The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century

1660-1798

The Grow of English Democracy1660 Charles the second. 1665 plague. (70 000).1666 The Great Fire.1632-1723 Architect Christopher Wren Rebuilt England.Charles study of natural science.Catholic King of France-$James II dismissed the Parliament.

A Glorious Revolution

•Mary and William (Protestants).•James escaped to France. (No blood-GR).•Bill of Rights. (Law). Parliament.•Democratic England.Political Parties emerge.1707 Queen Anne joined the realms of

England and Scotland Great Britain.

•France an Britain were at war.•Changes Political factions: The Tories

and the Whigs.•The split between Tories and Whigs

would remain a basic fact of British politics for many decades.

•Parliament (Only protestants could inherit the throne).

•Anne signed to end the war. (1713).

•Anne dies in 1714, and the successor was a relative of James I.

A cabinet and Prime MinisterGeorge I relied on minister, chosen from

the Parliament.Robert Walpole.Cabinet- PRIME MINISTER.Unification of the Cabinet government in

the person of the Prime Minister.**

•1760 •George III•American revolution.•William Pitt. (PM-1782)

The Transformation of Britain’s Economy.

• Gradually democratic• Landlord-----laborers.• 1700 Industry revolution. $

The Industrial Age DawnsInventions.

Eli invented the Cotton Gin.Telescope by Newton.

Spinning and weaving of cloth.

Industrial Rev. began when British inventors found practical ways to apply the ideas of Scientific Rev.

Isaac Newton (1687)

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment

British people wanted to understand the world, so it was the era of astronomy, physics, and chemistry.

People started analyzing and studying everything from a rational point of view.

•

John Locke, philosopher who brought• rationalism to the study of political

issues.

Neoclassical Ideal

The Enlightenment thinkers based their ideas on writers of Ancient Greece and Rome like Homer and Horace. They are called neoclassical because they used classical styles.

Main characteristics of Neoclassicism:

1. Frequent use of classical allusions (references to myths, gods, and ancient heroes).

2. Generalization about the world (The study of mankind)3. Writers used satire to criticize society, but it was in a

formal and inoffensive way.

Literary WorldEducation made people able to read and

to buy books. News papers appear and also publishers. The 1st copyright laws were established. Coffee house of the 18th Century

Literary World•The Age of Dryden (1660-1700)

He was the official poet of king Charles II He wrote satirical poems, plays, and essays His most famous work was “MacFlecknoe” (1682) He made fun of their heroes, that it is why his poems are

called mock epics. He created poems to celebrate a public event, for example:

“A Song for St. Cecilia´s Day” He wrote the best tragedy of the period which was about the

romance between Antony and Cleopatra Dryden wrote a series of essays which are considered the 1st

modern prose because they are clear, direct, and colloquial.

Literary World

The Age of Pope & Swift

Eighteenth century or The Age of Johnson (1709-1784)

He grew up in poverty in a small town north of BirminghamA brilliant child who read Hamlet at the of eightHe entered Pembroke Collage, Oxford in1728,but forced to

leave after fourteen months because of lack of founds At the age of twenty –six he married a widow more older

than he His Work : 1775 published A Dictionary of the English Language Published the Idler in a newspaper 1765 publish an acclaimed edition of Shakespeare1779 and 1781 published his last important work The Lives

of the Poets

The Literature of Eighteenth century

•Historical context •Literary Moments•Writer’s Techniques

The Age of Reason •The Age of Reason looked to science to

make life better for humanity. •The style of written change to a

neoclassicism .•New voices were being raised ,and they no

longer spoke in the clipped and polished language of rationalist neoclassicism. The 1800’s started new literary age.