1977 t fc - apps.dtic.mil · on the transition from burning to detonation of waxed granular ......
TRANSCRIPT
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
O DDT BEHAVIOR OF WAXED MIXTURES OF" RDX, HMX, AND TETRYL
BY DONNA PRICE and RICHARD R. BERNECKER
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
18 OCTOBER 1977 T fC
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTERDahlgren, Virginia 22448 * Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
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UNCLASSIFIED%EUITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Ulin Data Enitrd)___________________
ILI REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
RY PORT NUM ER 2. GOVT ACCESSION No. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
PDT Behavior of Waxed Mixtures of and
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
CcDonna (Pricein Richard R./Bernecker S OTATO RN USRa
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10- PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKNaval Surface Weapons Center /AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
White Oak Laboratory t, WRO maj:335,4316iWhite Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 1 4
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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17, ~ ~~~~~ Ni STTEEN (f1"Inloth: 20,U.nnlff-WA 6va Ropoti)
IC KEY WORDS (Coninfue on reverse aide It nocootary ant( Identity by block numbee)
DDT mx/wax Flame SpreadingDetonation RDX/waxSensitivity Tetryl/wax( Explosives Combustion
0. ASSTPIACT (Continue an re**~o oldo it necesar and Identify. by Nock utlb) L CCDT data are presented for the 94/6 RDX/wax series over 70% to 97% ID. Thetrends are similar to those of the 91/9 IU)X/vax series but this mixture hasa much shorter time range corresponding to its increased sensitivity. Dataare also given for one waxed RDX and two waxed IIM series at fixed percentporosity (100 - % TM])). ,I mixtures followed the physical model proposedfor DDT of 91/9 RDX/ws~x. However, the series run at fixed % TMf and var~rinFr
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SECURITY LASSIFICATION OF THIS P~AGE (UNien beat* Entoeud
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96 18 October 1977
DDT BEHAVIOR OF WAXED MIXTURES OF RDX, HMX, AND TETRYL.
This work was carried out under tasks ZR0130901, IR-159;SF33354316/18460 and SSP077402. The present results and conclusionson the transition from burning to detonation of waxed granularexplosives should be of interest in the area of explosive sensitivity,especially as related to the problem of premature initiation.
JLIUS W. ENIGBy Direction
m 7
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION ...... . ................................ 5
II. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND PROCEDURE ................. 5
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA. 94/6 RDX/Wax..................... .. ........... 6B. 91/9 RDX/Wax ....................................... 10C. RDX ........ *.......4................................. 11D. Waxed RDX, Waxed HMX Series ........................ 14
E. Waxed Tetryl ............ ..... .................... 23
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................. 23
V. REFERENCES .................................. 25
VI. APPENDICESA. DETAILED DATA FOR 94/6 RDX/WAX SERIES .............. 26B. DATA FOR 91/9 RDX/WAX SHOTS ........................ 35C. DDT DATA FOR 69.1% TMD RDX, CLASSES A AND E ........ 39D. DETAILED DATA FOR WAXED RDX AND WAXED HMX .......... 43E. DDT DATA FOR WAXED TETRYL ................. 61
TABLES
Table Title Page
1. Summary Table of DDT Shots on 94/6 RDX/Wax ............. 72. Summary of RDX Shots ................................... 133. Summary of Data for Waxed RDX at 70% TMD ............... 164. Summary of Data for Waxed RDX at 85% TMD ................ 175. Summary of Data for Waxed HMX at 70% TMD ............... 206. Details from Records of Some Shots at 70% TMD .......... 22Al. Compilation of Distance-Time Data for 94/6 RDX/Wax
Experiments. .................................. 27B1. Detailed Data for 91/9 RDX/Wax Shots .................. 36Cl. Compilation of Distance-Time Data for RDX .............. 40Dl. Detailed Data for RDX/Wax Series ....................... 44D2. Detailed Data for HMX/Wax Series Prepared
From Narrow Sieve Cut HMX .............................. 45
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
TABLES (CONT)
Table Title Page
D3. Detailed Data for HMX/Wax Series PreparedFrom Class A HMX ....................................... 46
El. Detailed Data for Waxed Tetryl Shots ................... 62
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Title Page
I1 . Effect of Porosity on Predetonation Column Lengthof 94/6 RDX/Wax ........................................ 8
2. Effect of Porosity on Relative Predetonation TimesObserved in 94/6 RDX/Wax ............................... 9
3. Space-Time Plot for Shot 603 on 81.3% TMD 91/9RDX(850p)/wax, po = 1.37 g/cc .......................... 12
4. Shot 911 on 69.1% TMD, Class A RDX, Po = 1.25 g/cc..... 155. Predetonation Column Length as Function of Wax
Content in RDX/Wax (a. At 70% TMD, b. At 85% TMD) ...... 186. Predetonation Column Length as a Function of Wax
Content in HMX/Wax at 70% TMD .......................... 217. Relation AtE vs Z for Waxed HE ......................... 21
Al. Shot 401 on 70.3% TMD 94/6 RDX/Wax, po = 1.21 g/cc ..... 29A2. Shot 502 on 81.5% TMD 94/6 RDX/wax, pO = 1.40 g/cc ..... 30
* A3. Shot 703 on 87.8% TMD 94/6 RDX/wax; po = 1.51 g/cc..... 31A4. Shot 717 on 90.3% TMD 94/6 RDX/wax, po = 1.55 g/cc ..... 32A5. Shot 801 on 94.7% TMD 94/6 RDX/wax, Po = 1.63 g/cc ..... 33A6. Shot 914 on 96.8% TMD 94/6 RDX/wax, po 1.66 g/cc ..... 34
Bl. Shot 603 on 81.3% TMD 91/9 RDX (850w)/Wax,= 1.37 9/cc (Strain-Time Data) ...................... 37
B2. Shot 913 on 97.0% TMD 91/9 RDX/Wax, Po = 1.63 .......... 38
Cl. Shot 40o on 69.1% Class A RDX, po = 1.25 g/cc .......... .41C2. Shot 704 on 69.1% TMD, Class E RDX; po = 1.25 gcc ..... 41C3. Shot 910 on 69.1% TMD, Class E RDX; po 1.25 g/cc..... 42
Dl. Shot 404 on 70.9% TMD 97/3 RDX/Wax, po = 1.25 g/cc..... 47D2. Shot 411 on 70.3% TMD 91/9 RDX/Wax, Po = 1.22 g/cc ..... 48D3. Shot 405 on 71.3% TMD 88/12 RDX/Wax, Po = 1.25 g/cc.... 49D4. Shot 415 on 85.2% TMD 88/12 RDX/Wax, Po - 1.40 g/cc.... 50D5. Shot 505 on 85% TMD 85/15 RDX/Wax, Po - 1.36 g/cc ...... 51D6. Shot 1605 on 115W HMX at 69.4% TMD, po = 1.32 g/cc..... 52D7. Shot 1610 on 70.7% TMD 97/3 15ji-IMX/Wax,
Po = 1.31 g/cc ....................................... 53D8. Shot 1608 on 70.4% TMD 94/6 ll5ij-HMX/Wax,
po = 1.27 9/cc ......................................... 54D9. Shot 1611 on 69.9% TMD 91/9 llS-HMX/Wax,
po = 1.23 g/cc ....................................... 55
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT)
Figure Title Page
D10. Shot 1615 on 69.3% TMD 88/12 ll1ij-HMX/wax, po 1.19. 56Dli. Shot 1616 on HMX(A) at 69.4% TMD, Po = 1.32
(Distance-Time Data) ........................ ...... 57D12. Shot 1617 on 70.4% TMD 94/6 HMX(A)/Wax, po = 1.27
g/cc........................*................ 58
D13. Shot 1618 on 69.4% TMD 91/9 HMX(A)/Wax,p0 = 1.22 g/cc ........... *..................*....... 59
D14. Shot 1701 on 69.4% TMD 88/12 HMX(A)/Wax,Po = 1.19 g/cc .. .............. 0................. 60
El. Shot 618 on 74.6% TMD 91/9 Tetryl/wax, Pa = 1.21g/cc: Distance-Time Data ...... ......... . ... .. .. .. . .. 63
E2. Shot 1606 on 69.4% TMD 97/3 Tetryl/Wax,Po 1.69 g/cc ............. *........................ 64
4
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
DDT BEHAVIOR OF WAXED MIXTURES OF RDX, HMX, AND TETRYL
I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present the data, accumulatedover a period of years, for waxed RDX and HMX as well as two shotson waxed tetryl. The work has been carried out for various reasonsunder various projects. For example, our initial study under IR 159was carried out on 91/9 RDX/wax (1) and was made to help elucidatethe mechanism of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). Butfor gas loading of explosives (2) to examine their sensitivity toDDT, the 94/6 mixture was preferable, i.e., exhibited more usefulburning characteristics and predetonation column length for thedesired application. Hence, transition experiments for 94/6 RDX/waxover the compaction range of 70 - 97% theoretical maximum density(TMD) were carried out and are reported here. In addition, data forpropellant models* of HMX/wax and'RDX/wax at 0 - 15% wax and70 - 85% TMD are included. Thus we shall have in a single report
the DDT characterization of all the waxed explosives examined so far.
II. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND PROCEDURE
The experimental configuration and procedure have been fullydescribed in an earlier reoort (1). In brief, a seamless steel tube(16.27 mm ID, 50.95 mm OD) with heavy end closures was used. AB/KNO3 ignitor (1) was used to ignite one end of the 295.4 mmexplosive column.
Charge loading, tube instrumentation (ionization pins LIP]to monitor reaction fronts, and strain gages LSGJ to follow internalpressure), recording equipment, circuitry, and data reduction arealso as in reference 1 with the modification for strain gages givenin reference 2.
I. R. R. Bernecker and D. Price, "Transition from Deflagration toDetonation in Granular Explosives", NOLTR 72-202, 13 Dec 1972.
2. R. R. Bernecker and D. Price, "Sensitivity of Explosives toTransition from Deflagration to Detonation", NOLTR 74-186,7 Feb 1975.
*These propellant models are also explosive models, and, in general,propellants are a subclass of explosives.
5
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
Chemical materials used for the charges were RDX (834; Class D,.r 850p), RDX (597; Class A, 6 . 200p), HMX (689*; Class A, 6 ' 200p),
RDX (659; Class E, 6 P 15p), tetryl (812; 6 s 470p), carnauba wax(134; 6 r 125p). The mixing procedure was that used in reference 1for 1 kg batches. When a screen cut of 1 r i15p was used, it wasobtained by taking the fraction passing through a 125p sieve openingand retained on a sieve of 105p opening.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. 94/6 RDX/Wax
Detailed data and records for the shots made with 94/6 RDX/waxare given in Appendix A. Table 1 contains a summary of the data andFigures 1 and 2 show, respectively, the effect of porosity onpredetonation column length (M) and various predetonation times asdefined in Table 1.
In addition to providing information about the transitionalbehavior of 94/6 RDX/wax, the shots of Table 1 were designed todetermine the most satisfactory of three DDT tubes. These were tubesprepared from a. AISI 1215 bar steel, b. AISI 1018 seamless tubingand c. AISI 1018 bar steel. The 1215 steel was discarded afterseveral shots because it fragmented into pieces too small to provideany measure of Z. Since there was no difference in the preparationcost starting with either rod or tubing, the DDT tubes for allsubsequent shots have been prepared from 1018 bar steel. Tubesprepared from the 1018 steel in earlier work had clearly indicatedan Z value generally in good agreement with that obtained fromionization probe records. This difference in confining tubes hasbeen pointed out in case it might have had a small effect on the
* <results.
Figures 1 and 2 show qualitative trends very similar to thosefound in the DDT study of 91/9 RDX/wax (1), as would be expected.In both cases, i shows an apparent minimum. The minimum appears tobe at 90% TMD for 9% wax and at 82% TMD for 6% wax (Figure 1).However, the scatter of data is large and no charges were fired at71 - 81% TMD in the present study. Hence no firm difference inlocation can be established. Finally, the range in Z (120 - 280 mmin the 9% wax mixture) has been considerably reduced here to 80 -140 mm. This is to be expected with the increased sensitivity causedby a decrease in wax content. In the case of no wax, as shown inSection IIIC, the lower limit is about 40 mm in our apparatus.
*Smaller lots taken at different times from this batch weredesignated 900 and 906.
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
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9
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
In Figure 2, the trend ior relative* time to detonation (41AtD)is again qualitatively very similar to that exhibited by the 91/9mix (i): decreasing with increasing % TMD. However, the earlierdata show a sharp break in the curves (discontinuity of slope) and noslight increase at the high density end as do those of Figure 2.The smoother, continuous curves of Figure 2 may be a fortuitouseffect of data scatter as may be the slight upturn at the highdensity end. Inasmuch as two charges at high % TMD were confinedin slightly different steel tubes, a small difference in confinementeffeft on At could make a plateau area (no change in £ at 88 - 97%TMD) appear to be a minimum at 93% TMD. Although the minima ofFigure 2 may be fictitious, the obvious difference between thesecurves and the corresponding ones for the more highly waxed RDX is,as also is the case for t, the size of the range. The relative timesto detonation are 63 - 610 ps for 91/9 RDX/wax; 50 - 170 ps for 94/6RDX/wax. The respective relative times to formation of the post-convective (compressive) wave 4 lAtp are 40 - 480 ps, and 0 - 97 is.Tnterestingly enough, the difference between the two, 41AtE orrelative time between formation of the PC wave at x = 41 mm andthe onset of detonation, is the same order of magnitude in bothcases. BuL the curve is convex upward for 91/9 and concave upwardfor 94/6 RDX/wax, with the latter 41AtE generally the lower value.In this case, the curve for the 91/9 mixture is shown as a dashedline. It was obtained as the difference between values from the twosmoothed curves, AtD vs %TMD and Atp vs %TMD. When the actualdifferences in the data of reference 1 are used, the curve is raisedat the low porosity end and no longer crosses the curve for 94/6RDX/wax. The general tread of jecreased AtD, Atp, and AtE is againthe effect to be expected with the increased sensitivity and burningrate caused by the lesser amount of wax.
Finally Table 1 contains data for charges from three batchesof 94/6 RDX/wax; all were prepared in an identical manner from thesame batches of each of the two components. The smooth curves ofFigures 1 and 2 indicate that 94/6 RDX/wax batches 759 and 851 areequivalent. The check of batch 891 at 70.3% TMD again showsequivalence, but the results for a 95.7% TMD charge from this batchdoes not. This result will be suspect until further charges can befired.
B. 91/9 RDX/Wax
Only a few shots have been fired with 91/9 RDX/wax since theinitial report on its DDT behavior (1). The first was with an 81.3%TMD charge prepared from coarse (Class M RDX, and the objective wasto see if an initial average particle size of about 850V wouldmeasurably change the behavior of 91/9 RDX/wax prepared from a
*Relative to discharge of an ionization pin at x 41 mm.
10
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
regular (Class A) RDX with 6 P 200. Figure 3 shows the space-timeplot for the Class D mixture; the additional data appear inAppendix B.
The coarser RDX mixture results in smaller values of AtD , Atp,and t. The respective values from Figure 3 are 135ps, 50ps, and146 mm. They can be compared with smoothed curve values for Class ARDX mixtures (1) of 205ps, 114ps, and 167 mm. The decrease is stillclearly evident when the comparison is made with unsmoothedexperimental values obtained from the regular mixes of approximately81% TMD (1). Thus, changing the average particle size of the RDXin the 91/9 RDX/wax from 200p to 850p has increased the speed withwhich the 81% TMD mixture undergoes DDT. This in turn we attributeto an increase in permeability caused by the use of the coarser RDX.
A second experiment was run on the regular 91/9 RDX/wax mix atthe highest density to which it could be compacted in our setup. Thedata for this 97% TMD charge appear in Appendix B. In the previouswork (1), two shots were fired at 94.5% TMD, the highest compactionachieved at that time. One shot exhibited DDT; the other failed.
The results suggested either that 91/9 RDX/wax approached somecritical condition at high density or that the failure was caused bysome undetected flaw in the charge preparation. The latter seems tobe the case since the present charge exhibited DDT with much the samevalues of At and 9 as those found earlier for a 94.5% TMD charge.Another shot on 91/9 RDX/wax will be reported in the appropriateseries below.
C. RDX
Four charges of pure RDX were fired. They were all handpackedto 69.1% TMD (1.25 g/cc). The objectives of this work were a) toexamine the particle size effect on DDT of RDX, i.e., Class A vs.Class E, and b) to ascertain if RDX followed the initially proposedmodel for DDT (1). Subsequently, the data were also used as the100/0 member of the RDX/wax series. The data are summarized in
J Table 2 and presented in more detail in Appendix C.
These data show that the fine RDX (Class E, J 15P) exhibits agreater predetonation column length than does the regular RDX(Class A, 6 r 200). These results confirm the trend reported byCalzia (3) for particle size effect of RDX although whether Calzia'svalues came from fractional screening, grinding, or reprecipitatingthe RDX was not indicated. The present results also confirm thetrend indicated by those of the 91/9 RDX/wax prepared with coarseRDX (see previous section).
3. J. Calzia, "Experiments on the Deflagration-DetonatlonTransition in Condensed Explosives*" Compt Rendu 276, 1397-99,(1973).
11
4}
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
250-
7.2Bt mm/As
1460mm
1.3 mm/ps
0.35 mmAsr
0 40 80 120 160
FIG. 3 SPACE-TIME PLOT FOR SHOT 603 ON 81.3% TMD 91/9 ROX {85MjAWAX,p 1.37 /cr-
12
S-~ NSWC/WOL TR 7 7-96
Table 2. Summary of RDX Shots
First velocityobserved on Predeton. 4
Shot Av. Particle pin records column length AtDNo.* Class RDX size, pJ mm/ps 9,mm l's
406 A/l 200 0.70 40 0
911 A/i 200 0.48 45 4.5
-i704 E/5 15 0.96 60 17
910 E/5 15 0.97 55 11
*All charges hand-packed to 1.25 g/cc or 69.1% TMD.
iiJ
13
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
The data of Table 2 also show that our usual relative time ofdetonation (i.e., relative to discharge time of IP at 41 mm) is notof much use here. Obviously if k r 40 mm, we will need to have bothIPs and SGs at x < 40 to obtain any data in the transitional area.Morever, restricting the useful experimental area to less than 40 mmmeans that both IP and (especially) SG locations are known to a lowerpercent accuracy than usual. Thus for RDX and other H.E. thatexhibit DDT so readily, time and distance resolution with our instru-mentation is hardly adequate. Nevertheless, we were fortunate enoughto get nearly complete data in one run of the four, Shot 911 onregular RDX. The data are plotted in Figure 4.
The velocity indicated by the discharge of the first two IPsis 0.48 mm/Us. That is of the proper magnitude to be a part of anaccelerating convective flame front. Similarly, the PC frontvelocity at 1.3 to 1.5 mm/psec is of the size to be expected in a70% TMD charge. (Only one of two possible PC waves was shown inFigure 4a). Hence DDT of RDX follows the same model as that initiallyproposed for 91/9 RDX/wax.
D. Waxed RDX, Waxed HMX Series
Tables 3 and 4 summarize the data for the RDX/wax series at 70and 85% TMD, respectively. Detailed data and their plots are givenin Appendix D. Summary plots of the effect of wax content on thepredetonation column length of RDX are shown in Figure 5. At 70%TMD, the reproducibility is fair (see Figure 5a); it is probablylimited at 3% wax by that of charge preparation. At 9% wax, thelimitation is probably both charge preparation and the approach to acritical wax content for the experimental setup.*
The curve Z vs. % wax for the 70% TMD charges is approximatelylinear up to 6% wax; its sharp increase beyond that amount suggestsnear failure conditions at 9% wax and hence greater variability inbehavior, as noted. On the other hand, 85% TMD charges showlinearity up to 15% wax (see Figure 5b). This result emphasizes theimportance of porosity as well as the accompanying increase inexplosive concentration. Both the 70% and 85% TMD series showdecreasing acceleration of the convective flame front withincreasing wax content. In fact, the charge containing 15% wax showsno acceleration or, possibly, a small deceleration (see Table 4).We believe that the pressure and rate of change of the pressurebehind the convective front is responsible for the specific accelera-tion observed. It follows that the increasing wax content mustreact with the HE in such a way as to change the driving pressure,dp/dt, and the energy per unit volume; these changes are thenreflected in the observed changing acceleration of the convectivefront.
*There is also a 2.8% difference in the % TMD value of the two chargesat a steep portion of the Z vs % TMD curve.
14
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
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Table 5 summarizes the data for two HMX/wax series at 70% TMD;the series were prepared from Class A HMX and a narrow sieve cutI (T r 115p) from the same material. Detailed data and their plotsare given in Appendix D. Summary plots of the effect of wax onthe two samples of HMX are shown in Figure 6. The waxed HMX(Class A) produced Z values very close to those of waxed RDX(Class A). In fact, up to the 9% wax level, the top curve of Figure 6is a better check for the lower curve of Figure 5 than the replicaterun on waxed Class A RDX. At 12% wax, the HMX showed a strongerbuildup in pressure sooner than did the RDX/wax (neither showedtransition). Both Class A and 115p HMX show a linear increase of Zwith % wax only 1-1 to 6% wax. At 9% wax, the waxed HMX appears to beapproaching critical conditions in the experimental setup used. Inother words the Class A HMX gave a waxed series that closelyparalleled that of Class A RDX in 9 values. Moreover, the waxedseries of the 115v HMX paralleled the Class A HMX series though at asomewhat lower value. It seems reasonable to assume that both serieswill show a linear increase with wax content at 85% TMD and highercompactions.I Up to 6% wax, waxed HMX (Class A) cannot be distinguished,within experimental error, from waxed RMX (T r 115p) by the £ values,but at higher concentrations the two series can be distinguished
--I both by t values and the characteristics of the SG records, as shownin Table 6. Moreover, the fact that the waxed Class A (.r 200p) HMXshowed a greater predetonation column length t than did the narrowsieve cut (115u) is of particular interest because it is the reverseof the usual and reported trend of increased k with decreasedparticle size. In fact it is the'reverse of our own results on pureand waxed RDX (above) and on fine and coarse tetryl (4). Presumablythe reversal was caused by removal of the fines, but this will haveto be checked.
Because of unexpected effects (such as the above) caused bythe specific range of particle size in the explosive, it is thepreferred experimental practice to work with narrow screen cuts,i.e., a relatively small range in particle size. However, we foundin obtaining the 115V HMX, that sieving Class A is too lengthy andtoo expensive to be practical.
Table 6 contains some of the results from analyses of the straingage records. In general, they reinforce the conclusions reached byconsidering Z: HMX(A) is very similar to RDX(A) in wax mixtures; itmay have a slightly greater tendency to undergo transition in DDT,but the present data are insufficient to show a significantdifference. HMX (115p) does show a greater tendency to trtnbit thaneither of the Class A materials.
4. D. Price, R. R. Bernecker, J. 0. Erkman, and A. R. Clairmont, Jr.,"DDT Behavior of Tetryl and Picric Acid," NSWC/WOL/TR 76-31,21 May 1976.
19
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
Table 5. Summary of Data for Waxed HMX at 70% TMD
Po bf VPC 41AtD 41 41AtEAtD o PC Atp t
Shot No. % Wax g/cc % TMD mm/ps mm/ps rm 118 Ps ps
1605 0 1.32 69.4 a 0.9 - 35 0 - ?
1610 3 1.31 70.7 b 0.51 1.14 67 22 0 22
1608 6 1.27 70.4 c 0.38 1.06 99 87 31 56
1611 9 1.23 69.9d 0.38 0.7 143 197 80 117
1615 12 1.19 69.3 e 0.47 0.7 273 ,569 J"255 314
.P 200U (Class A)
1616 0 1.32 69.4 0.43 41.3 45 1.7 1.2 0.5
1617 6 1.27 70.4 0.23 0.8 119 144 63 81
1618 9 1.23 69.9 0.23 1.1 210 395 216 179
1701 12 1.19 69.3 0.27 0.8 F F F F
a Pv 1,902 g/cc
b Pv 1.852
c Pv a 1.804
d pv M 1.759
e pv M 1.716
f Slope given by data of first two IPs; all curves showed acceleration exceptShot 1615 where curve was linear.
Detailed data for these shots appear in Appendix D.
20!.t
NSWCIWOL TR 77-96
00
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21z
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
Table 6. Details from Records of Some Shots at 70% TMD(See Appendices A & D)
Velocity ofConvective PC Front No. of SG kecords
Front Velocity Time at Indicating PossibleShot Number Fig. HE M/p_ mm/1js x = 41 mm Shock Formation*
94/6 HE/Wax
401 Al RDX(A) 0.3 0.9 80 None
1617 D12 H4X(A) 0.2 0.9 95 None
1608 D8 HMX(1i15) 0.5 1.1 60 None
91/9 HE/Wax
411 D2 RDX(A) 0.2 0.9 500 One
1618 D13 HMX(A) 0.2 1.1 250 One
1611 D9 UIMX(1150) 0.4 0.7 100 Three
88/12 lE/Wax
405 D3 RDX(A) 0.3 --- 900-1000** One
1701 D14 IMX(A) 0.3 0.8 525 One
1615 DIO lMlU(1150) 0.5 0.7 375 Three
* Sharp dip, negative only SGs with x<L considered.
**Estimated from one good SG record at x 118 m.
22
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
Of the 6 -9% waxed HMX shots (both Class A and 115V particlesize) all four shots gave data showing a transition behavior clearlythat proposed initially for 91/9 RDX/wax and subsequently appliedto pure HE as well. The 0 - 3% waxed HMX shots produced lesscomplete data but were consistent with the original mechanism.
Among the parameters tabulated in the summary Table 5 are* relative times (defined in Table 1). It is of considerable
interest that there seems to be a strong correlation between AtD and9., and AtE and i; the latter is linear. This relationship is evidentat a constant % TMD and varying wax content, as illustrated in
-- * Figure 7 for waxed HMX (115p) at 70% TMD and for waxed RDX(A) at85% TMD. It is of equal interest that no similar correlation appearsat fixed composition and varying % TMD, e.g., 94/6 RDX/wax of thisreport and 91/9 RDX/wax of reference 1. However, an analogouscorrelation (only the AtE vs Z) appears for several gas loadedexplosives at 70(or 88)% TMD (5) where the variation of compositionis that shown by different pure organic HE.
E. Waxed Tetryl
Data for two shots on waxed tetryl are given in Appendix E.One confirms the previously reported mechanism for 97/3 tetryl/wax(4); the other shows a failure of 91/9 tetryl/wax to undergo DDT.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The 94/6 RDX/wax series gave DDT data showing trends quitesimilar to the 91/9 series with the time ranges for all effectsshortened. In particular, there is a trend for variation of &tD(relative time to detonation with zero time at first 1P, x = 41 mm)and of AtE (relative time to detonation after formation of PC wave)with % TMD.
2. 91/9 RDX/wax exhibits DDT in our apparatus at as high a*: compaction (97%) as could be obtained with the hydraulic press.
3. Pure RDX exhibits the same mechanism proposed for 91/9 RDX/wax(1). This is also true for all the waxed nixtures of this report.
* 4. Class A RDX and ILMX are indistinguishable (in our apparatus)in their DDT behavior. So too are their waxed series.
5. D. PrTceand R. R. Bernecker, "Method Used to Assess Sensitivityto DDT of Shell Fills*, paper for Conference on the Standardiza-tion of Safety and Performance Tests for Energetic Materials,ARRADCOM Dover, New Jersey, June 1977.
23
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
5. A narrow sieve cut of HMX (f r i15p), made from Class A HMX(T P 200p ), used in a waxed eerfes, showed smaller Z values than thecorresponding Class A mixture"' This reversed the apparent particlesize effect found in two Othe comparisons: pure RDX and waxed RDX.For these last, the smaller Sw the larger Z.
6. Correlations between 9 ard AtD and between 9 and AtE are evidentfor the waxed series at constant porosity (waxed HMX at 70% TMDand waxed RDX at 85% TMD). These relat*->ns seem reasonable in thatburning rate and reactivity should decrease with increasing waxcontent.7. No similar correlation between k and AtD or AtE is evident atfixed composition, i'itial particle size, and % TMD. Presumeably,change in permeability has more complex effects on DDT than simpledilution with wax.
24
.r
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
VI. REFERENCES
1. R. R. Bernecker and D. Price, "Transition from Deflagration toDetonation in Granular Explosives", NOLTR 72-202, 13 Dec 1972.
2. R. R. Bernecker and D. Price, "Sensitivity of Explosives toTransition from Deflagration to Detonation", NOLTR 74-186,7 Feb 1975.
3. J. Calzia, "Experiments on the Deflagration-DetonationTransition in Condensed Explosives," Compt Rendu 276, 1397-99,(1973).
4. D. Price, R. R. Bernecker, J. 0. Erkman, and A. R. Clairmont, Jr.,"DDT Behavior of Tetryl and Picric Acid," NSWC/WOL/TR 76-31,21 May 1976.
5. D. Price and R. R. Bernecker, "Method Used to Assess Sensitivityto DDT of Shell Fills", paper for Conference on the Standardiza-tion of Safety and Performance Tests for Energetic Materials,ARRADCOM Dover, New Jersey, June 1977.
25
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
APPENDIX A
Detailed Data for 94/6 RDX/Wax Series
The distance-time (x-t) data for this series of shots appearin Table Al. They are plotted as two part figures in order ofincreasing compaction. In each case, part (a) displays x-t data;part (b) , strain-time data. As in earlier work, open circlesindicate discharge time and position of the custom-made probes; solidcircles, those of commercial probes. Squares are used to show posi-tion and time of rapid pressure rise, as indicated by the straingage (SG) records. Numbers on the SG curves indicate location ofthe SG given as x in mm.
The interpretation and analysis is straightforward, and in mostcases, analogous to similar data in reference 1. An exception occursin Shot 801, however. Here Z cannot be determined from tubefragments and the discharge time of the IP at 105 mm is out of linewith those of the later probes showing steady state detonation.It so happened that a SG was also at about 105 mm; its record(Figure A5b) shows the familiar negative slope associated with shockor shock formation just prior to discharge of the ionization pinat 105 mm. Consequently an Z value just beyond this region waschosen, i.e. Z = 110 + 5 mm places the onset beyond the shockdisturbance region and on the extrapolated x-t curve for steady state
* detonation.
In this same shot, an extended (in time) record was recordedfor the SG at 20.3 mm. It recorded a very high strain level(6000 pE) and maintained it for about 70 us although detonationbegan (at x = 110 mm) at 36.3 4s on the same time scale.
As might be expected, the records of the 94/6 RDX/wax seriesindicate the same mechanism of DDT as the physical model proposedfor the 91/9 RDX/wax series(l).
26
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
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NSWCIWQL TR 77-96
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
APPENDIX B
Data for 91/9 RDX/Wax Shots
Numerical data appear in Table BI. They are plotted in Figure 3of the text and Figure Bl for the coarse RDX mixture, and in FigureB2 for the regular RDX mixture.
Figure B2b is a good illustration of the effect of shock forma-tion on SG records. However, interactions of IP discharges haveeliminated portions of these records. Hence better illustrationsare given in Appendix D.
35
-<-:iL
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
Table Bl. Detailed Data for 91/9 RDX/Wax Shots
Shot No. 603b 913
Densityg/cc 1.365 1.63Z TMD 813 97.0
IP Data x t x t41.40 0.00* 41.5 0.054.10 36.22* 60.6 11.7579.50 82.71 79.6 25.21
105.03 113.49 105.0 41.21130.43 131.70 124.1 52.03155.83 136.73 143.1 60.36181.23 139.80 162.2 63.16206.63 143.81 181.2 65.42232.15 147.24 206.6 68.60257.55 150.45 232.2 71.78
257.6 74.97
SC Data tp Ike-20.19 -- 20.7 --
41.65 53.0 79.9 29,867.05 68.0 105.2 40.392.71 87.0 130.8 49.0
156.0 58.7
B. rl/ps 0.2222Cxi0 3 , =/u8 2 5.891
D, =/uji 7.28a, M/us 0.17
a Pv - 1.68b Clasa D RDXc Class A RbX
36
NSWC/WOL fR 77-96
240i "1/
160 /
./.*"//- 41.77
40 60 80 100 120' t(ps)
FIG. B1. SHOT 603 ON 81.3% TMD 91/9 RDX 185Oj!/WAX, po 1.37 g/co, STRAIN-TIME DATA.
37
NSWCANQL TR 7796
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NSWC/WOL/TR 77-96
APPENDIX C
DDT Data for 69.1% TMD RDX, Classes A & E
Data for the four RDX charges are given in Table Cl. The space-time plots for Shots 406 and 704 (Class A and Class E RDX,respectively) are shown in Figures Cl and C2. The strain-timerecords or these shots were short and comparatively uniformative;they have not been reproduced.
Figure C3 displays plots of both IP and SG records for Shot 910,the fine RDX. The space-time plot is of interest in showing a com-pressive disturbance travelling rearward from the location of theonset of detonation. Since its rate is about that of the forwardmoving detonation, retonation seems a possibility. However, tubefragments at the ignitir end of the tube from this shot were notreported as particularly small nor was a dent in the ignitor boltnoted. Fox, the Class A RDX (Figur, 4 of text) only one point of
a ossible rearward disturbance was found on the SG records, buttube fragmnts were definitely smaller than usual and the ignitersleeve was crushed.
iii,
39
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
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NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
APPENDIX D
Detailed Data for Waxed RDX and Waxed H4X
The first RDX/wax series was reported in reference 1. Sincethe SG records were either missing or very poor, they were notreproduced there. All those of the present series are reproducedhere, and most are good records. Data for the waxed RDX appear inTable Dl; those for the two waxed HMX series, in Tables D2 and D3.They are plotted in Figures Dl-D14. As was remarked above, mostof the strain gage records obtained were good. In particular, theyillustrate the effect of rapid pressure buildup.
A sharp dip in the c-t record, i.e. negative dP/dt, and aminimum is associated with appearance of a shock. If the SG islocated at x J, Z, it is apt to be destroyed e.g. Fig. D4b, SG at168 mm and Fig. D9b, SG at 143 mm. If the SG is at x > Z, the sametype of dip appears before the gage is destroyed, e.g., Fig. Dlb,SG at 79.3 mm. If x < Z, SG records frequently show a dip whichstrengthens as x approaches t, e.g., D5b and D9b. In this last case,the minima are associated with shock formation and time readingsare taken at the beginning of the dip and at the minimum; bothreadings are plotted on the space-time illustration because webelieve they bracket the actual time of the pressure excursion.
Within this group of records, there is no instance in whichthe IP discharge seems to be affected by shock formation. However,this does occur occasionally. We do have one record (Fig. Dl0a)showing peculiar pin discharge times. The companion SG records(Fig. Dl0b) show appreciable electromagnetic noise and interferencein the interval 280-460s which includes the questionable discharges.Hence we attribute them to EM disturbance.
As might be expected, both waxed series conform to the physicalmodel of DDT developed for 91/9 RDX/wax.
43
1
NSWA/WL TR 77-96
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APPENDIX E
DDT Data for Waxed Tetryl
Two shots on waxed tetryl are reported here; the detailed dataappear in Table E-l. Shot 618 was made at 75% TMD of 91/9 tetryl/wax. This material ignited and showed convective flame spreadinitially at 0.3 mm/us, with decreasing speed until its failuresomewhere beyond x = 80 mm and before x = 105 mm, the location ofthe first IP which showed no response. It did not, of course,exhibit DDT (see Fig. El). This waxed tetryl is considerably less
$ susceptible to transition in our setup than is the comparably waxedRDX at 75% TMD(l).
Shot 1606, 69.4% TMD 97/3 tetryl/wax was made to assess furtherthe results already reported on this mixture(4). The present results,plotted in Figure E2 confirm the previous ones in value of £(227vs 238 & 258 mm), rate of convective flame spread (0.3 vs. 0.2 mm/ps),and apparent conformity to the transition mechanism devised for 91/9RDX/wax. It differs only in the velocity of the PC front (2.4 vs1.6 mm/ps) which is attributed to a greater compaction of this chargeduring the initial slow burning. (The difference could result froma difference in the properties of the confining tubes used in thetwo cases. Although tubes are bought under specifications, theyare not tested for strength prior to use.) However, the qualitativepattern of SG curves in both shots of reference 4 and of those inFigure E2b is very similar. The evidence to date indicates thataddition of 3% wax to the coarse tetryl has modified the initialportion of the transition so that it now comforms to the physicalmodel of DDT(l).
"[ il6•
N' ir
NSWC/WOL TR 77-96
Table El. Detailed Data for Waxed Tetryl Shots
Shot No: 1606 618
Densityg/cc: 1.174 1.210% TMfD: 69.4 74.6Pv glCc 1.692 1.623
% Wax 3.0 9.0
IP Data: x t x t54.1 0.0* 28.7 0.0*79.5 29.8* 41.4 50.85*104.9 105.9* 54.1 113.6*130.3 196.35* 66.8 166.8*155.8 256.3* 79.6 340.9181.8 304.2* 105.0206.5 337.35* 130.4 -
225.7 347.55* 156.0 -
244.7 351.15 181.4 -
263.8 354.2 257.6 -
SG Data: 79.6 293.5 Very little output;117.5 '96.5 records not read.149.6 310181.2 336.5206.5 334
M~UM) 227+1
D(mh~)6.3
Predet. FrontVelocities
(/19 0.3, 2.4 0.3 to 0
* AtD(Ps~) >2483 F
*Cus tom-maade probes
**Failure
62
NSWCIWOL TR 77-96
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Commanding OfficerAttn: LA 151-Technical LibraryNaval Underwater Systems CenterNewport, RI 02840
Commanding OfficerAttn: Code AT-7Naval Weapons Evaluation FacilityKirtland Air Force BaseAlbuquerque, NM 87117
Commanding OfficerAttn: QELNaval Ammunition DepotConcord, CA 94522
Superintendent Naval AcademyAttn: LibraryAnnapolis, MD 21402
Naval Plant Representative OfficeAttn: SPL-332 (R. H. Guay)Strategic Systems Project OfficeLockheed Missiles and Space Company
P. 0. Box 504Sunnyvale, CA 94068FHercules IncorporatedAttn: LibraryAllegany Ballistics LaboratoryP. 0. Box 210Cumberland, MD 21502
t AMCRD5001 Eisenhower AvenueAlexandria, VA 22302
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Redstone Scientific Information CenterAttn: Chief, Documents 2U. S. Army Missile CommandRedstone Arsenal, AL 35609
Commanding OfficerAttn: SARPA-TS-S #59Picatinny ArsenalDover, NJ 07801
Commanding GeneralAttn: BRLAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
Commanding OfficerAttn: LibraryHarry Diamond Laboratories2800 Powder Mill RoadAdelphi, MD 20783
Armament Development & Test CenterDLOSL/Technical LibraryEglin Air Force BaseFlorida 32542
Commanding OfficerNaval Ordnance StationLouisville, KY 40124
DirectorAttn: LibraryApplied Physics LaboratoryHopkins RoadLaurel, MD 20810
Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration
Attn: DMAWashington, DC 20545
DirectorDefense Nuclear AgencyWashington, DC 20305
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Research DirectorAttn: R. W. Van DolahPittsburgh Mining and SafetyResearch Center
Bureau of Mines4800 Forbes AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15213
Defense Documentation CenterCameron StationAlexandria, VA 22314 12
Goddard Space Flight Center, NASAGlenn Dale RoadGreenbelt, MD 20771
Lawrence Livermore LaboratoryAttn: M. Finger
E. JamesE. Lee
University of CaliforniaP. 0. Box 808Livermore, CA 94551
Sandia LaboratoriesAttn: R. J. Lawrence, Div. 5166P. 0. Box 5800Albuquerque, NM 87115
DirectorAttn: Library
L. C. SmithB. G. CraigA. Popolato
Los Alamos Scientific LaboratoryP. 0. Box 1663Los Alamos, NM 87544
DDESBForrestal Building, Room GS 270Washington, DC 20314
Aerojet Ordnance and ManufacturingCompany
9236 East Hall RoadDowney, CA 90241
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Hercules Incorporated Research CenterAttn: Technical Information Division
B. E. ClouserWilmington, DE 19899
Thiokol/Huntsville DivisionAttn: Technical LibraryHuntsville, AL 35807
Shock Hydrodynamics DivisionAttn: Dr. L. Zernow 2Whittaker Corporation4716 Vineland AvenueNorth Hollywood, CA 91602
Stanford Research InstituteAttn: D. Curran
C. M. Tarver333 Ravenswood AvenueMenlo Park, CA 94025
Thiokol/Wasatch Division' Attn: Technical LibraryP. 0. Box 524Brigham City, UT 84302
Thiokol/Elkton DivisionAttn; Technical LibraryP. 0. Box 241Elkton, MD 21921
Teledyne McC3rmick SelphP. 0. Box 6Hollister, CA 95023
Lockheed Missiles and Space Division1122 Jagels RoadSunnyvale, CA 94086
R. Stresau Laboratory, Inc.Star RouteSpooner, WI 54801
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Rohm and HaasAttn: H. M. ShueyHuntsville, Defense Contract Office723-A Arcadia CircleHuntsville, AL 35801
U. S. Army Foreign Serviceand Technology Center
220 7th Street, N. E.Charlottesville, VA 22901
Princeton UniversityAttn: M. SummerfieldDepartment of Aerospace andMechanical Sciences
Princeton, NJ 08540
Pennsylvania State UniversityAttn: K. KuoDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity Park, PA 16802
Ballistic Research LaboratoriesAttn: N. GerriAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
*Paul Gough Associates1048 South StreetPortsmouth, NH 03801
Hercules Incorporated, Bacchus WorksAttn: M. BecksteadP. O. Box 98Magna, UT 84044
Professor H. KrierA & A Engineering Department101 Transporation BuildingUniversity of Illinois
* Urbana, IL 61801
Chemical Propulsion Information AgencyThe Johns Hopkins UniversityApplied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins RoadLaurel, MD 20810
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IIT Research InstituteAttn: H. S. Napadensky10 W 35th StreetChicago, IL 60616
Erion Associates, Inc.Attn: W. Petray600 New Hampshire Avenue,Suite 870
Washington, DC 20037
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