 1
1.1 Ic .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rac Ma ............................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 C Sa Mb P Sbc Maaa ................................ 1
1.2.2 G S a Ia ................................................................ 4
1.2.3 Aac Mb La ............................................................................. 5
1.2.4 Sa Rac Ma .................................................................... 8
1.3 Pa S ..................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 A S S Pc Ma .............................................. 9
1.4 Pb Sa ................................................................................................ 14
1.4.1 Rac Ga .................................................................................................. 17
1.5 Rac Obc ............................................................................................... 18
1.6 Rac Q ................................................................................................ 18
1.7 Rac Sc a La ............................................................................. 19
1.8 Cb S ..................................................................................... 19
1.8.1 GBL E M ................................................................................ 19
1.8.2 A P GBL Aca .................................................................... 20
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1.8.3 I Eaa GBL E M .......................................... 20
1.8.4 Aa Hc Eaa GBL Aca ..................................... 20
1.8.5 Caa Aa D M ............................................. 21
1.9 Scac S ....................................................................................... 211.10 Rac a Tca Fa .................................................................. 22
1.11 Oaa D T ........................................................................... 23
1.12 T Sc ..................................................................................................... 26
CHAE 2: LIEAE EIE .................................................................................... 29
2.1 Ic ............................................................................................................ 29
2.2 Ga D ...................................................................................................... 29
2.3 GaBa La (GBL) ................................................................................... 30
2.3.1 T Wa U a T GBL ......................................................... 31
2.3.2 Ca GBL .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.3 Caacc GBL ....................................................................................... 33
2.4 GBL ....................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.1 Caacc Mb Ga ....................................................................... 38
2.4.2 Caacc GBL .................................................................................... 40
2.5 La T GBL ...................................................................................... 42
2.5.1 Ba ................................................................................................... 43
2.5.2 C ....................................................................................................... 44
2.5.3 Cc ................................................................................................. 45
2.5.4 Ica La T S ................................................ 47
2.5.5 Ea La T ............................................................................ 48
2.6 La Aac .............................................................................................. 52
2.6.1 M Ic ...................................................................................... 52
2.6.2 N E Ic .............................................................................. 54
2.6.3 PbBa La .................................................................................. 55
2.7 Aca I T ................................................................................... 57
2.7.1 Dc ............................................................................................................ 58
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2.7.2 Da ............................................................................................................... 58
2.7.3 D ............................................................................................................... 58
2.7.4 D/ D ............................................................................................... 59
2.8 Ga T .......................................................................................................... 602.9 T Pa ......................................................................................................... 61
2.10 Ga D a Ica D ................................................................ 64
2.11 Ica D M ................................................................................. 66
2.11.1 ADDIE M ................................................................................................... 67
2.11.2 Dc a Ca Ica D M ................................................... 68
2.11.3 K' ARCS M Ma ................................................................ 70
2.11.4 ASSURE M ............................................................................................... 72
2.11.5 M, R a K M ................................................................... 74
2.11.6 Ica ID M S ......................................................... 75
2.12 Ga D M a D M ....................................... 76
2.12.1 IPcOc Ga M ............................................................ 77
2.12.2 Ea Ga M ........................................................................... 79
2.12.3 Ia M Ecaa Ga D ........................................... 80
2.12.4 T FFIDGE M .......................................................................................... 81
2.12.5 F Da Fa ....................................................................... 83
2.12.6 Aa Da GBL Fa ................................................................... 84
2.12.7 Ga Aca Tac Ea ................................................ 85
2.12.8 T Da Ga I M ............................................................ 86
2.12.9 Fa D GBL C .................................................... 88
2.12.10 Da GBL M H Ecaa Ga D .......................... 89
2.12.11 Caa Aa GBL D M .............................................. 91
2.13 Mb Ga D M ........................................................ 95
2.13.1 B Pacc Mb Ga D ............................................... 95
2.13.2 Sc M ...................................................................................... 97
2.13.3 Ga D M ................................................................. 98
2.13.4 Ga L Cc............................................................................................... 99
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2.13.5 DPcBTMaS ........................................................ 101
2.13.6 Caa Aa Mb Ga D M . 102
2.13.7 Ica Caa Aa S ...................................... 104
2.14 Sa .............................................................................................................. 104
CHAE 3: MEHODOLOG.......................................................................................... 106
3.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 106
3.2 D Rac .................................................................................................... 106
3.3 Raa U D Rac ............................................................... 109
3.4 Pa M ......................................................................................... 109
3.5 Pa 1: Aa Pb ........................................................................... 111
3.5.1 La R a C Aa ......................................................... 111
3.5.2 Caa S ...................................................................................... 111
3.5.3 Pa S a S ........................................................................... 113
3.6 Pa 2 & 3: S a D ......................................................... 113
3.6.1 S F a Cc GBL D ................................. 113
3.6.2 E Ca ........................................................................................ 114
3.6.3 Cb GBL La M P M .......................... 115
3.6.4 GBL E M D ....................................................... 115
3.7 Pa 4: Eaa ............................................................................................... 115
3.7.1 P Eaa a E R ................................................................ 118
3.7.2 P D a Hc Eaa ...................................... 118
3.7.3 PSc S P M GBL D ........ 119
3.7.4 Ea S ........................................................................................ 119
3.7.5 I D S ............................................................ 120
3.7.5.1 I E Ca ......................................................... 121
3.7.5.2 I PEaa R ..................................................... 121
3.7.5.3 I PSc S ........................................................ 122
3.7.5.4 I E R a Ea S .......................... 122
3.7.5.5 I Hc Eaa Sa ......................................... 128
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3.8 Pa 5: Cc & Aa F ........................................................... 131
3.9 Sa a U Aa ................................................................................ 131
3.10 Sa .............................................................................................................. 133
CHAE 4: HE OOED MODEL: GBL ENGINEEING MODEL ........................... 134
4.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 134
4.1.1 T E Ca ................................................................................. 135
4.2 T P GBL E M .............................................................. 138
4.2.1 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 140
4.2.2 R a SO A PPc Pa .......................................... 149
4.2.3 Pc Pa ........................................................................................... 150
4.2.4 R A Pc Pa ..................................................................... 155
4.2.5 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 155
4.2.6 F Dc a Dab ............................................................. 159
4.3 Sa ............................................................................................................... 160
CHAE 5: EE EIE AND OOING OF GBL ENGINEEING MODEL... 162
5.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 162
5.2 PEaa R .......................................................................................... 162
5.3 E R ....................................................................................................... 164
5.3.1 M a I ............................................................................. 164
5.3.2 E R F ................................................................................... 164
5.4 GBL P D a D ........................................................... 166
5.4.1 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 166
5.4.2 R a S O A PPc Pa .......................................... 175
5.4.3 Pc Pa ........................................................................................... 175
5.4.4 R A Pc Pa ..................................................................... 178
5.4.5 PPc Pa .................................................................................... 178
5.5 Sc S 1Ma GBL ............................................................................... 180
5.6 Hc Eaa GBL ............................................................................ 185
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5.6.1 Eaa S ........................................................................................ 186
5.6.2 F .......................................................................................................... 188
5.7 Sa ............................................................................................................... 191
CHAE 6: EEIMENAL D OF GBL ENGINEEING MODEL ........................ 192
6.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 192
6.2 PSc S P Cc M GBL D
..................................................................................................................................... 192
6.3 Ea S ............................................................................................... 195
6.4 F Ea S ............................................................................ 196
6.4.1 R OWa ANOVA T ........................................................ 197
6.4.2 R P Hc T: M Ca ....................................... 199
6.5 H T ................................................................................................ 203
6.6 Sa ............................................................................................................... 204
CHAE 7: CONCLION ............................................................................................. 205
7.1 Ic .......................................................................................................... 205
7.2 Rac Q 1: H a GBL a ac a? ................ 205
7.3 Rac Q 2: Wa a a c ?
..................................................................................................................................... 206
7.4 Rac Q 3: Wc ID b c
? ......................................................................................................................... 208
7.5 Rac Q 4: I GBL acab? ..... 210
7.6 Obc S R ....................................................................... 211
7.7 La S a Rca F W ........................... 212
7.8 Cc ............................................................................................................ 214
Rc ...................................................................................................................... 216
A A: I E Ca ........................................................... 237
A B: I PEaa R ...................................................... 240
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A C: I PSc S ........................................................... 243
A D: I E R a Ea S ............................. 245
A E: I Hc Eaa ( ) ........................... 248
A F: L E (Acaca) ................................................................... 250A G: L E (Ga I) .............................................................. 251
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LI OF FIGE
F 1.1: Pa a b bc Maaa 1998
2010 (MCMC, 2011) ............................................................................................ 4
F 1.2: Rac a Tca Fa ............................................................ 24
F 1.3: Ra b , , a
............................................................................................ 26
F 1.4: T c ba ac bc ............................................... 27
F 2.1: Ea a a (Kb, 1984) ........................................................ 49
F 2.2: La GBL a a (Kb, 1984)
.......................................................................................................................... 51
F 2.3: GBL a PBL caacc.......................................... 56
F 2.4: Aca a 4D (C a., 2003) ............. 57
F 2.5: AI a a GBL a .................................... 59
F 2.6: ADDIE ................................................................................................... 68
F 2.7: Dc a Ca D M (Dc & Ca, 1996) ....................................... 70
F 2.8: ARCS Ga' c (K, 1993) ...................... 71
F 2.9: ASSURE (Hc & Ma, 1993) .................................................... 72
F 2.10: M, R a K M (M, R & K, 2004) ........ 75
F 2.11: Pa a Ica D a Ga D ............ 76
F 2.12: IPcOc Ga M (Ga a., 2002) .......................... 78
F 2.13: Ia Ea Ga M (K, 2005) ..................................... 80
F 2.14: Ia M Ecaa Ga D (Paa & Bcc, 2005) . 81
F 2.15: T F Ica D D Ga E
(FIDGE) M (A & Caa, 2006) ............................................................ 82
F 2.16: F Da Fa ( Fa & O, 2006) ........................... 83
F 2.17: T Da Ga I M (Caa, 2007) .................................. 87
F 2.18: Fa D GBL C (N A a., 2008) ............. 89
F 2.19: P c DGBL M H caa a
(N Aa a., 2009) ...................................................................................... 90
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F 2.20: B Pacc Mb Ga D (Daaa, 2005) .............. 96
F 2.21: Sc (McG, 2006) .......................................................... 97
F 2.22: Ga (Dac V, Ic., 2007) ............. 99
F 2.23: Ga cc (Ja, 2007) ......................................... 100F 2.24: O a ................................................................. 105
F 3.1: Rac Pa ............................................................................................ 110
F 3.2: Pa 1 Aa Pb ................................................................... 112
F 3.3: Pa 2 & 3 S a D ................................................ 114
F 3.4: Pa 4 & 5 Eaa & Cc ........................................................ 117
F 3.5: 10 ac ca ................................................................................ 124
F 4.1: GBL E M.............................................................................. 139
F 4.2: Pa 1, PPc ................................................................................ 140
F 4.3: C 1 R Aa & Pa......................................... 141
F 4.4: C 2 Mb Iac & Tcca Aa .............................. 142
F 4.5: C 3 La C D ....................................................... 144
F 4.6: GBL La aa Kb a a ... 148
F 4.7: C 4 Ga Fa D .......................................................... 149
F 4.8: Pa 2, Pc ...................................................................................... 150
F 4.9: C 5 La C D ........................................... 152
F 4.10: C 6 Ga A D ................................................. 153
F 4.11: C 7 C & C Mcac D ............................ 153
F 4.12: C 8 Ga Fa Ia ................................................. 154
F 4.13: Pa 3, PPc ............................................................................ 155
F 4.14: C 9 Ga P & D ............................................. 157
F 4.15: C 10 Paab, Uab & Mb T ........................... 157
F 4.16: C 11 Ecaa T ........................................................... 159
F 4.17: C 12 Db ....................................................................... 159
F 4.18: F Dc & Dab ............................................................. 161
F 5.1: Raa a aa c ........................................................... 165
F 5.2: 1Ma a a ........................................................... 170
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F 5.3: M 1 H .......................................................................................... 170
F 5.4: M 2 Taa C ..................................................................... 171
F 5.5: M & Mac Ga Taa C ............................................... 171
F 5.6: M 3 Ma Rc O .............................................................. 172F 5.7: M 4 A Sc ......................................................................................... 172
F 5.8: Pc & R Ga Sc R ................................................................. 173
F 5.9: M 5 Accac ..................................................................................... 173
F 5.10: M 6 R Pac ............................................................................ 174
F 5.11: M & Mac Ga R Pac ...................................................... 174
F 5.12: T aa a 1Maaa cc ............................................... 176
F 5.13: Ma Caac ........................................................................................... 177
F 5.14: Ma 1Ma ...................................................................... 181
F 5.15: Sa a a 1Ma ...................................................................... 182
F 5.16: H .................................................................................... 182
F 5.17: Taa c ........................................................................... 183
F 5.18: Maac a .................................................................................. 183
F 5.19: Cc a ............................................................................................ 184
F 5.20: Sc a ....................................................................................... 184
F 5.21: Fa c ................................................................................................... 185
F 5.22: V a 1Ma GBL ...................................................................... 187
F 5.23: V a 1Ma GBL ...................................................................... 187
F 5.24: Cc aa .......................................................................... 187
F 5.25: Ga ab c ....................................................................... 189
F 5.26: Mb c .................................................................................. 189
F 5.27: Paab c ............................................................................... 190
F 5.28: La c c .................................................................... 191
F 6.1: Ca a c b aab........ 197
F 6.2: Sc Vb b GBL a .................................. 201
F 6.3: Sc Cab b GBL a .......................... 201
F 6.4: Sc C b GBL a ............................. 201
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F 6.5: Sc Fb b GBL a ................................ 201
F 6.6: Sc Ca b GBL a ..................................... 202
F 6.7: Sc Ec b GBL a .......................... 202
F 6.8: Sc Maaab b GBL a ........................ 202F 6.9: Sc Ea b GBL a ........................... 202
F 6.10: Ma Maa GBL ..................................................................................... 203
F 6.11: H M GBL .................................................................................. 203
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LI OF ABLE
Tab 1.1: Mb bc Maaa (MCMC, 2011) ................................... 2
Tab 1.2: Ea Ma S ......................................................................... 6
Tab 1.3: Pa GaBa Cc (ba Sa & S, 2008) ........... 8
Tab 1.4: Dac (a a ac) .................................. 10
Tab 1.5: Ha acc Mb P ....................................................................... 11
Tab 1.6: Pa Mb Ga ........................................................................................... 11
Tab 1.7: P Pa Ga (a a) .............................................. 12
Tab 1.8: Wa a a a? .......................................................... 12
Tab 1.9: P Dc La .......................................................................... 13
Tab 2.1: Caacc GBL (G, 2005) ................................................................... 34
Tab 2.2: E a GBL a cb b P (2001) ......................... 35
Tab 2.3: Ea GBL Pc ............................................................................... 37
Tab 2.4: Sa La T ........................................................................ 47
Tab 2.5: La GBL caacc ..................................................... 48
Tab 2.6: T Pa (Va, 2003) ................................................................. 63
Tab 2.7: Caa Aa GBL D M ................................................... 91
Tab 2.8: Ea S A R M ...................................... 93
Tab 2.9: Ca b a 102
Tab 2.10: Ca Mb Ga D M ..................... 103
Tab 3.1: D cc ac (H a., 2004) .............................. 108
Tab 3.2: D aa a c (H a., 2004) ................ 116
Tab 3.3: Ca aa 10 ................................ 123
Tab 3.4: Cc Dc GBL E M ................................... 124
Tab 3.5: Ca Pc Sa .............................................................................. 125
Tab 3.6: Rab T ................................................................................................ 125
Tab 3.7: Fac Aa a La Eac I ................................................... 126
Tab 3.8: Ga ab c (K & K, 2006) ............................ 128
Tab 3.9: Mb c (K & K, 2006) ...................................... 129
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Tab 3.10: Paab c (K & K, 2006) ................................. 130
Tab 3.11: La C (LC) C ............................................................. 131
Tab 4.1: Ac ....................................... 135
Tab 4.2: R ........................................................................... 136Tab 4.3: Ac a a Ga ........................... 137
Tab 4.4: La GBL a c .................................... 144
Tab 4.5: M Ic cc GBL a c ............................ 145
Tab 4.6: Ga N E Ic aca GBL .......................... 146
Tab 4.7: PBL caacc a GBL ............................................................ 147
Tab 5.1: C a S ........................................................................... 163
Tab 5.2: Ma c GBL ............................................... 164
Tab 5.3: 1Ma GBL Caacc .......................................................................... 169
Tab 5.4: Dac ................................................................................... 188
Tab 6.1: Dac ............................................................ 193
Tab 6.2: P Ra b a ............... 193
Tab 6.3: P Ra ID .................................................................... 194
Tab 6.4: P Ra GBL ................................................................. 194
Tab 6.5: Ea a c ................................................................... 195
Tab 6.6: Ma a Saa Da F M a E Vaab ......... 196
Tab 6.7: O Wa Aa Vaac F M E Vaab ............. 198
Tab 6.8: P Hc T M Ca ............................................................ 200
Tab 6.9: O Wa Aa Vaac F M Acab .................. 204
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LI OF ABBEIAION
ADDIE Aa, D, D, Ia a Eaa
AI Aca I
ANOA Aa Vaac
AC A, Rac, Cc, a Saac
CB C Ba Ta
CD Cac D
GBL GaBa La
GD Ga D
GLC Ga L Cc
G Gba P S
IC Ia a Cca Tc
ID Ica D
IGDA Iaa Ga D Aca
IO IPcO
I Iaa Tcca U
MCMC Maaa Cca a Ma C
MMOG Ma O RPa Ga
G Mb Ga
GBL Mb GaBa La
MM Ma Ma Sc
BL Pb Ba La
DA Pa Da Aa
M S Ma S
M U Uaa Maaa
CD V Cac D
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LI OF BLICAION
Ja:
Naa Sa & B . (2010). Mb Ga Ba
La (GBL) Lca C a Aa Caac, I. J
M L O, 4(1), . 5582. USA.
B & Naa Sa. (2010). Mb Ga Ba
La (GBL): Aca D a Hc Eaa Sa,
M J L I, 7(1), . 3773.
Cc Pc:
B & Naa Sa. (2010). A L
M GB L D. T IEEE Iaa
Cc Da Ga a I T Eac La, 2010
(D2010), Taa. .124128. DOI: 10.1109/DIGITEL.2010.37
B & Naa Sa. (2010). H E
M GB L. 6 IEEE Iaa Cc
W, Mb, a Ub Tc Eca, 2010
(WMUTE2010). Taa. .127131. DOI: 10.1109/WMUTE.2010.27
B & Naa Sa. (2010). M GB
L (GBL) E M D A. I
Z. Aba a. (E.), Pc Gba La Aa Pacc 2010. . 1862
1871. AACE.
B & Naa Sa. (2010).A C
D M M GB L (GBL). I Z.
Aba a. (E.), Pc Gba La Aa Pacc 2010.. 18531861.
AACE.
B & Naa Sa. (2010). E C
M GB L E M. 5
Sca Ecc a
Ia Tc. U Uaa Maaa.
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B & Naa Sa. (2009).
. Pc 2009 WRI W
C C Scc a Ia E (CSIE2009), L
A. V. 7, .649653. DOI: 10.1109/CSIE.2009.896 Naa Sa & B . (2009). L :
. I Sa ac, ac.
26 Aa ASCILITE Iaa Cc, Aca, 69 Dcb 2009.
B & Naa Sa (2009). A
. Pc Sa Kbaaa
T a Ia PaaaPbaaa 2009 (SKTIP09). UPM.
B & Naa Sa. (2008). M
: . P a
Aa2008, Kaa L.
B & Naa Sa. (2008). M
: . P a
Aa2008, Kaa L.
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LI OF AAD AND ECOGNIION
Aa: G M a S Iaa I Fa 2009 (SIIF2009),
Ka.
o Pc T: 1M' M G.
o Pc Mb: Naa Sa & B .
Aa:G M a Iaa E Rac a I
I H La 2009 (PECIPTA2009), Kaa L.
o Pc T: 1M L C.
o Pc Mb: Naa Sa & B .
Aa:B Ma Maaa Tc E 2009 (MTE2009), Kaa
L.
o Pc T: M G.
o Pc Mb: Naa Sa, B &
Aa S.
I
C 2010: 1Maaa Mb GaBa La (GBL)
o A: Naa Sa & B .
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1
Chapter 1
CHAE 1
B
1.1
I
T c ca ba a ac ;
aac b a (a), a b; bc
a cac ; a a, a a
.
1.2 M
A ac a b b a .
T, c a ac c a b
cc.
1.2.1C M M
T b a ca a a .
T Iaa Tcca U (ITU) Tcca/ Ia
Tc a Cca (ICT) Ica R (ITU, 2008) ca
a ICT, baba, a b a aac a
Aa Pacc . T ac a b c aa
ab, b a, b cc a a
c a ab cca (S a., 1999; Na a.,
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The contents ofthe thesis is for
internal user
only
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216
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