1st aid in construction

7/28/2019 1st Aid in Construction

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This presentation covers the topics

of FIRST AID & MEDICAL TREATMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY & INCIDENT

PROBLEMS OF HEAT BALANCE IN HOTWEATHER


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FIRST AID:

Any one time treatment and observation ofminor scratches, cuts and burns which donot ordinarily require medical care. Such

treatment and observation are consideredfirst aid.


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Application of ANTISEPTICS during firstvisit to medical personnel.

Treatment of FIRST DEGREE BURN(S).

Application of BANDAGE(S) during anyvisit to medical personnel.

Use of ELASTIC BANDAGE(S) during 1stvisit to medical personnel.

The following are generallycons

idered as first aid treatments &

should be recorded:


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Removal of FOREIGN BODIES FROM WOUND; ifprocedure is UNCOMPLICATED, & is, e.g., by

tweezers or other possible technique. Use of NON-PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS on

first visit for minor injury or discomfort.

SOAKING THERAPY on initial visit to medicalpersonnel or removal of bandages by SOAKING.

Application of hot or cold COMPRESS(ES)DURING 1ST VISIT to medical personnel.

Application of OINTMENTS to abrasions toprevent drying & cracking.


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The following procedures, by itself, is notconsidered medical treatment:

Administration of TETANUS SHOT(S) orBOOSTER(S). However, these shots are

often given in conjunction with moreserious injuries.

Injuries requires these shots may be

recordable for other reasons.


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MEDICAL TREATMENT


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The following are generally consideredmedical treatment. Work-related injuries

for which this type of treatment wasprovided or should have been providedare almost always recordable:


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Treatment of INFECTION.

Application of ANTICEPTICS during 2nd orsubsequent visit of medical personnel.

Treatment of 2ND OR 3RD DEGREEBURN(S)

Application of SUTURES (stitches)

Application of Butterfly Adhesive Dressingin lieu of stitches.

Removal of Foreign Bodies Embedded inEye


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Removal of Foreign Bodies from wound ifprocedure is complicated because of depth of

embedment. Use of Prescription Medication (except a single

dose administration on 1st visit for minor injury)

Use of hot or cold Soaking therapy during 2nd

orsubsequent visit of medical personnel.

Application of hot or cold compresses during 2ndor subsequent visit of medical personnel.

Cutting away Dead Skin (surgical debridement)


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Application of Heat Therapy during 2nd orsubsequent visit of medical personnel.

Positive X-RAY diagnosis (fracture, brokenbones etc.)

Admission to a Hospital or equivalent

facility for treatment.


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CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY

AND INCIDENT


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Definition of an INCIDENT

An incident is an unexpected/unplannedoccurrence that interferes with the orderly

progress of work and that caused or mighthave caused one or more of the following:


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A serious injury or adverse effect on the

health of one or more employees.Actual or potential significant loss of

physical facilities even though potential forinjury was small.

An environmental problem.

A situation that could have as unfavorable

impact on the public.


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Incidents have been classified into

eight categories, which are: Injuries

Occupational illness

Process Safety Incidents Violations of safety Procedures/practices

Vehicle Incidents

Equipment Failure Environment Incident

Others


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INJURIES

Death and /or injury or occupationaldisease suffered by a person which arises

out of and in the course of hisemployment, on or off the employeespremises, i.e. resulting from work activity

or environment of employment. Injuries have been classified into 5

categories:


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FATILITY:

Death resulting from work injury oroccupational illness.

LOST WORKDAY INJURY (LWI):

Any injury or illness which prevents theemployee from performing all the duties ofhis regularly assigned job on any workday

following the incident on which theemployee has been scheduled to work.


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LOST WORKDAYS:

All days (whether consecutive or not) onwhich an employee is scheduled to work,but is either absent on restricted duty orunable to perform all the duties of his job

because of injury or illness.

Days away from work should include onlythose full days or shifts that are missed by

the employee/ contractor. No lostworkdays are charged for fatalities.


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Restricted Work Case (RWC):

Any work related injury that results in restricting

the employee to perform all or any part of hisnormal assignment during all or any part of thework day or shift.

Recordability of restricted duty at times will bedependent upon the nature of the workperformed by the employees. e.g. a sprainedankle may not be lost workday for an office

assistant working at a desk since he canperform all his duties but it probably would befor an operator or a mechanic.


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MEDICAL TREATMENT CASE (MTC)

Any work related injury in which treatment(other than 1st aid) is administered by a

physician or by registered professionalpersonnel under the standing orders of aphysician. Medical treatment does not

include 1st

aid treatment, even thoughprovided by a physician or registeredprofessional personnel.


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Examples of MTC :Abrasions:Treatment of abrasions that occur to deeper than full skin depth.Bruises:Treatment of bruise by drainage of blood.Burn:The treatment of 2nd & 3rd degree burn.

Fractures:Treatment of fracturesInfections:Treatment of infection arising out of an injury.Prescriptions:

Administration of prescriptions medicine.Sutures:The suturing of any wound.


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First Aid Case (FAC)

First aid is limited to any one-timetreatment and any follow up visit for the

purpose of observation of minor scratches,cuts ,burns which do not ordinarily requireprescription medication/medical care. First

aid can be provided by a physician ornurse.


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Reportable Injuries

All the following injuries to ECPL orContractor employees will be reportable:

1: Fatality

2: Lost Workday Injury (LWI)

3: Restricted a Workday Case (RWC)

4: Medical Treatment Case (MTC)

5 First Aid Case. (FAC)


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Occupational Illness

Occupational illness can be defined as anydisorder not resulting from an injury that

is caused by environmental factorsassociated with employment. The basicdifference b/w an injury or illness is thesingle incident concept. If the condition

resulted from prolonged or multipleexposure to a hazardous substance orenvironmental factor, it is an illness.


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A few example of occupational illnessesare as under:

1) un-authorized operation of radioactive sourceresulting in exposure of personnel to radiationwith adverse effects.

2) Drinking water tests for bacteria or otherpollutants outside of specified limits.

3) Heat stress signs or symptoms of heat stroke

or heat exhaustion.4) Storage of PPE that could result in chemical

exposure (e.g., coat over contaminated pants).


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PROCESS SAFETY INCIDENTS:

Defined as an incident that directly involves orcould involve, process equipment and materials,

including on-side storage and handling ofprocess materials. It requires completion ofprocess incident Classification and scoring sheet.

Additionally, incidents that result in any off-side

impacts are also classified as process safetyincidents: evacuation, shelter-in-place,injury/illness.


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Classification

Process incidents having scores of equal to ormore than 75 points (>=75) are classified as

process safety incidents and require reportingand formal incident report. process incidentshaving scores equal to or more than 130 pointsare classified as serious process safety incidents

and to be investigating by a designated team.Categories of process safety incidents are as

under:


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Process Release

Any release of process materials in significantamount to the environment from manufacturing

facilities (leaks, relief valves). Process ventgases released at safe locations will also bereported. Some examples are:


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Significant release of flammable materialsuch as synthesis gas, hydrogen,

methane, hot oil, etc. Creation of a gas mixture or vapor clouds

in the flammability limits in which ignition

did not occur but could possibly haveoccurred.

Toxic gas or liquid release (ammonia &chlorine) such as from valve gland,

transmitters etc. which require full facemask for isolation.


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Problems Of Heat Balance In HotWeather

Human being maintain body temperature with in avery narrow range under varying environmentaltemperature. That is why like birds and othermammals, man is also called homoeotherm.The human body , like the internal combustionengine produces heat in the process ofconverting food into energy. 80-85% of the

energy liberated as a result of metabolism is inthe form of heat. Body gets rid of excess heatproduced to prevent over heating.


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Human body must maintain heat balance

not only under normal, comfortableconditions but also under adversecondition of hot weather.

Heat exchange b/w body & environment orto be more exact heat loss during hotweather takes place by four types of

physical processes.


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Conduction:

When there is surface to surface contact

heat is transferred from hotter objects tothe other one.

Convection:Heat is lost from the body to low

temperature moving wind. Loss is

increased by movement of the body orincrease in speed of wind.


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Radiation:

The human body receives heat by radiation from

the hotter objects e.g. sun. Body losses heat byradiation to environment when later is cooler.

Evaporation:

This is most important during hot weather.Evaporation of water from the body surfaceresults in heat loss and cooling of the body. It is

interesting to note that the process requires580cal (2.3BTU) of heat to change 1gm of waterto its vapor state at body temperature.


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Sweating begins at a temperature of 33C andincreases in proportion to heat load. Relativehumidity plays important role in the process offheat loss through evaporation. Less humiditymore evaporation.

Physiological effects of heat load are:1)Increase blood flow to the skin.

2)Cardiac output increased, may be doubled ortripled.

3)Up to 4 quarts of fluid loss in sweat dependingupon temperatures and duration of exposure.


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Heat stress results in :

-Adverse effect on vital body functions

-Impairment of mental efficiency.

Increase Body Temperature Results In:

(impaired mental efficiency)

-Decreased work done

-increased error


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Adverse effect on vital body functions:

-Excessive heat load may result in failure of

temperature regulating system andoverheating.

Muscle Cramps:

-Lowering of blood pressure

-Fainting

Heat Stroke:

Delirium, coma, brain damage, death.


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Industrial Operations

To understand specific heat balanceproblems in industrial operations it is

important to look into the sources of heat.-Climate or weather

-Protective equipment which reduces heat

loss


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Precautions

Acclimatization:

Major changes that occur within a week.

How To Acclimatize:

-Have short period of moderate exercise

-Avoid spending too much time in air conditionedareas

-avoid excessive exertion


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Advantages Of Acclimatization

-Greater efficiency

-Personal comfort

Other Precautions:

-Avoid working in direct sun-Protect skin from sun burn

-Wear light colored and light weight clothing

-Use little additional saltexcessive intake bytablets is harmful

-Avoid dehydration


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First Aid Treatments

Heat Collapse or Heat Exhaustion:

(there is normal body temperature, pale skin,sweating, weakness)

-Move victim to a cool ,shaded place.

-Lay him/her down & give sips of cold water ifconscious.

-If unconscious check/maintain ABC (airway,breathing , circulation (heart beat).

-Get medical help.


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Heat Stroke:

(there is very high body temperature, hot & redskin, rapid & strong pulse)

-move victim to a cool , shaded place

-remove clothing

-cool him/her by wrapping in a cold & wet sheet.

Keep sheet cook & wet by pouring cold water onit.

-Do not over chill him/her.

-place in recovery position if unconscious andcheck & maintain ABC.

-get medical help.

1st aid in construction

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