18812 behavioural science ch1

BEHAVIOURAL ADJUSTMENTS

& POSITIVE OUTCOME

Why Study Behavioural Science

• Have you ever faced a person whom you failed to understand?

• Have you ever been misunderstood as a person ?

• Have you ever been frustrated by people who looked, behaved, thought or felt very different than you?

• Have you ever looked down on someone who behaved, thought or felt differently?

Why Study Behavioural Science

Why Study Behavioural Science To become self-aware and have a deeper

understanding about others. Improving predictability and self-

confidence To determine how and why people

behave the way they do. Avoiding or managing conflicts Building good relationships Effective utilization of human resources Improving the quality of life and work

environment To develop an appreciation for diversity

Behaviour Behaviour is response of the person to

various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious.

It is shaped by biological factors , belief, attitude, social environment

When we see any person In problem we rush to help. That is our social environment

Adjustment Human responses both mental and

behavioural to cope with different situations and problems.

Reaction to the demands and pressures of the social environment imposed upon the individuals

How efficiently an individual can perform his/her duties in different circumstances.

Adjustment can be for Vocational, Social and Economical problems.

Maladjustment If an individual is unable to adjust to his

internal and external environment than he shows the symptoms of maladjustment.

Symptoms of Maladjustment Physical Symptoms- scratching of

head ,biting nails, rocking of feet, drumming with fingers

Behaviour deviations-Aggression, lying,bullying,hyperactivity and negativism

Emotional Symptoms: Excessive worry, feeling of inferiority,anxiety,hatred,temper tantrums, conflicts .

Unhealthy Behaviour-Four killers of an organisation1. Submissive Behaviour – Yielding to someone else preferences while

discounting your own rights and needs. Not expressing your feelings to others Phobic and anxiety prone people afraid of

losing the person they are dependant on often exhibit this behaviour

They tend to be nice and pleasing to everybody

Unhealthy Behaviour-Four killers of an organisation Contd…2. Aggressive Behaviour-

Communicating with others in demanding, abrasive or hostile way.

Showing insensitiveness to others rights and feelings.

Get things done through coercion or intimidation.

It puts others to being defensive or fight back behaviour rather than cooperating.

Unhealthy Behaviour-Four killers of an organisation Contd…3. Passive –Aggressive Behaviour People instead of openly confronting an

issue, express anger in covert fashion through passive resistance.

e.g coming late to office to express your anger to the boss

Such people never communicate their wants properly hence seldom get their results

Such behaviour leave other people angry, confused and resentful.

Unhealthy Behaviour-Four killers of an organisation Contd…4. Manipulative Behaviour-Such

persons donot take responsibility of meeting their own needs .

They play sympathetic role of victim Openly show their anger or fake

indifference. The person being manipulated might feel

confused and become resentful towards the manipulator.

Healthy Behaviour-Assertive Assertive behaviour is when someone stand

up for his/her rights such that it does not violate another person’s right.

It leads to honest ,open and direct expression of one’s views ,at the same time one understand other person position.

Being assertive involves self awareness and expressing what you want and saying no to something you do not want.

Acting assertive is a way of developing self respect and self worth.

Obstacles to Assertiveness Low Self Esteem -Self Concept builds Self

Esteem which determines the behavior. Negative thinking and actions limits opportunities

Inability to handle Conflict-People who fear conflict avoid asserting themselves in stressful situations.It is the aggressive behaviour which leads to conflicts rather than assertive behaviour.

Poor Communication skills-Inability to respond to various situations leads to negative emotions, thoughts and anxiety.

Handling Conflicts Handling conflicts through Assertive

behaviour:1. Bring conflict into the open where the

communication process can continue.2. Try for win-win situation.3. Try to negotiate to solve problems in an

environment of mutual respect.4. Recognize personal rights while respecting

the rights of others.5. E.g “This is how I see it”,This is what I think.

Handling Conflicts Handling Conflicts through

Aggressive behaviour:1. Become defensive.2. Discount feelings of others “I AM RIGHT”3. Interested in a WIN situation at the

expense of relationship.4. Use anger to control.5. Try to manipulate.6. E.g I want the project to be completed in

a week time no matter what!

Advantages of Assertive behaviour Close working relationships. Greater confidence in ourselves. Greater confidence in others. Increased self responsibility. Increased self control. Savings in time and energy. An increased chance of everyone

winning.

Eternal Happiness

Eternal Happiness• ‘Eternal happiness’ means that the nature of

the soul is already Happy, Peaceful and Blissful.

• Our life is simply a reflection of our actions. If you want more love in the world, create more love in your heart. If you want more competence in your team, improve your competence.

• Life will give you back everything you have given to it. Your life is not a coincidence. It is a reflection of you!

YOUR LIFE IS A REFLECTION OF YOU A Son and his father were walking on the

mountain.Suddenly his son falls ,hurts himself and screams ‘AAAHHHHH’.To his surprise he hears the voice repeating somewhere in the mountain ‘AAAHHH’.

Curious he yells :Who are you And than he screams to the mountain ‘I Admire you’

The Voice answers ‘I Admire you’. Angered at the response ,he screams ‘Coward’

He receives the answer ‘Coward’

He looks to his father and asks’Whats going on ?His father smiles and says:’My Son ,pay attention.’

Again the boy screams ‘You are a Champion.’ The voice answers ‘You are a Champion.’ The boy is surprised ,but he doesnot

understand. Then his father explains:’People call this

ECHO,but really this is Life. It gives us back everything you say or do.

HAPPINESS What is Happiness? Happiness means differently to different beings.

HAPPINESS is the state in which one feels contented, serene, calm, positive and confident. Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being, characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

Happiness stems from within us,from our way of thinking about life.

The happiest person are not the ones who make money ,buy property but who cultivate the higher mind and think interesting thoughts

Happiness According to Buddhism1. Happiness forms the central theme of Buddhist

teachings. 2. For ultimate freedom from suffering, the Noble

Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, a state of everlasting peace.

3. Ultimate happiness is only achieved by overcoming craving in all forms.

4. Acquiring wealth and maintaining good friendships are also recognized as worthy goals for lay people.

5. It also encourages the generation of loving kindness and compassion, the desire for the happiness and welfare of all beings.

Activity 1 What is your meaning of Happiness?

Make apositive acronym of happiness. What is the goal of your life to achieve

success or happiness? Write a positive introduction about

yourself in 100 words.

Circle of Compassion Visualize a community, an organization or a nation in which

people compassionately treat another person expecting to be treated in a similar way. How smoothly, how effortlessly, how efficiently and how peacefully would the system function. The very circle of life is arranged in a manner that causes you to eventually become a part of the substance that you have been extracting from.

A plant grows from a seed, and yet the seed comes from a plant. The plant draws upon the resources of the soil, and yet when its life is over, it returns to that same soil. While the soil provides for the needs of the plant, the plant provides for the needs of the soil; both enrich each other and both are dependent upon each other.

What better cooperative existence can there be? You have to give back what you get to complete the circle of life.

Live with Love When you love life or the world in general

you acquire the following qualities:

1. Forgiveness2. Compassion3. Hard work4. Enthusiasm5. Cooperation

Live with Love Forgiveness-You find it easy to forgive many

misdeedsand acquire the ability to walk ahead rejoicing.Small obstrales ,hurts and insults or misbehavior from people do not remain embedded in your mind .You do not harbour ill will or feelings of revenge against them.

Compassion-You become a compassionate person.It is not to be mistaken with pity.Feeling pity is feeling superior.While if are feeling the suffering of the person ,atleast for the short time or you understand the viewpoint of the other and help them in whatever way you can than you are compassionate

Hard Work-When you love something or someone ,you work hard for the comfort or success of that concept or person.If you love your parents,you will respect them and comfort them whenever necessary.

Enthusiasm-Love creates enthusiasm.When the negatives in your natre are washed away by love,than your spirit soar high.The very desire to raise from mundane circumstances generates energy,which makes life full of activity.

Cooperation-When you love people ,cooperation becomes a way of life.You empathise with everyones goals and needs and accommodate their goals within your own.You aim at achieving common goals ,which pool in energy and strength when they are achieved.Sharing goals also leads to the enrichment of friendship qn relationships.

Activity 2 Identify the qualities of living with love in

yourself and personality.Do you possess all five qualities?Does it help in living happily?

Effective Listening

Effective Listening Effective listening is more than simply

avoiding the bad habit of interrupting others while they are speaking or finishing their sentences. It’s being content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond.

—Richard Carlson

Myths Listening is easy Listening comes naturally Hearing and listening are same

Hearing is Hearing is the perception of all that is

being stated in accordance with one’s own frame of reference.

The interactant although physically present merely responds to the spoken words without absorbing the message

Listening Vs Hearing Listening is much more than trying to

hear and decipher the phonetic sounds being produced by the sender.

It is a matching of the mental faculties of the sender and the receiver.

A vital ingredient of good communication, that is, listening, seems to have become a part of the process of hearing.

Listening Vs Hearing Listening is receiving a message from a

speaker Processing that message to make sense out

of it. It is an accurate perception of all that is

stated and unstated in the communication Responding to show understanding of what

the speakers means What it’s not: is waiting patiently for our turn

to talk

While an average person’s speaking rate is 100 to 200 words per minute, an average listener’s ability to process messages is approximately 400 words per minute.

This substantial difference between the spoken and the assimilated words leads to distraction with the mind which leads to listening errors.

Listening Process

Process of Listening

Process of Listening

Evaluating It consists of judging the messages in

some way. At times you may try to evaluate the speaker’s underlying intensions or motives.

Often this evaluation process goes on without much conscious awareness

Process of ListeningResponding

This stage requires that the receiver complete the process through verbal/non verbal feedback.Because the speaker has no other way to determine if a message has been received.

This stage becomes the only overt means by which the sender may determine the success in dialogue

Types Of Listening

1. Passive2. Marginal3. Projective4. Sensitive/Empathetic5. Active

Types Of Listening-PassivePassive Listening The physical presence but mental absence

of listener is defined as passive listening. All that has been said is being heard but not

really absorbed. There is no invasion of the thought process

or an onslought of ideas which could probably change the trend of thinking or strengthen the preconceived ideas of the receiver.

Types Of Listening-MarginalMarginal Listening Provision of too much information can lead to

an information overload. Individual listens only at the superficial level

and does not try to go beyond a brief understanding of the topics discussed.

Receiver allows information to seep through only in bits and pieces.

The factor which can be attributed to this kind of listening is fatigue or boredom

Types Of Listening-ProjectiveProjective Listening In this case the response of the receiver is in

state of restful alertness. Receiver has a frame of mind in which he tries to

adopt the perspective of the co interactant Projective listening is an attempt by the receiver

at viewing the world or the view point of the interactant from a limited personal perspectives.

The receiver tries to bring about the union between the experiences of the sender and his own.

Types Of Listening-SensitiveSensitive/Empathetic Listening This is also referred as empathetic

listening. The receiver is able to understand the

view point of the speaker in exactly similar terms as was intended by him.

It depends on the ability of receiver to match his perception with those of the sender.

Types Of Listening-Sensitive Sensitive listening if done in isolance

results in the observance of a one sided sympathetic stand.

Sensitive thinking done is combination with active listening where sensities match proves to be an excellent form of listening.

Types Of Listening-ActiveActive Listening The receiver absorbs all that is being

said and also makes an attempt to verify all that he has been listening to.

There can be rarely any chance of miscommunication as there is participative contribution from the receiver.

Maneuvers Of Communication The idea undergoes three stages prior to

being encoded in the form of message:1.Cognitive Stage: It is a stage of thoughts

and beliefs .The sender or receiver before commencing communication has a set of preconceived ideas or notions on the basis of which he begins interaction.

2. Affective Stage: It is the stage of emotions. Sender before encoding an idea seeks the acceptability to the recipient

Maneuvers Of Communication3. Conative stage-It is a stage of intention

or motivation. Subsequent to the interaction what

would be the receiver’s intention? How he be motivated to act or speak?

Stages Speaker Oriented

Receiver Oriented

Cognitive Getting ready with a set of pre-conceived idea and notions prior to communication

Creating awareness with the self for acceptance of communication

Affective Planning communication in accordance with the idea of the recipient

Getting involved/making evaluations and bringing about a change in attitude and feelings

Conative Gauging the intensions of the receiver so as to motivate him to speak or act

Moving from the domain of subjective to the objective /getting involved in taking decision

Positive Connotations of Good Listening A good listener possess a wider perspective and will

be to able to view the world in more comprehensive manner.

It increases the sense of competence, Listener gain mastery over the subject to which he was a patient recipient ,which lead to sense of accomplishment.

It helps in increasing the self confidence. Good listening leads to greater objective and open

mindedness It leads to decreased defensiveness a good listener

open itself to new ideas and newer avenues

Essentials of Good Listening Positive attitude –Negative bias closes the mind

of the individual to the ongoing proceedings. With positive attitude the acceptance for the speaker increases.

Concentration-It leads to careful listening and subsequent examination of the speaker’s point of view.

Interaction-Interaction leads to greater participation and hence more effective listening.

Question answer sequences-It leads to clarification of ideas and thoughts

Deterrents /Barriers to Listening Lack of Interest-If an individual is not

interested in the topic being discussed no matter how hard it tries he could not concentrate.

The EGO-Superiority complex prevent an individual from listening.

Self Involvement-If the listener is too busy with his thoughts or is involved with himself that he cannot concentrate on listening.

Deterrents /Barriers to Listening Lack of Self Confidence-A lot of time is wasted in

thinking about the past which was problematic and for him present state is also unceratin, hence looses concentration.

Fear-Fear blocks the mind of the individual on the ongoing activities ,he is unable to comprehend the true importance of proceedings or the intention of the other participant.

Pre Conceived Ideas-If an individual starts an interaction with the idea that whatever other person is saying is familiar to him than his mind stops concentrating

Deterrents /Barriers to Listening Familiarity Trap-Previous knowledge of

particular topic can close our mind to the ongoing discussion

Stress- Under Stress mind is blocked to the proceedings and it become difficult to concentrate.

Understanding Self and Personality

Understanding Self

Self

Your VIEW of yourself - -

Understanding Self

Self Concept It denotes the individual’s image of the

kind of person He/She is. Includes Awareness of being –What I AM Awareness about Function –What I CAN

DO It includes not only our perception of

what we are like but also what we think we ought to be and would like to be…………(Ideal Self)

Self ConceptThe two ways in which we perceive ourselves are as follows:

Negative self-concept Positive self-concept

Negative self-concept People see themselves as failures Have a negative, pessimistic image of

themselves. Negative feelings flow spirally downwards

and encompasses all the person’s thoughts, actions and relationships

People with negative self concept try to complain constantly and find it difficult to accept criticism.

You feel uncertain and uncomfortable about yourself - - -

you fear possible rejection

Negative self-concept

Positive Self Concept People with positive self concept

believe in themselves. Are confident about their ability to deal

with problems, making decisions. Have respect for themselves and

expect it from others. These people are realistic in their

assessment and can admit wide range of feeling , behaviours and needs.

You see yourselfas a

LOVEABLE andWORTHWHILE

person…

Positive Self Concept

Building Self ConceptFour Steps to build Self Concept : Self Awareness Self Acceptance Self Realization Self Disclosure

Self AwarenessWHO AM I? Knowledge Skills Health Family Social Commitments Responsibilities Interests Likes and Dislikes

Self AwarenessWhere I come from? A thorough knowledge of background

helps us to understand our past. These factors could be family, geographical location and ancestry.

Self AwarenessWhere I am going?This relates to our dreams and ambitions, choice of career and vocationWhat is stopping me?

Knowing barriers to our Progress /development

Poor problem solving skills Lack of clarity of goals Negative self concept etc

Self AwarenessHow will I get There? Making Plans to achieve goals. Planning of

success involves aspects like discipline ,clear cut goals, time management ,values and ethics.

What Help do I need Resources needed to achieve success in our

endeavors such as finances ,time, support system, access to required material resources and authority.

What Will be it like when I get There?

What will it be like when we get what we want, Visualizing such images will strengthen our capacity to resolve problems and initiate our commitment towards the goal.

Activity What do you think about life? Is the world

friendly, threatening ,exciting etc? What would you want other people to think

about you? Will you try to live up to that label?

What do you think about others? Which is the best work of your entire life? What kind of a person does your family

perceive you as? How would you define yourself in one line?

Self Acceptance Through self awareness we become aware of who we

really are rather than the person we would wish to be. Self acceptance is accepting our own ‘Self’ Self acceptance doesnot mean being smug,

complacement and uncritical . We build on the qualities we are satisfied with and

work to change or improve the ones we are not happy with.

It drives the inner growth of a personality. When I accept myself as I am ,then I change-Carl

rogers

Self Realization Realizing our inner potentialities. It is a willingness to pursue our ideal self

on our own ,to grow and to change because we think it is important.

We know what we want to do,what is right for us .

Consequently we set and maintain personal standards and are open to new experiences.

Self Disclosure Self disclosure is the process of letting

another person know what you think ,feel and want.

It includes all kind of information :life experiences ,personal circumstances ,feelings ,dream , opinion.

Self disclosure leads to self contentment. It helps a person to be more

perceptive ,adaptive ,competant ,extrovert trusting and positive towards others.

T-E-A Model of Understanding Self

Integrated Self

T-E-A Model of Understanding Self The way we think,feel and act defines our

personality and behaviour. T-E-A Model helps us to understand our self

and personality in totality. The more integrated we are in

thougths ,emotions and actions the more integrated personality is developed.

While more disintegrated are our thoughts,emotion and actions the more disintegrated is our personality.

T-E-A Model of Understanding Self

Thoughts

Actions

Emotions

Disintegrated Self

T-E-A Model of Understanding Self Integrated self leads to assertive and

confronting behaviour. Disintegrated self leads to defensive and

aggressive behaviour

Johari Window of Understanding Self Johari Window model for self awareness

was developed by Luft and Ingham in 1950 Two main dimensions for understanding

self1) Those aspects of our behaviour that are

known to us (Self).2) Those aspects of our behaviour that are

known to those with whom we interact (others)

Johari Window of Understanding Self

The Johari Awareness Model

Technique for Understanding SelfPersonal Effectiveness Scale: PES is a reliable psychometric tool to

assess the level of personal effectiveness in behaviour and personality.

It measure personal effectiveness on three dimensions-

1. Self disclosure2. Openness to feedback3. Perceptiveness

Three Dimensions Of Personal EffectivenessSelf Disclosure- The process of letting another know what you

think ,feel or want. It is one of the important ways you let yourself be

known to others. The primary goal of self disclosure is to build a

strong and healthy intrapersonal and interpersonal relations.

It increases self awareness. It helps to develop closer,deeper ,more helpful

and meaningful relationships

Three Dimensions Of Personal EffectivenessOpenness to Feedback: It is a quality of being open to what others say

which we may not be aware ,and this contributes to effectiveness.

Pfeiffer and Jones suggested i) Strategic Openness –Appropriate Sharing ii) Destructive Openness –Inappropriate

sharing. Negative feedback creates dissonance with self

image. One tends to use defensive behaviour.

Three Dimensions Of Personal EffectivenessPerceptiveness The Extent to which one shares ideas,

feelings, experiences and various other personal data with others.

Ability to pickup non verbal cues from others.

Checking others reaction to what is said. Sensing and responding accurately to

the environment.

Self Esteem

Self Esteem Self Esteem is positive thinking about oneself We accept our personal strengths and

weaknesses without undue self criticism. We respect ourselves and acknowledge our

own dignity and value as a unique human being.

We trust ourselves ,our behaviour and feelings are consistent enough to give an inner sense of continuity despite challenges in our external environment.

Self Esteem We believe in ourselves that we deserve

to have the good things in life. We love ourselves ,we feel good about

ourselves. Positive self-esteem is the immune

system of the spirit, helping an individual face life problems and bounce back from adversity

Where Does Self-Esteem Come From?

Where Does Self-Esteem Come From? Our self-esteem develops and evolves

throughout our lives as we build an image of ourselves through our experiences with different people and activities.

Experiences during our childhood play a particularly large role in the shaping of our basic self-esteem.


When we were growing up, our successes (and failures) and how we were treated by the members of our immediate family, by our teachers, religious authorities, and by our peers, all contributed to the creation of our basic self-esteem.


Our past experiences, even the things we don't usually think about, are all alive and active in our daily life in the form of an Inner Voice.

For people with healthy self-esteem the messages of the inner voice are positive and reassuring .

For people with low self-esteem, the inner voice becomes a harsh inner critic, constantly criticizing, punishing, and belittling their accomplishments.

What are the signs of low self-esteem?

What are the signs of low self-esteem? Persons with low self-esteem: Consider themselves lost, unworthy of

being cared for. Are poor risk takers. Are typically unassertive in their

behavior with others.

What are the signs of low self-esteem? Are fearful of conflict with others. Are hungry for the approval of

others. Are poor problem solvers. Have a tendency to think irrationally. Are susceptible to all kinds of fears.

What are the signs of low self-esteem? Have a tendency to become emotionally

stuck and immobilized. Have a poor "track record" in school or

on the job. Are unable to affirm or to reinforce

themselves positively.

What are the signs of low self-esteem? Are unable to make an honest assessment

of their strengths, qualities, and good points; they find it difficult to accept compliments or recognition from others.

Have poorly defined self-identities Are insecure, anxious, and nervous when

they are with others. Often become overcome with anger about

their status in life and are likely to have chronic hostility or chronic depression

What are the signs of low self-esteem? Have a tendency to overreact and

become de-energized by resentment, anger, and the desire for revenge

Fulfill roles in their families that are counter-productive and maladaptive. These roles carry over into their adult lives.

What are the signs of low self-esteem? Are vulnerable to mental health

problems and have a propensity to use addictive behavior to medicate their hurt and pain. Such addictive behavior can include alcohol, drugs, food, gambling, shopping, smoking, workaholism, or the search for excitement, truth, wisdom, and a guru with an easy guide to the achievement of happiness.

Positive self-esteem:

People with Positive self-esteem: Have a productive personality; they

achieve success to the best of their ability in school, work, and society.

Have a healthy self-concept. Their perception of themselves is harmonized with the picture of themselves they project to others.

Are capable of being creative, imaginative problem solvers; of being risk takers, optimistic in their approach to life and in the attainment of their personal goals.

Are able to state clearly who they are, what their future potential is, and to what they are committed in life. They are able to declare what they deserve to receive in their lifetime

Positive self-esteem:

Positive self-esteem Are able to accept the responsibility for

and consequences of their actions. They do not resort to shifting the blame or using others as scapegoats for actions that have resulted in a negative outcome.

Are leaders and are skillful in dealing with people. They are neither too independent nor too dependent on others.

Positive self-esteem Are altruistic. They have a legitimate

concern for the welfare of others. They are not self-centered or egotistical in their outlook on life.

Have healthy coping skills. They are able to handle the stresses in their lives in a productive way.

They have a good sense of humor and are able to keep a balance of work and fun in their lives.

Positive self-esteem They are goal-oriented with a sense of

balance in working toward their goals. They know from where they have come, where they are now, and where they are going.

Dual Pillars of Self EsteemDual pillars Self Efficacy-A sense of Personal Efficacy Self Respect- A sense of personal worth

Self EfficacySelf efficacy –Confidence in the ability to cope with

life challenges. Cognitive self trust. Cognitive self reliance. Confidence in the functioning of our mind. Confidence in our ability to think Confidence in the process by which we judge,

choose or decide. Confidence in our ability to understand the facts of

reality that falls within the sphere of our interests and needs.

Self Efficacy

Experiencing self efficacy generates a sense of control over one’s life that we associate with psychological well being.

Self RespectSelf Respect- Acknowledge our own dignity and value as a unique

being. Having an affirmative attitude towards our right to

live and to be happy. Comfort in appropriately asserting our thoughts. Benefits: Self respect makes possible to form a

benevolent ,non neurotic sense of community with other individuals.

It develops a sense of mutual regard

Eight Factors for Building Self Esteem1 .Value Yourself-Value yourself as you are at this

moment. Avoid perfectionism, instead strive to improve

2. When your worst enemy is you- Stop being hard on yourself and expecting too much from yourself.

3. Goal setting builds self esteem :Deciding what we want to achieve by setting our goals.

Goal setting raises our self esteem as it:i) Challenges you to overcome patterns of failure

or limitations

Eight Factors for Building Self Esteem Allows you to be more tolerant of failure in

other areas of life. Give you confidence to set increasingly

daring goals to explore areas you have neglected.

Make you see life as a part of a process. Acheiving goal will not make your life perfect ,but it will improve it.

Allow you to get on with your personal development.

Eight Factors for Building Self Esteem4. Giving up the past: Whatever had

happended in the past could not be changed .Hence learn from the past events and focus on present.

5 Clearing old beliefs :i. Accept yourself compassionately for

having a beliefii. Make yourself ready to let go of it as it

is limiting ,self destructive and untrue.

Eight Factors for Building Self Esteem6. Letting go of past criticisms: Critism can constrict

us we should use positive affirmations to get freedom from them.

7. Offering forgiveness: Any unexpressed feeling of anger,resentment and desire for revenge doesnot allow us to forget past problems. Forgiveness helps in regaining ourselves by getting free from those thoughts

8.Achieving freedom from the four killers of self esteem: Guilt, fear,resentment and being critical towards ourselves destroys our self esteem.We need to free ourselves from these enemies.

Ten attitudes for building self esteem1. Be your own best friend : Encourage and love

yourself .Do not expect yourself to be perfectionist.

2. Take time to enjoy life: Choose something that you enjoy and schedule it into your life.

3. Let go of the past : Let go any form of hurt, anger ,guilt that bothers you.

4. Set goals for your life: Set goals and review them 5. Talk positively to yourself: Use affirmations to

give your subconscious a powerful positive message.

Ten attitudes for building self esteem6 Visualise your successful behaviour: Visualise

yourself achieving your goal. Experience the emotions and enjoyment of accomplishing what you have set out to do.

7. Make choices for your life: You are free to choose how you want to live the rest of your life.

8. Network with others :Learn to rely on others for information ,support and role behaviour.

9. Write your own family script: Decide what role you want to play in your family rather than what they expect or decided for you

Ten attitudes for building self esteem10. Accept yourself as you are: Love

yourself physically ,mentally and emotionally.

PSYCHOLOGY OF

ATTITUDE

Attitude Attitude- It is a free disposition of behavioral

pattern to respond in a positive or negative way to someone or something in one’s environment and life.

It is a manner in which an individual feels about something –person,place,situation or an idea,and conveys an expression of positive or negative feelings about the same.

It is the predisposition of the individual to evaluate some object in favourable or an unfavourable manner.

Most of attitudes are unconsciously held. A person can simultaneously held inconsistent

attitudes towards the same object or atleast towards aspects which are not clearly discriminated from one another

Attitude may be regarded as varying in several ways:

Direction –For or against something Degree – Favourableness.To be neutral in

attitude is to be indifferent to the object. Intensity – Degree of confidence.

Characteristics of an attitudeCharacteristics of an Attitude Valence –Magnitude or degree of

favorableness or unfavourableness towards an object.

Indifferent –Low valence Extremely favourable or

unfavourable - High Valence

Characteristics of an attitude Multiplexity- Number of elements constituting

attitude.E.g Employee A simply feel loyal to an organisationEmployee B feel loyal,respectful,fearful and dependant to an organisation

Relation to needs –Attitude of people towards the movie may serve only entertainment need while attitude of people towards a task may serve strong need of security , achievement, recognition and satisfaction.

Characteristics of an attitude Centrality – Importance of the object to

the individual. Attitudes that have high centrality are

less suspectible to change. Attitude affect behaviour –People

have natural tendency to maintain consistency between their attitude and behaviour.

Attitude can lead to intended behaviour if there is no external intervention.

Characteristics of an attitude Attitudes are invisible:Attitude

constitute a psychological phenomenon which cannot be directly observed.

We may observe an attitude indirectly by observing its consequences.

E.g If people are highly productive ,we may infer that they have positive attitude towards work.

Characteristics of an attitude Attitudes are acquired: Attitudes

are gradually learnt over a period of time. In the childhood the role of family in shaping an attitude is significant.

Attitudes are pervasive-Attitudes are formed in the process of socialisation and may relate to anything in the world.

Components of an Attitude

Attitude comprises three vital components: Affective (feelings) Cognitive (thinking) Overt/behaviour (action).

Affective Component The affective or feeling component refers

to the emotions associated with an attitude object. It basically consists of the ‘feeling’ people have towards an attitude object. According to McGinnies, ‘it is an emotional component that develops as a conditioned response by association with stimuli that have either punishing or rewarding effects’.

Affective Component

This component is concerned with evaluation and emotions and is expressed as like or dislike, good or bad, pleasing or displeasing, favourable or unfavourable.

The expression of love ,warmth and hatred also belong to affective component.

Cognitive Component Cognitive component represents the

beliefs of the person about an attitude object.The beliefs may be based on learning experiences, rumours, misunderstanding or any other information

Cognitive component consists of individual perception ,beliefs and ideas about an object.

According to Krech,Chrutcheild Ballachery ,the most critical cognitions incorporated into the system of attitude are the evaluating beliefs that take account of good /bad,desirable /undesirable, favourable /unfavourable qualities

Cognitive Component

Overt Component Overt component is also known as

‘behavioural ‘ component. It is concerned with the way we intend

to behave towards a particular attitude object.

Both affective and cognitive component influence the way people intend to behave towards an attitude object.

There may be incongruence between the affective and cognitive components.

The affective component (feelings) may be positive and the cognitive component (beliefs) may be negative towards the same object.

The emotional The emotional or feeling or feeling segment of an segment of an attitudeattitude

The opinion The opinion or belief or belief

segment of segment of an attitudean attitude

An intention to An intention to behave in a certain behave in a certain way toward way toward someone or someone or somethingsomething

Components of an Attitude

Components of attitude-Example

Cognitive =evaluationMy supervisor gave a promotion to the co-worker who deserved it less than me.My supervisor is unfair

Affective =Feeling

I Dislike my supervisor

Behavioral =actionI am looking for other work ,I have complained about my supervisor to anyone who would listen

Negative Attitude

towards the supervisor

Major Components that shapes Attitude1)Thoughts-Thoughts determine the state

of mind.When positive or negative thoughts are stimulated in the mind ,we consciously or unconsciously think about the similar situation.For e.g “I think I cannot do this job’ due to which similar feeling of helplessness and negative attitude are expressed in personality.

Major Components that shapes Attitude2. Feelings –Our feelings keep our thoughts

alive.It is virtually impossible to have an attitude without thoughts or feelings.Feelings encourage more thoughts and keep the mind active.

3.Action-Action is physical response to a situation.We have a choice of taking a positive,negative or neutral approach .For e.g Positive..’I can’ or I willNegative – I cannot or I won’t ,Neutral ‘I donot want to ‘……or I donot care

Major Components that shapes Attitude4. Expectations-Consciously or

unconsciously we formulate a set of expectations for ourselves ,for other people and for situations which are also referred as standard.

These expectations determine our level of satisfaction .The higher our expectation the more challenging it will to feel satisfied in given situation.

Major Components that shapes Attitude5. Perception-Our five senses and past

experiences create our perception or interpretation of a current situation. Our perception may or may not be an accurate account of what actually happened.Perception plays an important role in formulating our thoughts and feelings and ultimately impacts attitude formation.

Major Components that shapes Attitude6. Energy – The amount of energy we exert

in a relationship or in a situation depends upon how important the issue is to us. The greater the importance the more energy we will use to display our attitude through words,tone of voice,facial expressions,body language and behaviour.Like attitudes energy can also be positive, negative or neutral.

Formation of Attitude Attitudes are basically acquired through

the process of learning. Positive reinforcement leads to strong

intension for that attitude. While punishment leads to avoidance of

that attitude.

Types Of AttitudesThree broad categories of attitude are:1.Spectator-Some people live life by

watching what’s happening around them. They are called spectators of life.

Their life experiences are limited as they avoid risk and ‘play it safe’.

Spectators usually have a neutral attitude about life.

Spectators with neutral attitude Thoughts Feelings1. The situation or the other person

Unemotional is unimportant 2. Someone else will solve the problem Tired3. Change is unnecessary Content4. The future will come and go Indifferent

with me or without me5. I will not even try to control my life

Detached

Types Of Attitudes2. Critics: Critics perceive themselves as

expert in the game of life and pride themselves in finding fault in others .They want their complaints to be heard and understood.

They often associate with fellow critics because they feel comfortable in numbers.

Critics have a negative attitude about life.

Critics with negative attitude Thoughts Feelings1. There is always something wrong Anger2. Other people cause problems Doubt3. Change is thorn in my side Frustration4. A mistake is a failure Pessimism5. I have little or no control over my life Hate

Types Of Attitudes3. Players : They eagerly await

opportunities to learn something new and to grow ,both personally and professionally.

They take risks and are not afraid of making mistakes

Players have a positive attitude about life

Players with positive attitude Thoughts Feelings1. There is something in every situation

Happy2. A problem is an opportunity to do something different

Confident3. Change is a sign of growth Satisfied4. A mistake is valuable step towards Optimistic success5. I have control over my life Loving

Example A team was formulated to plan this year’s

Annual function. The spectator’s in the team will attend every

meeting but will not take an active part in the discussion or volunteer to accept any responsibility.

They may also attend the meetings to get out of work.

Critics will spend more time in complaining about last year’s function and criticising the parameters of this year’s function

Example They will be the first to shoot down the

ideas of other people for improving the function.

Players will engage themselves in the planning and execution of the function.

They will follow through and make sure that good ideas get implemented and tasks get completed .i.e they ‘take the ball and run with it’.

Benefits of positive attitude Helps in getting a better job or a

promotion Acheiving a personal or professional

growth. Satisfy or retain a customer. Successfully complete a project., Maintain good relations with people.

Consequences of Negative attitude Lose job Fail to achieve personal or professional

goals. Lose a customer Ruin a relationship Not considered for promotion

Consequences of Neutral attitude Miss out an opportunity Fail to learn new skills ,gain needed

knowledge Become stagnant at a job or carrer. Fail to develop new relationships. Be excluded from an activity.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND

COMPETENCE

What Are Emotions? Intense feelings of any kind that are Intense feelings of any kind that are

directed at someone or something.directed at someone or something. Emotions are private experiences. Emotions root impulses to act.

Dozen of emotions are there including

Anger Contempt Enthusiasm Fear Frustration Hate Hope Jealousy Joy Love Pride Surprise

Researchers have agreed on 6 essentially universal emotions: Anger Fear Sadness Happiness Disgust Surprise

EI-Emotional Intelligence and Competence Emotional intelligence is a type of social

intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ emotions, to discriminate among them and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions (Mayer and Salovey).

Knowing what feels good ,what feels bad and how to get from bad to good..

It also refers to emotional awarenesss and emotional management skills which provide the ability to balance emotion and reason to maximise long term happiness.

Components of EI1. Intrapersonal Intelligence- Inside out

approach1. It is the ability to turn inward capacity

to form an accurate understanding of oneself.

2. This enable us to use this understanding of self to operate effectively in daily life

Component of Intra personal intelligence

A. Knowing One’s Emotions Emotional Awareness – It is the recognition of how

our emotions affect our performance and ability to use our values to guide decision making.

This includes the following:1. Knowing which emotions we are feeling and why.2.Realising the link between our feeling and what we

think ,do and say.3. Recognizing how our feelings affect our

performance.4. Have a guiding awareness of our values and goals.


Accurate Self Assessment-It is a candid sense of our personal strengths and limits ,a clear vision of where we need to improve and the ability to learn from experience.

This includes the following:1.Being aware of our strengths and weaknesses.2. Being reflective ,learning from experience.3. Being open to candid feedback ,new perspectives ,

continuous learning and self development.4. Being able to show a sense of humour and

perspective about things.

Component of Intra personal intelligenceSelf Confidence It is the courage that comes from a certainty

about our capabilities, values and goals. This helps us to

1. Present ourselves with ‘Self assurance’2.Voice views that are unpopular and to go

out what is right.3. Be decisive and able to make sound

decisions despite uncertainties and pressures.

B. Motivating Oneself 1.Achievement drive: Achievement drive is striving to improve or

meet a standard of excellance .People with achievement drives:

1. Are result oriented2. Set Challenging goals and take calculated risks.3. Pursue information to reduce uncertainty and

find ways to do better.4. Learn how to improve their performance.


2. Commitment - People with commitment :1. Readily make sacrifices to meet larger

organisational goals.2. Find a sense of purpose in larger mission.3. Use group’s core values in making

decisions and clarifying choices.4. Actively seek out opportunities to fulfill

the group mission


Component of Intra personal intelligence3. Initiative and Optimism- These are the twin competencies that

mobilize people to seize opportunities and allow them to take setbacks and obstacles in stride.

Initiative: The qualities of people who take initiatives are as follows:

They are ready to seize opportunities They pursue goals beyond what is required

or expected from them

Component of Intra personal intelligence They cut through the red tape and bend the

rules when necessary to get the job done. They mobilise others through

unusual ,enterprising efforts. Optimism: The qualities of optimist people

are as follows: They persist in seeking goals despite

obstacles and setbacks They operate from hope of success rather

than fear of failure

Component of Intra personal intelligence They see setbacks as manageable

circumstances rather than a personal flaw.

Component of Intra personal intelligenceC. Managing Emotions: This relates the ability to handle

uncomfortable emotions once we have accepted we are feeling them.

When we are depressed ,we can manage it by not beating ourselves up about it but by switching to a caring mode.Reading a good book,preparing a nice meal ,planning a vacation –whatever it takes to make us feel better

Component of Intra personal intelligence Self Control –Self control is managing

disruptive emotions and impulses effectively.People with self control :

1. Manage their impulse feeling and distressing emotions well.

2. Stay composed , positive and undisturbed in difficult moments.

3.Think clearly and stay focused under pressure.

Component of Intra personal intelligenceTrustworthiness – Trustworthiness is the quality of displaying

honesty and integrity.1. Act ethically and are above reproach.2. Build trust through their reliability and

authenticity.3. Admit their own mistakes and confront

unethical actions with others.4. Take tough, principled stands even if they

are unpopular


Conscientiousness- It is a quality of dependability and

responsibilty in fulfilling obligations.Such people1.Meet commitment and keep promises.2 Hold themselves accountable for

meeting their objectives.3. Are organised and careful in their work.

Component of Intra personal intelligence Adaptability It is the ability to be flexible in handling

changes and challenges. They are1. Smoothly handle multiple

demands ,shifting priorities and rapid change.

2 Adapt their responses and tactics to fit circumstances.

3. Are flexible in how they see events.

Innovation Innovation is the quality of being open to

novel ideas, approaches and new information. Innovative people:

1. Seek out fresh ideas from a wide variety of sources.

2. Generate new ideas.3. Take fresh perspective and risks in

their thinking



A. Knowing One’s Emotions1. Emotional Awareness 2. Accurate Self Assessment3. Self ConfidenceB. Motivating Oneself1.Achievement drive:2. Commitment3. Initiative and Optimism


C. Managing Emotions:1.Self Control2.Trustworthiness3.Conscientiousness4.Adaptability 5.Innovation

Components of EIInter personal intelligence –Outside in

approach’ It’s the ability to understand other

people and their overall behaviour.

Components of Interpersonal IntelligenceA. Empathy –Recognizing Emotions in others When we can feel with someone rather just feel

about him /her Understanding others –Sensing other’s feelings

and perspective and taking active interest in their concerns:

1. Are attentive to emotional cues and listen well.2. Show sensitivity and understand other’s

perspective as well.3. Help out based on understanding other’s people’s

need and feelings.

Components of Interpersonal Intelligence Service orientation –Capacity to

anticipate ,recognise and meet customer’s needs.Service oriented people :

1. Understand customer’s needs and match them to services or products.

2. Seek ways to increase customer loyalty and satisfaction.

3. Gladly offer appropriate assistance.4. Understand the customer perspective ,act

as a trusted advisor.

Components of Interpersonal Intelligence Developing /Mentoring others: Sensing other’s development needs and

bolstering their abilities.1. Acknowledge and reward people strengths

and accomplishments.2. Offer useful feedback and identify people’s

needs for further growth.3. Mentor,give timely coaching ,and offer

assignments that challenge and foster a person’s skills.

Leveraging Diversity – Cultivating opportunities through diverse

people.1. Respect and relate well to people from varied

backgrounds.2. Understand diverse world views and be

sensitive to group differences.3. See diversity as opportunity, creating an

environment where diverse people can thrive.4. Challenge bias and intolerance

Components of Interpersonal Intelligence

Components of Interpersonal Intelligence Political Awareness- It is the ability to read the political and

social currents in the organisation.1. Accurately read key power relationships.2. Detect crucial social networks.3.Understand the forces that shape views and

actions of clients ,customers or competition.4. Accurately read organisational and external

realities.

B Handling Relationships Relationships which donot merely

depend on power and predefined roles require EI.

Understanding other people emotions gives the ability to motivate them to be effective leaders and be spontaneous.


Influence Influence is the wielding of effective tactics of

persuasion . Influential people.1. Are skilled at winning the people2. Fine tune presentations to appeal the

listener.3. Use Complex strategies such as indirect

influence to build consensus and support.4. Use dramatic events to effectively make a

point.


Communicate Communication is art of sending clear and

convincing messages. People with good communication skills:

1. Are effective in give and take registering emotional cues in attuning their message.

2.Deal with difficult issues straightforwardly3. Listen well ,seek mutual understanding and

welcome sharing of information fully4.Foster open communication and stay open to bad

news as well as good


Conflict Management It is the skill of negotiating and resolving

disagreements .People with conflict management skills.

1. Handle difficult people and situation with diplomacy and tact.

2. Spot potential conflicts, bring disagreements into the open and help deescalate.

3. Encourage debate and open discussion.4 Look for win win situation


Leadership : It is the ability of inspiring and guiding

others .People with leadership skills 1. Are articulate and arouse enthusiasm for a

shared vision and mission.2. Step forward to lead as needed, regardless

of position.3. Guide the performance of others while

holding them accountable.4. Lead by example


Change Catalyst A person who can initiate ,promote or

manage change . Change catalyst :1. Recognise the need for change and remove

barriers2. Challenge the status quo to acknowledge the

need of change.3. Champian the change and enlist others in its

pursuit.4. Model the change expected of others.



A. Empathy1. Understanding others2. Service orientation3. Developing /Mentoring others4. Leveraging Diversity5. Political Awareness


B Handling Relationships1. Influence 2. Communicate3. Conflict Management4. Leadership5. Change Catalyst

Transforming Emotions Merely being high on EI does not necessarily

guarantee that a person would have learnt emotional competencies. It only means that he/she has excellent potential to learn these competancies

EI (Intrapersonal and interpersonal ) when transformed into ability and skill in action becomes emotional competence.

The emotional competence facilitates an individual to understand , manage and handle oneself and others positively in various settings.

Transforming Emotions For e.g a person may be highly empathetic yet

he may not have acquired skills based on empathy that translate him to superior customer service or ability to coach or monitor staff.

Understanding your own emotions helps in achieving personal and life changing transformation.

Transforming depression into anger ,despair into attitudinal hope or loneliness into connection with other living beings dramatically alter the quality of our lives

Transforming Emotions It requires our ability to transform

destructive emotions into constructive emotions .

Self Knowledge and Family patterns These are two further ingredients in EI Self knowledge includes an

understanding of how you function emotionally.

Do you go though many emotions in the space of a few hours ?

Do you tend to project your emotions on to other people and try to fix their lives instead of your own?

Self Knowledge and Family patterns People tend to fall into three distinctive styles for

attending to and dealing with their emotions:1. Self aware- These are the people who are aware of their

moods ,they have some sophistication about their emotional lives.

Their clarity of emotions may undergrid their personality trait,they are autonomous and sure of their boundaries

They are in good psychological health,and tend to have positive outlook of life .

Self Knowledge and Family patterns

When they are in bad mood they are not obsessed about it and are able to get out of it sooner.Hence their mindfullness helps them to manage their emotions

2. Engulfed – These people are often swamped by their

emotions and are helpless to escape them ,as though their mood has taken their charge.

They are not much aware about their feelings They do little to try to escape bad

moods ,feelings .

Self Knowledge and Family patterns

3. Accepting – Accepting people are clear about what they

are feeling and moods and so donot try to change them

Two types:1. Those who are usually in good moods and so

have littile motivation to change them.2. People who despite their clarity about their

moods are susceptible to bad ones but they do nothing to change them despite their distress.

Stress Management and Prevention

Stress Stress is derived from latin word “Stringer”

which means “to draw tight”. Stress is the mental turbulence caused by

an unfulfilled desire. Stress is the reaction people have to

excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them. It arises when they worry that they can’t cope.

The stress symptoms include mental, physical and social manifestations.

Three Models of stress Cox identified three distinctive models of stress:1. Response Based Models : This model conceived

stress as a dependant variable ,i.e response or reaction to a stressor (such as danger or overwork)

2. Stimulus based Model: This model considered stress as a environmental variable (such as excessive noise, cold or task to be completed in short time).

3. Interactive Model: These models incorporates both response and stimulus elements ,as well as possible intervening factors such as personality traits.

Stress process

Stress Process Stress exists when an environmental

situation is perceived as presenting a demand which threatens to exceed the person’s capabilities and resources for meeting it

Under conditions where an individual expects substantial differential in the rewards and the costs for meeting the demand versus not meeting it.

Types of Stress

Eustress(good)

Distress (Bad)

Types Of Stress1.Eustress also known as curative stress helps

us : Feel good. Makes one excited about life. Gives an individual a feeling of fulfillment or

contentment Motivates us to complete projects on time, Inspires creativity as we attempt to resolves

the conflicting tension we feel. It occurs only for a short period of time

Types Of Stress2. Distress – This is a ‘negative stress’ It is

caused by adverse events and often influences a person’s ability to cope.

Some events leading to distress are Death of loved one. Financial problems Heavy work responsibility and workload. Strained relationshipsAcute stress- Short livedChronic stress -pronlonged

Causes of Stress

Working Conditio

ns

Changes at work Excessiv

e TravelPenalty

of mistakes

Work Overload /Underlo

adUnpleasant Conditions

Excessive and inconvenient hoursTime pressures and

deadlinesRepetitive Hours

Physically demanding tasks

EmbarrassmentJob dissatisfaction

ThreatSmoking/drinkingNervous reactionLower self esteem

Job tensionHigher Cholesterol

Poor Physical Health

Poor Mental Health

Quantitative/Qualitative

The Job

Causes of Stress-Work Related1. Occupational demands intrinsic to the job: The stressful jobs are those : Which requires making frequent decisions Constant monitoring of machines and materials Repeated exchange of information with others Unpleasant physical conditions Performing unstructured tasks

2. Role Conflict( Stress related to conflicting demand)

Rapid role switching Rapid switching from one type of activity to

another Boss to friend Law enforcer to father confessor Although adverse effect of role conflict are less

pronounced in work settings.

Causes of Stress-Work Related

Causes of Stress-Work Related3. Role ambiguity (stress resulting from uncertainty) When managers are uncertain about their scope of

responsiblities , what is expected about them , unclear job descriptions causes stress

4. Over- and Underload stress from having too little or too much to do: Work overload can be both quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative work stress – More work in a limited period. Qualitative work stress –When the person feels that they lack

the required skills,ability or resources to perform a given job.

Causes of Stress-Work Related Quantative underload leads to boredom that occurs

when employees have too littile work to do. Qualitative underload stress occurs when boring ,

routine and repetitive jobs which are low in mental stimulation.

5. Responsibility for other (stress resulting from a heavy burden)-

Responsibility of subordinates Listening to complaints ,disputes

Causes of Stress-Work Related 6. Lack of social support (stress from being socially

isolated or ignored)7. Lack of participation in decisions (stress from

helplessness and alienation) Sometimes managers are neither allowed to witness

nor allowed to contribute to important decisions that affect their actual jobs.

Causes of Stress-Work Related8. Poor performance appraisal Stress from little, none or obviously biased feedback. Negative feedback without being told how to

improve causes stress.9. Working conditions- Jobs which are to be done in difficult working

conditions Extreme temperature, noise, crowd.

Causes of Stress-Work Related10. Organizational change (stress that comes from

adaptation) Shifts in company policy ,mergers, acquisitions and

delays all lead to uncertainty and hence cause stress.11. Career development (stress from being stuck at

the same level or beneath the ‘glass ceiling’) When carrer development is based on both

performance and seniority Realistic or unrealistic expectations

Causes of Stress-Work Related12. Home/work interface (stress that results from

having two jobs) Conflicts related to over time and loyalties between

the demands of home and work place. More common among females

Indicative behaviour due to work stress

Occupational Stress1. Much support, little challenge Have good technical and social

support But Under challenged means they underperform hence stressed by

boredom and monotony.2. Much support, much challenge Moderate stress

Occupational Stress

3. Little support, much challenge They have to work consistently hard Offered minimal emotional support. Offered little feedback of their performance. Little resources support.

4. Little support, little challenge Neither the person nor his organisation

benefits.They are psychologically quite but physically stay employee.

Common Symptoms of StressPhysiological symptoms1. Noticable decline in physical

apperance.2. Chronic fatigue and tiredness3. Frequent infections.4. Headaches ,backaches , stomach

and skin problems5. Signs of depression.6. Change in weight and eating habits

Common Symptoms of Stress2. Emotional symptoms Boredom or apathy Cynicism and resentfulness Depressed appearance , sad

expressions , slumped posture. Expressions of anxiety , frustration , tearfulness.

Common Symptoms of Stress3. Behavioural symptoms Absteenism,accidents. Increase in alcohol or caffeine

consumption. Increase in smoking Obsessive exercising. Irrational behaviour. Reduced productivity –In ability to

concentrate or complete a task.

Preventive Strategies1. Know your self and your personality, and find

the purpose of your life. 2. Keep your anger under check and control.

Learn emotional regulation for healthy living, meaning thereby channelizing negative energy (anger) into positive energy and action.

3. Develop good habits and healthy life style. 4. Develop a hobby or try to play one outdoor

game. 5. Practice yoga and meditation.

6. Solve and resolve your problems and issues.

7. Relationship with God gives meaning to life.

Preventive Strategies

SPIRITUALITY AND WELL BEING

Spirituality Spirituality is a belief in our relationship with

some higher power ,creative force ,divine being or an infinite source of energy.

The word spirituality comes from latin word Spirare (to breathe) .As without breadth we could not live .

Similarly spirit has to do with energy or force that give us gift of life.

When this energy is relaxed ,calm and poised it leads to good health.

Highest energy belongs to consciousness. With awareness energy follows its appropriate path.If we wish to have more energy we need to expand our field of awareness

Spirituality

Ayurveda and Health Five types of stressors have been enunciated: 1. Ignorance. 2. Egoism. 3. Attraction. 4. Repulsion. 5. Lust for life.Whenever we caught in them suffering arises

According to Ayurveda cause of disesase

Basic Concept of Health Our health has three basic component 1. Physical2. Mental3. Spiritual

Spiritual dimension of health According to Bisht (1985) ,the need for a new

defination of health as a state beyond the mere absence of disease has been recognised

The ‘perfect functioning’ approach to health conceptualizes health in different ways:

1. Biologically-Every cell and every organ is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with the rest of body.

2. Psychologically-A state in which the individuals feel a sense of subjective well being and a mastery over his environment

3. Socially –A state in which the individual capacity for participation in the social system are optimal.

The true health must include not only the physical fitness but also the simultaneous psychological and spiritual well being.

Spiritual dimension of health

Healing from Within

We all know that a loving touch can heal; when we were children and we hurt ourselves, perhaps the first person we ran to was our mother or whoever we felt loved us the most. Just being in the presence of someone who loves us makes us feel better.

Pursuing a spiritual path or personal growth strategy such as counselling or therapy alongside using natural healing therapies helps in healing.

Techniques of Spirituality1. Yoga Yoga is one of the self healing therapy

developed in Northern India more than 5000 years ago.

The first systematic presentation of yoga was Patanjali’s yoga sutras,this text describes the path of Raja yoga.

Patanjali organised the practice of yoga into a eight limbed path,containing steps and stages towards obtaining samadhi or enlightment

1. Yoga After few centuries after Patanjali,yoga

masters created a system of practices to rejuvenate the body and prolong life.They developed Tanta yoga,with radical techniques to cleanse the body in order to break the knots that bind us to our physical existence

This exploration of these physical spiritual connections and body centered practices led to the creation of Hatha Yoga.

Yogi revere the body because they realise that a weak and tired body can hinder spiritual progress.By being mindful of their breathing while practicing the various postures ,they discipline their mind.

Yoga not only improves the body but it keeps it in radient health by aiding in keeping our glands ,nerves and other internal organs in good health.By releasing physical and mental health we liberate vast resources of toxic energy.

Five Principles of Yoga1. Relaxation – By releasing the tension in the

muscles and putting the whole body at rest ,we can revitalise our nervous system and helps in achieving inner peace.

2. Exercise – Proper exercise is achieved through the yoga postures. these postures enhance flexibility and improve circulation.Each movement and stretch should be coordinated with breath

Five Principles of Yoga3. Breathing –This means breathing fully and

rhythmically making use of all the parts of lungs to increase the oxygen intake. Proper breathing should be deep , slow and rhythmical.

4. Diet-Poor diet results in mental inefficiency and blocks spiritual awareness.A good diet in yoga means eating natural foods in moderation and eating when hungry.

5. Meditation –Positive outlook in life encourage a peaceful mind.Positive thoughts and meditation helps removing negative thoughts and help achieve mind control

Techniques of Spirituality2.Meditation Meditation aims to relax the body and

promote peaceful and positive state of mind.With meditation we gain improved health,well being,more energy ,level of stress are greatly reduced and positive peaceful and confident states of mind are easily generated.

2.Meditation 1. Relaxation meditation-This can be done

either sitting or lying down . Begin by conscious intention to

completely relax your mind and body.Take some deep breadths and settle into a confortable position.Bring the attention to toes and try to find tension to release it.Move the attention from toes towards feet and than upper body consciously relaxing each part

2.Meditation2.Healing Visualisation - Visualise the spirally

stream of a golden or white light entering through the crown of your head and filling every part of the body .

This visualisation can be very powerful and uplifting and especially helpful for those with constant health problems.

We can also use visualisation meditation to send the light within you to other helpless people to heal them.

Meditation For Developing Compassion To develop compassion first step is to identify

how the anger causes so many problems. The selfish mind of anger is responsible for all

conflicts,relation problems without anger we would live in a peaceful world

Than consider how wonderful it would be to free from these heavy negative thoughts.

Next step is to contemplate the problems that people often experience in their lives

Meditation For Developing Compassion When a feeling of compassion arises in the

mind toward others we should hold on to it for as long as possible .

Compassion in this context is a wish for others to be free from suffering.

At the end of the meditation we can make a firm determination to help others whenever we can and try to remember that determination through the rest of the day.

Ten Spiritual Needs The ten spiritual needs as identified by Sandra

J.Daily in spiritual wellness are as follows: Acceptance Personal worth and identity Forgiveness Hope Love Humour Faith

Ten Spiritual Needs Workship Meditation and prayer Peace

Benefits of Spirituality Freedom from anxiety or stress Relief from unwanted drives and habits Attaining peace of mind. Felt real happiness from within. Cohesive and growing family

Spirituality and Humanity If one achieves knowledge and makes a

purpose of it, then life becomes missionary. It inspires people and serves the whole course of humanity. Otherwise, life is simply inauthentic.

Meaningful life consists of using one’s strength in the human service that one believes is larger than oneself.

Sai Baba’s Theory of Everything (TOE) states that ‘in the drama of Universe there are only two actors who play a million roles, Energy and Consciousness (Sat and Chit)’

Spirituality and Humanity Einstein wrote his famous equation

in 1905 at the age of 26. In this equation, he unknowingly has built in the TOE:

E = mc2

In the above equation, m (matter or mass) is the visible facet of energy and light is the visible facet of c (consciousness).

Spirituality and Humanity That is why the three facets of God,

in His functional name, Sat–Chit–Anand (energy–consciousness–bliss), are inseparable.

Spirituality: Mind Management

Managing mind leads to a meaningful life. This is possible through spirituality and meditation which can help us establish contact with the field of absolute existence.

Lord Krishna expressed it forcefully to a remorse-stricken Arjuna: ‘Go fight for the right and no sin will visit you if your actions are prompted by a pure mind’.

The mind is, therefore, the pilot of our actions and it is not the outward deed but the pure inner motive that matters.

Spiritual Healthy Way

Spirituality is the right breath and it talks about science of breath. The breath we take in should enhance our spirituality and the breath we take out should spread the message of spirituality as far as our understanding goes and beyond. Divine I-am, called aham in Sanskrit, is inhalation (ah) and exhalation (ha).

It is the first of all letters (a) and the last of all letters (h). If we fully energize our breath, speech and mind in seeking the divine self within our hearts, we will be able to attain what is the highest and best for all.

Spirituality and Indian Ways

In Indian philosophy, we find that the highest purusarthas is self-realization. Brahamanas, Upanishads and such philosophical sutras clearly mention that life is a boon. Only then one understands the mystery of life and becomes able to perform one’s duties to the fullest.

WISDOM FROM SCRIPTURE

Wisdom Wisdom is the highest form of

thinking/ cognitive ability which facilitates human being to discriminate between right and wrong, and helps in taking right and sound decision for self and others.

Wisdom is entailing good judgement and advice about difficult but uncertain matters in life- Baltes

Wisdom Wisdom is to be wise Having overall competency (a feature that

surpasses logical intelligence and technical skill) A high level of understanding of day-to-day

issues and concerns Reflective or meta-analytical abilities Unusual insight regarding differences in values

and priorities Ability to comprehend and deal with uncertainty.

Wisdom Wisdom involves integration of knowledge

,experience and deep understanding that incorporates tolerance for the uncertainties of life as well as its ups and down

Functions of Wisdom1. Enable individual to resolve

dilemmas and make decisions in life.

2. Helps in advising others3. Managing and guiding others4. Reviewing life5. Questioning life’s meaning

Wisdom from Bhagavad Gita Bhagavad Gita means “The Songs Of

God,The Song of Spirit” Atheistic doctrine of the Gita is that “God is

Everything” Bhagavad Gita is one of the Holy scripture

that answers many issues that bother mankind in order to help human beings face and solve the ever present problems of birth and death , of pain , suffering , fear,bondage,love and hate.

Wisdom from Bhagavad Gita Bhagavad Gita has 18 Chapters which

reveals human drama,the drama of the ascent of man from a state of utter dejection,sorrow and total breakdown and hopelessness to a state of perfect understanding, clarity ,renewed strength.

Each chapter describes a highly specialized yoga revealing the path of attaining realisation of the ultimate truth.

The first six chapters have classified as the karma yoga section,as they mainly deal with the science of the individual consciousness attaining communion with the ultimate consciousness through action.

The middle six chapters have been designated as the Bhakti yoga section ,as they principally pertain to the science of the individual consciousness attaining communion with the ultimate consciousness by the path of devotion.

The final six chapters are regarded as the Jnana yoga section as they are primarly concerned with the science of the individual consciousness attaining communion with the ultimate consciousness through the intellect.

Eternal cornerstone of Gita The grand edifice of the ethics of

Bhagavad Gita has been built on the eternal cornerstone of:

Immortality of the soul. Immanence of god. Impermanence of the world. Immediacy of liberation

Summary of Chapters 1-12 of Bhagavad Gita According to Gita there are three forms of

Yoga First is yoga of action and consists of doing

your duty i.e Serving others according to your particular abilities and skills with the same devotion as you serve yourself.

When one practices yoga of action a moment will come when you think,’I am not performing these actions .My body is merely acting as the soul requires.

Summary of Chapters 1-12 of Bhagavad Gita The second form of yoga is the yoga of

devotion . This consists in becoming aware of god’s beauty,and loving him with all your heart thereby committing yourself with devotion and dedication for the love of god.

It reflects emotional commitment for god’s love.

Yoga of Knowledge (Summary of last six Chapters The third form of yoga is the yoga of

knowledge. This does not mean knowledge of facts. It means direct knowledge of the soul, attained through quite meditation; and this leads to knowledge of God.

Through meditation, you will gradually become aware of the soul within you; and as you become aware of the soul within you, you will become aware of the soul within all living creatures. As this knowledge deepens, meditation grows easier.

The Equality of All Religions Since every living being contains the soul,

and since the soul is divine, every living being is the body of God.

Every man and woman, and every boy and girl, embodies God.

Every animal and insect, and every bird and fish, embodies God.

Every holy book and wise sermon, and every parable and miracle, is inspired by God.

Erosion of Human Values in Management and Human Practices

The present alarming erosion of human values in management and human practices leading to ethical dilemmas could prove a threatening factor for all-round development of a nation. India has the eternal wealth of human values which were taught in the cosmic science of Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads.

18812 behavioural science ch1

Engineering