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196 in England has been distant and weak. The liberal tradition of the nightwatchman state, the late intervention of the state into higher education, the continuity of the celebration of amateurism, the ethic of the gentleman as scholar and the marginal role of the universities in the training of professionals have not created a public space for the intellectual as a significant figure in the making of public opinion. A radical intelligentsia is typically the product of the cultural crisis which results from major structural transformations of a national society. These structural transformations are likely to be the consequence of massive class conflict, military takeover, economic collapse or a major natural disaster resulting in chronic epidemics and famine. These catastrophic events, when they pose a major threat to the continuity of a national culture, call forth and constitute a national intelligentsia. Under such crisis conditions, an intellectual stratum may become a sell- conscious, committed and coherent intelligentsia. The classial illustrations of this thesis are the Russian and Hungarian intelligentsia. However, if are add, to this account of crisis the consequences of large-scale migration and alienation, then further examples might include the Frankfurt School but also the Palestinian intelligentsia. Within this framework, it is the relative gradualism of Enslish political history, the failure of any conquest after

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Page 1: 196

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in England has been distant and weak. The liberal tradition of the nightwatchman state, the

late intervention of the state into higher education, the continuity of the celebration of

amateurism, the ethic of the gentleman as scholar and the marginal role of the universities in

the training of professionals have not created a public space for the intellectual as a

significant figure in the making of public opinion.

A radical intelligentsia is typically the product of the cultural crisis which results from major

structural transformations of a national society. These structural transformations are likely to

be the consequence of massive class conflict, military takeover, economic collapse or a major

natural disaster resulting in chronic epidemics and famine. These catastrophic events, when

they pose a major threat to the continuity of a national culture, call forth and constitute a

national intelligentsia. Under such crisis conditions, an intellectual stratum may become a

sell-conscious, committed and coherent intelligentsia. The classial illustrations of this thesis

are the Russian and Hungarian intelligentsia. However, if are add, to this account of crisis the

consequences of large-scale migration and alienation, then further examples might include

the Frankfurt School but also the Palestinian intelligentsia.

Within this framework, it is the relative gradualism of Enslish political history, the failure of

any conquest after 1066 and the relative success of the state in imposing a national culture,

which explains the absence of a radical, organized intellegenstsia. Here again this account of

British history depends heavily on the work of Perry Anderson (1974), Barrington Moore

(1968) and Michael Mann (1986). After the political conflicts of the seventeenth cen-tury,

England made the transition from a traditional argrarian feudal society to capitalism without a

successful revolutionary conflict between social classes. The 1688 settlement created some of

the preconditions for a parliamentary system, which evolved by gradual steps through the

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Because the English Civil War had curtailed the

development of absolutism, the English state did not acquire a massive repressive apparatus;

in the development of the state, the navy rather than a standing army had been the crucial

issue, in short, the English upper classes had been dentilitarized relatively early and English

capitalist society assumed a number of specific eatures, namely a laissez‘faire economy, class

compromise, a common law tradition, individualism and a liberal political system.

Page 2: 196

di Inggris telah jauh dan lemah. Tradisi liberal dari negara penjaga malam, intervensi akhir

dari negara ke dalam pendidikan tinggi, kelangsungan perayaan amatirisme, etika pria

sebagai cendekiawan dan peran marjinal universitas dalam pelatihan profesional belum

membuat ruang publik untuk intelektual sebagai tokoh penting dalam pembuatan opini

publik.

Sebuah intelektual radikal biasanya produk dari krisis budaya yang dihasilkan dari

transformasi struktural utama dari masyarakat nasional. Ini transformasi struktural cenderung

konsekuensi konflik besar kelas, pengambilalihan militer, keruntuhan ekonomi atau bencana

alam besar yang mengakibatkan epidemi kronis dan kelaparan. Ini peristiwa bencana, ketika

mereka menimbulkan ancaman besar bagi kelangsungan budaya nasional, panggilan keluar

dan merupakan intelektual nasional. Dalam kondisi krisis seperti ini, stratum intelektual

mungkin menjadi sell-sadar, berkomitmen dan koheren intelektual. Ilustrasi klasik tesis ini

adalah intelektual Rusia dan Hungaria. Namun, jika yang menambahkan, untuk akun ini

krisis konsekuensi dari migrasi dan keterasingan skala besar, maka contoh lebih lanjut

mungkin termasuk Sekolah Frankfurt tetapi juga kaum intelektual Palestina.

Dalam kerangka ini, itu adalah gradualisme relatif sejarah politik Inggris, kegagalan

penaklukan apapun setelah 1066 dan keberhasilan relatif negara dalam memberlakukan

kebudayaan nasional, yang menjelaskan tidak adanya radikal, yang diselenggarakan

intelektual. Di sini sekali lagi akun ini dari sejarah Inggris sangat bergantung pada karya

Perry Anderson (1974), Barrington Moore (1968) dan Michael Mann (1986). Setelah konflik

politik abad ketujuh belas, Inggris membuat transisi dari masyarakat feodal agraris tradisional

ke kapitalisme tanpa konflik revolusioner yang sukses antara kelas-kelas sosial. The 1688

Page 3: 196

penyelesaian menciptakan beberapa prasyarat untuk sistem parlementer, yang berkembang

dengan langkah-langkah bertahap melalui abad kedelapan belas dan kesembilan belas.

Karena Perang Saudara Inggris telah dibatasi pengembangan absolutisme, negara Inggris

tidak memperoleh aparat represif besar; dalam pengembangan negara, angkatan laut daripada

tentara berdiri telah menjadi isu penting, singkatnya, kelas atas Inggris telah demiliterisasi

relatif awal dan masyarakat kapitalis Inggris diasumsikan sejumlah eatures tertentu, yaitu

ekonomi laissez'faire, kelas kompromi, tradisi common law, individualisme dan sistem

politik liberal.