1996 overview htrs
TRANSCRIPT
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THE HDM-4 TECHNICAL
RELATIONSHIPS STUDY
Asian Development Bank RETA 5549
Dr. Christopher R. Bennett
Team Leader
HDM-4 Technical Relationships Study
ISOHDM Secretariat
University of Birmingham
U.K.
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HIGHWAY DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE
STANDARDS MODEL (HDM-III)
Developed by the World Bank and released in 1987
Used in over 100 countries for different types of
investment studies
Predicts pavement performance over time and undertraffic and effects of maintenance on pavements
Predicts the effects of pavement and operating
conditions on vehicle operating costs (VOC)
Fundamental relationships based on researchconducted in Kenya, the Caribbean, India and Brazil
1971-1984
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DEVELOPMENT OF HDM MODEL
de Weille
1966
Highway Cost
Model
1971
Kenya Study
1971-75
HDM-II
1981
Caribbean Study 1977-82
India Study 1976-82
Brazil Study 1975-84
HDM-III
1987
HDM-VOC Model 4
1994
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LIMITATIONS OF HDM-III
Software difficult to use
Vehicle and tyre technology in the VOC studies
different to those of modern vehicles
HDM-III does not consider: Traffic congestion
Environmental impacts
Rigid pavements
Many types of flexible pavements Pavement texture and skid resistance
Freeze-thaw conditions
Traffic safety
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ISOHDM RESEARCH TEAMS
Malaysian TechnicalRelationships Study
Japanese Study Team
Technical Experts Swedish Study Team
University of
Birmingham SoftwareDevelopment
Finnish Study TeamChile Study Team
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STATUS - JANUARY 1996
ISOHDM Study Accomplishments Held Inception Workshop in Birmingham UK October 1993
Held Cold Climate Workshop in Sweden March 1994
Held International Workshop on HDM-4 in Malaysia
November 1994
Technical Relationships Study completed November 1995
Held Workshop on Road User Effects at TRL December
1995
Preliminary Specifications of HDM-4 RUE and RDMEModels completed
Programing of software has commenced and some
preliminary modules completed
Have established FTP site for accessing material on the
Internet
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HDM TECHNICAL RELATIONSHIPS
STUDY (HTRS)
Funded by ADB
Led by N.D. Lea International Ltd. (Canada)
Hosted and supported by Institut Kerja Raya
Malaysia (IKRAM)
Other participants:
Works Consultancy Services (New Zealand)
Department of Transport (South Africa)
Van Wyk and Louw (South Africa)
TRL (U.K.)
University of Auckland, University of Pretoria, Michigan
Technical Institute
Snowy Mountain Engineering Corporation (Australia)
Various Individuals
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HTRS RESEARCH APPROACH
Focused on areas deficient in HDM-III
Limited primary research - mainly desk study
Evaluated available research results and selecting
those most appropriate
Can be summarised as what were the areas where
HDM-III needs the most improvement and how could
this best be achieved with the available resources
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REVIEW OF PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES
WITH HDM
Contacted academics, consultants, governments, lending
agencies
To date have identified studies in over 100 countries
Used the results to identify the key areas requiring
attention in HDM-4 and for preparing draft specifications
Very few studies undertook rigorous calibration/
adaptation of HDM
Summarised parameter values by region and study
Identified alternative models and relationships to those in
HDM-III
VOC and RDME results presented in two internal reports
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KEY ISSUES - RDME
Standardising/Simplifying Data Collection
Generally, one set of models with different parameter
values by surface/base materials
Flexible pavements characterised by modifiedstructural number
Uses incremental models developed based on
structured empirical approach
Models provided in HDM-4 for Flexible
Rigid
Block
Unsealed
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KEY ISSUES - RDME
Extension of Flexible Pavement Deterioration Model
New distresses
Disaggregated distresses to account for individual
components
Extended models to account for more diverse
construction and climatic effects
Made models easier to calibrate
Rigid pavements
Work conducted by Chile team
Based on USA Ripper Model
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KEY ISSUES - RDME
Block pavements
Unsealed pavements
Includes models for surface texture and skid
resistance
Pavement Maintenance Effects
Covers full range of maintenance practices
More flexible than HDM-III
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HDM-4 PAVEMENT DISTRESSES
Cracking
Structural
Thermal
Reflection
Disintegration
Ravelling
Delamination Potholing
Longitudinal Profile
Roughness in IRI
m/km
Rutting
Densification
Structural
Plastic Deformation
Wear
Friction
Macrotexture Skid Resistance
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INTERACTION OF HDM-4 PAVEMENT
DISTRESSES
PavementStructure
PavementCondition
& Age
Traffic
CrackInitiation
RavellingInitiation
CrackProgression
RavellingProgression
PotholeDelaminationProgression
Roughness
Rutting
Deformation
ShoulderDeterioration
EdgeBreak
Shoulder Use on Narrow Roads
PotholeDelamination
Initiation
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HDM-4 ROAD USER EFFECTS
Road User
Effects
Vehicle Operating
Costs
Fuel
Consumption
Depreciation
Motorised Travel
Time CostsAccident Costs
Labour Hours
Oil and
Lubricants
Consumption
Interest
PartsConsumption
Tyre
Consumption
Overheads
Uncongested
Travel Time
Delay Due To
Congestion
Delay Due ToRoad Works
Environmental
Impact
NoiseVehicle
Emissions
Other EffectsNon-Motorised
Traffic
Impact on
Motorised
Traff ic
Operating
Costs
Travel Time
Road User Effects Researched by HTRS
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RUE STUDIES
NZVOC
COBA
VETO
RTIM
Scandanavian
Studies
HDM Study
KenyaCaribbean
Studies
Intermediate
Brazil Study
HDM
TRDF Model
MicroBENCOST
VOC
CB-ROADS
NIMPAC VOC
ARFCOMAustralian
Studies
South African
Studies
Winfrey
Claffey
Red Book
U.K. Studies
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REPRESENTATIVE VEHICLES
Motorised
MotorcyclesPassenger
CarsUtilities Buses
Motorcycles(1)
Small Car(2)
Medium Car(3)
Large Car(4)
Light DeliveryVehicle
(5)
Light GoodsVehicle
(6)
Four WheelDrive
(7)
Light Truck(8)
Medium Truck(9)
Heavy Truck(10)
ArticulatedTruck(11)
Mini-bus(12)
Light Bus(13)
Medium Bus(14)
Heavy Bus(15)
Coach(16)
Trucks
TYPES
CLASSES
CATEGORIES
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REPRESENTATIVE VEHICLES
Non-
motorised
Pedestrian BicycleCycle-
RickshawAnimal Cart Farm Tractor
Pedestrian BicyclePassenger
(Commercial)
Freight
(Commercial)
Freight(Private)
Animal Cart Farm Tractor
TYPES
CLASSES
CATEGORIES
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SPEED PREDICTION
Minor changes to HDM-
III Brazil free speed
model
Use 3-zone speed-flow model to consider
congestion effects
Qo Qnom Qult
Flow in PCSE/h
Speedkm/h
S1
S2
S3
Snom
Sult
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FUEL CONSUMPTION
Replaced HDM-III
Brazil model with one
based on ARRB
ARFCOM model Predicts fuel use as
function of power usage
TRACTIVE FORCES
Rolling, air, inertia, grade
and cornering resistance
ACCESSORIES
Cooling fan,power steering,
air conditioner,alternator, etc.
INTERNAL
ENGINE
FRICTION
DRIVE - TRAIN
INEFFICIENCIES
TOTAL POWER
ENGINE FUEL EFFICIENCY FACTOR
ESTIMATED FUEL CONSUMPTION
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FUEL CONSUMPTION - CONGESTION
AND ROAD EFFECTS
Modelling based on
acceleration noise -
standard deviation of
acceleration Comprised of natural and
traffic noise
Natural noise function of
slow-moving transport, side
friction, roughness
Use Monte Carlo simulation
to establish correction factors
through calibration routine
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Relative Traffic Flow (Q/Qult)
TotalAccelerationNoiseinm/s/s
.
Qo/Qult=0.0
Qo/Qult=0.1
Qo/Qult=0.2
Qo/Qult=0.3
Qo/Qult=0.4
Qo/Qult=0.5
natural noise
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Relative Flow
AdditioanlFuelinm
L/km
NZ - Two-lane
India - Two-lane
India - One-lane
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MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS
Replaced HDM-III model with linear model
Linear model easier to calibrate and parameter
values provided for Brazil and India
Significant reduction in roughness effects forpassenger cars and light vehicles
Increased roughness effects for heavy buses
No benefit on parts from reducing roughness below 3
IRI m/km
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CAPITAL COSTS
Using Chesher and
Harrison Optimal Life
(OL) method
Uses maintenance coststream to determine OL
Model calibrated by
supplying target OL and
adjusting age exponent
in parts model
Costsperyear
Vehicle Age in years
Discounted Area = New Vehicle Price
RUN(OL)
Running Costs
OL
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OTHER RUE COMPONENTS
Tyre Consumption
Extending HDM-III mechanistic model to cover full
range of tyre types
Oil Consumption Adopting South African model
Overheads and Utilisation
Changes to methods from HDM-III
Traffic Safety
Using matrix approach
Effects of road works on users
Noise and Vehicle Emissions
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SUPPORTING STUDIES
Swedish Study
Tyre consumption
Emissions
Speed-flow
Cold-climate pavement deterioration
Japanese Team
Slow-moving transport